In fields that are plowed deeply in the fall, wireworms will turn but research is ongoing in this area. An important management up during plowing. They may be detected by following behind the consideration is avoiding prolonged periods of time between vine plow and checking for them in the turned-up soil. Fall plowing, death and harvest. Typical wireworm damage occurs mid-season however, is becoming much less common. and results at harvest in healed holes in tubers; however, tubers left in the field for weeks after vine death can be re-infested resulting in There are no established treatment thresholds for wireworms in serious tuber damage and tubers containing wireworms at harvest. potatoes. Management decisions are a complex assessment of crop history, scouting, previous pesticide treatments, etc. For more information, see http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/28267.pdf Management—cultural and biological controls Management—chemical control: HOME USE Crop rotation is an important tool for wireworm control. ♦ azadirachtin (as a mix with pyrethrins)—Some formulations are Wireworms tend to increase rapidly among red and sweet clover OMRI-listed for organic use. and small grains (particularly barley and wheat). Birds feeding ♦ bifenthrin (as a mix with zeta-cypermethrin). in recently plowed fields destroy many wireworms. However, ♦ cyfluthrin in seriously infested fields this does not reduce the overall ♦ zeta-cypermethrin pest population below economic levels. To date, field tests of Management—chemical control: COMMERCIAL USE entomopathogenic nematodes in wireworm infested fields show they do not effectively control wireworms. There are no parasites or See: biological insecticides known to be effective in wireworm control, Pesticide Tables for Potato Pests

Pesticide Tables for Potato Pests Tables 1-3 present nearly exhaustive lists of insecticides and biocontrol agents that are registered to control arthropod pests of potatoes in the PNW. Some of these products provide better control than others. Tables 1 and 2 are lists of conventional pesticides, with Table 1 being products with a single active ingredient and Table 2 being mixed products commonly known as “package mixes.” Most package mixes have a broad spectrum of control, but if over-used can contribute to outbreaks of certain pests such as aphids and spider mites, and also increase the risk of insecticide resistance due to over-application of a single mode-of-action such as the neonicotinoids (IRAC Group 4A). Table 3 lists many of the available products that are either biocontrol microbes, approved for organic use, or are not directly insecticidal. The latter category includes some of the oil sprays, which are most effective in interrupting virus transmission by aphids, as opposed to killing insects outright.

Table 1. Single active ingredient products Insecticide Signal Restricted PHI Type Active Ingredient Trade Name Target Pest(s) REI Group Word Use? (days) FU 1,3 dichloropropene Telone II (Dow) symphylan, Soil Warning N 5 NA wireworm fumigant days F abamectin Agri-mek, Colorado potato 6 Warning Y 12 hr 14 (a.k.a. avermectin Epi-Mek (Syngenta), beetle, potato B1) Abacus (Rotam), Reaper psyllid, spider mite, (Loveland), Abba Ultra thrips* (Makhteshim Agan), F acetamiprid Assail 30SG, Assail 70WP, aphid, beetle, 4A Caution N 12 hr 7 Intruder Max 70WP leafhopper*, (United Phosphorus) potato psyllid* F afidopyropen Sefina (BASF) aphid, whitefly, 9D Caution N 12 hr 7 potato psyllid* F bifenazate Acramite (UPLCrompton) spider mite 25 Caution N 12 hr 14 IF, F bifenthrin Capture LFR, Brigade beetle, various soil 3 Warning Y 12 hr 21 2EC (FMC), Fanfare 2EC grubs, wireworm. (Makhteshim Agan), Lepidoptera*, Tundra EC (Winfield) spider mite*, BiFenture EC (United leafhopper*, lygus*, Phosphorus) potato psyllid* IF carbaryl Sevin 4F, Sevin 80S, Sevin beetle, 1A Caution or N 12 hr 7 XLR Plus (Bayer), Sevin 5 Lepidoptera, Warning Bait (Wilbur Ellis) stink bug, depending leafhopper, potato on psyllid*; various formulation soil-inhabiting arthropods (5 Bait)

PNW Insect Management Handbook K211 Table 1. Single active ingredient products Insecticide Signal Restricted PHI Type Active Ingredient Trade Name Target Pest(s) REI Group Word Use? (days) F chlorantraniliprole Coragen (FMC) Colorado potato 28 None N 4 hr 14 beetle, Lepidoptera F, IF clothianidin Belay 50WDG, Belay beetle, aphid, 4A Caution N 12 hr 14 (Valent) leafhopper, psyllid IF cyantraniliprole Verimark (FMC), Exirel Colorado potato 28 Caution N 4 hr –2 (FMC) beetle, Lepidoptera F cyfluthrin Tombstone (Loveland) beetle, 3 Warning Y 12 hr 0 Lepidoptera, leafhopper, potato psyllid, F beta-cyfluthrin Baythroid XL (Bayer) beetle, 3 Warning Y 12 hr 0 Lepidoptera, leafhopper, potato psyllid F lambda-cyhalothrin Warrior, Warrior II aphid, beetle, 3 Warning Y 24 hr 7 (Syngenta), Province grasshopper, (Tenkoz), Silencer leafhopper, (Makhteshim Agan), Lepidoptera, Lambda-Cy (United potato psyllid, stink Phosphorus) bug F gamma- Respect, Respect EC beetle, 3 Warning or Y 12 hr 1 cypermethrin (BASF), Mustang, Mustang grasshopper Caution Max, Mustang Max EC, leafhopper, Mustang Max EW (FMC) Lepidoptera F cyromazine Trigard (Syngenta) Colorado potato 17 Caution N 12 hr 7 beetle F deltamethrin Battalion 0.2, Battalion 1.5 beetle, leafhopper, 3 Danger/ N 12 hr 3 (Arysta) Lepidoptera, Poison F dimethoate various brands, 2.67 and aphid, grasshopper, 1B Warning N 48 hr 0 4E formulations leafhopper, potato psyllid* F, IF dinotefuran Scorpion 35 SL (Gowan), beetle, leafhopper, 4A Caution N 12 hr 7 Venom (Valent) potato psyllid F esfenvalerate Asana (Valent), beetle, 3 Warning N 12 hr 7 S-FenvaloStar (LG grasshopper, Lifesciences), leafhopper, Zyrate (Rotam) Lepidoptera, potato psyllid IF ethoprop Mocap 15G, Mocap EC symphylan, 1B Danger/ Y 72 hr –2 (AMVAC) wireworm Poison F fenpyroximate Miteus (Nichino) leafhopper, potato 21A Warning N 12 hr 7 psyllid, spider mite IF fipronil Regent 4SC (BASF) wireworm 2B Warning Y 0 hr 90 F flonicamid Beleaf 50 SG (FMC) aphid, potato 9C Caution N 12 hr 7 psyllid, thrips*, whitefly F hexythiazox Onager Optek (Gowan), potato psyllid, 10A Caution N 12 hr 21 Hexamit spider mite, (Albaugh/Agri Star)

K212 PNW Insect Management Handbook Table 1. Single active ingredient products Insecticide Signal Restricted PHI Type Active Ingredient Trade Name Target Pest(s) REI Group Word Use? (days) IF, F, imidacloprid Many brands, and aphid, beetle, 4A Caution N 12 hr 7 SP formulations leafhopper, potato psyllid, wireworm (seed piece damage) F indoxacarb Avaunt (FMC) Lepidoptera, 22 Caution N 12 hr 7 Colorado potato beetle F malathion Many brands and aphid, blister 1B Warning or N 12 hr 0 formulations beetle, Caution grasshopper, leafhopper F methomyl Lannate LV, Lannate SP aphid, flea beetle, 1A Danger/ Y 48 hr 6 (Cortevat), Nudrin LV, leafhopper, Poison Nudrin SP (Rotam) Lepidoptera, Colorado potato beetle*, lygus, potato psyllid*, thrips* F novaluron Rimon (Chemtura) Colorado 15 Warning N 12 hr 14 potato beetle, Lepidoptera, lygus*, potato psyllid, thrips*, whitefly F, IF oxamyl Vydate C-LV, Vydate L aphid, beetle, 1A Danger/ Y 48 hr 7 (DuPont) leafhopper, Poison potato psyllid, Lepidoptera*, lygus, thrips* F permethrin Many brands, and beetle, leafhopper, 3 Warning or Y 12 hr 14 formulations Lepidoptera, Caution potato psyllid, lygus, thrips* IF phorate Thimet (Amvac) aphid, Colorado 1B Danger/ Y 72 hr 90 potato beetle, Poison leafhopper F phosmet Imidan 70-W (Gowan) beetle, leafhopper, 1B Warning N 5 7 tuberworm, days Lepidoptera*, potato psyllid F propargite Comite, Omite (UPL NA) spider mite 12C Danger Y 2 14 Endomite (Atticus) days F pymetrozine Fulfill (Syngenta, Adama) aphid, potato 9B Caution N 12 hr 14 psyllid F spinetoram Radiant SC () Colorado 5 Caution N 4 hr 7 potato beetle, Lepidoptera, thrips lygus* potato psyllid, F spiromesifen Oberon 2SC, Oberon 4SC spider mite, potato 23 Caution N 12 hr 7 (Bayer) psyllid, whitefly F spirotetramat Movento, Movento HL, aphid, potato 23 Caution N 24 hr 7 Kontos (Bayer) psyllid, whitefly

PNW Insect Management Handbook K213 Table 1. Single active ingredient products Insecticide Signal Restricted PHI Type Active Ingredient Trade Name Target Pest(s) REI Group Word Use? (days) F sulfoxaflor Transform (Corteva) aphid, leafhopper, 4C Danger N 24 hr 7 potato psyllid, whitefly, lygus F, IF, thiamethoxam Actara, Cruiser 5FS, aphid, beetle, 4A Caution N 12 hr 14 SP Platinum, Platinum 75SG leafhopper, potato (Syngenta) psyllid, wireworm (seed piece protection) F tolfenpyrad Torac (Nichino) aphid, Colorado 21A Warning N 12 hr 14 potato beetle, leafhopper, potato psyllid, thrips All trade names may not be listed here. Product application codes: F = foliar; FU = fumigant; IF = in-furrow; SP = seed protectant. PHI = Pre-harvest interval. REI = Restricted entry interval. Insecticide Group codes refer to modes of action, and should be used in managing insecticide resistance; for more on insecticide codes and resistance management, see: http://www.nwpotatoresearch.com/. Always consult specific pesticide labels before making recommendations or deciding on a product and treatment.

*The pesticide label does not list this pest, but the insecticide has been shown to be effective in its control.

1 Penncap has a 5-day PHI.

2 Some products do not list PHI specifically.

Table 2. Package mixes of active ingredients. Active Signal Restricted PHI Type Active Ingredient 1 Trade Name Target Pest(s) REI Ingredient 2 Word use? (days)

FU 1,3 dichloropropene chloropicrin Telone C17 symphylan, wireworm Danger Y 5 days NA (Dow) F abamectin bifenthrin Athena (FMC) aphid, beetle, Caution Y 12 hr 21 (a.k.a. avermectin B1) grasshopper, Lepidoptera, lygus, potato psyllid, spider mite, thrips F bifenthrin imidacloprid Brigadier (FMC) aphid, beetle, Warning Y 12 hr 21 leafhopper, Lepidoptera, grasshopper, potato psyllid, whitefly F bifenthrin gamma- Hero (FMC) aphid, beetle, Caution Y 12 hr 21 cypermethrin grasshopper, leafhopper, Lepidoptera, spider mite F bifenthrin gamma- Hero EW (FMC) aphid, beetle, Warning Y 12 hr 21 cypermethrin grasshopper, leafhopper, Lepidoptera, spider mite bifenthrin gamma- Steed (FMC) aphid, beetle, Warning Y 12 hr 21 cypermethrin grasshopper, leafhopper, Lepidoptera

K214 PNW Insect Management Handbook Table 2. Package mixes of active ingredients. Active Signal Restricted PHI Type Active Ingredient 1 Trade Name Target Pest(s) REI Ingredient 2 Word use? (days)

F chlorantraniliprole lambda- Besiege aphid, beetle, Warning Y 24 hr 14 cyhalothrin (Syngenta) grasshopper, leafhopper, Lepidoptera, stink bug, potato psyllid F chlorantraniliprole thiamethoxam Voliam Flexi aphid, beetle, Caution N 12 hr 14 (Syngenta) leafhopper, Lepidoptera F beta-cyfluthrin imidacloprid Leverage 360 aphid, beetle, Caution Y 12 hr 7 (Bayer) Lepidoptera, psyllid, leafhopper, lygus F lambda-cyhalothrin thiamethoxam Endigo ZC aphid, beetle, Warning Y 24 hr 14 (Syngenta) Lepidoptera, grasshopper, lygus, stink bug, potato psyllid, leafhopper, whitefly SP thiamethoxam fludioxonil, Cruiser Maxx aphid, beetle, Caution N 12 hr ?? (fungicide) (Syngenta) leafhopper, potato psyllid, whitefly

SP thiamethoxam fludioxonil, Cruiser Maxx aphid, beetle, Caution N 12 hr ?? difenoconazole Potato Extreme leafhopper, potato (fungicide) (Syngenta) psyllid, whitefly SP thiamethoxam fludioxonil, CruiserMaxx aphid, beetle, Caution N 12 hr ?? difenoconazole, Vibrance leafhopper, potato Sedaxane psyllid, whitefly (fungicide)

Table 3. Biological insecticides, essential oils, etc. Insecticide Signal Restricted PHI Type Active Ingredient Trade Name Target Pest(s) REI Group Word Use? (days)

F azadirachtin Many brands, and various insects - Caution N 4 hr 0 formulations

azadiractin, neem Debug Optimo, various insects - Caution N 4 hr 0 Debug Tres, Debug Turbo (Agro Logistic Systems) F azadiractin, pyrethrins Azera (Valent) various insects 3A, Warning N 12 hr 0

F Bacillus thuringiensis Agree (Certis), XenTari Lepidoptera 11A Caution N 4 hr 0 var. aizawai (Valent)

F Bacillus thuringiensis Many brands, and Lepidoptera 11A Caution N 4 hr 0 var. kurstaki formulations

F Bacillus thuringiensis Trident (Certis) Colorado potato 11A Caution N 4 hr 0 var. tenebrionis beetle Beauveria bassiana, BioCeres (Anatis aphid, whitefly, - Caution N 4 hr 0 strain ANT Bioprotection) thrips, lygus

PNW Insect Management Handbook K215 Table 3. Biological insecticides, essential oils, etc. Insecticide Signal Restricted PHI Type Active Ingredient Trade Name Target Pest(s) REI Group Word Use? (days)

Beauveria bassiana, BotaniGard Maxx aphid, leafhopper, - Warning N 12 hr 0 strain ANT, pyrethrins (LAM International) potato psyllid, whitefly, thrips, lygus, spider mite F Beauveria bassiana, Mycotrol (Bioworks), aphid, leafhopper, -- Caution N 4 hr 0 strain GHA Botanigard ES, potato psyllid, Botanigard 22 WP whitefly, ()BoteGHA (LAM thripsvarious International) insects Botanigard, Mycotrol (Bioworks) F extract of Chenopodium Requiem (Bayer) potato psyllid -- Caution N 4 hr 0 ambrosioides F Chromobacterium Grandevo, Grandevo Lepidoptera, -- Caution N 4 hr 0 subtsugae strain CG, GrandevoWDG aphid, leafhopper, PRAA4-1T (Marrone Bio potato psyllid, Innovations) whitefly F kaolin Surround CF, beetle, -- Caution N 4 hr 0 Surround WP grasshopper, (Novasource), Cocoon leafhopper, lygus, (Sipcam Agro) spider mite F neem oil Trilogy (Certis), Debug aphid, whitefly, - Caution N 4 hr 0 ON (Agro Logistic thrips, spider mite Systems) F petroleum-derived oil Many brands leafhopper, mite, -- Caution N 4 hr 0 whitefly, aphid transmission of Potato Leafroll Virus and PVY F potassium salts of fatty M-Pede (Gowan), leafhopper, lygus, -- Warning N 12 hr 0 acids DES-X (Certis) thrips, mites, whitefly F vegetable oils and Many brands and various insects - Caution N 0-4 0 combinations, including formulations or hr rosemary, peppermint, Warning clove, thyme, garlic, sesame, soybean geraniol F spinosad Blackhawk, Success Lepidoptera,, 5 Caution N 4 hr 7 Entrust, Entrust SC Colorado potato (Corteva), Seduce beetle, thrips, (Certis) potato psyllid IF spinosad, iron BUG-N-SLUGGO Lepidoptera, slug 5 Caution N 4 hr 7 phosphate (Certis) All trade names may not be listed here. In some cases the PHI is not specifically mentioned, but is implied to be 0 days, thus, the REI becomes the PHI. Product application codes: F = foliar; IF = in-furrow. Insecticide group codes refer to modes of action, and should be used in managing insecticide resistance; for more on insecticide codes and resistance management, see: http://www.nwpotatoresearch.com/. Always consult specific pesticide labels before making recommendations or deciding on a product and treatment.

K216 PNW Insect Management Handbook directly to 10–30 daughter larvae. Cecids feed on the mushroom stems or gills, reducing marketable yield. Stable fly and house fly are common pests in compost wharves. Management—cultural control Mushroom Pests Cultural control, including sanitation, composting and Leanna Van Slambrook and Craig Hollingsworth pasteurization is the basis for successful mushroom culture. Cultural practices that can reduce pest fly populations include exclusion, Latest revision—March 2021 sanitation (washing and sanitizing), shortening crop cycles and post-harvest steam cleaning. In compost wharves, fly populations can be reduced by promoting drainage and reducing of standing. Fly In all cases, follow the instructions on the pesticide label. The PNW exclusion is critical: rooms should be sealed and properly screened Insect Management Handbook has no legal status, whereas the to exclude breeding flies. Attention should be paid to doors, fans, pesticide label is a legal document. Read the product label before ceiling joints, drains and ductwork. Lights traps near doorways making any pesticide applications. may be of value. Equipment and personnel should not move from older culture rooms (where infestations tend to exist) to newer, Mushroom—Mushroom fly uninfested rooms. Limit the amount of time that doors are left open. Cecid flies (Mycophila speyeri, Heteropeza pygmaea) Management—biological control House fly (Musca domestica) A number of entomopathogenic nematodes are used successfully Phorid fly (Megaselia halterata) against mushroom flies because of the moist organic growing Sciarid fly (Lycoriella mali) media. Steinernema feltiae is effective against sciarids. Howardula Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) hussey occurs naturally in phorid populations. Bacillus thuringiensis Pest Biology and Crop Damage The major insect pest of israelensis (Bti) is a bacterium used widely in biocontrol of flies:Bti mushrooms is the sciarid fly, a small black insect about 0.25 inch appears to be more effective against earlier instar sciarid larvae. long, with long antennae and gray wings folded over the back. In compost wharves, augmentation of naturally occurring Sciarid larvae attack compost, spawn, mycelia, pins, and mushroom pteromalid wasps is used for control of house fly and stable stems and caps. Phorid flies are small, 0.125 inch long, with a fly:Spalangia endius, Muscidifurax raptor, M. zaraptor, and M. humpback appearance and very small antennae. They are stockier raptorellus are commercially available. than sciarids and are very active, running and hopping erratically. These flies feed on mycelia, depressing crop yields. Both sciarid Management—chemical control and phorid adults carry disease organisms into the crop. Cecid Note: Some labels specify Agaricus bisporus (the button species are rarely seen as adult flies, because under the warmth mushroom) as the intended crop. In such cases, the product is of mushroom culture larvae become “mother larvae” giving birth registered legally for use only on Agaricus mushrooms.

Mushroom sites, pests, and controls Site Controls —follow label rates— Comments and cautions Empty mushroom house azadirachtin DDVP (empty house only) and premises MGK 264 (empty house only) pyrethrin + PBO permethrin (empty house only)

Filling azadirachtin Geranium oil; peppermint; rosemary Spawning azadirachtin To be effective, pesticides must be Bacilllus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis incorporated thoroughly into the compost. Beauveria bassiana GHA It is important that end sections and sides cyromazine1 be treated completely. Geranium oil; peppermint; rosemary Isaria fumosoroseus Casing azadirachtin Drench onto casing layer with sufficient Bacilllus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis water for good penetration. Beauveria bassiana GHA Geranium oil; peppermint; rosemary Isaria fumosoroseus S-methoprene Growth—Pinning azadirachtin Adult fly control. malathion pyrethrin + PBO permethrin Picking pyrethrin + PBO (aerosol) Use effectively to knock down adult flies prior to pickers entering rooms. 1Cyromazine-treated spent compost cannot be used to grow food crops.

PNW Insect Management Handbook K217 Pesticides registered for use in mushroom houses and/or on mushroom crops Common name Brand names Class1 Toxicity class Uses and precautions azadirachtin Azatin, Align, BP IV; very low Sciarid and phorid fly control incorporated (neem) Azasol, Debug into compost or casing soil; disrupts fly Tres development. Some formulations are OMRI- listed for organic use. Bacilllus Gnatrol DG MI IV; very low Sciarid and phorid fly control incorporated thuringiensis ssp. into compost or casing soil; disrupts fly israelensis development at the larval stage.

Beauveria bassiana Botanigard MI IV; very low Sciarid and phorid fly control incorporated GHA into compost or casing soil; fungus infects fly larvae. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. cyromazine Armor, Aegis IGR III; low Sciarid fly control incorporated into compost; disrupts fly development. Spent, treated compost cannot be used to grow food crops. DDVP, dichlorovos Nuvan Fog 5% OP I; high Phorid flies. Empty houses, and no less than 10 days before mushrooms in beds Geranium oil; Brandt Ecotec BP IV; very low Controls larval stage of flies. peppermint; Plus rosemary Isaria Ancora,PFR-97TM MI IV; very low Sciarid and phorid flies, at spawning, casing fumosoroseus 20% WDG and during case hold. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. malathion Malathion OP III; low Sciarid and phorid flies, applied after picking. MGK 264 Alto Cirrus, Cirrus synergist III; low Fly control in empty mushroom houses. Fogging Use as diluted space spray or contact for accessible stages of flies. permethrin Ambush, Pounce SP II–III; Sciarid and phorid fly control as a fog, medium-low aerosol, or dust treatment for adult flies. Do not use when mushrooms are present. piperonyl butoxide synergist IV; very low Improves activity of other ingredients; (PBO) usually combined with pyrethrins. pyrethrin, many NP III; low Aerosol or liquid; general insect control; very pyrethrum rapid knockdown. Some formulations are OMRI-listed for organic use. S-methoprene Apex IGR III; low Intended as larva and egg control. Use adult knockdown for high infestations.

1BP = biopesticide; IGR = insect growth regulator; MI = mycoinsecticide; NP = natural pyrethrum;; OP = organophosphate; SP = synthetic pyrethroid. Note Some labels are labeled for use on Agaricus mushrooms only.

K218 PNW Insect Management Handbook