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The Lynching of Johan and Cornelis Dewitt, the Hague, Collective Violence, and the Myth of Tolerance in the Dutch Golden Age, 1650-1672

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The Lynching of Johan and Cornelis Dewitt, the Hague, Collective Violence, and the Myth of Tolerance in the Dutch Golden Age, 1650-1672 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Righteous Citizens: The Lynching of Johan and Cornelis DeWitt, The Hague, Collective Violence, and the Myth of Tolerance in the Dutch Golden Age, 1650-1672. A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Ingrid Frederika DeSanto 2018 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Righteous Citizens: The Lynching of Johan and Cornelis DeWitt, The Hague, Collective Violence, and the Myth of Tolerance in the Dutch Golden Age, 1650-1672 by Ingrid Frederika DeSanto Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles Professor Margaret C Jacob, Chair In The Hague, on August 20 th , 1672, the Grand Pensionary of Holland, Johan DeWitt and his brother Cornelis DeWitt were publicly killed, their bodies mutilated and hanged by the populace of the city. This dissertation argues that this massacre remains such an unique event in Dutch history, that it needs thorough investigation. Historians have focused on short-term political causes for the eruption of violence on the brothers’ fatal day. This work contributes to the existing historiography by uncovering more long-term political and social undercurrents in Dutch society. In doing so, issues that may have been overlooked previously are taken into consideration as well. Research pertaining the exposure to and acceptance of violence in the public sphere shows that, between 1650 and 1672, the municipal court of The Hague decreased the use of violent public punishment. The idea that the populace was usurping the role of judge ii and executioner, as some theories suggest, is therefore unlikely. Exploration of actual day-to-day crime records reveals that violent crime was not dominant in The Hague. However, migration to The Hague increased significantly between 1650 and 1672. Without a permanent solution for the large influx of people, the magistrates resolved to ban all beggars from The Hague. There was no system in place to assure the expulsion of those “criminals.” This may have put a substantial group of homeless folks on the scene on August 20, 1672. Furthermore, the threat of a French invasion in the early months of 1672 had resulted in economic disarray in Holland, while reports on a failure to defend the East of the Republic from the French must have caused fear and anxiety among Dutch people. In combination, these long-term factors show that the image of the Dutch as tolerant of “others,” - during the prosperous seventeenth-century- may have only applied to people of a wealthier status. The threat of the French invasion of 1672 for a people that had experienced several wars in combination with the lack of governmental assistance for common people, probably set the events in motion that accumulated into the most famous massacre in Dutch history. iii The dissertation of Ingrid Frederika DeSanto is approved. David Sabean Teofilo F Ruiz Ann Jensen Adams Margaret C Jacob, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2018 iv Dedication First and foremost, I want to thank my advisor and mentor at UCLA, professor Margaret Jacob. Without her, I would not be where I am today. She supported me throughout my graduate studies, not only in my academic endeavors, but also in my life circumstances. Eventhough, the message was not always easy to hear, I knew she did everything in my best interest. In doing so, she has become my role-model and I am grateful to know her. I am honored to have studied under her supervision. Second, I want to thank the other three members on my committee, professor David Sabean and professor Teo Ruiz from UCLA, and professor Ann J. Adams from UCSB. I am especially grateful for the patience with which professor Sabean read, corrected, and critiqued chapter after chapter. When I read back my first writings, I crunch at the grammar and errors. I attribute the improvement in my writing over the years to professor Sabean. In addition to the writing, professor Sabean has given me valuable comments on how to approach historical issues. I will be forever indebted. I want to thank professor Ruiz for his kind words and the feeling that all will be well, especially at times when I wanted to throw in the towel. A special thanks to professor Adams for her expertise-input on the evaluation of imagery as well as gently pushing me to keep deadlines and making me check administrative clutches that could delay my degree. I could not have imagined any part of my life today if it was not for the professors of my undergraduate program at CSULB. Professor Sharlene Sayegh, my friend and role-model, was the first person who told me that I was smart, that I could own my words, and that the ability to think critically was an asset. She inspired me to dream bigger, to dream of obtaining a Ph.D. I also want to thank my friend and professor Sarah Schrank with whom I took a course in women’s history that changed me fundamentally and inspired me to study gender. Furthermore, v all my professors at CSULB contributed to my achievements in one way or another, specifically Professors David Shafer, Andrew Jenks, Eileen Luhr, and Jane Dabel. To all, I say thank you. To my daughters, Elena and Alexandra, I want to express my love and gratitude for being easy going, understanding, and inspirational. I know that my graduate studies took time away from home, often at times when you needed me. Thanks to facetime we were able to stay close during my research year abroad. I missed you two terribly. You have become amazing, intelligent, sweet, and powerful women and I love you. To Vincent, thank you for being there. I appreciate all you have done for me. To Andreas, your love has carried me through the last three months of hard work. To my dear friends, Morgan, Chien-Ling, and Subah for helping me through bouts of anxiety and for the laughter. You are amazing ladies. vi For my father Frederik Hans Karel Marek 1938-2014 and my mother Cornelia Frederika Marek-Boom 1944 - vii Content Introduction Chapter 1: Violence in Early Modern The Hague: Issues Surrounding the Murder of Johan and Cornelis DeWitt, 1672 Chapter 2: Collective Experiences in The Hague’s Public Sphere in 1672 Chapter 3: The Criminal Justice System in Early Modern The Hague: A Study of Day-to-Day Crime Chapter 4: The Influence of the French Invasion on the Murders of Johan and Cornelis DeWitt: the “Disaster Year” 1672 Conclusion viii List of Artwork (n sequence of appearance) Anonymous. Clare Afbeeldinghe, ofte Effigien der Voornaemste Conspirateurs. Staende op het Lichaem van de Hoofdeloose Arminiaensche Slange, Waer in vertoont word hoe den Orangien boom, mitsgaders religie ende justitie door de strael Gods beschermt wordt. Amsterdam: Jan Amelissz. Etching, (1623) Arnhem: Gelders Archief, Familie van Rhenen pamphlet collection, #0911-44. Anonymous. Etching, Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, special collections (Pr. H74) Anonymous. Ambassadeur van Lucifer, Inde Werelt Gesonden tot een Krygs Transformatie. Etching. (May 30,1672). Rotterdam: Atlas van Stolk Inv. nr. 16217. Anonymous. Duytslant’s Treur-Toneele ofte Spieghel der Hongers-Dwangh, 1632-1637 . Etching. Rotterdam: Atlas van Stolk, inv. nr. 21970. Anonymous. Allegorie op de Tocht naar Chatham . Oil on canvas. (1668). Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum, ref. 90402_M_NL_Rijksmuseum. Blaeu, Joan. Tooneel der Steeden van de Vereenighde Nederlanden , deel 2 . Map. Amsterdam: Joan Blaeu, 1652. From the Universiteitsbibliotheek Utrecht, AC72. Claes Jansz Visscher, Claes Jansz. Slatius komt uit het Graf. Amsterdam, 1623. Etching. Rotterdam: Prentenkabinet Museum Boijmans van Beuningen, BdH 13996. De Hooghe, Romeyn. Tocht naar Chatham en de verovering van het eiland Sheppey . Amsterdam: Jacob van Meurs, 1667. Etching. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum Rijksprentenkabinet, RP-P-OB-79.256. De Hooghe, Romeyn. Beleg en Overgaen van de Stadt Grave door den K.H. Wilhelm Hendrik, Prince van Orangien, Stadthouder van Holland en Zeeland. Etching, Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum, Rijksprentenkabinet, RP-P-AO-16-132. De Hooghe. Romeyn. Anticurius Loevesteyn . Etching. (1674). Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum, Rijksprentenkabinet, RP-P-OB-79.152. De Hooghe, Romeyn. Witten Wonder Spiegel . Etching. (1675). Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Rijksprentenkabinet, RP-P-OB-77.116. De Hooghe, Romeyn. De Fransse Tirannie. Etching. (February 1673). Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum, Rijskprentenkabinet, RP-P-OB-77.183. ix Frits, Pieter. Moord op de Gebroeders De Witt, oil on canvas.1672, Den Haag, Haags Historisch Museum. Fokke, Simon. Het Lijk van Gillis van Ledenberg, buiten ‘s Gravenhage in een kist opgehangen. Etchin g. (1619) Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-80.901. FMH 1402-a. Hogenberg, Frans. Invasie Haerlem. Etching, Rotterdam: Atlas van Stolk, inv. nr. 50440, ext. 134. Hogenberg, Frans. Invasie Naerden. Etching, Rotterdam: Atlas van Stolk, inv. nr. 50440, ext. 158. Hogenberg, Frans. Moort te Oudewater. Etching, Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum RP-P-OB-79.620, FMH 703, Rotterdam: Atlas van Stolk, inv. nr. 50440. Kas, KT. Vertooninghe, in vier Treur-deelen, Ghespeelt tot Haerlem op den 29 juni, anno 1660. Haarlem: Kornelisz Teunisz Kas, 1660. Etching. Rotterdam, Atlas van Stolk, inv. nr. 15193. Steen, Jan Havicksz. Adolf en Catharina Croeser, de Burgemeester van Delft en zijn Dochter (A Burgomaster and his Daughter). Oil on canvas. (1655) Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum. Verduyn, A.T. Spiegel der Fransse tyranny, Gepleegt op de Hollantsche Dorpen. Etching. (February 1673). Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum, Rijksprentenkabinet, RP-P-OB-77.183. Visscher, Claes Jansz. Justitie van Jan van Oldenbarnevelt Geschiet. Etching. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-77.318/ Muller 1384. Visscher, Claes Jansz. Justitie Over Enige Arminiaensche Verraders, Geschiet in ‘s Gravenhage. Engraving. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum, RP-P-OB-81.021A. x VITA Ingrid Frederika DeSanto EDUCATION University of California, Los Angeles Ph.D., History, September 2018 Dutch Empire, World History, European History Dissertation: Long-term Factors in The Lynching of Johan and Cornelis DeWitt: A Study of The Hague, Violence, and the Myth of Tolerance in the Dutch Golden Age, 1650-1672.
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