Spatio-Temporal Distribution Patterns of Farm Wineries in the Mid-Atlantic

Spatio-Temporal Distribution Patterns of Farm Wineries in the Mid-Atlantic US from 1975-2015 A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at George Mason University by Matthew Miyares Bachelor of Arts George Mason University, 2013 Director: Paul Houser, Professor Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science Fall Semester 2018 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2018 Matthew Miyares All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION This is dedicated to my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, my loving parents Pete and Ada, and all the friends who gave me encouragement along the way. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all those without whom I would not have been able to complete this thesis: my dad, who encouraged me to pick up and complete my graduate work; Professors Houser, Rice, and Yang for their invaluable assistance and advice throughout the process; and the hard-working vintners and winemakers throughout my home state of Virginia, whose work inspired me to understand it further. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix List of Equations ................................................................................................................ xi List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ xii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Wine Regions of the US Mid-Atlantic ............................................................................ 2 Geographic Overview .................................................................................................. 2 Farm Winery History and Legislation ........................................................................ 5 Literature Review ............................................................................................................ 6 Terroir and Defining a Wine Region ........................................................................... 6 Physical Influences on Winery Locations ................................................................... 8 Economic Influences on Winery Locations ............................................................... 11 Historical-Statistical Studies of Wine Regions ......................................................... 13 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 14 Data Sources and Preparation .................................................................................... 14 Analyses..................................................................................................................... 16 Temporal Pattern Analysis .................................................................................... 17 Spatial Clustering Analysis ................................................................................... 17 Soil Type Proportions ........................................................................................... 18 Elevation Distribution ........................................................................................... 18 Practical Implications of an Empirical Study of Farm Winery Regional Development 19 Chapter 2: Temporal Autocorrelation Analysis ................................................................ 23 Methods and Hypothesis ............................................................................................... 23 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................. 24 Results ........................................................................................................................... 29 v Virginia ...................................................................................................................... 29 New York .................................................................................................................. 33 Pennsylvania .............................................................................................................. 36 New Jersey ................................................................................................................. 39 Maryland .................................................................................................................... 42 Total Mid-Atlantic Region ........................................................................................ 45 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 3: Nearest Neighbor Ratio Analysis .................................................................... 51 Methods and Hypothesis ............................................................................................... 51 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................. 57 Results ........................................................................................................................... 58 Virginia ...................................................................................................................... 58 New York .................................................................................................................. 59 Pennsylvania .............................................................................................................. 60 New Jersey ................................................................................................................. 61 Maryland .................................................................................................................... 62 Total Mid-Atlantic Region ........................................................................................ 63 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 64 Chapter 4: Soil Classification Analysis ............................................................................ 67 Methods and Hypothesis ............................................................................................... 67 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................. 71 Results ........................................................................................................................... 72 Virginia ...................................................................................................................... 72 New York .................................................................................................................. 74 Pennsylvania .............................................................................................................. 75 New Jersey ................................................................................................................. 77 Maryland .................................................................................................................... 79 Total Mid-Atlantic Region ........................................................................................ 81 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 82 Rejecting or retaining the general model ................................................................... 83 Rejecting or retaining the significance of soil family preference .............................. 85 Chapter 5: Elevation Clustering Analysis ......................................................................... 88 vi Methods and Hypothesis ............................................................................................... 88 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................. 89 Results ........................................................................................................................... 91 Virginia ...................................................................................................................... 92 New York .................................................................................................................. 96 Pennsylvania ............................................................................................................ 100 New Jersey ............................................................................................................... 103 Maryland .................................................................................................................. 106 Total Mid-Atlantic Region ...................................................................................... 109 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 112 Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................

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