Study Guide Instructions and Suggested Readings
The purpose of this study guide is to familiarize the candidate with the nature of the short answer content comprising the ABPM Qualification Examination (Part I of the certification process). Items made available for review were selected by the ABPM Examination Committee, which includes diplomates representing a variety of geographic and clinical backgrounds, such as private practice, the military, academia, and the Department of Veterans Affairs. Representative questions have been selected from past board qualification examinations that have subsequently moved to the In-training item pool. Accordingly, candidates may see some questions that they have come across while taking the In-training Examination during residency training. All questions are evaluated psychometrically to ensure quality, relevance, and clarity.
The Qualification Examination is primarily designed to assess a candidate's breadth of knowledge. Accordingly the study guide provides a total of 140 questions distributed among the 22 subject areas. Some subjects include 10 sample items, and others 5 sample items. Subjects are listed alphabetically. Candidates may select one or more subject areas, and have the additional option of selecting the number of questions they wish to view in a given session. Note that the “total” presented may be limited by the number of questions available in each subject.
Some questions contain images, the size of which may vary from question to question. Because screen settings vary among computers, candidates are advised to utilize the “ctrl +” and “ctrl –” function as required to bring the image to the appropriate size for optimal viewing.
While reviewing questions candidates have the option of waiting until all are completed to then view the answers, or they may view the answers immediately after responding. Correct answers are shown in green and incorrect answers in maroon. If an incorrect answer is shown and another choice is made the program shifts the positions of the responses. In that way the candidate can focus on arriving at the correct answer rather than inadvertently memorizing its position.
A separate list of suggested reading is provided, grouped by subject(s). The reading list provided is not intended to be comprehensive. Candidates are advised to refer to additional literature for the most current information on a subject.
Click here to log in to your dashboard and access the sample questions Suggested Readings for: Biomechanics Pathomechanics Orthotics & Prosthetics
Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology
Baxter, DE, Porter, DA, Schon, L. Baxter’s The Foot and Ankle in Sport. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. 2008.
Beatty, Bucholz, Court-Brown, Heckman, Kasser, Tornetta. Rockwood & Green’s Fractures in Adults. December, 2009.
Coughlin M, Mann R, Saltzmann C, Forefoot-Sesamoids and Accessory Bones of the Foot, Surgery of the Foot and Ankle. 8th ed., 2007, Mosby, p. 542
DeLisa J, Gans B, Walsh N, Foot Disorders, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: principles and practice. 4th ed., 2005, Lipppincott, Williams & Wilkins, p.881.
Dugan S. Stress Fractures. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Second Edition, Philadelphia, PA. Saunders and Elsevier. 2008.
Dutra T: Athletic Foot Types and Deformities. In Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine, New York, 2010, Springer Science.
Evans A. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2009, Muscular Dystrophies The Flat-Footed Child: To Treat or Not To Treat. JAPMA 2008.
Grumbine N; The Varus Components of the Forefoot in Flatfoot Deformities. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 1987, 77 (l), pp. 14-20
Haverstock BD. Stress Fractures of the Foot and Ankle. Clinics and Podiatric Medicine and Surgery. 2001; 18:273-84.
Hendrix C, Calcaneal apophysitis (Sever disease), Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 2005: Elsevier, Jan 22(1) pp 55-62
Hetherington, Chapter 23, page 313-315; Lange, Current Rheumatology Diagnosis and Treatment, second edition.
Hutchins S. The biomechanics and clinical efficacy of footwear adapted with rocker profiles- evidence in the literature. The Foot. 19:165-170, 2009.
Iwamoto J, Takeda T. Stress Fractures in Athletes: Review of 196 Cases. Journal of Orthopedic Sciences. 2003; 8(3):273-8.
Janisse DJ, Janisse E. Shoe Modification and the Use of Orthoses in the Treatment of Foot and Ankle Pathology. Journal of the Academy of Orthopedic Surgery. 2008, March; 16(3):152-8.
Kang JH, et al. Correlations between subjective treatment rezones and plantar pressure parameters of metatarsal pad treatment in metatarsalgia patients: a prospective study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disord. 7:95, 2006.
Kay and Tang. Pediatric Foot Fractures: Evaluation and Treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgery. 2001; 9:308-19.
Kirby K. Rotational Equilibrium Across the Subtalar Joint. JAPMA, 1989.
Kirby KA. Biomechanics of the Normal and Abnormal Foot. JAPMA, 2000.
Kirby KA. Subtalar joint axis location and rotational equilibrium theory of foot function. JAPMA 91(9):465-87, 2001
Lange, Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Orthopedics, fourth edition. Levy L and Hetherington VJ. Principles and Practice of Podiatric Medicine. 2nd edition. Data Trace Publishing Co., 2009;
Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics 6th ed. 2005, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
Lusardi, M. and Nielsen, C. Orthotics and Prosthetics in Rehabilitation. 2nd ed. 2006.
Maffulli N, Longo UG, Spiezia F, Denaro V. Aetiology and Prevention of Injuries in Elite Young Athletes. Medicine and Sports Science. 2011:56:187-200.
McGlamry’s Comprehensive Textbook of Foot and Ankle Surgery, third edition, Vol. 1 Current Diagnosis and treatment, 2009: , Radiology (Chrisman), Pediatrics, chapter 24.
McNally, Eugene, Practical Musculoskeletal Ultrasound. Churchill Livingston. 2004.
Merrill LJ, Gurnett CA, Connolly AM, Pestronk A, Dobbs MB. Skeletal Muscle Abnormalities and Genetic Factors Related to Vertical Talus. Clinical Orthopeadics and Related Research. 2010.
Mooney J and Campbell R: Adult foot disorders. In Neale’s Disorders of the Foot, 8th Edition, Edinburgh, 2010, Churchill Livingston Elsevier.
Nelson SC, Haycock DM. Arthroscopy-assisted retrograde drilling of osteochondral lesions of the talar dome. JAPMA 95(1):91-6. 2005.
Perry, J, and Burnfield, J. Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function. 2nd ed. 2010.
Root MJ, Orien WA, Weed JH. Normal and abnormal function of the foot. Clinical Biomechanics Corporation, Los Angles, 1971.
Rose KJ, Raymond J, Refshauge K, North KN, Burns J. Serial Night Casting Increases Ankle Dorsiflexion Range in Children and Young Adults with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: A Randomized Trial. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2010:56(2):113-9.
Roukis T, Scherer PR, Anderson CF, Position of the First Ray and Motion of the First Metatarsalphalangeal Joint. JAPMA, 1996, Nov;86(11):538-43.
Sabharwal S., Kumar A., “MRI, CT, Radiograph,” Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, Dec. 2008, p. 2910-2922
Sammarco GJ. Rehabilitation of the Foot and Ankle. C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, 1995.
Scherer P: Evidence-Based Orthotic Therapy. In Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine, New York, 2010, Springer Science.
Scherer PR. Recent Advances in Orthotic Therapy. Lower Extremity Review, 2011
Sgarlato T. A Compendium of Podiatric Biomechanics. College of Podiatric Medicine. San Francisco, 1971
Statler TK, Tullis BL. Pes Cavus. JAPMA 95(1): 42-52, 2005.
Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopedics, 4th edition, 2007
Tollafield DR and Merriam LM Clinical Skills in Treating the Foot. Churchill Livingstone, 1997
Valmassy, RL; Clinical Biomechanics of the Lower Extremities / Edition 1 1995.
Veves A, Giurini J, LoGerfo F, Charcot arthropathy in the diabetic foot. The Diabetic Foot. 2nd ed., 2006, Humana Press, p. 284
Vorlat P, Achtergael W, Haentjens P. Predictors of Outcome of Non-Displaced Fractures of the Base of the Fifth Metatarsal. International Orthopedics. 2007, February; 31(1):5-10.
Whittle, M. Gait Analysis: an Introduction, 4th ed. 2007 Whitney A, Green D, Pseudoequinus Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1982; 72 (7); pp. 365-371
Williams A, Nester C. The Pocket Podiatry Guide: Footwear and Foot Orthoses, Edinburgh, 2010, Churchill Livingston Elsevier.
Yu WD, Shapiro MS. Fractures of the Fifth Metatarsal: Careful Identification for Optimal Treatment. Physician and Sports Medicine. 1998, February; 26(2):47-64.
Suggested Readings for: Cardiology & Pulmonology Endocrinology Emergency Medicine Dermatology Rheumatology Psychosocial, Community Medicine, Public Health, Biostatistics Gastroenterology & Nephrology Neurology Hematology and Oncology General Medicine
Abbott CA, Malik RA, van Ross ER, Kulkarni J, Boulton AJ, Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the U.K. Diabetes Care. 2011 Oct;34(10):2220-4. Epub 2011 Aug 18.
Abboud H, Henrich WL, Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(1):56.
Adamson John W, Longo Dan L, "Chapter 58. Anemia and Polycythemia" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx? aID=2878924
Ahmed T, Haboudi N. ; Assessment and Management of Nutrition in Older People and Its Importance to Health. Clin Interv Aging. 2010 Aug 9;5: 207-16.
Allen RP, Bharmal M, Calloway M, Prevalence and disease burden of primary restless legs syndrome: results of a general population survey in the United States. Mov Disord. 2011;26(1):114.
Alpert Joseph S, Thygesen Kristian S, Jaffe Allan S, White Harvey D, "A Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction for the Twenty- First Century" (Update).
Alzeheimer’s Disease: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1134817-overview
American Diabetes Association, Standards of medical care in diabetes--2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36 Suppl 1:S11.
Am Fam Physician 72 (4): 647–52. PMID 16127954. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050815/647.html
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA 2013.
Aminoff Michael J, Kerchner Geoffrey A, "Chapter 24. Nervous System Disorders" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2011: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=12507.
Bacon Bruce R, "Chapter 303. Genetic, Metabolic, and Infiltrative Diseases Affecting the Liver" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2874057. Fatty liver disease: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175472-diagnosis
Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E, Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 2011 Mar;377(9770):1019-31. Epub 2011 Mar 1. Baloch Z, Carayon P, Conte-Devolx B, Demers LM, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Henry JF, LiVosli VA, Niccoli-Sire P, John R, Ruf J, Smyth PP, Spencer CA, Stockigt JR, Guidelines Committee, National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Thyroid. 2003;13(1):3.
Banks AS, Downey, MS, Martin DE, Miller, SJ. McGlamry’s Comprehensive Textbook of Foot and Ankle Surgery 4th Ed. Lippincott William and Wilkins. Jun 15, 2001
Bargmale Joanne M, Skorecki Karl, "Chapter 274. Chronic Kidney Disease" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx? aID=2880823.
Baron Robert B, "Chapter 29. Nutritional Disorders" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2010: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=16152.
Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks H, "Chapter 30. Origin of the Heartbeat & the Electrical Activity of the Heart" (Chapter). Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks H: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=5243592 .
Bennett RM, Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2009;35(2):215.
Berger Timothy G, "Chapter 6. Dermatologic Disorders" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.:CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2009: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=747
Bird Thomas D, Miller Bruce L, "Chapter 365. Dementia" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2904052.
Bodman MA: The Nail Unit: Diseases and Disorders: In Levy LA and Hetherington VJ (eds): Principles and Practice of Podiatric Medicine. Vol. 1 2nd Ed. Data Trace Publishing Company, Brooklandville, 2006
Bonner Mark W, Benson Paul M, James William D, "Chapter 218. Topical Antibiotics" (Chapter). Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest B, Paller AS, Leffell DJ: Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 7e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx? aID=2969806.
Braunwald Eugene, Loscalzo Joseph, "Chapter 36. Edema" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2863869
Brown, Jr. Robert H, Amato Anthony A, Mendell Jerry R, "Chapter 382. Muscular Dystrophies and Other Muscle Diseases" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2907497
Cardiology, American College of Cardiology Foundation, Heart Rhythm Society, AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part III: intraventricular conduction disturbances: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society. Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(11):976.
Chaudhry Vinay, "Chapter 379. Peripheral Neuropathy" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2907120
Chesnutt Mark S, Gifford Alex H, Prendergast Thomas J, "Chapter 9. Pulmonary Disorders" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2010: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2740.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee, The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560.
Chung F, Yuan H, Yin L, Vairavanathan S, Wong DT, Elimination of preoperative testing in ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 2009;108(2):467. Cooper David S, Greenspan Francis S, Ladenson Paul W, "Chapter 8. The Thyroid Gland" (Chapter). Gardner DG, Shoback D: Greenspan's Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 8e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2629192
Cornett Patricia A, Dea Tiffany O, "Chapter 39. Cancer" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2010: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=8950897. Lung cancer treatment: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279960-treatment
Corrales-Medina Vicente F, Shandera Wayne X, "Chapter 32. Viral & Rickettsial Infections" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2011: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=17051
Cryer Philip E, "Chapter 339. Hypoglycemia" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2875924
Czeisler Charles A, Winkelmale John W, Richardson Gary S, "Chapter 28. Sleep Disorders" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2897429.
Dai X, Bumgarner J, Spangler A, Meredith D, Smith SC, Stouffer GA, Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients hospitalized for noncardiac conditions. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(2):e000004. Dalbeth N, Haskard DO. Pathophysiology of crystal-induced arthritis. In: Crystal-induced Arthropathies, Wortmann RL, Schumacher HR Jr, Becker MA, Ryan LM (Eds), Taylor & Francis, New York 2006. p.239. Dawson B, Trapp RG, "Chapter 1. Introduction to Medical Research" (Chapter). Dawson B, Trapp RG: Basic & Clinical Biostatistics, 4e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2046000.
DermNetZ; http://dermnetnz.org/lesions/dermatosis-papulosa-nigra.html
Dienstag Jules L, "Chapter 298. Acute Viral Hepatitis" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2873725. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. US Government Printing Office; US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC 2010. Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, Goltz RW, Graham GF, Hordinsky MK, Lewis CW, Pariser DM, Webster SB, Whitaker DC, Butler B, Lowery BJ, Raimer SA, Krafchik BR, Olsen E, Weston WL, Guidelines of care for the use of topical glucocorticosteroids. American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35(4):615.
Drug eruptions: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049474-overview
Eckerline, Jr. Charles A, Rothert Steven D, "Chapter 5. Legal Aspects of Emergency Care" (Chapter). Stone CK, Humphries RL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 6e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3117372.
Ellison David H, "Chapter 2. Disorders of Extracellular Volume: Hypovolemia & Hypervolemia" (Chapter). Lerma EV, Berns JS, Nissenson AR: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Nephrology & Hypertension: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx? aID=6334487
Emedicine; http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1056854-overview
Emedicine; http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/126187-overview
Emedicine Burns Management: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769193-treatment
Emery AE, The muscular dystrophies. Lancet. 2002;359(9307):687.
Endorf , Fred W, Gibran Nicole S, "Chapter 8. Burns" (Chapter). Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Matthews JB, Pollock RE: Schwartz's Principles of Surgery, 9e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=5012285.
Epstein LJ, Kristo D, Strollo PJ Jr, Friedman N, Malhotra A, Patil SP, Ramar K, Rogers R, Schwab RJ, Weaver EM, Weinstein MD, Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Clinical guideline for the evaluation, management and long-term care of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5(3):263. European Association for the Study of Liver, EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2012;57(2):399.
Fealey Robert D, Sato Kenzo, "Chapter 82. Disorders of the Eccrine Sweat Glands and Sweating" (Chapter).Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest B, Paller AS, Leffell DJ: Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 7th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2985825
Ferrell Bruce A, Charette Susan L, "Chapter 30. Pain Management" (Chapter). Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, Studenski S, High, KP, Asthana S: Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, 6e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=5113622
Fleckman Philip, DiGiovanna John J, "Chapter 47. The Ichthyoses" (Chapter).
Fleischer AE, Didyk AA, Woods JB, et al.; Combined clinical and laboratory testing improves diagnostic accuracy for osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2009 Jan-Feb;48(1):39-46.
Flier Jeffrey S, Maratos-Flier Eleftheria, "Chapter 74. Biology of Obesity" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx? aID=2879105
Frederick, Shane, Danzl, Daniel F, "Chapter 41. Metabolic & Endocrine Emergencies" (Chapter). Stone CK, Humphries RL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine, 6e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3112282
Friedman Lawrence S, "Chapter 16. Liver, Biliary Tract, & Pancreas Disorders" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2010: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=7993.
Gill AL, Bell CN, Hyperbaric oxygen: its uses, mechanisms of action and outcomes. QJM. 2004;97(7):385.
Giovannucci E.:J Clin Endocrinol Metab.Expanding roles of vitamin D. 2009 Feb;94(2):418-20.
Goldhaber Samuel Z, "Chapter 256. Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Thromboembolism" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2880540.
Gonzales Ralph, Nadler Paul L, "Chapter 2. Common Symptoms" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2010: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=79.
Gonzales R, Kutner JS, "Disease Screening" (Chapter). Gonzales R, Kutner JS: CURRENT Practice Guidelines In Primary Care 2009: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=560515
Hasler William L, "Chapter 39. Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2863966 .
HBOT: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1464149-overview
Hellmann David B, Imboden John B, "Chapter 20. Musculoskeletal & Immunologic Disorders" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2010: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=10083.
Herschthal J, Kirsner RS, Current management of venous ulcers: an evidence-based review. Surg Technol Int. 2008;17:77-83.
Hu Serena S, Tribus Clifford B, Tay Bobby K, Bhatia Nitin N, "Chapter 5. Disorders, Diseases, & Injuries of the Spine" (Chapter). Skinner HB: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Orthopedics, 4e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2319334 .
Hueston William J, Carek Peter J, Allweiss Pamela, "Chapter 35. Endocrine Disorders" (Chapter). South-Paul JE, Matheny SC, Lewis EL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Family Medicine, 2nd Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3034534
Hueston William J, "Chapter 26. Respiratory Problems" (Chapter). South-Paul JE, Matheny SC, Lewis EL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Family Medicine, 2e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3033474 . Hyperthyroidism: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121865-overview
Hypokalemia at emedicine.com: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767448-diagnosis
Hypoglycemia at emedicine.com: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/767359-overview
Hypothyroidism at emedicine.com; http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Health care guideline: Assessment and management of chronic pain. Fourth edition November 2009. http://www.icsi.org/pain__chronic__assessment_and_management_of_14399/pain__chronic__assessment_and_management_of_ _guideline_.html (Accessed on December 09, 2010). Iron Deficiency at emedicine.com; http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology.
Jameson J. L, Weetman Anthony P, "Chapter 335. Disorders of the Thyroid Gland" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2877285. Clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433851_2
Jenkin WM. Approach to the Patient with Ankle and Foot Pain. In: Imboden JB, Hellman DB and Stone JH, editors. Current Rheumatology Diagnosis and Treatment, Lange Medical Books 2004. Chapter 7 pp. 63-64.
Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF, Hiltz SW, Black E, Modlin IM, Johnson SP, Allen J, Brill JV, American Gastroenterological Association, American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology. 2008;135(4):1383.
Kalus Andrea A, Chien Andy J, Olerud John E, "Chapter 152. Diabetes Mellitus and Other Endocrine Diseases" (Chapter). Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest B, Paller AS, Leffell DJ: Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 7e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2991346
Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2864389.
Kernbach, Klaus J. Tarsal Coalitions: Etiology, Diagnosis, Imaging, and Stigmata Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery; January 2010 (Vol. 27, Issue 1, Pages 105-117)
Klippel, JH. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases, 13th Edition. Springer Science + Business Media LLC 2008:21-27
Kollef MH, The importance of appropriate initial antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired infections. Am J Med. 2003;115(7):582.
Kusumoto Fred M, "Chapter 10. Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart Disease" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Hammer GD: Pathophysiology of Disease, 6e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=5367630
Langford Carol A, Gilliland Bruce C, "Chapter 330. Arthritis Associated with Systemic Disease and Other Arthritides" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2876604.
Langford Carol A, Gilliland Bruce C, "Chapter 329. Fibromyalgia" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2863176.
Laslett LJ, Alagona P Jr, Clark BA 3rd, Drozda JP Jr, Saldivar F, Wilson SR, Poe C, Hart M, The worldwide environment of cardiovascular disease: prevalence, diagnosis, therapy, and policy issues: a report from the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(25 Suppl):S1.
LeBlond RF, Brown DD, DeGowin RL, "Chapter 6. The Skin and Nails" (Chapter). LeBlond RF, Brown DD, DeGowin RL: DeGowin's Diagnostic Examination, 9e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3659565. LeBlond RF, Brown DD, DeGowin RL, "Chapter 8. The Chest: Chest Wall, Pulmonary, and Cardiovascular Systems; The Breasts" (Chapter). LeBlond RF, Brown DD, DeGowin RL: DeGowin's Diagnostic Examination, 9e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3661355
Lichtman MA, Shafer JA, Felgar RE, Wang N, "A. External Manifestations" (Chapter). Lichtman MA, Shafer JA, Felgar RE, Wang N: Lichtman's Atlas of Hematology: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2783344
Liem Timothy K, Moneta Gregory L, "Chapter 24. Venous and Lymphatic Disease" (Chapter). Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Matthews JB, Pollock RE: Schwartz's Principles of Surgery, 9e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx? aID=5014541
Light Richard W, "Chapter 257. Disorders of the Pleura and Mediastinum" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx? aID=2861952
Linker Charles A, Damon Lloyd E, "Chapter 13. Blood Disorders" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2011: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=5476.
Lipsky Peter E, "Chapter 314. Rheumatoid Arthritis" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2859081.
Liu Kathleen D, Chertow Glenn M, "Chapter 275. Dialysis in the Treatment of Renal Failure" (Chapter).Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2881053 . http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=78054
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Lowenstein Daniel H, "Chapter 363. Seizures and Epilepsy" (Chapter). Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2901171
Ludgate Mathew W, Johnson Timothy M, Wang Timothy S, "Chapter 100. Skin Cancer" (Chapter). Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, Studenski S, High, KP, Asthana S: Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, 6e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx? aID=5130698.
Masharani Umesh, "Chapter 27. Diabetes Mellitus & Hypoglycemia" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2009: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=15524
McCall Calvin O, Lawley Thomas J, "Chapter 53. Eczema, Psoriasis, Cutaneous Infections, Acne, and Other Common Skin Disorders" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2864389
McGuire Darren K, Inzucchi Silvio E, "Cardiovascular Considerations for the Use of Thiazolidinedione Medications" (Update). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/updatesContent.aspx?aid=1001451 .
McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2009: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=10909
Meng Maxwell V, Stoller Marshall L, Walsh Thomas J, "Chapter 23. Urologic Disorders" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2010: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=11857 .
Metformin and peripheral neuropathy. Podiatry Today; http://www.podiatrytoday.com/blogged/metformin-use-increase-the-risk- of-diabetic-neuropathy
Middleton Donald B, "Chapter 9. Seizures" (Chapter). South-Paul JE, Matheny SC, Lewis EL: CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Family Medicine, 2nd Edition: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3032647
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Powell Frank C, Hackett Bridget C, "Chapter 32. Pyoderma Gangrenosum" (Chapter). Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest B, Paller AS, Leffell DJ: Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 7e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2952781.
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Qaseem A, Snow V, Barry P, Hornbake ER, Rodnick JE, Tobolic T, Ireland B, Segal JB, Bass EB, Weiss KB, Green L, Owens DK, Joint American Academy of Family Physicians/American College of Physicians Panel on Deep Venous Thrombosis/Pulmonary Embolism, Current diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in primary care: a clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Family Physicians and the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(6):454.
Rapp Joseph H, Sarkar Rajabrata, Owens Christopher D, "Chapter 12. Blood Vessel & Lymphatic Disorders" (Chapter). McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, Tierney LM, Jr.: CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2009: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx? aID=777652
Rashidi Arash, Rahman Mahboob, Wright, Jr. Jackson T, "Chapter 70. Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertension" (Chapter). Fuster V, O’Rourke RA, Walsh RA, Poole-Wilson P, Eds. King SB, Roberts R, Nash IS, Prystowsky EN, Assoc. Eds.: Hurst's The Heart, 12e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3056147
Reilly, Jr. John J, Silverman Edwin K, Shapiro Steven D, "Chapter 254. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2899309.
Reus Victor I, "Chapter 386. Mental Disorders" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2908190.
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Rose BD, Post TW. Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill, New York 2001. p.285.
Roujeau Jean-Claude, Stern Robert S, Wintroub Bruce U, "Chapter 56. Cutaneous Drug Reactions" (Chapter). Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2868433
Rush Micheal D, Winslett Sonia, Wisdom Kimberley D, "Chapter 212. Diabetes Mellitus" (Chapter). Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, Ma OJ, Cline DM: Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 6e: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=606123 .
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Selvin E, Erlinger TP, Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Circulation. 2004;110(6):738.
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Banks A, Downey M, Martin D, Miller S: Osteochondrosis of the Foot and Ankle. Comprehensive Textbook of Foot Surgery, 3rd ed., 2001, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, p.2079-81.
Banks A, Downey M, Matin D et al. Neurologic Disorders. McGalmry's Comprehensive Textbook of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 3rd ed. ,Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2001 p1058.
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Birrer R, O'Connor F: General Types of Injuries: Sports medicine for the primary care physician, 3rd ed., 2004, CRC press, p. 381
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