SUB Hamburg
A/637028
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Major Problems in American Indian History
Documents and Essays
THIRD EDITION
EDITED BY
ALBERT L. HURT ADO University of Oklahoma
PETER IVERSON Arizona State University
WILLIAM J. BAUER, JR. University of Nevada, Las Vegas
STEPHEN KENT AMERMAN Southern Connecticut State University
*-•4 CENGAGE ^ Learning*
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States <<>>
Contents
PREFACE xv
Chapter 1 Approaching American Indian History 1
ESSAYS 2 Devon Mihesuah (Choctaw) • Countering Colonization 2 R. David Edmunds (Cherokee) • Practicing Inclusion 13
FURTHER READING 22
Chapter 2 Early American History 24
DOCUMENTS 24 1. The Skagit Describe Their Origins, n.d. 25 2. The Arikira Tell of Their Creation, n.d. 27 3. The Iroquois Depict the World on the Turtle's Back, n.d. 4. The Cherokees Narrate Their Beginnings, n.d. 31 5. The Hopis Describe Blue Com Ear Maiden's Revenge, n.d. 33 6. The Pueblos Sing of the Sky Loom, n.d. 36 7. Dohasan (Kiowa) Records History as a "Winter Count," 1832-1892 36 8. Dudley and Ruth Patterson (Western Apache) See Their History in Places, ca. 1979—1984 37 9. Selected Native American Centers in North America, ca. 1250 41
vii viii CONTENTS
ESSAYS 42 Neal Salisbury • The Indians' Old World: A Continental View 42 Dennis Wall and Virgil Masayesva (Hopi) • The Old World and the Modern World: A Hopi View 49
FURTHER READING 59
Chapter 3 Strangers on the Shores, 1492-1600 61
DOCUMENTS 61 1. Columbus Describes the Caribs, 1492 62 2. Spain Requires the Indians to Submit to Spanish Authority, 1513 63 3. Cabeza de Vaca Recounts His Experiences with the Indians of Mexico, 1536 65 4. Rangel and Oviedo Tell ofDe Soto's Invasion of Florida, 1539 68 5. Carrier Records His Meeting with the Micmacs, 1534 70 6. An Englishman Discusses Trading with Indians on the Atlantic Coast, 1584 71
ESSAYS 74 Bruce Trigger • The Shores: Native Responses to Early European Contact 75 Cody Newton • The Interior: Comanche Mobility Before European Contact 85
FURTHER READING 94
Chapter 4 Southern and Northern Encounters, 1600-1700 96
DOCUMENTS 96 1. Pedro Naranjo (Keresan Pueblo) Provides His Explanation for the Pueblo Revolt, 1681 97 2. Juan (Tiwa Pueblo) Offers His Account of the Pueblo Revolt, 1681 100 3. Casanas Assesses the Native Peoples of Texas, 1691 101 4. Van den Bogaert Journeys into Mohawk and Oneida Country, 1634-1635 105 5. A French Missionary Describes the Iroquois, 1659-1660 106 6. A Micmac Responds to the French, 1677 109 7. Selected Native American Centers in North America, ca. 1645 111 CONTENTS ix
ESSAYS 112 Stefanie Beninato • Southern Encounters: Indian Leaders in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 112 Jan Noel • Northern Encounters: Haudenosaunee Women and the Fur Trade 122
FURTHER READING 132
Chapter 5 Eastern Encounters, 1600—1700 134
DOCUMENTS 134 1. Captain John Smith Describes Powhatan Women and Men, 1624 136 2. Powhatan (Chief of Powhatan Confederacy) Speaks to Captain John Smith, 1609 137 3. An Englishman Reports on Violence in Virginia, 1622 138 4. William Bradford Tells of Samoset, Squanto, and Massasoit, 1620 140 5. William Wood Records His Impressions of the Indigenous Peoples of New England, 1634 141 6. Captain John Underhill Describes the Pequot War, 1638 143
ESSAYS 144 Helen C. Rouniree • The "Virginia" Encounter: Powhatan Women and the English 145 Katherine A. Grandjean • The "New England" Encounter: The Pequot War 154
FURTHER READING 165
Chapter 6 War and Survival, 1700—1763 167
DOCUMENTS 167 1. Delaware Indians Discuss the French and Indian War, 1758 169 2. Neolin (Delaware) and Pontiac (Ottawa) Urge Tribes to Fight the British, 1763 169 3. William Trent Describes Pontiac's Uprising, 1763 172 4. Naomai Omaush (Wampanoag) Records Her Will, 1749 173 5. The Mashpee Wampanoags Petition the Massachusetts General Court, 1752 174 6. Joseph Fish Preaches to the Narragansett Indians, 1768 175 7. Samson Occom (Mohegan) Gives a Short Narrative of His Life, 1768 177 X CONTENTS
ESSAYS 179 Ian Steele • War: The Shawnees and the Seven Years' War 179 Jean M. O'Brien (Ojibwe) • Survival: Indian Women in Eighteenth Century New England 191
FURTHER READING 202
Chapter 7 Continental Transformations, 1763-1815 204
DOCUMENTS 204 1. The United States Speaks to the Iroquois, 1776 205 2. Colonel Gist of Virginia Addresses the Cherokee Chiefs, . 1777 206 3. Dragging Canoe (Cherokee) Replies to Colonel Gist, 1777 207 4. Maty Jemison Remembers the American Revolution, 1775-1779 208 5. The Iroquois and the U.S. Make the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1784 210 6. Pablo Tac (Luiseno) Recalls His Life in a California Mission, 1835 211 7. Lorenzo Asisara (Costanoan) Tells of an Indian Response to a Priest's Authority, 1812 213
ESSAYS 218 Colin G. Calloway • Eastern Transformations: The Aftermath of the American Revolution in Indian Country, 1783—1800 218 Albert L. Hurtado • Western Transformations: Indians, Sexuality, and the California Missions, 1760—1840 229
FURTHER READING 241
Chapter 8 A Tightening Circle, 1750—1840 243
DOCUMENTS 243 1. A Spanish Soldier Describes the Comanche Destruction of the San Saba Mission in Texas, 1758 244 2. A Spanish Official Assesses the Comanche, 1758 245 3. Chief Sharitarish (Pawnee) Voices Concern for His People, 1822 245 4. The United States Issues the Northwest Ordinance, 1787 246 5. Tecumseh (Shawnee) Speaks Out Against Land Cessions, 1810 247 CONTENTS xi
6. Indian Commissioner Thomas L. McKenney Explains Removal, 1828 248 7. Elias Boudinoc (Cherokee) Opposes Removal, 1828 248 8. Georse Harkins (Choctaw) Laments His People's Forced Exile, 1832 249
ESSAYS 251 Pekka Hamalainen • A Western Nation's Rise and Decline: Comanche Economy on the Southern Plains 251 Donna L. Akers (Choctaw) • An Eastern Nation's Removal: Choctaws Leave the Homeland 269
FURTHER READING 280
Chapter 9 Native People, Families, and Nations Confront American Western Expansion, 1840—1865 283
DOCUMENTS 284 1. Sarah Winnemucca (Paiute) Recalls Her Father's Encounter with Overland Emigrants, c. 1845 285 2. William Joseph (Nisenan) Describes the Gold Rush, c. 1849 286 3. Lucy Young (Lassik) Discusses the Dangers Native Women Faced in California, c. 1861 288 4. Black Hawk (Oglala) Asserts Lakota Land Claims on the Plains, 1851 295 5. Wabasha (Dakota) Explains How Nefarious Trading Practices Caused the 1862 Minnesota War, 1868 295 6. President Abraham Lincoln Orders the Execution of 39 Dakotas Involved in the Minnesota War, 1862 297
ESSAYS 299 Waziyataivin (Dakota) • Grandmother to Granddaughter: Remembering the "Minnesota War of 1862 299 David A, Chang • Indigenous Families in the Borderlands: Concows and Native Hawaiians in Gold Rush California 305
FURTHER READING 317
Chapter 10 Resistance, Restrictions, and Renewals On and Off Reservations, 1865-1890 319
DOCUMENTS 320 1. Barboncito (Dine) Demands that the Dine Leave Bosque Redondo, 1868 320 xii CONTENTS
2. Paiutes Explain How Settlers Threaten to Usurp Land on Pyramid Lake Reservation, 1875 321 3. George Manypenny, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Discusses United States Conflict with the Lakota, 1876 323 4. Mountain Wolf Woman (Ho-Chunk) Describes Women's Work and Labor in Wisconsin, c. 1890 324 5. Ace Daklugie, Charlie Smith, and Jasper Kanseah (Chiricahua Apaches) Remember Geronimo, n.d. 328 6. Lakotas Describe the Wounded Knee Massacre, 1891 330
ESSAYS 332 William J. Bauer, Jr.-(Wailacki and Concoiv) • Off the Reservation: Migrant Labor and Native Communities in California, 1865—1887 332 Tracy Neal Leavelle • On the Reservation: Agriculture and Adaptation in Oregon, 1856—1887 345
FURTHER READING 359
Chapter 11 Education, Land, and Sovereignty in the Assimilation Era, 1890—1920 361
DOCUMENTS 362 1. Henry Dawes Supports the Allotment of the Cherokee Nation, 1885 363 2. Cherokee Delegates Defend Their Land and Institutions, 1895 364 3. The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887 367 4. Queen Lili'uokalani (Hawaiian) Protests the United States' Annexation ofHawai'i, 1905 369 5. Dorothy Peche (Shoshone) Recalls Attending a Government Boarding School, c. 1917 371 6. Minnie Wilburn (Nomlacki) Wants Her Son, Clarence, to Come Home from the Sherman Indian Institute, 1918 374
ESSAYS 375 Brenda Child (Ojibu'e) • Ojibwe Children and Boarding Schools 376 Malinda Maynor Lowery (Lumhee) • Creating Community and a Native Identity in Jim Crow Georgia, 1890—1920 387
FURTHER READING 399-
Chapter 12 New Deals and Old Deals, 1920—1940 401
DOCUMENTS 402 1. Lewis Meriam Summarizes the Problems Facing American Indians, 1928 402 CONTENTS xiii
2. Wisconsin Residents Detail the Poor Health Conditions of Native People, 1929 406 3. The Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act), 1934 408 4. Rupert Costo (Cahuilla) Condemns the Indian New Deal, 1986 411 5. Ben Reifel (Brule Lakota) Praises the Legacy of John Collier, 1986 414
ESSAYS 417 Marsha Weisiger • Dine Women and Livestock Reduction in the New Deal Era 417 John R. Finger • The Eastern Cherokees and the New Deal 429
FURTHER READING 443
Chapter 13 Wars Abroad and at Home, 1941—1960 445
DOCUMENTS 446 1. Codetalker Keith Little (Dine) Emphasizes the Importance of the Navajo Language in World War II, 2004 446 2. Ella Deloria (Yankton Dakota) on Indian Experiences During World War II, 1944 449 3. House Concurrent Resolution 108 Terminates the Trust Relationship, 1953 453 4. Ruth Muskrat Bronson (Cherokee) Criticizes the Proposed Termination of Federal Trusteeship, 1955 454 5.John Wooden Legs (Northern Cheyenne) Outlines the Fight to Save the-Land, 1960 457 6. Mar)' Jacobs (Lumbee) Relates How Her Family Made a Home in Chicago, n.d. 459
ESSAYS 464 Peter Iverson • Building Toward Self-Determination: Plains and Southwestern Indians in the Mid-Twentieth Century 464 Myla Vicenti Carpio (ficarilla Apache) • Fighting Colonization in the Urban Southwest: Laguna Pueblos in Albuquerque 471
FURTHER READING 484
Chapter 14 Taking Control of Education, Land, and Lives, 1960-1981 486
DOCUMENTS 486 1. Clyde Warrior (Ponca) Delineates Five Types of Indians, 1965 487 xiv CONTENTS
2. A Proclamation from the Indians of All Tribes, Alcatraz Island, 1969 489 3. Emil Notti (Athabaskan) Describes Economic Changes in Alaska and Calls for Self Determination, 1968 491 4. President Richard Nixon Advocates Self-Determination for Native Nations, 1970 492 5. Ada Deer (Menominee) Explains How Her People Overturned Termination, 1974 495 6. Michael Hughes (O'odham/Hopi) Describes Schools in Phoenix, 2001 498
ESSAYS 499 Stephen Kent Amermcm • Making an Indian Place in Urban Schools 500 Daniel Cobb • Talking the Language of the Larger World: Politics in Cold War America 514
FURTHER READING 524
Chapter 15 Identity, History, and Economic Development in the Twenty-First Century 526
DOCUMENTS " 527 1. Eddie Tullis (Poarch Band of Creek Indians) Outlines the Benefits of Bingo and Gaming, 1985 527 2. Senator Harry Reid Requests State Control of Indian Gamins, 1987 528 3. James Riding In Presents a Pawnee Perspective on Repatriation, 1996 530 4. Kai'opua Fyfe Opposes Federal Recognition of Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians), 2000 532 5. Elouise Cobell (Blackfeet) Describes the History of Land Litigation, 2008 534 6. Steve Russell (Cherokee) Argues for a Hemispheric Indigenous Identity, 2010 535 7. Charlene Teters (Spokane) Asks "Whose History Do We Celebrate?" 1998 537
ESSAYS 539 Eileen Ltwa-Firebaugh (Cherokee and Choctaw) • The Border Crossed Us: Identity and Sovereignty on the Borders of Indian Country 539 Nicolas G. Rosenthal • Dawn of a New Day?: Indian Gaming in Southern California 554
FURTHER READING 565