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Entomology I MZO-08 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Entomology I MZO-08 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Entomology I Course Development Committee Chair Person Prof. Ashok Sharma Prof. L.R.Gurjar Vice-Chancellor Director (Academic) Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Coordinator and Members Convener SANDEEP HOODA Assistant Professor of Zoology School of Science & Technology Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Members Prof . (Rtd.) Dr. D.P. Jaroli Prof. (Rtd.) Dr. Reena Mathur Professor Emeritus Former Head Department of Zoology Department of Zoology University of Rajasthan, Jaipur University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Prof. (Rtd.) Dr. S.C. Joshi Prof. (Rtd.) Dr. Maheep Bhatnagar Department of Zoology Mohan Lal Sukhadiya University University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Udaipur Prof. (Rtd.) Dr. K.K. Sharma Prof. M.M. Ranga Mahrishi Dayanand Saraswati University, Ajmer Ajmer Dr. Anuradha Singh Dr. Prahlad Dubey Rtd. Lecturer Government College Head Department of Zoology Kota Government College , Kota Dr. Subrat Sharma Dr. Anuradha Dubey Lecturer Deputy Director Government College , Kota School of Science and Technology Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Dr. Subhash Chandra Director (Regional Center) VMOU, Kota Editing and Course Writing Editors Dr. Subhash Chandra SANDEEP HOODA Director ,Regional Center Assistant Professor of Zoology Vardhman Mahaveer Open University ,Kota Vardhman Mahaveer Open University ,Kota Writers: Writer Name Unit No. Writer Name Unit No Ms. Asha Kumari Verma 3,5,8 Dr. Abhishek Rajpurohit 11,13 UGC-NET JRF Department of Assistant Professor Zoology, JNVU, Lachoo Memorial College Jodhpur of Science & Technology,Jodhpur Dr. Neetu Kachhawaha 1,2,4,6,7,12 Dr. Subhash Chandra 14,15 Assistant Professor, Director ,Regional Center Department of Zoology, Vardhman Mahaveer University of Rajasthan ,Jaipur. Open University ,Kota SANDEEP HOODA 8,9 Assistant Professor & Convener of Zoology, School of Science & Technology, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University,Kota Academic and Administrative Management Prof. Ashok Sharma Prof. L.R. Gurjar Vice-Chancellor Director (Academic) Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Prof. Karan Singh Dr. Subodh Kumar Director (MP&D) Additional Director (MP&D) Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota ISBN : All Right reserved. No part of this Book may be reproduced in any form by mimeograph or any other means without permission in writing from V.M. Open University, Kota. Printed and Published on behalf of the Registrar, V.M. Open University, Kota. MZO-08 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Index Unit No. Unit Name Page No. 1 Insect Morphology – I 1 2 Insect Morphology – II 22 3 Insect Anatomy and Physiology – I 58 4 Insect Anatomy and Physiology – II 89 5 Insect Anatomy and Physiology – III 109 6 Insect Anatomy and Physiology – IV 133 7 Insect Embryology 159 10 Post-Embryonic Development 179 11 Social life of insects 205 12 Origin and evolution of insects 239 13 Insect Ecology-I 263 14 Insect Ecology-II 307 15 Post-embryonic development 329 MZO-08 Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Preface The present book entitled “Entomology I” has been designed so as to cover the unit- wise syllabus of MZO-08 course for M.Sc. Zoology (Final) students of Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota. The basic principles and theory have been explained in simple, concise and lucid manner. Adequate examples, diagrammes, photographs and self-learning exercises have also been included to enable the students to grasp the subject easily. List of books suggested for further study will be a great help the students. The unit writers have consulted various standard books and internet as their reference on the subject and they are thankful to the authors of these reference books. Suggestions for the further improvement of the book will be thankfully acknowledged and incorporated in further editions. ---------------- Unit-I Insect Morphology – I Structure of the unit 1.1 Objective 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Fundamentals of segmentation of an insect body 1.3.1 Why insects are successful arthropods 1.3.2 Origin of Insects 1.4 Insect body wall structure; Cuticle and cuticular outgrowths 1.5 Coloration and special integumentary structures 1.5.1 Process of tanning 1.5.2 Common pigments 1.5.3 Special integumentary structures 1.6 Body tagmata 1.7 Sclerites and their segmental arrangements 1.7.1 Primary segmentation 1.7.2 Secondary segmentation 1.8 Biochemistry of cuticle and process of moulting 1.8.1 Process of moulting/ Ecdysis 1.8.2 Hormonal control during moulting 1.9 Summary 1.10 Glossary 1.11 Self learning Exercise 1.12 References 1.1 Objective After going through this unit you will be able to understand Why insects are more successful. Origin of insect world. How insect segmentation started and their integuments modifies. How insect grow if they are have such a tough, impermeable, non flexible integument. To learn , recognize and identity insect external morphology. 1 1.2 Introduction Term morphology is the Greek word means morphé: shape or form and lógos: word. It is the study of form and structure of an organism. This includes how the insect looks like with their modifications. Morphology is closely related to physiology which is study of function. The external morphology is important for identification of insect and for its classification. There is large variation in the form and structure of the insect groups. This modification allows the insect to secure different ecological niche, food habitats and life cycles. The size of the insect may be as small as 0.3mm in mymarid wasp and as large as 30 cm in case of American owlet moth with its wing span. 1.3 Fundamentals of segmentation of an insect body 1.3.1 Why insects are successful arthropods Insects are most successful invertebrates as they have tremendous diversity and numbers. The important reasons are probably their body architecture; they have jointed appendages, high reproductive capacity, wonderful adaptations and occupy all habitats in air like butterfies, moths, mosquitoes, housefly, in water like water bugs, water beetles, larva of many insects and on land like cockroaches, silverfish, most bugs. They may be parasitic like head louse, scavenging like flesh flies etc. They have light and strong integument covered by outermost layer of wax that does not allow water loss from evaporation. Insects are variable in sizes from small in size, microscopic (smallest insect is Dicomorpha echmepteryg fairy flies 0.13 mm, order Hymenoptera: family Mymaridae) to larger in size upto 10-12 inches. (stick insect, Oder Phasmida). Flying is the most important characteristic feature that helps them from escaping predators and dispersal of species for speciation. The insects have short generation period and pass many generations a year so that they can compete with unfavorable conditions. 1.3.2 Origin of Insect In modern time the age of trilobites is called the age of the insect in Paleozoic era. Insect evolution is due to rapid adaptation because of their high fecundity. There is symbiotic relationship between flowering plants and insect as they are closely associated with pollination. Insects also gain importance as they are vectors of many pathogens. Archaeognatha and Thysanura still have 2 rudimentary appendages on their abdomen called styli is one of the facts that insect evolve from an annelid ancestors Earliest arthropods like scorpions, centipedes, and millipedes walk on land like annelids. They occur in Carboniferous period. Manton (1964) concluded that insects are not the direct descendants of myriapods but they share common ancestory. First major step in insect origin is the segmentation. The most primitive living insects, such as wingless silverfish, have lead biologists to believe that insects may have evolved from a creature similar to the Annelida. The insect started their life by ancestors having segmented (each segment is called somite), worm-like body having anterior prostomium and posterior periproct like a member of the phylum Annelida. Afterwards Simple eye, antenna and pair of appendages occur on each segment like Onychophorans. Onchophoran group leads to trilobites having three major lobes with compound eyes and jointed legs. Then first six segments of such an animal combine to form the head, the next three the thorax, and the remainder ten constitute the abdomen. This lead to the insectan level via myripod level where mandibulated mouth parts developed (FIG.1.1). FIG.1.1: Trends of evolution in insects. The most commonly accepted theory of the origin of the insects is here illustrated. 3 The next evolutionary step was the development of wings. Carpenter (1977) recognised four major stages in the evolution of insecta: 1. Evolution of wingless insects, apterygotes in Devonian period 2. Origin of wing flexing mechanism lacking, paleopterous exopterygotes with simple metamorphosis. 3. Wing flexing mechanism present, neopterous exopterygotes with simple metamorphosis. 4. Wing flexing mechanism present, neopterous endoopterygotes with complete metamorphosis. 1.4 Insect body wall strfuctures; Cuticle and cuticular outgrowths Body wall is called the integument in insects. It is composed of many layers as follows: 1. Cuticle: it is the outermost layer of insect integument/ wall which is differentiated into outer epicuticle and inner procuticle. Epicuticle is 0.03-4 µm thick and made up of cement layer, wax (lipid), polyphenol, sulphur and cuticulin (lipoprotein). Cuticulin is a thin layer rich in polyphenol resistant to acids and organic solvents. It is due to this cuticulin that allows expansion of cuticle during moulting. In epicuticle chitin (FIG.1.2) is absent and have wax canal that contains wax filaments. Procuticle is 200µm thick further distinguished into outer exocuticle and inner endocuticle. Procuticle is made of chitin and a mixture of protein. Exocuticle is a highly stabilized layer which is pigmented and consists of sclerotin protein. There are found some vertical canals traversing through both exo and endocuticle called pore canals. Wax molecules are transferred to epicuticle via pore canals.
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