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Racism in Contemporary American Institutions: a Critical, Color-Blind Discourse Analysis of Sport Brandon Lamar Clark Iowa State University

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Racism in Contemporary American Institutions: a Critical, Color-Blind Discourse Analysis of Sport Brandon Lamar Clark Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2015 Racism in contemporary American institutions: a critical, color-blind discourse analysis of sport Brandon Lamar Clark Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Inequality and Stratification Commons, Other Sociology Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Recommended Citation Clark, Brandon Lamar, "Racism in contemporary American institutions: a critical, color-blind discourse analysis of sport" (2015). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 14686. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/14686 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Racism in contemporary American institutions: A critical, color-blind discourse analysis of sport by Brandon L. Clark A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Interdisciplinary Graduate Studies Program of Study Committee: Stephen G. Sapp, Major Professor Marc Anderson Daniel Spikes Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2015 Copyright © Brandon L. Clark, 2015. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION This research is dedicated to those who have faced injustice in sports and have persevered through such trying times. It is also dedicated to those who are accepting of others, regardless of their class, gender, sexual orientation and race, as well as those who have adopted an antiracist mentality. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... iv NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS ............................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT………………………………. .............................................................. viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK/ LITERATURE REVIEW .......... 7 Critical Race Theory – Theoretical Lens ............................................................. 7 Color-blind Racism in Contemporary America – Ideological Frames ................ 10 Contemporary American Society and Sport ........................................................ 14 Predominant Ideology of Sport ...................................................................... 14 Scholarly Critique of Sport ............................................................................ 16 Hypotheses ......................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3. METHODS ........................................................................................ 28 Researcher’s Relationship to Study ..................................................................... 28 Study Setting ....................................................................................................... 30 Data Collection and Procedure ............................................................................ 34 Application of Color-blind Frames ...................................................................... 38 Ethical Considerations and Trustworthiness ........................................................ 40 CHAPTER 4. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS .......................................................... 42 Abstract Liberalism .............................................................................................. 44 Naturalization ....................................................................................................... 48 Cultural Racism ................................................................................................... 51 Minimization of Racism ...................................................................................... 55 Racial Progressiveness ......................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION ..................................................... 65 Limitations and Recommendations...................................................................... 71 APPENDIX. EXAMPLES OF COLOR-BLIND RACISM .................................... 76 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 79 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Examples of racist tweets........................................................................... 32 Table 2. Participant frequencies in responding to ESPN.com articles .................... 37 Table 3. Four frames of color-blind racism in sport ................................................ 41 Table 4. Total color-blind frames and racial progressiveness by sport ................... 43 Table 5. Deployment of color-blind frames and racial progressiveness by sport ... 44 v NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS Nomenclature CRT: Critical Race Theory NHL: National Hockey League NBA: National Basketball Association NFL: National Football League NCAA: National Collegiate Athletic Association Definitions Culture: Is all that in human society which is socially rather than biologically transmitted, thus culture is a general term for the symbolic and learned aspects of human society (Marshall & Scott, 2009) (Scott & Marshall, 2009). Ethnicity: A cultural heritage that people use to identify a particular population (Coakley, 2015, p. 226). Ideology: A set of beliefs, convictions or ideas which both binds a particular group of people together and determines the actions they take (Buchanan, 2010) Race: The biological, physiological, or genetic classification of humans according to distinctive features of physical appearance such as skin color, shape of face, hair color, body morphology. Race is generally used in a binary fashion to identify both a superior race and an inferior race (Buchanan, 2010). vi Racial Ideology: Interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to classify human beings into categories assumed to be biological and related to attributes such as intelligence, temperament, and physical abilities (Marshall & Scott, 2009). Racism: the unequal treatment of a population group purely because of its possession of physical or other characteristics socially defined as denoting a particular race. Racism is the deterministic belief-system which sustains racialism, linking these characteristics with negatively valuated social, psychological, or physical traits (Marshall & Scott, 2009). Social Constructions: Parts of the social world that are created by people as they interact with one another under particular social, political, and economic conditions (Coakley, 2015, p. 8). Social Structure: The established patterns of relationships and social arrangements that take shape as people live, work, and play with each other (Coakley, 2015, p. 5). Society: A relatively self-sufficient collection of people whom maintain a way of life in a particular territory. (Coakley, 2015, p. 5). vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Stephen Sapp, and my committee members, Drs. Marc Anderson, and Daniel Spikes for their guidance and support throughout the course of this research. I would also like to thank the faculty and staff at Iowa State who have helped me to realize my passion for academia. As well as those who have been there to guide and support me over the years. Finally, I would also like to thank my family for their encouragement, support, and unconditional love. I am grateful for my dad, Mike, who taught me what it means to be a selfless, hardworking man and father. I am grateful for my mom, Connie, who has always been there for me to confide in, and for all the sacrifices she has made for me, especially inspiring me to persevere and achieve my goals despite the obstacles that have stood in my way. viii ABSTRACT This research examines the prevalence of the “new” or contemporary form of racism that exists in post-Civil Rights American society. Since the 1960s, racial ideologies and racism have shifted from “traditional” or overt to a “new” form that is covert and dialectical in nature. This study explores the ways in which the “new” form of racism manifests in discussions about sports and race in an internet environment that is very public yet seemingly private for commenters because of the ability to make comments anonymously. A thematic analysis of 545 comments in relation to two race-related sports articles that appeared on ESPN.com was performed using a critical race theory perspective and Bonilla-Silva’s color- blind framework. The discussions surrounding these race-related incidents and subsequent articles included the racialized frames of (a) abstract liberalism, (b) naturalization, (c) cultural racism, and (d) minimization of racism as means of explaining racial injustice and maintaining the racial hierarchy in modern society. This analysis revealed that not all individuals conform to the predominant ideology of racism in sports and society,
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