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The Female Reproductive System • Produces Gametes (Ova) • Prepares The Female Reproductive System Female Internal Reproductive Organs • Produces gametes (ova) • Prepares to support a developing embryo Suspensory ligament of ovary Infundibulum • Undergoes changes according to the Uterine tube Ovary menstrual cycle Peritoneum Fimbriae Uterosacral Uterus ligament • Menstrual cycle is the monthly cycle as it Round ligament Perimetrium Vesicouterine pouch Rectouterine affects all female reproductive organs pouch Urinary bladder Pubic symphysis Rectum Mons pubis • Includes Posterior fornix Cervix Urethra Anterior fornix Clitoris • Ovaries Vagina External urethral orifice Anus Hymen • Uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Urogenital diaphragm Labium minus Greater vestibular Labium majus (Bartholin’s) gland Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.11 The Female Reproductive System The Ovaries Suspensory ligament of ovary • Small, almond-shaped organs Uterine (fallopian) tube Uterine tube • Produce ova Ovarian blood Fundus Lumen (cavity) vessels of uterus of uterus Ampulla Mesosalpinx Ovary Isthmus • Held in place by ligaments and mesenteries Mesovarium Infundibulum Broad Fimbriae Broad ligament ligament • Mesometrium Round ligament of uterus Ovarian ligament • Suspensory ligament Endometrium Body of uterus Myometrium Wall of uterus Ureter Perimetrium • Ovarian ligament Uterine blood vessels Internal os Isthmus Cervical canal Uterosacral ligament External os • Ovarian arteries—arterial supply Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament Lateral fornix • Innervated by both divisions of the ANS Cervix Vagina Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Internal Structure of the Ovaries Structure of the Ovary • Tunica albuginea • Fibrous capsule of the ovary Tunica albuginea Cortex Granulosa cells Antral follicle • Covered in simple columnar epithelium Degenerating Oocyte Mesovarium and corpus luteum blood vessels • Ovarian cortex—houses developing (corpus albicans) Germinal epithelium Mature ovarian (Graafian) oocytes Primary follicles follicle Antrum • Follicles—multicellular sacs housing oocytes Oocyte Ovarian • Ovarian medulla—loose connective tissue ligament Zona pellucida Theca Medulla • Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and folliculi Ovulated nerves oocyte Corpus luteum Corona Developing radiata corpus luteum Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.13 1 The Uterine Tubes The Uterine Tubes • Receive ovulated oocyte • Parts of the uterine tube: • Infundibulum— distal end of uterine tube Muscularis • Surrounded by fimbriae Mucosa Ciliated Ampulla— middle third of uterine tube columnar • epithelium Nonciliated • Usual site of fertilization epithelium Lamina • Isthmus— medial third of uterine tube propria (a) Cross section through the ampulla (b) Enlargement of the mucosa (10×) (180×) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.14 The Uterine Tubes The Uterus Suspensory • Lies anterior to rectum— posterior to bladder ligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tube • Anteverted (anteflexed): usual position of uterus Uterine tube Ovarian blood Fundus Lumen (cavity) • Parts of the uterus: vessels of uterus of uterus Ampulla Mesosalpinx Ovary Isthmus • Fundus—rounded superior portion Mesovarium Infundibulum Broad Fimbriae • Cervix—“neck” of uterus ligament • Cervical canal— communicates with vagina inferiorly Mesometrium Round ligament of uterus Ovarian ligament • Internal os— opening connecting with uterine cavity Endometrium Body of uterus Myometrium Wall of uterus • External os— inferior opening of cervix Ureter Perimetrium Uterine blood vessels Internal os Isthmus Cervical canal Uterosacral ligament External os Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament Lateral fornix Cervix Vagina Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Uterus Supports of the Uterus • Uterus is supported by Suspensory ligament of ovary Infundibulum • Mesometrium—anchors uterus to lateral Uterine tube Ovary pelvic walls Peritoneum Fimbriae Uterosacral Uterus • Lateral ligaments—horizontal from cervix ligament Round ligament Perimetrium Vesicouterine pouch and vagina Rectouterine pouch Urinary bladder Pubic symphysis • Round ligaments—bind uterus to the anterior Rectum Mons pubis Posterior fornix Cervix Urethra pelvic wall Anterior fornix Clitoris Vagina External urethral orifice Anus Hymen Urogenital diaphragm Labium minus Greater vestibular Labium majus (Bartholin’s) gland PLAY Female Reproductive Anatomy Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Uterine Wall Uterine Wall • Wall of the uterus composed of: • Uterine arteries—send branches to the • Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium uterine wall and divide into arcuate arteries • Embryo burrows into endometrium • Radial arteries reach the endometrium and • Endometrium has two layers: branch into • Functional layer • Straight arteries— to basal layer • Basal layer • Spiral arteries— to functional layer • Spiral arteries undergo degeneration and regeneration with menstrual cycle Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Uterine Wall The Female Menstrual Cycle and Oogenesis Lumen of uterus Lumen of uterus Epithelium Epithelium • Monthly menstrual cycle Capillaries Uterine glands Uterine glands • Due to hormonal fluctuations in ovaries and Venous sinusoids Lamina propria of Functional connective tissue uterus layer of the Lamina propria of endometrium connective tissue Spiral (coiled) artery changes in the ovary during the Straight artery • Ovarian cycle— menstrual cycle: stimulates production of ovarian follicles Endometrial vein and oocytes Smooth muscle fibers Basal layer Radial artery • Uterine cycle— changes in the uterus during the of the endometrium Smooth muscle menstrual: prepares uterine wall for implantation fibers Arcuate artery Portion Radial artery Uterine artery of the (a) myometrium (b) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.16 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Ovarian Cycle The Ovarian Cycle • Has three successive phases: • Follicular phase • Follicular phase • First half of the ovarian cycle • Ovulation • 6–12 primordial follicles stimulated to develop • Luteal phase • Growth stimulated by FSH from anterior pituitary • Primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle • Zona pellucida—glycoprotein coat surrounding oocyte • Theca folliculi—internal layer secretes hormones Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 The Ovarian Cycle The Ovarian Cycle • Follicular phase (continued) • Ovulation • Antrum forms • Occurs about halfway through each ovarian • A fluid filled cavity between granulose cells cycle (Day 14) • Primary follicles become a secondary follicle • One mature oocyte exits from one ovary • Corona radiata—coat of granulosa cells • Enters peritoneal cavity surrounding oocyte • Swept into uterine tube • Secondary follicle enlarges and becomes Sudden increase in LH is signal for ovulation • Vesicular (Graafian) follicle—ready to be • ovulated PLAY Ovulation Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Ovarian Cycle The Ovarian Cycle • Luteal phase • Occurs after ovulation in last half of the 1 Primordial 2 Primary follicles follicle ovarian cycle 3 Secondary follicle Theca folliculi 3 4 2 Primary oocyte 4 Antral follicle • Remaining follicle becomes a corpus luteum 1 Zona pellucida 8 Antrum Secondary oocyte • Secretes progesterone 5 7 6 Secondary oocyte • Acts to prepare for implantation of an 7 Corona radiata embryo • If no implantation • Corpus luteum dies and becomes a corpus albicans 7 Corpus luteum (forms 6 Follicle ruptures; 5 Mature ovarian follicle carries out from ruptured follicle) secondary oocyte ovulated meiosis I; ready to be ovulated Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.17 The Ovarian Cycle Oogenesis • Takes many years to complete LH • Primordial follicles are arrested (stalled) in FSH meiosis I Plasma hormone level • Surge of LH ( at puberty) also causes Days 1 5 10 15 20 25 28 Menstrual Proliferative Secretory phase phase phase primary oocyte to compete meiosis I (a) Fluctuation of gonadotropin levels: Fluctuating levels of pituitary gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone and Primary Vesicular Corpus luteinizing hormone) in the blood regulate the events of the follicle follicle luteum ovarian cycle. Secondary Ovulation Degenerating follicle corpus luteum Follicular Ovulation Luteal phase (Day 14) phase Days 1 5 10 15 20 25 28 Menstrual Proliferative Secretory phase phase phase (b) Ovarian cycle: Structural changes in the ovarian follicles during the ovarian cycle are correlated with (d) changes in the endometrium of the uterus during the uterine cycle. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 25.18a, b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Oogenesis Oogenesis Meiotic events Follicle development Before birth in ovary Oogonium (stem cell) Follicle cells Mitosis Oocyte • Oogenesis produces only one ovum and Primary oocyte Primordial follicle three polar bodies Growth Infancy and Primary oocyte childhood Primordial follicle (ovary inactive) (arrested in prophase I; • Polar bodies do not contribute to present at birth) Each month developing embryo from puberty Primary follicle to menopause Primary oocyte (still arrested in Secondary follicle
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