Industrial Archaeology Applied to the Study of an Ancient Harvesting Machine: Three-Dimensional Modelling and Virtual Reconstruction

agriculture

Article Industrial Archaeology Applied to the Study of an Ancient Harvesting Machine: Three-Dimensional Modelling and Virtual Reconstruction

José Ignacio Rojas-Sola 1,* , Gloria del Río-Cidoncha 2 and Ángel Coronil-García 3 1 Department of Engineering Graphics, Design and Projects, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain 2 Department of Engineering Graphics, University of Seville, 41092 Seville, Spain; [email protected] 3 University of Seville, 41092 Seville, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-953-212452

Received: 7 May 2020; Accepted: 22 July 2020; Published: 2 August 2020

Abstract: This article shows the three-dimensional (3D) modelling and virtual reconstruction of an ancient harvesting machine developed at the beginning of the 19th century. SolidWorks software is employed to obtain the 3D model of this historical invention and its geometric documentation. The original material for the research is available on a farm located in the province of Cádiz (Spain). Thanks to the three-dimensional modelling performed, both its operation and the ﬁnal assembly of this invention can be explained in detail in a coherent way. Having carried out the functional analysis, it can be veriﬁed that the machine combines well-performed chain-sprocket transmissions, which, together with complex gearboxes with parallel and bevel gears, make this reaper a very reliable machine. Furthermore, the inclusion of elements such as gimbal joints on shafts with possible misalignments, and clutches to adapt the operation of the machine to the needs of the operator, makes it highly versatile and functional without over-exerting the mechanics. From a technical point of view, the complex transmission systems, the perfect synchronization achieved between all its parts, and the combination of continuous oscillatory movements, such as that of sheaf compactors with intermittent movements as complex as that of the knotting system, are all worthy of note, and reveal the great work of engineering involved in this historical invention.

Keywords: harvesting machine; computer-aided design; geometric modelling; virtual reconstruction; industrial heritage; industrial archaeology; McCormick

1. Introduction Harvesting is one of the key phases in agricultural production and depends on the optimal moment of fruit maturity [1]; the harvesting method is essential to obtain optimum production yield [2]. In particular, reaping constitutes one of the most important tasks in grain production and its performance depends on the type of crop and the climate: if cut too early, the grain contains too much moisture and cannot be stored, and if cut late, then heavy losses are suffered. Reaping was traditionally carried out with tools such as the wooden sickle, the scythe, and the metal sickle. After reaping, the threshing took place. This is an activity that consisted of removing the cereal grain from the straw by using instruments, such as a flail or a flint-embedded threshing board, or through other primitive manual methods. Reaping and threshing were independent processes carried out with different tools at different times, in contrast to what occurs today. However, these tasks underwent continuous evolution thanks to the industrial revolution and to the appearance of very large cultivable areas and, consequently, are nowadays carried out with one single machine: the combine harvester. There are currently numerous publications that, from a technical point of view, study improvements made in such machines in general [3–6].

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The idea pursued was to design machines that could reap the crops and bind the sheaves of straw. In the early 19th century, horse-powered machines were devised to cut the harvest and to scatter it on the ground thanks to rotating discs fitted with blades. This posed the problem, however, of how to collect it in an orderly and speedy way. The first machine was built by Cyrus Hall McCormick (1809–1884). McCormick was a North American farmer of Irish origin who, in 1831, at the age of 22, developed the first animal-powered reaper-binder that he would later patent in 1834. The relevance of this figure is reflected in various publications [7,8]. The present research takes the perspective of industrial archeology and strives to recover industrial remains that once formed part of the then cutting-edge technical knowledge, which contributed significantly to the technological development of agricultural production. To this end, one of the most notable inventions of the 19th century, the McCormick machine [9], has been analyzed from the point of view of engineering graphics in order to obtain its three-dimensional modelling and virtual reconstruction following the methodology established in previous work [10–16]. It has been generally accepted that a first step for the recovery and study of the historical technical heritage involves the creation of realistic three-dimensional (3D) models. This 3D model has been obtained using CAD (computer-aided design) techniques, following the objectives established in the document, “Principles of Seville” [17], on virtual archaeology, which cites the London Charter [18] regarding the computer-based visualization of cultural heritage. The machine pushed the product alternately against the tines and blades which reaped the crop, thereby managing to multiply the productivity of the harvest by 15 compared to that of its predecessors. Another major advance of this invention was the knotting machine that bound the harvest into sheaves once it was reaped, thereby obviating the need for the day laborers to knot the bundles of straw. In this way, McCormick’s reaper-binder became the main reaping machine until the introduction of the combine harvester. Subsequently, animal traction was replaced by mechanical traction, in that the horse was replaced by the tractor, but the operating principle remained unchanged, and only the materials and work capacity evolved [9]. The main objective of this research is to obtain a reliable 3D CAD model of this historical invention that enables us to ascertain the details of this outstanding work of engineering. The aim of the article is to inform society about the development of a virtual 3D model of an industrial harvesting machine. This model can be used for digital preservation of historical heritage and research of technical solutions in a virtual environment. The originality and novelty of this research is that no existing 3D CAD model of this historical invention has ever been presented with this degree of detail, and therefore it will help in an outstanding way towards the in-depth understanding of its operation. On the other hand, the impact of this research depends on the future uses of the model, which may include:

The performance of a static analysis with CAE (computer-aided engineering) techniques in • order to determine whether the invention was well dimensioned and supported the demands of its operation. The development of applications of virtual reality and augmented reality (incorporating the 3D • CAD model into a virtual reality platform such as Unity) to promote the interaction of the user with the model that will help them to better understand its operation and appreciate, for each element or system, its denomination and the materials from which it was manufactured. The incorporation of WebGL models into a website. • The 3D printing of the model using additive manufacturing together with an animation created • by a photorealistic organizer for its exhibition in a museum, interpretation center, or foundation.

The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section2 presents the materials and methods used in this investigation. Section3 includes the main results of the process of 3D modelling and later discussion, in order to explain the operation of this device, while Section4 states the main conclusions. Agriculture 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 23

Agriculture 2020 10 and later discussion, , 322 , in order to explain the operation of this device, while Section 4 states the 3main of 23 conclusions. 2. Materials and Methods 2. Materials and Methods The initial material was provided by an example of the invention under study that had been discoveredThe initial in a statematerial of abandonment was provided on by an an agricultural example of farm the invention in the province under ofstudy Cádiz that (Spain), had been and wasdiscovered being used in a solelystate of for abandonment decorative purposes on an agricultural (Figure1). farm in the province of Cádiz (Spain), and was beingIn order used to solely obtain for the decorative final 3D CADpurposes model (Figure of said 1). invention, and in the absence of detailed drawingsIn order thereof, to obtain a reverse the final engineering 3D CAD process model has of said been invention, followed. Theand researchin the absence methodology of detailed has followeddrawings thesethereof, steps: a reverse engineering process has been followed. The research methodology has followed these steps: 1. Measurement of the main dimensions of the historical remains found. 2.1. MeasurementCreation of a sketchof the main with thedimensions bounded of dihedral the historical projections remains of each found. element. 3.2. CreationGeneration of a of sketch the 3D with model the ofbounded each element dihedral using projections parametric of each CAD element. software. 4.3. GenerationAssembly of the all 3D elements model of of each the element set by applyingusing parametric restrictions CAD andsoftware. joints. The restrictions 4. Assembly(dimensional, of allgeometric, elements and of of the movement) set by applyingenable the restrictions definition of and the degrees joints. The of freedom restrictions that (dimensional,the adjacent elements geometric, must and have of movement) in their movement, enable the while definition the joints of the do degrees not present of freedom degrees that of thefreedom. adjacent A 3Delements CAD modelmust have of the in set their that movement, is coherent andwhile functional the joints has do thereforenot present been degrees attained, of freedom.which reflects A 3D theCAD mechanical model of andthe set structural that is coherent characteristics and functional of the mechanism. has therefore been attained, which reflects the mechanical and structural characteristics of the mechanism.

Figure 1. Photograph of the reaper reaper-binder-binder in its state of abandonment.

For CAD modelling tasks, the SolidWorks [[19]19] software was used, which enabled the 3D CAD model of each element to be obtained, thereby generating a ﬁlefile with an extension (.sldprt), and subsequently assembling assembling the the whole whole model, model, by generating by generating a ﬁle witha file the with extension the extension (.sldasm). (.sldasm).Moreover, eachMoreover, element each has element been assigned has been a material assigned with a material certain physicalwith certain properties physical in order properties to obtain in order a model to thatobtain is closesta model to that reality. is closest to reality. Three-dimensionalThree-dimensional CAD modelling techniques constitute an essential tool in the process of the study and design of historical heritage, and also provide a necessary previous step for applications such as CAE analysis [[20,21]20,21]..

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3. Results

3.1. Considerations and Functioning In order to provide the reader with a complete idea regardingregarding the analysis of the invention, it is necessary toto explainexplain itsits operation. operation. Figures Figures2 and2 and3 present 3 present plans plans of the of the ensemble ensemble with with an indicative an indicative list oflist its ofelements its elements therein, therein, which which serve serve to illustrate to illustrate the operationthe operation of the of mechanism.the mechanism.

Figure 2. Plan of the ensemble of McCormick’s machine with an indicative list of its elements and materials (Elements 1–29).1–29).

The machine requires certain initial adjustments prior to use. The ﬁrst of these involves its transport to the place of reaping, for which it has two removable transport wheels placed on their corresponding supports (27), one on each side of said machine, which facilitate the transfer in a simple way. Once located ready for reaping, the desired cutting-height adjustments are made. The height of cut adjustment is easily carried out, since both the drive wheel (25) and the drag wheel (5) of the machine are equipped with an independent height regulator that enables the straightforward adjustment of both wheels. Both the height-adjustment system of the drive wheel (37) and that of the drag wheel (30) work in the same way, consisting of a rack-and-pinion system, whereby turning the pinion generates a displacement of the rack, thus achieving a vertical movement of the corresponding wheel.

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Figure 3. Plan of the ensemble of McCormick’s machine with an indicative list of its elements and materials (Elements 30–47).30–47).

OnceThe machine all these requires adjustments certain have initial been adjustments made, the transport prior to wheels use. The have first been of theseremoved, involves and the its animalstransport hauling to the theplace machine of reaping, have beenfor which harnessed, it has then two the removable reaping can transport begin. Towheels this end, placed the operatoron their sitscorresponding in the operator supports seat (35) (27), from one where on each the side diff erentof said adjustments machine, inwhich operation facilitate can the be controlledtransfer in by a meanssimple ofway. various levers. In this way, the height of the cutting pushers (4) can be adjusted via the first leverOnce (10), and,located by meansready for of areaping, second leverthe desired (11), these cutting pushers-height can adjustments be moved forwards are made. and The backwards, height of andcut adjustment hence this cutting is easily system carried is regulated out, since in both both the height drive and wheel depth. (25) Furthermore, and the drag there wheel is a third(5) of lever the (12)machine that can are regulate equipped the with size of an the independe sheavesnt to beheight bound regulator and, also, that by enables means of the a fourth straightforward lever (13), theadjustment inclination of both of the wheels. blades Both with the respect height to-adjustment the ground system can be of adjusted. the drive These wheel four (37) levers, and that together of the withdrag awheel fifth that(30) actswork on in the the main same clutch way, (38) consist of theing machine, of a rack are-and the-pinion controls system, available whereby to the turning operator the to carrypinion out generates this work a displacement optimally. of the rack, thus achieving a vertical movement of the corresponding wheel.The main clutch (38) is in charge of transmitting the movement, generated by the drive wheel (25) drivenOnce by theall these draft adjustments of the animals, have to been the rest made, of the the machine’s transport transmissionwheels have been systems, removed, in addition and the to allowinganimals hauling this movement the machine to be decoupled have been as harnessed, desired. These then transmission the reaping systems can begin. all start To this from end, a main the chainoperator transmission sits in the system. operator seat (35) from where the different adjustments in operation can be controlledThere areby threemeans principal of various systems: levers. the In cutting this way, and rotarythe height pusher of system, the cutting the conveyor pushers (4)and can lifting be systemadjusted of via the the reaped first product,lever (10), and and, the by compacting means of a and second knotting lever system (11), these for sheaves, pushers all can of be which moved are movedforwards by and a series backwards, of sprockets, and hence chains, this and cutting gearboxes, system which is regulated allow all systemsin both height to work and in perfect depth. synchronicity.Furthermore, there Initially, is a third the draft lever of (12) the that animals can regulate displaces the the size harvester of the sheaves by making to be it bou rollnd on and, its drive also, wheelby means (25), of which a fourth converts lever this (13), translational the inclination movement of the into blades a rotational with respect movement. to the This ground movement can be is, inadjusted. turn, transmitted These four to levers, the main together clutch with (38) a via fifth a chain.that acts In theon the event main that clutch said clutch(38) of is the engaged, machine, it will are transmitthe controls the available rotation to to its the associated operator t shaft,o carry thereby out this rotating work optimally. the crown of the cutting-system gearbox (40).The This main gearbox clutch consists (38) is of in a groupcharge of of bevel transmitting gears, which the movement, converts the generated rotational motionby the drive of the wheel input to(25) another driven rotationalby the draft motion of the perpendicular animals, to the to rest the of input. the machine This new’s transmission turning movement systems, is responsiblein addition to allowing this movement to be decoupled as desired. These transmission systems all start from a main chain transmission system.

Agriculture 2020, 10, 322 6 of 23 for moving the blades in the cutting system and for transferring the energy of rotation to the other elements through chain sprocket 2 (41). In turn, chain sprocket 2 (41) is responsible for moving the remaining sprockets through a chain (43) that wraps around all the sprockets with the help of tensioning sprockets (39) so that there is no interference from said chain with any other element of the machine. By rotating chain sprocket 1 (36), the reception conveyor (31) is hauled. Said transport consists of two wooden rollers, one of them fixed and associated with chain sprocket 1, and another idle roller, which is associated to a conveyor tension system (32), which allows the belt to be tensioned uniformly, and thus achieve its correct centering. When chain sprocket 4 rotates (47), the lower rise conveyor (34) is pulled and, in turn, so is the upper rise conveyor (33) but in the opposite direction of rotation through a conveyor-system gearbox (28) placed on the opposite side to said chain sprocket. With these movements of the conveyors, the reaped product that falls onto the reception conveyor (31) is therefore moved towards the rise conveyors (33 and 34), which are located one above the other, with opposite directions of rotation, to guide them towards the compacting and knotting system. Furthermore, the machine has a bumper guard 1 (8) on the reception conveyor, which prevents the reaped product from slipping off said conveyor due to the drive of the cutting pushers. Likewise, it has another bumper guard 2 (14) that prevents the product from overflowing onto the knotting system. In addition to transferring the rotational movement from one transport to another, the conveyor- system gearbox (28) also has a rotary outlet perpendicular to the input shaft. This outlet is employed to carry out an oscillatory movement for the sheaf framer (26) by means of a connecting rod/crank system and also allows the rotation to be transmitted to the cutting-system pusher (4). To this end, the conveyor-system gearbox (28) transfers the rotational movement to the pusher gearbox (29) through a shaft with two gimbal joints on each side, to absorb the misalignments that exist between them. The pusher gearbox (29) then transfers the rotation to a group of bevel gears (9), which are responsible for moving the cutting pushers (4) via their associated shaft (6), thanks to their specific holders (7). As previously indicated, the operator can adjust these pushers in height and depth, and hence the transfer of all these movements has to accommodate all possibilities. To this end, the pusher gearbox (29) transmits the rotational movement through a square-section shaft by means of a gimbal joint. The input gear of the bevel gear group that moves the cutting pushers (9) has the freedom to slide longitudinally along the square-section shaft and, together with the gimbal joint, allows the correct transfer of movement for whatever adjustment has been made by the operator on the cutting pushers. This movement of the pushers, together with the oscillatory movement of the blades (2), enables the correct cut and harvesting of the crop. As previously indicated, the cutting-system gearbox (40) is responsible for transmitting the movement of the drive wheel to the shaft associated with a cam, so that the rotation of this cam converts the rotational movement of the shaft in an oscillatory movement of the blades (2). These blades are grouped in series on a common support and slide between the tines (1) and holders (3) that prevent them from slipping out of the housing on which they slide. The tines serve a double function: on the one hand, their union creates the housing on which the blades slide and, on the other hand, they guide the harvest towards the blades, and hold them ready for cutting. Once the harvest is cut and deposited on the reception conveyor (31), it is raised by means of the rise conveyors (33 and 34) to the compacting and knotting area of the sheaves. Upon reaching this area, the product encounters the sheaf framer (26), which aligns the harvest to form uniform sheaves. Subsequently, nail-shaped sheaf compactors (45 and 46) compact them at the end of the platform against the sheaf bumper guards (21) until the required sheaf size is achieved, at which point the knotting trigger (20) is activated under pressure. Once this knotting trigger is activated, a synchronized movement is performed between the knotting needle (42), armed with the threaded string, and the knotter (19), which performs the knot and cuts the string. In the same movement of this system, the machine expels the sheaf made by Agriculture 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 23

Once the harvest is cut and deposited on the reception conveyor (31), it is raised by means of the rise conveyors (33 and 34) to the compacting and knotting area of the sheaves. Upon reaching this area, the product encounters the sheaf framer (26), which aligns the harvest to form uniform sheaves. Subsequently, nail-shaped sheaf compactors (45 and 46) compact them at the end of the platform against the sheaf bumper guards (21) until the required sheaf size is achieved, at which point the knotting trigger (20) is activated under pressure. AgricultureOnce2020 this, 10, 322 knotting trigger is activated, a synchronized movement is performed between 7 the of 23 knotting needle (42), armed with the threaded string, and the knotter (19), which performs the knot meansand cuts of sheafthe string. pushers In the (16, same 17, and movement 18) that of rotate this sy instem, unison, the therebymachine completing expels the thesheaf cycle made of by this reaper-bindermeans of sheaf machine. pushers (16, 17, and 18) that rotate in unison, thereby completing the cycle of this reaperThis-binder set of machine. synchronized movements is achieved by means of chain sprocket 3 (44) which jointly This set of synchronized movements is achieved by means of chain sprocket 3 (44) which jointly moves the shaft responsible for the movement of the sheaf compactors (45 and 46) and transmits the moves the shaft responsible for the movement of the sheaf compactors (45 and 46) and transmits the rotation to a gearbox that performs the knotting movements. These movements are transmitted via rotation to a gearbox that performs the knotting movements. These movements are transmitted via a a clutch (24) located in this gearbox, and are performed when the knotting trigger (20) is activated. clutch (24) located in this gearbox, and are performed when the knotting trigger (20) is activated. At At this moment, the clutch rotates an internal group of bevel gears that moves the knotting turning this moment, the clutch rotates an internal group of bevel gears that moves the knotting turning gear gear (22) and, in turn, drives the knotting-system shaft and the shaft containing the knotting needle (22) and, in turn, drives the knotting-system shaft and the shaft containing the knotting needle (42) (42) through a cam (23) in a connecting rod/crank movement. The shaft of the knotting system contains through a cam (23) in a connecting rod/crank movement. The shaft of the knotting system contains the sheaf pushers that eject the sheaves, and also, a knotting control gear (15) which is responsible for the sheaf pushers that eject the sheaves, and also, a knotting control gear (15) which is responsible for synchronouslysynchronously moving moving all all the the internal internal elementselements ofof thethe knotterknotter with the the movement movement of of the the needle. needle. 3.2. Three-Dimensional Modelling of the Parts and Final Assembly of the Three-Dimensional CAD Model 3.2. Three-Dimensional Modelling of the Parts and Final Assembly of the Three-Dimensional CAD Model The 3D CAD model of the unit presents enormous complexity, given the high number of elements The 3D CAD model of the unit presents enormous complexity, given the high number of (over 220) and the application of dimensional, geometric, and movement restrictions and the constraints elements (over 220) and the application of dimensional, geometric, and movement restrictions and of the joints to obtain a model that is very close to the actual model. the constraints of the joints to obtain a model that is very close to the actual model. Likewise,Likewise, mechanical mechanical expertise expertise hashas beenbeen necessary to fully fully understand understand the the complex complex operation operation of of thethe mechanism mechanism and and thus thus give give meaningmeaning toto eacheach ofof the elements therein. 3.2.1. Cutting System and Rotating Pushers 3.2.1. Cutting System and Rotating Pushers This is the most important system of the machine, since it is responsible for automatic reaping This is the most important system of the machine, since it is responsible for automatic reaping thanksthanks to to the the traction traction provided provided byby thethe draftdraft ofof thethe animals.animals. It It is is formed formed by by a a series series of of comb comb-shaped-shaped tinestines to to tackle tackle the the crop crop in in an an optimaloptimal way,way, andand also,also, serves as a a cutting cutting holder holder in in the the movement movement of of the the bladesblades (Figure (Figure4). 4).

FigureFigure 4. 4. CuttingCutting system system with with tines tines and and blades blades (left) (andleft) its and computer its computer-aided-aided design (CAD design) three (CAD)- three-dimensional (3D) model (rightdimensional). (3D) model (right).

TheThe oscillating oscillating movementmovement of of thethe bladesblades on the tines is is performed performed by by a a connecting connecting rod/crank rod/crank mechanismmechanism in in which which aa rotaryrotary movementmovement generatedgenerated by the advance advance of of the the machine machine on on the the ground ground is is transformedtransformed into into an an oscillating oscillating linear linear movementmovement of the blades blades (Figure (Figure 5)5) which which slide slide together together between between thethe tines. tines. ThisThis slidingsliding isis possiblepossible duedue to the housing formed formed by by the the mounting mounting of of the the tines tines on on their their support and to the upper bumper guards that prevent the set of blades from slipping out of position without exerting so much pressure thereon that it would halt the blades (Figure6). Agriculture 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 23 support and to the upper bumper guards that prevent the set of blades from slipping out of position without exerting so much pressure thereon that it would halt the blades (Figure 6).

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Agriculturesupport2020 and, 10to, 322the upper bumper guards that prevent the set of blades from slipping out of position8 of 23 without exerting so much pressure thereon that it would halt the blades (Figure 6).

Figure 5. Limit positions of the blades.

Furthermore, in order to facilitate the sowing input and to improve the cut, the machine has rotating pushers (Figure 7), adjustable in height from the operator’s seat, which push the sheaves inward, thereby preventing them from falling into the path of the machine. A sectional view of the sheaf pusher system is shown in Figure 8. FigureFigure 5.5. Limit positions of the the blades. blades.

FigureFigure 6. 6. ExplodedExploded view view of of the the c cuttingutting system. system.

Furthermore, in order to facilitate the sowing input and to improve the cut, the machine has rotating pushers (Figure7), adjustable in height from the operator’s seat, which push the sheaves inward, thereby preventing them from falling into the path of the machine. A sectional view of the Figure 6. Exploded view of the cutting system. sheaf pusher system is shown in Figure8.

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FigureFigure 7.7. RotatingRotating pusherpusher system.system.

Figure 8. Sectional view of the sheaf pusher system. Figure 8. Sectional view of the sheaf pusher system. Figure 8. Sectional view of the sheaf pusher system. These rotating pushers are driven by bevel gears, whereby the driving gear is slid along its shaft of rotationTheseThese rotatingrotating to allow pushers pushers the height are are drivenadjustment driven by by bevel bevel of this gears, gears, rotating whereby whereby pusher the the system driving driving (Figure gear gear is slidis9). slid The along along supports its its shaft shaft of of rotationofthese rotation pushers to allow to allow are the jointly heightthe height connectedadjustment adjustment to of the this of shaft rotatingthis thatrotating pusher makes pusher system them system rotate, (Figure (Figure which9). The rotates9). supports The onsupports ofbronze these of pushersthesebushings pushers are placed jointly are on connectedjointly the adjustable connected to the support. shaft to the that This shaft makes support that them makes is perfectly rotate, them which designed rotate, rotates which to withstand on rotates bronze the on bushings bronzehigh- placedbushingsvalue onbe ndingplaced the adjustable moment on the adjustable generated support. support.by This the support weight This supportof is the perfectly pushers, is perfectly designed by distributing designed to withstand tothe withstand turning the high-value bushings the high - valueat the be correctnding distancemoment in generated order to preventby the weight overloading. of the pushers, by distributing the turning bushings at the correct distance in order to prevent overloading.

Agriculture 2020, 10, 322 10 of 23 bending moment generated by the weight of the pushers, by distributing the turning bushings at the

Agriculturecorrect distance 2020,, 10,, inxx FORFOR order PEERPEER to REVIEWREVIEW prevent overloading. 10 of 23

Figure 9. Description of the movement of the rotating pushers.

3.2.2. Reaping Transport and Lifting System Once the reaping has been carried out, the product falls on a conveyor belt moving towards a lifting ramp formedformed byby twotwo opposingopposing conveyorconveyor beltsbelts (Figures(Figures 1010––1212).). These conveyor belts, which rotate in unison, compresscompress thethe sheaves,sheaves, therebythereby facilitatingfacilitating theirtheir raisingraising toto thethe knottingknotting area.area.

Figure 10. TopTop view of the rise conveyor system of the sheaves.

Agriculture 2020, 10, 322 11 of 23 Agriculture 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 23 AgricultureAgriculture 20202020,, 1010,, xx FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW 1111 of of 23 23

FigureFigure 11.11. BottomBottom view of the rise conveyor system system of of the the sheaves. sheaves. FigureFigure 11.11. Bottom view of the rise conveyor system of the sheaves.

FigureFigure 12.12. SectionalSectional view of the passage passage of of the the conveyor conveyor belts. belts. FigureFigure 12. Sectional view of the passage of the conveyor belts.belts. TheseThese conveyor conveyor belts,belts, movedmoved byby woodenwooden rollers, were made made with with textile textile fabrics fabrics and and transverse transverse TheseThese conveyorconveyor belts,belts, movedmoved by wooden rollers, were made with textile fabricsfabrics andand transversetransverse inlaysinlays that that improved improved the the drive drive ofof thethe sheaves.sheaves. inlaysinlays thatthat improvedimproved thethe drivedrive ofof thethe sheaves. InIn this this type type of of transport, transport, inin whichwhich thethe drive roller lacks lacks any any type type of of teeth teeth that that would would allow allow it itto to InIn thisthis typetype ofof transport,transport, inin whichwhich the drive roller lacks any typetype ofof teethteeth thatthat wouldwould allowallow itit toto transmittransmit a a greater greatermoment, moment, thethe beltsbelts mustmust run with sufficient suﬃcient tension tension to to achieve achieve adequate adequate traction, traction, transmittransmit aa greatergreater moment,moment, thethe beltsbelts must run with sufficient tension to achieveachieve adequateadequate traction,traction, sincesince the the existing existing friction friction forceforce increasesincreases linearly with the the contact contact force force perpendicular perpendicular to to the the sur surface.face. sincesince thethe existingexisting frictionfriction forceforce increasesincreases linearly with the contact force perpendicularperpendicular toto thethe sursurface.face. ToTo this this end, end, each each transport transport hashas aa beltbelt tensiontension system, in which which it it is is worth worth noting noting that that of of the the lower lower ToTo thisthis end,end, eacheach transporttransport has a belt tension system, in which it is worth notingnoting thatthat ofof thethe lowerlower conveyor where the sheaves fall once they have been cut (Figure 13). conveyorconveyorconveyor where wherewhere the thethe sheaves sheavessheaves fall fallfall once once theythey havehave beenbeen cut (Figure 13).13).

Figure 13. Description of the movement of the conveyor-belt tensioning system. FigureFigureFigure 13. 13.13.Description DescriptionDescription ofof thethe movementmovement of the conveyor conveyor-belt--belt tensioning tensioning system.system. system.

Agriculture 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 23 Agriculture 20202020,, 1010,, 322x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 23 Likewise, this transport has a particular tensioning system for the drag roller, in which a Likewise, this transport has a particular tensioning system for the drag roller, in which a connecting rod is made to move by means of a threaded shaft, which uniformly tightens the roller connectingLikewise, rod this is made transport to move has a particularby means tensioningof a threaded system shaft, for which the drag uniformly roller, in whichtightens a connecting the roller (Figure 14). rod(Figure is made 14). to move by means of a threaded shaft, which uniformly tightens the roller (Figure 14).

Figure 14. Conveyor-belt tensioning system (left) and 3D CAD model (right). Figure 14. ConveyorConveyor-belt-belt tensioning system (left) and 3D CAD model (right).). The threaded shaft, at one end with a right-hand thread and at the opposite end with a left-hand The threaded shaft, at one end with a right-handright-hand thread and at the oppositeopposite end with a left-handleft-hand thread, performs a symmetrical movement of the connecting rods, thereby preventing the uneven thread, performs a symmetricalsymmetrical movement of the connectingconnecting rods, thereby preventingpreventing the unevenuneven tension of the conveyor belt that may cause its misalignment in the line of contact between the roller tension of the conveyor belt that may cause its misalignment in the line of contact between the rollerroller and the conveyor belt and would lead to its premature wear. and the conveyor belt and wouldwould leadlead toto itsits prematurepremature wear.wear. In order to understand this aspect, the decomposition of forces is represented in the line of In orderorder to to understand understand this this aspect, aspect, the the decomposition decomposition of forces of forces is represented is represented in the linein the of contactline of contact between the roller and the conveyor belt (Figure 15). betweencontact between the roller the and roller the and conveyor the conveyor belt (Figure belt 15(Figure). 15).

Figure 15. Decomposition of forces in the line of contact between roller and conveyor belt. Figure 15. Decomposition of forces in the line of contact between roller and conveyor belt. WithFigure F as the 15. traction Decomposition force of theof forces conveyor in the belt, line itof can contact be observed between that,roller once and thereconveyor is a misalignmentbelt. (α) ofWith the line F as of contact the traction between force the of roller the and conveyor the conveyor belt, it belt, can a be component observed F x1 that,, appears, once therewhere is F x1 a With F as the traction force of the conveyor belt, it can be observed that, once there is a =misalignmentF1 sin α, which (α) isof essential the line inof thecontact adjustment between of the beltsroller and, and therefore,the conveyor in their belt, useful a component life. Fx1, misalignment (α) of the line of contact between the roller and the conveyor belt, a component Fx1, appears,In this where way, F thex1 = tractionF1 sin α, rollerswhich areis essential made up in ofthe alloyed adjustment steel supportsof the belts at and, both therefore, ends that in have their a appears, where Fx1 = F1 sin α, which is essential in the adjustment of the belts and, therefore, in their housinguseful life. in which to locate the wooden roller, and, in addition to that housing, they have a cylindrical useful life. tip uponIn this which way, the the sprocket traction that rollers moves are itmade is ﬁxed up (Figureof alloyed 16). steel supports at both ends that have a In this way, the traction rollers are made up of alloyed steel supports at both ends that have a housing in which to locate the wooden roller, and, in addition to that housing, they have a cylindrical housing in which to locate the wooden roller, and, in addition to that housing, they have a cylindrical tip upon which the sprocket that moves it is fixed (Figure 16). tip upon which the sprocket that moves it is fixed (Figure 16).

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Figure 16. Traction roller. Figure 16. Traction roller. On the other hand, the compositionFigure of the 16. tensionTraction rollers roller. is similar: they consist of supports fixed to each end of a wooden roller that canFigure rotate 16. freely Traction (Figure roller. 17). On the other hand, the composition of the tension rollers is similar: they consist consist of supports supports fixed ﬁxed to eachIn endthe machineof a wooden under roller study, that each can rotatetransport freely is made(Figure up 17). of a traction roller and a tension roller, to eachOn end the ofother a wooden hand, the roller composition that can rotate of the freely tension (Figure rollers 17 is). similar: they consist of supports fixed this beingIn the themachine most commonunder study, constructive each transport form of is this made type up of of short a traction-length roller transport. and a tension roller, to each end of a wooden roller that can rotate freely (Figure 17). this being the most common constructive form of this type of short-length transport. In the machine under study, each transport is made up of a traction roller and a tension roller, this being the most common constructive form of this type of short-length transport.

Figure 17. Tension roller. Figure 17. Tension roller. Figure 17. Tension roller. However, there is a small constructive difference between the traction rollers of the lower rise In the machine under study, each transport is made up of a traction roller and a tension roller, this conveyor and the rest of the conveyors.Figure In the 17. case Tension of reception roller. and upper rise conveyors, these each beingHowever, the most commonthere is a constructivesmall constructive form of difference this type ofbetween short-length the traction transport. rollers of the lower rise conveyorhave a traction and the roller rest ofthat the has conveyors. a fixed point In the where case of the reception sprocket and that upper makes rise it conveyors, rotate is located, these eac andh However, there is aa smallsmall constructiveconstructive didifferencefference betweenbetween the traction rollers of the lower rise haveanother a traction free point, roller which that hasis fixed a fixed to pointthe transport where the structure: sprocket this that does makes not itoccur rotate in is the located, lower andrise conveyor and and the the rest rest of of the the conveyors. conveyors. In Inthe the case case of reception of reception and andupper upper rise conveyors, rise conveyors, these these each anotherconveyor. free This point, conveyor which has is fixeda traction to the roller transport in which structure: both ends this have does a not fixed occur shaft in upon the lower which, rise on eachhave havea traction a traction roller roller that has that a has fixed a fixedpoint point where where the sprocket the sprocket that m thatakes makes it rotate it rotate is located, is located, and conveyor.the one hand, This a conveyor sprocket hasis housed a traction that roller makes in it which rotate both due endsto chain have transmissions a fixed shaft and, upon on which, the other on andanother another free freepoint, point, which which is fixed is fixed to tothe the transport transport structure: structure: this this does does not not occur occur in in the the lower rise thehand, one a hand,gearbox a sprocket is housed is thathoused transmits that makes the rotation it rotate to due the toupper chain rise transmissions conveyor (Figure and, on 18). the other conveyor. ThisThis conveyorconveyor has has a a traction traction roller roller in in which which both both ends ends have have a fixed a fixed shaft shaft upon upon which, which, on theon hand, a gearbox is housed that transmits the rotation to the upper rise conveyor (Figure 18). onethe one hand, hand, a sprocket a sprocket is housed is housed that makesthat makes it rotate it rotate dueto due chain to chain transmissions transmissions and,on and, the on other the hand,other ahand, gearbox a gearbox is housed is housed that transmits that transmits the rotation the rotation to the upperto the riseupper conveyor rise conveyor (Figure (Figure 18). 18).

Figure 18. Traction roller of the lower rise conveyor. Figure 18. Traction roller of the lower rise conveyor. 3.2.3. Sheaf Grouping and Knotting System Figure 18. Traction roller of the lower rise conveyor. 3.2.3. ThisSheaf is Grouping the most and complex KnoFiguretting and 18. System Traction sophisticated roller of system the lower of rise the conveyor. machine due to the precision and synchronism that all its elements must possess for its proper operation. Once the sheaves are 3.2.3.This Sheaf is Grouping the most andcomplex KnottingKno tting and System sophisticated system of the machine due to the precision and synchronismtransported to that the all upper its elements part, they must pass possess through for some its proper plates operation.(Figure 19) Once that, the by means sheaves of are an This is the most complex and sophisticated system of the machine due to the precision and transportedoscillatingThis is movement the to the most upper complexprovided part, andby they a sophisticatedconnecting pass through rod/crank system some ofmechanism plate thes machine (Figure (Figure 19) due that,20), to thegroup by precision means the sheaves of and an synchronism that all its elements must possess for its proper operation. Once the sheaves are oscillatingsynchronismso that the movement subsequent that all its provided elementspackaging mustby isa connectingas possess homogeneous for rod/crank its proper as possible. operation.mechanism Once (Figure the sheaves20), group are the transported sheaves transported to the upper part, they pass through some plates (Figure 19) that, by means of an soto thethat upper the subsequent part, they passpackaging through is someas homogeneous plates (Figure as 19 possible.) that, by means of an oscillating movement oscillating movement provided by a connecting rod/crank mechanism (Figure 20), group the sheaves so that the subsequent packaging is as homogeneous as possible.

Agriculture 2020, 10, 322 14 of 23 provided by a connecting rod/crank mechanism (Figure 20), group the sheaves so that the subsequent packagingAgricultureAgriculture 2020 2020 is,as ,10 10, homogeneous ,x x FOR FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW as possible. 1414 of of 23 23 Agriculture 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 23

FigureFigure 19. 19. SheafSheafSheaf grouping grouping system system ( left) and 3D 3D CADCAD modelmodel (( rightright).). Figure 19. Sheaf grouping system (left) and 3D CAD model (right).

Figure 20. Connecting rod/crank mechanism in the sheaf system. FigureFigure 20. 20. ConnectingConnecting rod/crank rod/crank mechanism in thethe sheafsheaf system.system. Once the sheaves have passed through these plates, the well-packed sheaves pass through a Once the sheaves have passed through these plates, the well-packedwell-packed sheaves pass through a systemOnce of compactingthe sheaves needleshave passed (Figure through 21) which these groups plates, them the welltogether-packed and sheavescompacts pass them. through Once a system of compacting needles (Figure 2121)) which groups them together and compacts them. Once a systemsufficient of numbercompacting of sheaves needles have (Figure been 21) grouped which groupstogether, them this together needle system and compacts presses them.a trigger Once that a sufficientsuﬃcient number of sheaves have been grouped together, this needle system presses a trigger that sufficientactivates the number knotting of sheaves system (Figurehave been 22). grouped together, this needle system presses a trigger that activatesactivates the the knotting knotting systemsystem (Figure(Figure 2222).22).).

Figure 21. System of knotting and compacting needles: top view (left) and bottom view (right). FigureFigure 21. 21. System System of of knotting knotting and and compacting compacting needles: top top view view (( leftleftleft))) andand and bottombottom bottom view view view ( right( right).).

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Figure 22. Compacting needle (left) and trigger of the knotting system (right). Figure 22. CompactingCompacting needle needle ( (leftleft)) and and trigger trigger of of the the knotting knotting system system ( right).

TheseThese compactor compactor needles needles needles move move in inin a aa four four-bar four-bar-bar system system system that that that creates creates creates an an oscillating oscillatingan oscillating drag drag movement.drag movement. movement. ByBy activating activating the the knotting knotting system, system, the the clutch clutch located located in inthe the knotting knotting gearbox gearbox (Figure (Figure 23)23) rota rotates 23)tes rota the tes the knotterknotter turn turn gear gear one one full full turn.turn. In In thisthis complete completecomplete rotation, rotation, rotation, an an anoscillatory oscillatory oscillatory movement movement movement of the of needle needle the needle oc occurscurs occurs duedue to toa amovementa movementmovement of of thethethe connecting connecting rod rod/crank rod/crank/crank type type type that that existsthat exists exists between between between said said gear saidgear and andgear the the shaftand shaft ofthe the of shaft of thetheneedle, needle, needle, by by meansby means means of aof of cam. aa cam.cam.

Figure 23. Knotting-system gearbox.

Moreover, this movement is accompaniedFigureFigure 23. 23.Knotting-system Knotting by the -movementsystem gearbox. gearbox. of the knotter elements (Figure 24), which perform the knotting thanks to the knotting control gear. During the entire rotation of the knotterMoreover,Moreover, shaft, the this this pushers movement movement rotate, is which, accompaniedaccompanied in their byfinal by the themovement, movement movement push of theof the the knotter knotted knotter elements sheaves elements (Figure out of(Figure 24the), 24), whichmachine.which perform perform the knottingknotting thanks thanks to theto knottingthe knotting control control gear. During gear. theDuring entire rotationthe entire of the rotation knotter of the knottershaft, shaft, the pushers the pushers rotate, which, rotate, in which, their ﬁnal in their movement, final movement, push the knotted push sheaves the knotted out of sheaves the machine. out of the machine.

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Figure 24. ElementsElements of the knotter.

3.2.4. Mechanical Mechanical Transmission Transmission and Drive Wheel SystemSystem Undoubtedly, the success of this machine resides in the way that the traction force of the draftdraftft animals isis convertedconverted toto givegive rise rise to to all all the the movements movements of of the the various various elements elements of of this this machine, machine, thanks thanks to toato drive aa drivedrive wheel wheelwheel that thatthat rotates rotatesrotates a seriesaa seriesseries of ofof shafts shaftsshafts using usingusing sprockets sprocketssprockets and andand gears. gears.gears. Figure FigureFigure 252525 showsshowsshows twotwo viewsviewviewss (back(back and and front) front) of of the the the mechanical mechanical mechanical transmissions. transmissions transmissions.. AsAs As cancan can bebe be observed,observed, observed, atat at thethe the rearrear isis a a chain chain that that distributes the movement to thethe didifferentﬀerent shaftsshafts ofof thethe variousvarious systems.systems.

Figure 25. Mechanical transmissions: back back view view ( (leftleft)) andand frontfront viewview ( (rightright).).

Figure 2626 shows shows the the description description of theof the operation operation of the of firstthethe first setfirst of setset elements ofof elementselements of the of transmissionof thethe transmissiontransmission system. system.system.This machine was initially hauled by draft animals, which made the drive wheel roll, together withThis the sprocket machine attached was initially to it (turning hauled by movement draft animals, 1). This which turn wasmade transmitted the drive towheel a parallel roll, together shaft by withmeans the of sprocket a sprocket attached system to with it (turning a clutch, movement which made 1). itThis possible turn was to paralyze transmitted the movementsto a parallel of shaft the bymachine, meanss even ofof aa sprocketsprocket when the systemsystem animals withwith were aa clutch, stillclutch, pulling whichwhich it. mademade itit possiblepossible toto paralyzeparalyze thethe movementsmovements ofof thethe machine,machine,When said eveneven clutch whenwhen was thethe engaged, animalsanimals movementwerewere stillstill pullingpulling 1 was transmittedit.it. to said shaft, thereby generating a higherWhen speed said turn clutch (turn was movement engaged, 2), movement and subsequently 1 was transmitted this turn became to said turn shaft, movement thereby generating 3 thanks to a highergroup ofspeed bevel tu gears.rnrn (turn(turn This movementmovement turning movement 2),2), andand subsequentlysubsequently was responsible thisthis both turnturn for becamebecame pulling turnturn the movementmovement chain that transmits 33 thanksthanks totheto aa turning groupgroup of movementof bevelbevel gears.gears. to shafts ThisThis 4, turningturning 5, and 6,movementmovement and for generating waswas responsibleresponsible the oscillating bothboth forfor movements pullingpulling thethe of chain thechain blades. thatthat transmitstransmitsTurning thethe turning movementturning movementmovement 4 was responsibletoto shaftsshafts 4,4, 5,5, for andand moving 6,6, andand theforfor generatinggenerating conveyor to thethe where oscoscillatingillating the sheaves movementsmovements fall, whileof the blades. turning movement 5 was in charge of driving the lower rise conveyor belt and, in turn, of transmittingTurning movement the movement 4 was responsible to the upper for rise moving conveyor. the conveyor Finally, turningto where movement the sheaves 6 fall, would while be turningresponsibleturning movementmovement for the movements 55 waswas inin chargecharge of the ofof knottingdrivingdriving thethe system, lowerlower including riserise conveyorconveyor both belt thatbelt and,and, of the inin compacting turn,turn, ofof transmittitransmitti nails andng theofthe the movementmovement needle and toto thethe knotter. upperupper rriseise conveyor.conveyor. Finally,Finally, turningturning movementmovement 66 wouldwould bebe responsibleresponsible forfor thethe movements of the knotting system, including both that of the compacting nails and of the needle and knotter.

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FigureFigure 26. 26.Description Description of of the the ﬁrstfirst setset of elements of of the the transmission transmission system. system. Figure 26. Description of the first set of elements of the transmission system. In orderIn order to to examine examine the the operationoperation of of the the second second set setof elements of elements of the of transmission the transmission system, system,the In order to examine the operation of the second set of elements of the transmission system, the the oppositeopposite side side of of the the machine machine is isobserved observed (Figure (Figure 27). 27 ). opposite side of the machine is observed (Figure 27).

Figure 27. Description of the second set of elements of the transmission system. FigureFigure 27. 27.Description Description of of the the secondsecond set of elements elements of of the the transmission transmission system. system. As can be observed in Figure 27, turning movement 7 corresponds to turning movement 3 of FigureAs canAs 26.can be Thisbe observed observe movementd in in Figure Figure is converted 2727,, turning turning into movement oscillating movement 7 movement corresponds 7 corresponds 8 byto meansturning to turning ofmovement a connecting movement 3 of 3 of FigureFigurerod/crank 26 26.. mechanism. This This movement is is converted converted into into oscillating oscillating movement movement 8 by 8 by means means of a of connecting a connecting rod/rod/crankcrankThe mechanism. movement mechanism. of the upper sheaf transport system corresponds to turning movement 10, which, The movement of the upper sheaf transport system corresponds to turning movement 10, which, asThe indicated, movement comes of thefrom upper the turning sheaf transportof the lower system rise conveyor corresponds of the to sheaves turning (turning movement movement 10, which, as indicated, comes from the turning of the lower rise conveyor of the sheaves (turning movement as indicated, comes from the turning of the lower rise conveyor of the sheaves (turning movement 9). In turn, this turning movement 9 is transmitted by a gearbox that converts turning movement 9 into turning movements 10 and 11. Agriculture 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 23 Agriculture 2020, 10, 322 18 of 23 9). In turn, this turning movement 9 is transmitted by a gearbox that converts turning movement 9 into turning movements 10 and 11. Likewise,Likewise, turning movement 11 is converted into turning movement 12, which is responsible for making the sheaf pushers rotate by means ofof turningturning movementmovement 13.13. Finally, sincesince thethe machinemachine allowsallows changes in height and inclination of the pushers, these latter shafts are connected by gimbal joints (Figure(Figure 2828).).

Figure 28. Gimbal joint of transmission of the rotating pushers.

3.2.5. System of Adjustments Made by the Operator Like most most machines, machines, this this reaper-binder reaper-binder has has regulators regulators and andadjustments adjustments by the by operator the operator that enable that itenable to work it to optimally work optimally under variousunder various terrain terrain circumstances. circumstances. Blade-Height Adjustment Blade-Height Adjustment The height of the blades is adjusted by means of two levers that raise and lower the wheels on The height of the blades is adjusted by means of two levers that raise and lower the wheels on which the machine moves when it is working: the drive wheel and the drag wheel (Figure 29). which the machine moves when it is working: the drive wheel and the drag wheel (Figure 29).

Figure 29. Drive wheel ( left) and drag wheel ( right) with adjusting levers.

In the case of the drive wheel, the height-adjustment lever moves a worm-crown gear that makes In the case of the drive wheel, the height-adjustment lever moves a worm-crown gear that makes a gear that is integral with the axis of rotation of said wheel movement via a rack (Figure 30), thereby a gear that is integral with the axis of rotation of said wheel movement via a rack (Figure 30), thereby enabling its height to be modiﬁed. enabling its height to be modified.

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Figure 30. DriveDrive-wheel-wheel rack.

In the case case of of the the drag drag wheel, wheel, the the height height-adjustment-adjustment system system assumes assumes the the same same form form of of operation, operation, although, in in this this case, case, the the wheel wheel hub hub remains remains integral integral with the with rack, the and rack, itis and the sprocket it is the that sprocket maintains that maintainsits height, whichits height, varies which the heightvaries the with height the turn with of the the turn crank. of the crank.

Movement of Mechanical Systems As indicated above, the machine has a clutch system (Figure 31)31) so that the mechanisms of the machimachinene can start moving, as required. To To this end, it has a lever with a horseshoe-shapedhorseshoe-shaped tip that allows the operator to operate a gear wheel that transmits thethe movement.movement.

Figure 31. Clutch system.

Regulation Levers Once the machine is in operation, four adjustment levers are available from the operator seat (Figure 3232),), toto controlcontrol thethe inclination of the blades, the height and depth of of the sheaf input input pushe pushers,rs, and the operation of the knotting system. Lever 1 is in charge of adjusting the inclination of the machine and with it the inclination of the blades with respect to the ground; lever 2 is responsible for changing the depth of the wooden pushers, by pushing the support point of the pushers either backwards or forwards; lever 3 is in charge of regulating the size of the sheaf to be knotted, by acting on the trigger that the knotter releases; finally, lever 4 is responsible for adjusting the height of the pushers according to the size of the sheaves to be reaped, for which the operator slides the lever downwards to raise the pushers, or slides it upwards to lower the pushers with the help of an extension spring.

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FigureFigure 32.32. Adjustment levers. levers.

3.2.6.Lever Final 1 isAssembly in charge of adjusting the inclination of the machine and with it the inclination of the blades withFinally, respect a front to the (Figure ground; 33) lever and 2back is responsible (Figure 34) for view changing is shown the depth once all of the the wooden elements pushers, that byc pushingomprise the reapersupport-binder point have of the been pushers assembled, either after backwards applying or all forwards; dimensional, lever geometric, 3 is in charge and of regulatingmovement the restrictions, size of the sheafand the to constraints be knotted, of by the acting joints on, in the order trigger to obtain that thea 3D knotter CAD model releases; as ﬁnally,true leverto reality 4 is responsible as possible. for adjusting the height of the pushers according to the size of the sheaves to be reaped, for which the operator slides the lever downwards to raise the pushers, or slides it upwards to lower the pushers with the help ofFigure an extension 32. Adjustment spring. levers.

3.2.6.3.2.6. Final Final Assembly Assembly Finally,Finally, a a front front (Figure (Figure 33) 33 ) and and back back (Figure (Figure 34)34) view is shown shown once once all all the the elements elements that that comprise comprisethe reaper-binder the reaper-binder have been have assembled, been assembled, after applyingafter applying all dimensional, all dimensional, geometric, geometric, and and movement movementrestrictions, restrictions, and the and constraints the constraints of the of joints, the joints in order, in order to obtain to obtain a 3D a 3D CAD CAD model model as as true true to reality toas reality possible. as possible.

Figure 33. Front view of the final assembly.

Figure 33. Front view of the final assembly. Figure 33. Front view of the ﬁnal assembly.

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FigureFigure 34. Back34. Back view view of theof the ﬁnal final assembly. assembly.

4. Conclusions4. Conclusions TheThe reaper-binder reaper-binder designed designed by Cyrusby Cyrus Hall Hall McCormick McCormick in in the the 19th 19th century century remains remains one one of of the the mostmost important important inventions inventions in the in agriculturalthe agricultural production production of cereal.of cereal. It revolutionizedIt revolutionized reaping reaping since since it it couldcould cover cover large large areas areas of cultivation of cultivation with with a fraction a fraction of theof the manual manual labor, labor, and and constitutes constitutes the the major major precursorprecursor of the of currentthe current combine combine harvester. harvester. The mainThe main objective objective of this of this article article involves involves obtaining obtaining 3D 3D modelling modelling and and virtual virtual reconstruction reconstruction of of this inventionthis invention using using the SolidWorksthe SolidWorks software. software. This This research research employs employs the the point point of of view view of of industrial industrial archaeologyarchaeology that that strives strives to showcase to showcase and and place place a value a value on suchon such an an outstanding outstanding invention. invention. TheThe methodology methodology used used in thisin this research research is basedis based on on the the use use of of reverse reverse engineering engineering techniques. techniques. Therefore,Therefore, from from the originalthe original model model encountered encountered on on an an agricultural agricultural farm farm in in the the province province of of C áCádizdiz (Spain),(Spain), the principalthe principal measurements measurements have have been been taken taken and and dimensional dimensional sketches sketches have have been been obtained, obtained, whichwhich have ha enabledve enabled the three-dimensionalthe three-dimensional model model of theof the aforementioned aforementioned invention, invention, and and consequently consequently its virtualits virtual reconstruction, reconstruction, to be to attained. be attained. Thus,Thus, after after modelling modelling each each element element of of the the setset with the the aforementioned aforementioned parametric parametric design design and andengineering software, software, it it was was necessary necessary to to establish establish restrictions restrictions ( (dimensional,dimensional, geometric, geometric, and and of of movement)movement) and and constraintsconstraints of the joints joints in in order order to to obtain obtain a coherent a coherent and and fully fully functional functional 3D CAD 3D CADmodel. model. FromFrom the 3Dthe CAD3D CAD model, model, it has it has been been possible possible to obtainto obtain the the assembly assembly plans plans with with an an indicative indicative list oflist its of components its components and and their their materials, materials, which which have have greatly greatly facilitated facilitated the the understanding understanding of of the the operationoperation of the of invention.the invention. Among the main findings, it should be noted that the machine combines well-crafted chain and Among the main ﬁndings, it should be noted that the machine combines well-crafted chain and sprocket drives, which, together with a complex gearbox composed of parallel and bevel gears, sprocket drives, which, together with a complex gearbox composed of parallel and bevel gears, render render this reaper-binder a highly reliable machine. Furthermore, the inclusion of elements such as this reaper-binder a highly reliable machine. Furthermore, the inclusion of elements such as gimbal gimbal joints on shafts with possible misalignments, and of clutches to adapt the operation thereof to joints on shafts with possible misalignments, and of clutches to adapt the operation thereof to the the needs of the operator, make it very versatile and functional without over-exerting the mechanics. needs of the operator, make it very versatile and functional without over-exerting the mechanics. Although previously there existed reapers that included only the cutting part of the harvest with Although previously there existed reapers that included only the cutting part of the harvest with similar mechanics, the innovative inclusion of automatic knotting to form sheaves, represents the real similar mechanics, the innovative inclusion of automatic knotting to form sheaves, represents the real revolution of this machine. From a technical point of view, the complex transmission systems of this revolutiondesign of and this the machine. perfect From synchronization a technical point achieved of view, between the complex all its transmission parts can be systems considered of this an design and the perfect synchronization achieved between all its parts can be considered an engineering

Agriculture 2020, 10, 322 22 of 23 work of art of its time. The combination of continuous oscillatory movements, such as that of sheaf compactors with intermittent movements as complex as that of the knotting mechanism, reveal the great work of innovative engineering behind this historical invention. This research methodology can be applied to a multitude of historical inventions studied over the centuries, and it will enable us to testify to these notable contributions of technology to society by highlighting their legacy thanks to the techniques of modelling and virtual reconstruction as a ﬁrst step towards a CAE study.

Author Contributions: Formal analysis, J.I.R.-S., G.D.R.-C. and Á.C.-G.; investigation, J.I.R.-S., G.D.R.-C., and Á.C.-G.; methodology, J.I.R.-S. and G.D.R.-C.; supervision, J.I.R.-S., G.D.R.-C., and Á.C.-G.; validation, Á.C.-G.; visualization, J.I.R.-S.; writing–original, draft, J.I.R.-S. and Á.C.-G.; writing–review and editing, J.I.R.-S. and Á.C.-G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research has received no external funding. Acknowledgments: We sincerely appreciate the work of the reviewers of this article. Conﬂicts of Interest: The authors declare there to be no conﬂict of interest.

References

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