Transatlantische Dissonanzen

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Transatlantische Dissonanzen Transatlantische Dissonanzen Kennedy, de Gaulle und die Bedeutung Europas, 1960-1963 CHRISTIAN WIRTZ – Bernsteinstraße 45 – 70619 Stuttgart Transatlantische Dissonanzen Kennedy, de Gaulle und die Bedeutung Europas, 1960-1963 Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde an der Fakultät für Philosophie und Geschichte der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen (eingereicht bei PROF . DR. GEORG SCHILD ) vorgelegt von CHRISTIAN WIRTZ , Bernsteinstr. 45, 70619 Stuttgart Januar 2010 Transatlantische Dissonanzen Kennedy, de Gaulle und die europäische Integration, 1960-63 D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie in der Fakultät für Philosophie und Geschichte der Eberhard-Karls-Universität zu Tübingen vorgelegt von Christian Wirtz aus Bonn 2010 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Fakultät für Philosophie und Geschichte der Universität Tübingen Hauptberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Georg Schild Mitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Anselm Doering-Manteuffel Dekan: Prof. Dr. Georg Schild Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 07.05.2010 Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen Lebenslauf: (fakultativ) Transatlantische Dissonanzen INHALTSVERZEICHNIS EINLEITUNG 1 1. Thema 1 2. Forschungsstand 8 3. Quellen 14 KAPITEL I: Kennedy und der Kalte Krieg 16 1. Kennedy und Moskau 19 2. Kennedy und London 26 3. Kennedy und die Kuba-Krise 31 4. Kennedy und die Berlin-Krise 37 5. Kennedy und der Vietnamkrieg 42 6. Zwischenergebnis 47 KAPITEL II: Die europapolitischen Berater Kennedys 50 1. Dean Rusk 53 2. Robert McNamara 59 3. George Ball 62 4. McGeorge Bundy 70 5. Zwischenergebnis 74 KAPITEL III: Die Truman und Eisenhower-Administration während der Anfänge der europäischen Integration 76 1. Die USA und die Idee des vereinten Europas nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg 1945-1960 77 2. Die USA und der Schuman-Plan 84 3. Washington und das Scheitern der Europäischen Verteidigungsgemeinschaft 91 4. Die USA und die Römischen Verträge 96 5. Zwischenergebnis 98 Transatlantische Dissonanzen KAPITEL IV: Das Europabild John F. Kennedys und die wichtigsten europapolitischen Problemfelder seiner Amtszeit 101 1. Kennedys europäische Wurzeln 102 2. Kennedys Europabild während der Studienjahre 104 3. Kennedys Europapolitik als junger Abgeordneter im Kongress 111 4. Kennedys „Grand Design“ 114 5. Kennedys Diskussionen mit de Gaulle über die Rolle 128 Europas 6. Zwischenergebnis 146 KAPITEL V: Die europapolitische Strategie Charles de Gaulles 149 1. De Gaulle und die Vierte Republik in Frankreich 150 2. Die Fünfte Republik und de Gaulle 155 3. De Gaulle und die deutsch-französischen Beziehungen 160 4. De Gaulle und die europäische Integration 165 5. De Gaulle und die Kennedy-Administration 171 6. Die Außenpolitik de Gaulles in der Forschungsdiskussion 177 7. Zwischenergebnis 181 KAPITEL VI: Die wirtschaftlichen Kontroversen zwischen den USA und Europa 182 1. Die handelspolitische Strategie Kennedys 184 2. Der Trade Expansion Act 190 3. Die handelspolitische Strategie 194 4. Die Reaktion der Kennedy-Administration auf die 199 Handelspolitik de Gaulles 5. Zwischenergebnis 205 Transatlantische Dissonanzen KAPITEL VII: Die Kontroverse um einen möglichen britischen EWG- Beitritt 207 1. Die britische Bewerbung um einen Platz in der EWG 210 2. Die Reaktion der Kennedy-Administration auf die britische EWG-Kandidatur 217 3. Die Motive de Gaulles bei der Ablehnung des britischen EWG-Beitrittswunsches 225 4. Adenauer und der britische Antrag zum EWG-Beitritt 228 5. Zwischenergebnis 231 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN 234 ANHANG 250 I. Abkürzungen 250 II. Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis 250 1. Archivalia und ungedruckte Quellen 250 2. Gedruckte Quellen 250 3. Sekundärliteratur 252 Transatlantische Dissonanzen – Einleitung EINLEITUNG 1. Thema Während seines Staatsbesuches in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Juni 1963 sprach der amerikanische Präsident John F. Kennedy in seiner Rede in der Frankfur- ter Paulskirche unter anderem auch über die Beziehungen zwischen den USA und Europa. In diesem Kontext bemerkte: „Die Zukunft des Westens beruht auf der atlantischen Partnerschaft – einem System der Zusammenarbeit, der wechselseitigen Abhängigkeit und der Übereinstimmung zwischen den Völkern, die ihre Lasten gemeinsam tragen und ihre Chancen in aller Welt gemeinsam nutzen können. Mancher mag sagen, das sei lediglich ein Traum, doch ich bin anderer Meinung. Eine ganze Kette großer Leistungen – Marshallplan, NATO, Schumanplan und Gemeinsamer Markt – drängt uns auf dem Weg zu größe- rer Einheit immer weiter vorn.“ 1 In der Tat wollte Kennedy mit seinem Besuch in Bonn, Köln, West–Berlin und Frank- furt die enge Partnerschaft zwischen den USA und der jungen Bundesrepublik un- terstreichen, waren doch in der Zeit vor seinem Aufenthalt seitens der Bundesregie- rung Zweifel an der Verlässlichkeit Kennedys geäußert worden 2. Kennedy hatte seit Beginn seiner Amtszeit durch eine neue Form der Entspannungspolitik versucht, die starren Fronten des Kalten Krieges zwischen den USA auf der einen und der Sowjet- union auf der anderen Seite etwas aufzulockern. Dies sorgte bei den westlichen Ver- bündeten, die auf den nuklearen Schutz der USA angewiesen waren, für Misstrau- en. 3 Kennedys Besuch wurde aber trotz dieser Skepsis im Vorfeld ein großer Erfolg. Obwohl Kennedy in der Sache keine Zugeständnisse machte, bejubelte ihn die westdeutsche Bevölkerung. Besonders seine Rede in Berlin, die seine Solidarität mit der geteilten Stadt zum Ausdruck brachte, ist bis heute unvergessen. 4 Kennedy ge- noss bis zu seinem Lebensende in West–Deutschland eine enorme Popularität. 5 1 Rede des amerikanischen Präsidenten John F. Kennedy, in der Frankfurter Paulskirche am 25. Juni 1963, in: Europa Archiv, Folge 14/ 1963. 2 Vergleiche Gregor Schöllgen, Die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, München 2004, S. 57-58. 3 Vgl. Frank A. Mayer, Adenauer and Kennedy: an era of distrust in German-American Relations, in: German Studies Review, 17 1, Feb. 1994, S. 83-104. 4 Vgl. Andreas W. Daum, Kennedy in Berlin: Politik, Kultur und Emotionen im Kalten Krieg, Wien 2003; Christof Münger, Kennedy, die Berliner Mauer und die Kuba-Krise: die westliche Allianz vor der Zer- reißprobe 1961–1963, München 2003. 5 Zu Kennedys Deutschland–Politik vgl. auch: Georg Schild, John F. Kennedy: Mensch und Mythos, Zürich 1997; Alan Posener, John F. Kennedy, Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1991. 1 Transatlantische Dissonanzen – Einleitung Im Kern soll in dieser Untersuchung der Versuch unternommen werden, die Europa- politik der Kennedy-Administration zu Beginn der 1960er Jahre deutlich aufzuzeigen. Dabei möchte sich der Autor auf die zum Teil heftig geführten Debatten zwischen dem amerikanischen Präsidenten auf der einen und dem französischen Präsidenten Charles de Gaulles auf der anderen Seite konzentrieren, standen sich doch in diesen Kontroversen zwei vollkommen unterschiedliche Konzepte europäischer und transat- lantischer Zusammenarbeit gegenüber. 6 Dabei ging es auch um die Machtverteilung im transatlantischen Bündnis. Kennedy, der seine Außenpolitik in Bezug auf die europäisch-amerikanische Part- nerschaft mit dem Begriff „Grand Design“ umschrieb, wollte die Herausforderungen des Kalten Krieges neu angehen, ohne das politische Erbe seiner Vorgänger Harry S. Truman aber auch Dwight D. Eisenhower zu vernachlässigen.7 Der amerikanische Präsident war sich bewusst, dass er auf das Fundament dieser Präsidenten aufbau- en konnte. Besonders die wider Erwarten Ende der 1940er Jahre rasch aufkeimende Konfrontation zwischen der Sowjetunion und den USA machten aus der Sicht Wa- shingtons eine klare politische Abgrenzung notwendig. Dies war der Grund für eine Außenpolitik, die zu der Truman-Doktrin 8, der Domino-Theorie 9 und im transatlanti- schen Verhältnis zum Marshall-Plan 10 führten. Kennedy selbst stellte zu keinem Zeit- punkt seiner Amtszeit diese grundlegenden Prinzipien der amerikanischen Außenpo- litik nach 1945 infrage und hatte im Präsidentschaftswahlkampf 1960 gegen seinen Kontrahenten Richard Nixon immer wieder auf die angebliche Schwäche des ameri- kanischen Militärs im Falle eines sowjetischen Angriffs hingewiesen (missile gap). 11 Allerdings sah sich Kennedy in der Innen- und Außenpolitik als Vertreter einer neuen Generation und wollte sich nicht mit der bloßen Fortsetzung der herkömmlichen Stra- tegie zufrieden geben. Kennedys Leitbild einer „New Frontier“ bedeutete in diesem Zusammenhang, die amerikanische Seite intensiver über eine Entspannungspolitik 6 Vgl. Klaus Schwabe, Weltmacht und Weltordnung: amerikanische Außenpolitik von 1989 bis zur Gegenwart: eine Jahrhundertgeschichte, Paderborn 2006, S. 266ff. 7 Vgl. Frank Costigliola, The pursuit of Atlantic community: nuclear arms, dollars and Berlin, in: G. Paterson, Kennedy´s quest for victory: American foreign policy, 1961-1963, Oxford 1989, S. 24-57. 8 Vgl. Arnold A. Offner, Another such victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945-1953, Stan- ford 2002. 9 Vgl. John Young / John Kent, International relations since 1945: a global history, Oxford 2004, S. 214ff. 10 Vgl. Michael Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952, Cambridge 1987, S. 427 ff. 11 Vgl. Georg Schild, John F. Kennedy, S. 45 ff. 2 Transatlantische Dissonanzen – Einleitung mit der Sowjetunion nachdenken musste.12 Dazu gehörte aus Sicht der Kennedy- Administration eben auch eine effektive Abrüstungspolitik zwischen den beiden Su- permächten, die zwar nicht die völlige Abschaffung der Nuklearwaffen zum Ziel hatte, die als politische
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