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Bio-Écologie Et Dynamique Des Populations De Cécidomyie Des Fleurs

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Bio-Écologie Et Dynamique Des Populations De Cécidomyie Des Fleurs UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION Faculté des Sciences et Technologies THESE Présentée à l’Université de La Réunion pour obtenir le DIPLOME DE DOCTORAT Discipline : Biologie des populations et écologie Ecole Doctorale Sciences Technologie Santé (E.D.S.T.S) Laboratoire : UMR 53, Peuplement des Végétaux et Bio-agresseurs en Milieu Tropical Bio-écologie et dynamique des populations de cécidomyie des fleurs (Procontarinia mangiferae ), un ravageur inféodé au manguier (Mangifera indica), en vue de développer une lutte intégrée par Paul AMOUROUX Soutenue le 3 juillet 2013 devant un jury composé de Stéphane POUSSIER, Professeur, Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT Président Alain ROQUES, Directeur de recherche, INRA, UR ZF, Orléans Rapporteur Thomas GUILLEMAUD, Directeur de recherche, INRA, UMR ISA, Sophia Rapporteur Virginie RAVIGNE, Chercheuse, CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier Examinatrice Samuel NIBOUCHE, Chercheur, CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, La Réunion Directeur Co-encadrants : Frédéric NORMAND (CIRAD HortSys) et Hélène DELATTE (CIRAD PVBMT) 1 REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à remercier particulièrement mes trois encadrants qui ont, chacun à leur manière, participé à l’équilibre et au bon déroulement de cette thèse. En premier, je souhaite remercier Frédéric Normand, sans qui ce projet de thèse n’aurait pas pu se concrétiser. Pendant mon volontariat civil au sein son équipe, l’idée d’une thèse est lancée sur cette petite cécidomyie dont on ne sait pas grand-chose. Sans sa persévérance et son soutien, ce projet n’aurait certainement jamais abouti. Merci aussi pour ton encadrement et ton implication au quotidien, pour m’avoir fait découvrir la culture du manguier et ses particularités, et pour tes qualités humaines qui m’ont fait tant apprécier le travail au sein de ton équipe pendant plus de cinq ans ! En deuxième, je souhaite remercier Hélène Delatte, qui dès le début s’est associée à cette thèse. Ton soutien inconditionnel aura été précieux pour le démarrage puis la réussite de cette thèse. Tu m’as fais confiance et m’as formé à des outils et une discipline que je ne connaissais pas. Merci ! Ton enthousiasme et ton dynamisme sont un vrai moteur pour les personnes avec qui tu travailles. Il n’y a jamais d’obstacles (ou presque !) lorsqu’il s’agit d’ADN et de petites bêtes. Je garderai aussi quelques souvenirs mémorables ( ).du congrès en Corée du Sud passé avec toi et Bernard Reynaud. J’en profite pour le remercier de m’avoir accueilli au sein de l’unité PVBMT. Last but not least, je tiens à remercier mon directeur de thèse Samuel Nibouche d’avoir accepté de m’encadrer et d’avoir participé à l’équilibre de cette thèse par ton approche globale et ta prise de recul par rapport aux problématiques. Ta rigueur et ton pragmatisme m’ont souvent aidé à me recadrer quand trop d’idées germées dans ma tête. Merci aussi pour tes lectures et re-lectures critiques des articles et du manuscrit. Ton encadrement m’a fortement enrichi professionnellement. J’adresse également toute ma gratitude à Stéphane Poussier, Alain Roques, Thomas Guillemaud et Virginie Ravigné d’avoir accepté de participer à mon jury de thèse. Je ne doute point que nos prochains échanges me feront encore progresser. Merci à Isabelle Badenhausser qui m’a fait découvrir le monde de la recherche et des insectes, il y a quelques années maintenant et sans qui je n’aurai certainement jamais pris cette voie. Merci aux agriculteurs qui m’ont ouvert leurs vergers pour que je puisse faire mes suivis échantillonnages et avec qui les échanges ont toujours été particulièrement enrichissants. Je remercie tout particulièrement Mr. Law Yat et Xavier Desmulier (CPEA) qui m’ont ouvert malgré les contraintes leur verger quasi quotidiennement pendant la floraison. Merci, aussi à toutes les cécidomyies qui ont fait don de leur corps à la Science !! 2 J’ai eu la chance de travailler au sein de deux unités du CIRAD, juste séparées par une 2x2 voies. Je remercie vivement toutes les personnes que j’y ai côtoyées pendant ces trois années de thèse (et même un peu avant) : …à la station de Bassin Plat, j’ai vraiment apprécié l’ambiance chaleureusement et agréable qui règnent sur la station. Merci à Thierry, Mathieu, Patrick et Fabrice pour leur bonne humeur quotidienne et les échanges que l’on a pu avoir. Merci aux techniciens qui m’ont donné des coups mains fort utiles : Philippe, Doralice, Gilles, Frédéric P., Marie D., et Christian (qui m’a fait concurrence certains soirs pour fermer la station !). Merci à toutes les forces vives de BP qui participent à là bonne ambiance de la station, certain(e)s sont même devenu(e)s des ami(e)s au fil du temps ! Merci à mes collègues de bureau : Claire, Thibault et Anaëlle ! Merci aux deux derniers thésards de BP : Elodie et Thibault et bon courage pour la fin ! Merci à Claire et Eléonore qui n’ont pas perdu leur motivation malgré les dizaines de milliers de larves à compter ! Enfin, merci à toutes les personnes que j’ai croisé plus ou moins longtemps : Marie L., Liliane, Amélie, Camille, Marie R., Murielle… Merci zot tout ! … au 3P, je ne pourrai remercier individuellement toutes les personnes que j’ai croisées tant il y a de l’animation et de l’activité dans cette petite fourmilière. Merci à toutes les personnes qui participent à son bon fonctionnement au quotidien, et à tous celles et ceux qui m’ont fait partagé leur passion pour la recherche. Je vais, quand même, remercier tout particulièrement : Lulu (grand mélomane de la salle de BioMol et le Lucky Luke de la pipette), Martial, Richard et Antoine (pour les superbes photos qui illustrent ma thèse). Merci également à Michel pour les tournois d’échec endiablés, aux Séb’ (grand ou malgache), aux Fred’ du Sud (petit ou crâne luisant), à Pierre et Daphné, Cathy, Audrey, … Quelques dédicaces particulières, aux joueuses et joueurs de basket-ball pour ces lundis soirs pleins de rebonds et de détente (Alice, Adrien, Charlotte, Mathieu, Mathilde, Olivier, Sarra), à Ludo et Suzy (les tous nouveaux parents), et aux ornithos et ami(e)s de la SEOR (F-X, Martin, Jean-Marc, Isabelle, Gaël, Emilie, Damien, Jerry, Marie-Laure, Annie- Claude…). Je souhaiterai remercier ma belle-famille (et Guillaume, qui sait peut-être futur beau- frère !) pour m’avoir intégrer en leur sein et m’avoir fait découvrir toute la richesse de la culture créole réunionnaise (et je ne parle pas uniquement de gastronomie !). Merci pour ces week-end passés en votre compagnie ! Les cartes vont de nouveau être de sortie ! Merci à mes parents Agnès et Louis, à ma sœur Julie et à mes grands-parents qui malgré la distance sont toujours présents à mes côtés et dans mon cœur. Un merci à Alain, Juju, et Thèrèse qui m’ont accueilli lors de mes séjours avignonnais Merci à toi, Aurore, sans qui mon existence serait bien fade ! Merci pour ta patience et pour supporter mon caractère de tête de mule. Je t’aime ! 3 SOMMAIRE Remerciements ................................................................................................................... 2 Sommaire ............................................................................................................................ 4 Résumé en français ............................................................................................................ 7 Résumé en anglais .............................................................................................................. 8 Publications personnelles autour de P. mangiferae ........................................................... 9 Liste des tableaux ............................................................................................................. 10 Liste des figures ................................................................................................................ 11 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 13 Chapitre I Synthèse bibliographique............................................................................... 16 I.1. Les relations entre les insectes et leurs ressources ............................................ 16 I.1.1. Les plantes, une ressource hétérogène dans le temps et dans l’espace ....... 17 I.1.2. Détection et déplacement vers la ressource ............................................... 17 I.1.3. Adaptations et spéciations ........................................................................ 18 I.1.4. L’importance de la synchronisation .......................................................... 19 I.2. La diapause, une stratégie majeure de survie dans le temps ............................. 21 I.2.1. L’induction de la diapause ........................................................................ 23 I.2.2. Levée de diapause .................................................................................... 24 I.2.3. Les différents types de diapause ............................................................... 24 I.3. Les cécidomyies, une famille liée aux plantes .................................................. 25 I.3.1. Biologie.................................................................................................... 26 I.3.1. Les galles, une caractéristique des cécidomyies ........................................ 28 I.3.2. La synchronisation des cycles de vie......................................................... 28 I.3.3. La diapause chez les cécidomyies ............................................................. 30 I.3.4. Espèces d’importance économique agricole et méthodes de lutte .............. 30 Références
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