So We Return to the Original Question Raised by Dan Mccall
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Wind of Doctrine Threshing and Winnowing
Wind of Doctrine Threshing and Winnowing PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Wed, 25 Aug 2010 17:06:53 UTC Contents Articles Threshing 1 Winnowing 2 Threshing floor 4 Chaff 4 Harvest 6 Wheat 7 Epiphany (feeling) 23 References Article Sources and Contributors 25 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 26 Article Licenses License 27 Threshing 1 Threshing Threshing is the process of loosening the edible part of cereal grain (or other crop) from the scaly, inedible chaff that surrounds it. It is the step in grain preparation after harvesting and before winnowing, which separates the loosened chaff from the grain. Threshing does not remove the bran from the grain. Threshing may be done by beating the grain using a flail on a threshing floor. Another traditional method of threshing is to make donkeys or An animal powered thresher oxen walk in circles on the grain on a hard surface. A modern version of this in some areas is to spread the grain on the surface of a country road so the grain may be threshed by the wheels of passing vehicles. However, in developed areas it is now mostly done by machine, usually by a combine harvester, which harvests, threshes, and winnows the grain while it is still in the field. The cereal may be stored in a threshing barn. A Threshing Bee is a festival held in communities to commemorate this process. The event is often held over multiple days and includes flea markets, activity booths, hog wrestling and dances. -
Ilia Peiros “Evolution of Human Languages” Program, Santa Fe Institute Moscow 20.03.2013
Ilia Peiros “Evolution of Human Languages” Program, Santa Fe Institute Moscow 20.03.2013 Linguistic Contacts in Ancient East Asia (early draft version) In his first and last English publications, Sergei Starostin discussed the ancient linguistic contacts of the Chinese language. The puzzle of East Asian linguistic prehistory is still far from being solved, but some of the pieces are already known. * * * Ancient East Asia can be seen as an area of interaction between three major linguistic powers: the local Austric super-family and the two invaders (the Sino-Tibetan, especially the Chinese, and the Altaic families). Austric The Austric super-family is made up of four daughter-families, grouped into two branches: Austronesian + Tai-Kadai and Austroasiatic + Miao-Yao (Peiros 19981). 1. The Austronesian (AN) languages can be roughly subdivided into three branches: Formosan (AN languages of Taiwan), Malayo-Polynesian (Western AN, Central Pacific, etc.) and Oceanic. Phonological correspondences (only for Formosan and some MP languages) are used to reconstruct the Proto-AN system. Blust’s AN comparative dictionary (Blust, n.d.) represents the Formosan and Malayo-Polynesian lexicon fairly well, while the set of comprehensive Proto-Oceanic etymologies is quite limited (see Ross et al., 1998, 2003, 2008). The disintegration of the Proto-AN language began earlier than 5 thousand years ago (5 KYA)2 not in Taiwan, as it is generally believed (Blust 2008, Adelar), but somewhere in the subtropical areas of mainland China (Peiros). 2. Most of the Tai-Kadai daughter-groups are known relatively well. The only exception is the Gelao group (Ostapirat, 2000; Diller et al. -
Eric Smith, Santa Fe Institute
Dating and Relationships (or...) Computational historical linguistics and long-range reconstruction Eric Smith, Santa Fe Institute Part of the Evolution of Human Languages project at SFI <http://ehl.santafe.edu/> in collaboration with the Tower of Babel project <http://starling.rinet.ru/main.html> Thanks to Murray Gell-Mann, George Starostin, Ilia Peiros, in memory of Sergei Starostin Work done jointly with Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Jon Wilkins, Dan Hruschka, William Croft, Ian Maddieson, Logan Sutton, and Mark Pagel Outline • Goals of historical linguistics • The classical comparative method • Attempts at deep reconstruction • New observations change the landscape • Our attempts at quantitative reconstruction Goals of historical linguistics • To understand how languages change, and how they have changed historically • To identify relations among languages due to common ancestry or cultural contact • To reconstruct the languages of past speakers • To contribute to an understanding of human populations and migrations • To understand what is possible in language as a window on cognitive constraints The interaction of history with process • History-dependent phenomena combine lawful dynamics with historical accident • Accidents make branching processes -- h0ROTO 4URKICv help us infer diachronic relations from synchronic variability • Diachronic relations assign the v correct weights to processes h# h HULYM 3 h7ESTERN ENISEI A 9 Y which act probabilistically h AN v 4URKICv v v UT v LTAI /LD AK 9 ! h h 4URKIC 4 - 1YZ 3 4 8 3 . 8 9 + # $ 3 OFA UV AR AK AK YR ! HOR ALAJ HUV IDDLE# OLGAN ! OTHERCLOSELANGUAGES Y 5 G LTAI/IR A UT AS YL8 LTAI YZ ASH IGHUR AK HULYM AS OT The classical comparative method of historical linguistics: to interpret innovations • A hypothesis of relationship among a set of languages. -
A. Dolgopolsky's Nostratic Dictionary and Afro-Asiatic
2011 LINGUA POSNANIENSIS LIII (1) doi 10.2478/v10122-011-0008-3 A. Dolgopolsky’s NOSTRATIC DICTIONARY AND AFRO-ASIATIC (SEMITO-HAMITIC) GÁBOR TAKÁCS Abs TRACT : Gábor takács. A. Dolgopolsky’s Nostratic Dictionary and Afro-Asiatic (Semito-Hamitic) . Lingua posnaniensis, vol. Liii (1)/2011. the poznań society for the advancement of the arts and sci- ences. pL issn 0079-4740, isBn 978-83-7654-140-2, pp. 109–119. the monumental comparative dictionary by aharon dolgopolsky (prof. emer. of the University of haifa), long awaited by many specialists interested in the long-range comparison of language families, is here at last, available online since spring 2008.1 what we have here is a life’s work completing more than fifty years’ research. the first online publication will soon be followed by a second revised edition. the present reviewer had the privilege in haifa in december 2008 to be able to assist the author in reviewing the etymological entries with initial *m-. the author is the internationally widely known doyen of this domain, which he established still in moscow in the early 1960s together with the late vladislav illič-svityč (1934–1966). Both of them were working initially and basically in the field of indo-european comparative linguistics. illič-svityč was an expert on Balto-slavonic accentology, while dolgopolsky started his careeer as a researcher of romance philology. But soon, both of them had become familiar with the results of semito-hamitic (recently called afro-asiatic after Greenberg), kartvelian, dravidian, Uralic, and altaic historical linguistics. this had led them to a conviction, that has arisen independently in them, on the relationship of the six so-called nostratic language families enumerated above (in- cluding indo-european). -
Cass City H Onicl, E
CASS CITY H ONICL, E. ..... ~o~ ,: -, Vol. 14, No. 6. CASS CITY, MICH.; FRIDAY, JUNE 7, 1918 ..... 8 PAGES l I ' l II llll I M ' l'!'l : 'i I '- "l'~l ' r ,, .... - , '~ ~ ., , . ~ ..~ W. S. DN[ ! Y" ~" A. ELyCT___OFFICERS.S '~flT II IN~r~ NHrN " plying ~omforts and delicacies to men tUliRiViril |ivrK tlinger long in their memories. ,,~,,,m,,,,L,~ v,,~,, ] ,'When will the war end? That's a [ "e andS:Lyre rtoepfgen Brought EFFOT'R the '~business meeting of the Y. mnt,mmmnr nm, n|nln[hard:'q uesti°n. If it depends on man ,P. A. held at the home of Miss Grace N[XTDDU)IIY I Meiser on Tuesday evening, the fol- IiiigflNi:F iiN Pfl~iNIpower it may be two or three years T°ge~her~by Lost Aviator" gl[J|~||~. U|| |~i|D~[bef0re the allies will be victorious. [IN DECORATIONDAYI , [lowifig officers were elected for the "' "~f ~he e~d ma~" come in si~ weeks ,en~uin~= six months: President, Alma Mark. trove been, ~IOOKIIIg '* for a fev ........oi.lA blOll" ~L. and Mrs. P. A. Koepfgen of Cass TUSCOLA COUNTY'S QUOTA HAS Vice President, Roy Striffier. W:. GORDON HIN~S, BACK FROM in Germany and Austria. I saw Ger- CLOUDS FAIL TO DARKEN THE City, had a happy meeting in France recentT~f ~~B0th ~young ~eh~are in the~:~ ~EEN INCRF~SED TO , ~Secretary, Stanley:Striffler. : :;;FRANCE,.GIVES HIS, OPINION man.) l?riso~rs, on .Apl~l. 9 who ~wp:re sPIRIT 0F PATRIOTISM ~. bdgs¢'~round their feet~{~ place of aviation service but in different com- " $557,380. -
Complete Bibliography (PDF)
COMPLETE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF JOSEPH H. GREENBERG This bibliography follows the format of the bibliography published in On language (item 204, 723-37; with emendations) and the corrected supplemental bibliography in Language 78.560-64 (2002). The asterisked items have translations or reprints listed in the appendix to the bibliography. 1940 1. The decipherment of the Ben-Ali Diary, a preliminary statement. Journal of Negro History 25.372-75. 1941 *2. Some aspects of Negro-Mohammedan culture-contact among the Hausa. American Anthropologist 43.51-61. 3. Some problems in Hausa phonology. Language 17.316-23. 1946 *4. The influence of Islam on a Sudanese religion. New York: J.J. Augustin. Pp. ix, 73. 1947 5. Arabic loan-words in Hausa. Word 3.85-97. 6. Islam and clan organization among the Hausa. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 3.193-211. *7. Swahili prosody. Journal of the American Oriental Society 67.24-30. 1948 8. The classification of African languages. American Anthropologist 50.24-30. *9. Linguistics and ethnology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 4.140-47. 10. The tonal system of Proto-Bantu. Word 4.196-208. 11. Review of H. Courlander & G. Herzog, The Cow-tail Switch and other West African tales. Journal of American Folklore 51.99-100. 1949 *12. Hausa verse prosody. Journal of the American Oriental Society 69.125-35. 13. The logical analysis of kinship. Philosophy of Science 16.58-64. *14. The Negro kingdoms of the Sudan. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II, 11.126-34. *15. Studies in African linguistic classification: I. -
Philological Sciences. Linguistics” / Journal of Language Relationship Issue 3 (2010)
Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Russian State University for the Humanities RGGU BULLETIN № 5/10 Scientific Journal Series “Philological Sciences. Linguistics” / Journal of Language Relationship Issue 3 (2010) Moscow 2010 ВЕСТНИК РГГУ № 5/10 Научный журнал Серия «Филологические науки. Языкознание» / «Вопросы языкового родства» Выпуск 3 (2010) Москва 2010 УДК 81(05) ББК 81я5 Главный редактор Е.И. Пивовар Заместитель главного редактора Д.П. Бак Ответственный секретарь Б.Г. Власов Главный художник В.В. Сурков Редакционный совет серии «Филологические науки. Языкознание» / «Вопросы языкового родства» Председатель Вяч. Вс. Иванов (Москва – Лос-Анджелес) М. Е. Алексеев (Москва) В. Блажек (Брно) У. Бэкстер (Анн Арбор) В. Ф. Выдрин (Санкт-Петербург) М. Гелл-Манн (Санта Фе) А. Б. Долгопольский (Хайфа) Ф. Кортландт (Лейден) А. Лубоцкий (Лейден) Редакционная коллегия серии: В. А. Дыбо (главный редактор) Г. С. Старостин (заместитель главного редактора) Т. А. Михайлова (ответственный секретарь) К. В. Бабаев С. Г. Болотов А. В. Дыбо О. А. Мудрак В. Е. Чернов ISSN 1998-6769 © Российский государственный гуманитарный университет, 2010 УДК 81(05) ББК 81я5 Вопросы языкового родства: Международный научный журнал / Рос. гос. гуманитар. ун-т; Рос. Акад. наук. Ин-т языкознания; под ред. В. А. Дыбо. ― М., 2010. ― № 3. ― X + 176 с. ― (Вестник РГГУ: Научный журнал; Серия «Филологические науки. Языко- знание»; № 05/10). Journal of Language Relationship: International Scientific Periodical / Russian State Uni- versity for the Humanities; Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Linguistics; Ed. by V. A. Dybo. ― Moscow, 2010. ― Nº 3. ― X + 176 p. ― (RSUH Bulletin: Scientific Periodical; Linguistics Series; Nº 05/10). ISSN 1998-6769 http ://journal.nostratic.ru [email protected] Дополнительные знаки: С. -
THRESHING FLOORS AS SACRED SPACES in the HEBREW BIBLE by Jaime L. Waters a Dissertation Submitted to the Johns Hopkins Universit
THRESHING FLOORS AS SACRED SPACES IN THE HEBREW BIBLE by Jaime L. Waters A dissertation submitted to The Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland August 2013 © 2013 Jaime L. Waters All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Vital to an agrarian community’s survival, threshing floors are agricultural spaces where crops are threshed and winnowed. As an agrarian society, ancient Israel used threshing floors to perform these necessary activities of food processing, but the Hebrew Bible includes very few references to these actions happening on threshing floors. Instead, several cultic activities including mourning rites, divination rituals, cultic processions, and sacrifices occur on these agricultural spaces. Moreover, the Solomonic temple was built on a threshing floor. Though seemingly ordinary agricultural spaces, the Hebrew Bible situates a variety of extraordinary cultic activities on these locations. In examining references to threshing floors in the Hebrew Bible, this dissertation will show that these agricultural spaces are also sacred spaces connected to Yahweh. Three chapters will explore different aspects of this connection. Divine control of threshing floors will be demonstrated as Yahweh exhibits power to curse, bless, and save threshing floors from foreign attacks. Accessibility and divine manifestation of Yahweh will be demonstrated in passages that narrate cultic activities on threshing floors. Cultic laws will reveal the links between threshing floors, divine offerings and blessings. One chapter will also address the sociological features of threshing floors with particular attention given to the social actors involved in cultic activities and temple construction. By studying references to threshing floors as a collection, a research project that has not been done previously, the close relationship between threshing floors and the divine will be visible, and a more nuanced understanding of these spaces will be achieved. -
John Benjamins Publishing Company
John Benjamins Publishing Company This is a contribution from Studies in Language 42:3 © 2018. John Benjamins Publishing Company This electronic file may not be altered in any way. The author(s) of this article is/are permitted to use this PDF file to generate printed copies to be used by way of offprints, for their personal use only. Permission is granted by the publishers to post this file on a closed server which is accessible only to members (students and faculty) of the author's/s' institute. It is not permitted to post this PDF on the internet, or to share it on sites such as Mendeley, ResearchGate, Academia.edu. Please see our rights policy on https://benjamins.com/content/customers/rights For any other use of this material prior written permission should be obtained from the publishers or through the Copyright Clearance Center (for USA: www.copyright.com). Please contact [email protected] or consult our website: www.benjamins.com Areal sound change and the distributional typology of affricate richness in Eurasia Dmitry Nikolaev and Eitan Grossman Hebrew University of Jerusalem This paper makes a contribution to phonological typology by investigating the distribution of affricate-rich languages in Eurasia. It shows that affricate-rich and affricate-dense languages cluster areally within Eurasia and have area-specific histories. In particular, the affricate-rich areas of western Eurasia – a ‘European’ area and a Caucasian area – are not the result of contact-induced sound changes or borrowing, while the two affricate-rich areas of eastern Eurasia – the Hindukush area and the Eastern Himalayan area – are the result of contact. -
Implications of Macro-Areal Linguistics
DOI: 10.11649/sm.2015.004 Slavia Meridionalis 15, 2015 Instytut Slawistyki PAN Corinna Leschber Institute for Linguistic and CrossCultural Studies in Berlin Implications of Macro-Areal Linguistics While working on difficult etymologies of Balkan words, a repeating pat tern can be observed regarding the geographical occurrence of formally and semantically similar words. Archaic terminology in the Balkans shows roots bearing widespread and deeplevel connections with an intensive time depth. We have tried to show this by means of the example of the widespread root *mand-, as in mandra, as pointed out by Leschber (2011), which has cognates in Romance and Iberian languages, in German languages, in the Balkan languages, in Greek and Turkish, and in Sanskrit. See the Nostratic root *mand- in Dolgopolsky (2008, pp. 1338–1339, No. 1318) *mAǹ(V) “herd, herd animals”, further attested in the HamitoSemitic, Ugric and Altaic languages, and in Dravidian languages as manda, mandi, mande “herd, flock of sheep or goats, cattle herd, herd of buffaloes”. Bomhard (2008, p. 48) agrees with the findings on this reconstructed root. *mokor- The Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Languages (Трубачев, 1992, pp. 115–119) proposes an interrelationship between the Slavic *mogyla, “tumulus”, The work has been prepared at author’s own expense. Competing interests: no competing interests have been declared. Publisher: Institute of Slavic Studies PAS. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 PL License (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/), which permits redistribution, commercial and non commercial, provided that the article is properly cited. -
International Journal of Instruction July 2020 Vol.13, No.3
International Journal of Instruction July 2020 ● Vol.13, No.3 e-ISSN: 1308-1470 ● www.e-iji.net p-ISSN: 1694-609X pp. 605-616 Received: 28/01/2019 Revision: 18/02/2020 Accepted: 24/02/2020 OnlineFirst:08/05/2020 Using the Mother Tongue in Foreign-Language Learning: Secondary School Students in Kazakhstan Lyazzat Beisenbayeva L.Gumilev Eurasian National University, Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Astana, Kazakhstan, [email protected] One of the notable behaviours of individuals during the teaching of foreign languages is the use of the first language as an integral part of the learning-teaching process. This situation can also negatively affect the learning of a foreign language. The aim of this study is to determine the reasons why secondary-school students in Kazakhstan feel the need to use their first language (Kazakh or Russian) in foreign- language classes where they are studying English. The research, based on the general screening model, was conducted in Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, in three middle schools with a group of 296 11th grade students. The data was obtained by using an attitude scale consisting of four factors which was developed by Ocak, Kuru and Ozchalishan (2010).The scale factor-loads varied between 0.35-0.85; and reliability was found to be Alpha=0.71. According to the findings, students avoid the use of the foreign languages they study; have motivation problems; have a fear of being criticized by teachers; have a fear of being teased by classmates; tease their friends; and don't believe in themselves enough. -
Time Depth in Historical Linguistics”, Edited by Colin Renfrew, April
Time Depth 1 Review of “Time Depth in Historical Linguistics”, edited by Colin Renfrew, April McMahon, and Larry Trask Brett Kessler Washington University in St. Louis Brett Kessler Psychology Department Washington University in St. Louis Campus Box 1125 One Brookings Drive St. Louis MO 63130-4899 USA Email: [email protected] FAX: 1-314-935-7588 Time Depth 2 Review of “Time Depth in Historical Linguistics”, edited by Colin Renfrew, April McMahon, and Larry Trask Time depth in historical linguistics. Ed. by Colin Renfrew, April McMahon, and Larry Trask. (Papers in the prehistory of languages.) Cambridge, England: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000. Distributed by Oxbow Books. 2 vol. (xiv, 681 p.) paperback, 50 GBP. http://www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk/Publications/Time-depth.htm This is a collection of 27 papers, mostly presentations at a symposium held at the McDonald Institute in 1999. Contributions focus on two related issues: methods for establishing absolute chronology, and linguistic knowledge about the remote past. Most papers are restatements of the authors’ well-known theories, but many contain innovations, and some do describe new work. The ideological balance of the collection feels just left of center. We do not find here wild multilateral phantasms, reconstructions of Proto-World vocabulary, or idylls about pre-Indo-European matriarchal society. Or not much. These are mostly sober academics pushing the envelope in attempts to reason under extreme uncertainty. One of the recurrent themes was that the development of agriculture may drive the expansion of language families and therefore imply a date for the protolanguage. Colin Renfrew describes his idea that that is what happened in the case of Indo-European (IE): PIE was introduced into Europe at an early date, perhaps 8,000 BC.