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Environment and Energy Landscape in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Analysis of Trends 2020-2030
Increased Planetary Health Issues
December 2020
12/12/2020 1 12/12/2020 – PlanetaryHealthAlliance natural systems” transformation ofour planet’s anthropogenic disruptionand health implicationsofthe understanding thehuman emerging fieldfocusedon “Planetary Healthisan Sources:. Health Planetary Alliance, https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/planetary-health, consulted on August 11, 2020. 2
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 on humanhealth There isgrowing evidencethatenvironmental degradationhaswide-rangingimpacts Source: Health Planetary Alliance, https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/planetary-health, consultedon August 11, 2020. Health-Related Challenges Problems Environment-Related NaturalDisasters ChangingFoodS Water Scarcity BiodiversityShifts Air Pollution ClimateChange Deforestation Examples ystems Diseases Non-Communicable Cardiovascular diseases, r espiratory diseases espiratory netosDsae urto ipaeetMentalHealth Displacement Nutrition Infectious Diseases Dengue, Zika, malaria, COVID-19, SARS Malnutrition, obesity, food Insecurity Forced migration, civil strife Anxiety 3
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 “Is globalwarming drivingthespread ofdengueacross Latin America?,” 2020; 6. Nature, “Host andviraltraits predict zoonoticspillover from mammals,” 2017. PNAS, “Amazon deforestation drives malariatransmission, andmalariaburden reduces forest clearing,” 2019; 4. FAO, Corridor Central “Dry Sources:.America –SituationReport,” 1. 2016; IDB, 5 The New Humanitarian,“Seven thingsyou needtoknow about disastersinLatin America andtheCaribbean,” 2018; 2. GlobalBurden ofDiseaseCollaborative Network, “Global burden ofdisease study,” 2017; 3. changes invectorecologyandairpollutionare amongthemostacute There are ahostofplanetaryhealthchallengesinLAC; diseasesstemmingfrom pollution (e.g., cardiovascular respiratory and pollution (e.g., issues) this report will focusondiseasesresulting malaria, dengue, from chikungunya, air Zika)and invector (e.g., ecology changes Given theirthreat health, interdependence to human withotherenvironmental trends, alignmentwithUSAIDexperience, and 290 thousand 297 millionpeopleandkilling 4,000 naturaldisasters, affecting From 1980to2016, more than income countries LAC, compared to4%inhigh with around 6%ofdeathsin Air pollutionisassociated disease inchildren to otherdiseasessuchasdiarrheal between 2003-20153andwaslinked 3.3% increase inmalariaincidence the Amazon region contributedtoa A 10%increase indeforestation in people inconditionsoffoodinsecurity higher temperatures, puttingover 3.6million have beenlostduetowaterscarcity and 50-60% ofCentral America’s annual harvests Bolivia, Venezuela countries like Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, unprecedented high-altitudelocationsin vector-borne diseases(VBD)outbreaks in Higher temperatures are driving wild mammalssuchasbats zoonotic diseasestransmittedby world withthemostundiscovered The Amazon istheregion inthe 4
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash Jan Kronies Photo:
DISEASES FROM CHANGES IN VECTOR ECOLOGY
12/12/2020 5 12/12/2020 the spread ofdengue across Latin America?” 2020. Sources: 1. People, health, and forests: overview, aglobal interdisciplinary “Deforestation andmalaria, revisiting perspective,” thehuman ecology 2008; 2. The New Humanitarian, “Is globalwarmingdriving frequency andseverityofvector-bornedisease(VBD)outbreaks A hostofchangesdrivenbyhumanactivitiesinLAC are contributingtotheincreased Agriculture Deforestation Urbanization Settlement development Hydropower Mining construction Road • • • • • • • • • • • Human-Related Change Ecosystem Change Fauna Vegetation Rainfallandhumidity Average temperature and Nutritional status Spread ofpathogens Immigration ofnon-immune Population density Soil quality Water currents Amount anddurationof variability sunlight people • • • • • • • • Parasite EcologicalChange Vector EcologicalChange Abilitytoadapt toand Resistancetoinsecticide Bitingrates Density Resistance todrugs Incubation period Carrier survival probabilityCarrier survival Breeding places survive in urbanspaces survive incidence and prevalence vector-borne Increased 6
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 Regional andNationalHazardExposuretoVBDs (Index, 0to10where 10isthehighestrisk) Hazard Exposure and toVector-Borne Diseases America, andcountrieslikeBrazilColombia LAC faceshighriskofinfectionsfrom VBDs, particularlyintheCaribbean,Central Source: European CommissionDisaster RiskManagementKnowledge Centre, “ INFORMEpidemic RiskIndex,” 2018. Mexico: El Salvador: Nicaragua: 7.1 Global Average: 7.9 8.1 Peru:
4.8 6.9 Caribbean:
7.5 Lower risk Haiti: 1 Colombia: 8.1 Brazil: 8.0 8.8 and West Nilefever chikungunya, yellow fever such asmalaria, Zika, dengue, infectious agentsfor diseases probability ofexposure to indicator represents the to Vector-Borne Diseases” The “Hazard andExposure Higer risk 7
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 America, andcountrieslikeBrazilColombia LAC faceshighriskofinfectionsfrom VBDs, particularlyintheCaribbean,Central reduces forest clearing,”2019. IPCC, “TheLatin AmericanRegion,”2018; 8. Climatenexus,“Climaterisk andspreadofvector-borne diseases,”2016.9.PNAS, “Amazon deforestationdrives malariatransmission,and burden Infectious Diseases,“Economic costsofChagasdiseaseinColombia2017:Asocialperspective,” 2019;6.ValueHealthRegionalIssues,“Economic CostsofChikungunyavirusinColombia,”2018;7. 1990–2016,” 2017;4.International JournalofInfectiousDiseases,“Burdenchikungunya inLatinAmericancountries:estimatesofDALYslost inthe2014epidemic,”2015;5.InternationalJournalof countries andterritories,1990–2016,” 2017;3.TheLancet,“Global,regional,andnational DALYsfor333diseasesandinjurieshealthylife expectancy (HALE)for195countriesandterritories, Sources: 1.PAHO,“Dataon HealthTopics,”consultedAugust11,2020;2TheLancet, “Global,regional,andnationalDALYsfor333diseases injuriesandhealthylifeexpectancy(HALE)for195 Leishmaniasis Zika Chikungunya Malaria Dengue and El Salvador ill-health, disabilityorearly death. As areference, DALYs per100kpeoplefor appendicitis inLAC is24anddiabetesmellitus839 Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), isameasure ofoverall diseaseburden, expressed asthenumber ofyears lostdueto Nicaragua, andBolivia Peru,Brazil, Colombia, Honduras and Martinique Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Total CasesintheLast5 Brazil, Mexico, Key Locations Haiti and Honduras
Colombia,
Peru and Nicaragua, Years (million) 0.3 0.9 2.9 3.0 10.6 100k People DALYs per 5.1 21.9 25.4 79.4 273.1 with fluctuationsin2017-18 since: ~177,000casesin2019 2014, Record of1millioncasesin 165% Reported casesincreased 96% Reported casesincreased with aclearlinear, upward trend to 50%of2015levels in2019 2015-2016 Cases increased 7xbetween LAC Recent Evolutionin of ~50,000 Cases are stableatanaverage between 2014and2018
between 2014and2019, but downward trend ever
and thendecreased per year
8
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 pentavalent antimonialasthefirst-linetreatment for leishmaniasisinBolivia,” 2019. Report,” 2019; 8. Value HealthRegionalIssues, “Economic CostsofChikungunya virusin Colombia,” 2018; 9. PLOS,of PublicHealth, “Societal costsaving andbudgetimpactofchanging from systemictointralesional “Economic impactofdenguefever inLAC: asystematic review,” 2018; 6. UNDP, “Women,“A socio-economic impactassessmentoftheZikavirus inLAC,” 2017; children more vulnerabletodengue, 7. say experts,” 2019;WHO, 4. “WorldTropical Malaria Medicine&InternationalHealth, Sources:“Dengue fever and 1. inindigenousBrazilians,”Aedes aegypti 2018; 5.WHO, Pan American Journal “The power ofintegratedhealth and environment action,” 2019; 2. WHO, “Zika virus, microcephaly andGuillain-Barré syndrome situationreport,” 2017; 3. The Independent, the mostvulnerablepopulations Vector-borne diseasesalsohaveeconomicandsocialimplications, particularlyfor • •
Zika Dengue andmalaria from 2015–2017 productivity, etc. respectively, givenstrainsonhealthsystems,reducedemployment,decreased workers isestimatedtohavecausedeconomic lossesofbetween Economy
acrossLAC,largelydrivenbyimpacts onthetourismindustry cost theregionmorethan (1 of2) $3 billionand$2 $7and$18billion peryear, 9
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 as thefirst-line treatment for leishmaniasis inBolivia,” 2019. Value HealthRegional Issues, “Economic Costs ofChikungunya virus in Colombia,” 2018; 9. PLOS, “Societal costsaving andbudgetimpactofchanging from systemictointralesionalpentavalent antimonial Health, “Economic impactofdengue fever inLAC: asystematic review,” 2018; 6. UNDP, children more vulnerabletodengue,“A socio-economic impactassessmentoftheZikavirusinLAC,” say experts,” 2017; 2019; 7. 4. WHO,Tropical Medicine&InternationalHealth,“World MalariaReport,”“Dengue fever 2019; and 8. inindigenousBrazilians,”Aedes aegypti Sources: 2018; 1. 5. Pan American JournalWHO, ofPublic “The power ofintegratedhealth and environment action,” 2019; 2. WHO, “Zika virus, microcephaly andGuillain-Barré syndrome situationreport,” 2017; 3. The Independent, “Women, the mostvulnerablepopulations Vector-borne diseasesalsohaveeconomicandsocialimplications, particularlyfor • • • • VBDs Indigenous populationsarefrequently marginalized Gender inequalityinhealthcareaccessandnutrition Women andchildreninruralareasareparticularlyaffectedby VBDs, the microcephalysyndromeassociated withit to assignedroleswithinhouseholdssuchascollectingwater healthcare, makingthem make womenlessimmunethanmento dengue can have acuteconsequencesinpregnant womenandtheirbabies, Social more vulnerabletoVBDinfections (2 of2)
with loweraccesstobasichouseholdservices and aswellfactorslikemenstruationandpregnancy, as theyareusuallymoreexposeddue asisthecaseof Zika and 10
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 3. WHO, “Guidelines for malariavector control,” 2019. Sources: 1. WHO, “Methods ofvector control,” 2018; 2. CaseStudiesinthe Environment, “Developing effective mosquitocontrol strategiesby utilizingvector mosquitolife historiesandecology,” 2019; VBDs showpromise A fewapproaches toaddress theconsequencesandenvironment-related causesof disease burden Increased availabilityofpotablewater for ruralcommunitiesandoverallreductionofdengue Impacts: systems. Thisprojectdecreaseddengue incidenceintheregion Partnership withlocalcommunitiesinVeracruz,Mexicotoadoptsafewater-collection Example: collaboration withlocalgovernmentsiskey by mosquitoestodepositeggs.Asthissolutioninvolvesbasicservicesprovision, close serve aslarvalhabitats.Water-storagecontainerscanalsobedesignedtoprevent access Reliable potablewatersupplydecreasestheneedforwater-storagecontainers that Solution: Water SupplyandManagement (1 of3) 11
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 3. WHO, “Guidelines for malariavector control,” 2019. Sources: 1. WHO, “Methods ofvector control,” 2018; 2. CaseStudiesinthe Environment, “Developing effective mosquitocontrol strategiesby utilizingvector mosquitolife historiesandecology,” 2019; VBDs showpromise A fewapproaches toaddress theconsequencesandenvironment-related causesof vector population Reduced concentrationoffavorablehabitats formosquitoreproductionanddecreased Impacts: causing lossesofotherspeciesthoughthesepracticesmustbeassessed Peruvian Amazontoreducemalariatransmission,althoughrisksofaffectingecosystems and Wetland draining and mosquito-ditching to remove standing water have been effective inthe Example: accumulations thatprovidelarvalhabitats Seeks topreventorminimizevectorpropagationbydestroying,altering,removing water Solution: Mosquito HabitatManagement (2 of3) 12
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 WHO, “Guidelines for malariavector control,” 2019. Sources: 1. WHO, “Methods ofvector control,” 2018; 2. CaseStudiesinthe Environment, “Developing effective mosquitocontrol strategiesby utilizingvector mosquitolife historiesandecology,” 2019; 3. VBDs showpromise A fewapproaches toaddress theconsequencesandenvironment-related causesof Reduced childmortalityby83%andreduced severemalariaepisodesby56% Impacts: and Nicaraguawithpresenceofmalaria vectors ITNs havebeensuccessfullyimplemented inregionsofColombia,Ecuador,Peru,Venezuela, Example: reported onoldermodels More recentgenerationsofITNsmustbeintroduced,asmoderateresistance hasbeen of theirimpactonmosquitolongevityandthereforevectorialcapacity An ITNrepels,disablesorkillsmosquitoes.ITNscanproducea“community effect”because Solution: Insecticide-Treated Nets(ITN) (3 of3) 13
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash CASE STUDY | Introduction of Natural Bacteria to Decrease Transmission of VBDs
Challenge: “By breeding mosquitoes • In recent years, population growth, the movement of people from rural areas to cities, that carry safe and natural more international travel, and climate change have all increased the spread of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which carry viruses like dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever Wolbachia bacteria, we can effectively prevent diseases Approach to Adress the Challenge from spreading in whole cities • When Aedes aegypti mosquitoes carry the natural bacteria Wolbachia, the bacteria compete with the viruses. This makes it harder for viruses to reproduces inside and even regions. Our evidence mosquitoes and makes them much less likely to spread diseases shows that in areas where • “The World Mosquito Program breeds Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes and, in Wolbachia is self-sustaining at partnership with local communities, releases them into areas affected by mosquito-borne diseases” a high level, there have been no • Independent risk analyses indicate that the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes dengue outbreaks” poses negligible risk to humans and the environment. The program has received – World Mosquito Program regulatory approval in all countries where Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes have been released Outcomes:
• Brazil: “dengue incidence 42–74% and chikungunya incidence 21–74%” • Colombia: “No dengue outbreaks in Wolbachia-treated areas of city-wide deployments”
Source: The World Mosquito Program, “Mosquito-borne diseases fact sheets,” 2019. 12/12/2020 14 HEALTH ISSUES FROM OUTDOOR AND INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
12/12/2020 15 12/12/2020 Main Drivers Outcomes ambient airpollution,” 2018. Sources: 1. OLADE, “Sistema deinformación energéticadeLatinoamérica yelCaribe,” consulted on August 23, 2020; 2. EPA, “Introduction toindoorairquality,” 2019; 3. WHO, “Burden ofdiseasefrom leading toserioushealthissues A hostoffactorsare drivingoutdoorandindoorairpollutioninLAC, whichare Cardiovascular diseases Other sectors Industry Electricity Generation Transportation Outdoor Air Pollution agriculture, construction)
(e.g., commerce, infections acute lowerrespiratory pulmonary disease and Chronic obstructive liquid Cooking andheatingwithsolid Indoor Air Pollution products for householdcleaning) Others (e.g., kerosene) (e.g., tobacco, buildingmaterials, fuels Lung Cancer 16
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 Health Impactthrough Lifetime Source: Public Health England,“Guidance: matters,airpollution,” 2018. stages oflife Air pollutioncanleadtoavarietyofserioushealthissuesforpeopleatdiffer Children Pregnancy • • Slowerdevelopmentoflungfunction • • Asthma • • • Start ofatherosclerosis More wheezing andcoughs Stillbirth Premature birth Low birthweight Elderly Adults • Accelerateddeclinelung • • Asthma Lungcancer • • • • Asthma Lung Cancer Stroke Coronary heartdisease function Heartattack, • • Dementia • • Chronic obstructive • stroke heart failure, and Diabetes Diabetes pulmonary disease ent 17
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 Source: N. Grima etal, Payment (PES)inLatin for ecosystemservices America: Analyzing theperformance of40 case studies, 2016. remain highandprogress hasbeenuneven While deathratesfrom outdoorairpollutionhavedeclinedacross LAC, rates (OAPDR) National Outdoor Air Pollution DeathRates 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Annual Deathsper100,000People 0020 0420 0821 0221 062018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 Central America &Mexico Southern Cone Andean Region Caribbean Latin America andthe Caribbean Pollution inLAC Overview ofHealthImpactsfrom Outdoor Air Dominican Republic pollution are increasing inJamaica, ElSalvador, andthe Despite theregional trend, deathsfrom outdoorair per Year, per100,000Children New Asthma Casesdueto Air Pollution Exposure above thelevelforhigh-incomecountries 100,000 people)are Death ratesfrom outdoor airpollutioninLAC (26per Air pollutionhasbeenconsistently amongthe causes ofdeathintheregion Southeast Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 114 200 below theworldaverage Caribbean Central America &Mexico 260 280 315 top 3 (17) South America (44), but 18
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 exposures,” 2014. Gross National Incomepercapita above $12,055, e.g., United States, New Zealand, Malta, Hungary, etc. 3. Environ HealthPerspect, Sources:“Children’s 1. healthinLatin Global Burden ofDiseaseCollaborativeAmerica: Network. theinfluenceofenvironmental “Global Burden ofDiseaseStudy,” 2017; 2. High-income countriescategorization according tothe World Bank, refers tocountries(83)with continue tofacerelatively highrates Death ratesfrom indoorairpollutionhavealsodeclined,yetafewcountries • • • • in LAC Overview ofHealthImpactsfrom Indoor Air Pollution Inthelastdecade, deathsfor indoorairpollutionhave In Peru, theuseofcleanercookstoves isassociatedwith In Guatemala, cookingwithtraditionalcookstoves and Deaths from indoorairpollutioninLAC are Paraguay, NicaraguaandBolivia, decreased 30%in 2017) attention deficits inchildren 2-14 years old a countries considerably higherthaninhigh-income solid fuelsisassociatedwitha pneumonia amongchildren <18months ~4X timeshigherthantheregion’s average 25% decrease inrespiratory symptomsand (9.3vs. 0.2deathsper100,000peoplein Haiti, Guatemala,Honduras, 30% increase insevere butitremains 10 15 20 25 30 35 National Indoor Air Pollution DeathRates(IAPDR) 5 0020 0420 0821 0221 062018 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 Annual Deathsper100,000People Southern Cone Andean Region Caribbean Latin America andtheCaribbean Central America &Mexico 19
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 “Global Burden ofDiseaseStudy,” 2017. Sources: 1. OECD, “The economicconsequences ofoutdoorairpollution,” 2016; 2. WHO, “Air pollutionandchildhealth: prescribing cleanair,” 2018; 3. GlobalBurden ofDiseaseCollaborative Network. implications Health impactscausedbyairpollutioninLAC alsohaveeconomicandsocial Social Economy Outdoor Air Pollution • • • toxicants to metabolize,detoxify,andexcretethe pollution becausetheirbodiesarelessable respiratory disease: People withcardiovascularand/or Children “Current welfarecosts pollution experiencing acuteconsequences fromair economic condition,moresusceptibleto who aregenerallyinamoredisadvantaged of thesekindsdiseasesmakeindividuals, healthcare costs economic supporttopeopleoutofworkand up to$470billionin2060,”including for $80billionandwillcontinuetoincrease deaths duetoairpollutioninLACaccount areparticularlyvulnerabletoair Chronicmorbidity frompremature • • • Indoor Air Pollution Honduras rates, suchasHaiti,Guatemala,and more presentinareaswith frequently inchargeofcookingactivitiesand Rural andindigenouspopulations: Women: healthcare to economicinsecurityandlowaccess high burdenfromrespiratoryissuesdue vs. outdoorairpollution)sufferaparticularly (who aretypicallymoreexposedtoindoor Rural andindigenouspopulations impacts moreacutefor them to healthcareservices makesairpollution exposure toairpollutionandlimitedaccess clean cookingtechnologiesincrease Limited accesstoculturalnormsaround Particularlyaffectedastheyare high migration
20
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 Data Center, “Doing business inMexico: automotive industry,” 2014; 4. Cleancookingalliance, spotlight:“Partners Guatemala,”Sources: 2013. 1. Greenpeace, “Cool technologies: working withoutHFCs,” 2016; 2. UNDP, efficiencyinLatin“Experiences andcasestudiesonenergy AmericaandtheCaribbean,” 2018; 3. Alternative Fuels pollution showpromise Approaches toaddresstheconsequencesandenvironment-related causesofair cooling inthecityofMedellinaspart itsold-chillersreplacementproject Impacts: mainly CO Argentina andBrazilhavebothbeguninstallingsupermarketrefrigerationsystems utilizing Example: targeted policiesbyencouragingandregulatingthechange processes. Thesemeasurescanbedeployedquicklyandimplementedthrough sector- Incorporating bestpracticesorupgradingtotheavailabletechnologiesin industrial Solution: Upgrading IndustrialTechnology • • Improved productionefficiency Reductions inairpollutants 2 andethyleneglycolinsteadofhydrofluorocarbons.Colombiaisinstallingdistrict (1 of3) 21
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 Data Center, “Doing business inMexico: automotive industry,” 2014; 4. Cleancookingalliance, spotlight:“Partners Guatemala,”Sources: 2013. 1. Greenpeace, “Cool technologies: working withoutHFCs,” 2016; 2. UNDP, efficiencyin Latin“Experiences andcasestudies onenergy Americaandthe Caribbean,” 2018; 3. Alternative Fuels pollution showpromise Approaches toaddresstheconsequencesandenvironment-related causesofair Impacts: and forvehicleslessthansixyearsold, Mexicohaseliminatedmorethan25,000olderunits Through afiscalincentiveapplicablewhenreplacingfreightunitsmorethan ten yearsold Example: behalf oflocalauthoritiesandtransportoperators. urban transitsystemsrequiresstrongcommitmentandcombinedefforts investmenton alternative non-motorizedtransportationoptionsandfreightmanagement.Enhancement of Renewal ofthebusfleetwithenergy-efficienttechnologyandcleanerfuels, providing Solution: Efficient TransportationSystems • Reductions onblackcarbon,methane, andhydrofluorocarbon (2 of3) 22
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash 12/12/2020 Data Center, “Doing business inMexico: automotive industry,” 2014; 4. Cleancookingalliance, spotlight:“Partners Guatemala,”Sources: 2013. 1. Greenpeace, “Cool technologies: working withoutHFCs,” 2016; 2. UNDP, efficiencyin Latin“Experiences andcasestudies onenergy Americaandthe Caribbean,” 2018; 3. Alternative Fuels pollution showpromise Approaches toaddresstheconsequencesandenvironment-related causesofair Impacts: drive behaviorchangeinGuatemala EcoMal, DoñaDora,andChispasstovesleveragemultichannelcommunication campaignsto Example: process ofchangemaybelengthyandcomplex Practices areoftendeeplyembeddedincultural,economic,andsocialtraditions, sothe and-burn practicesinagriculture;andusinglesspollutingkilnsartisanalbrick production. Encouraging behavioralchangessuchascleandomesticcookingpractices;halting slash- Solution: Behavioral ChangeCampaigns • • Reduced deforestation Reduced exposuretopollutants (3 of3) 23
Photo: Jan Kronies on unsplash CASE STUDY | Social Enterprise to Increase Local Production and Use of Clean Cookstoves
Challenge on unsplash Isabella Juskova Photo: • 81% of rural households in Honduras use firewood for cooking • More than 4 million people are affected by household air pollution • “Open-fire cooking is wasteful, dirty, dangerous, and slow” • Despite the obvious benefits, clean cookstoves have only achieved a “These improved cookstoves 12% market penetration in Honduras are durable, cost-effective and Approach to Address the Challenge meet all the family’s cooking • Mirador is a franchise-like social enterprise system in which needs. Families save money by entrepreneurs are paid for building stoves • Users’ priorities have been taken into account, families are trained, buying less wood or save time stove designs are robust, and stoves are monitored and maintained gathering wood, rid the house of • The family does not pay in cash. They share in the cost of the stove by smoke and reduce emissions” – providing materials (worth about $12-15) and time Proyecto Mirador Outcomes • One stove saves 15 tons of carbon pollution • Almost 200,000 stoves have been installed • “79% reduction in carbon monoxide and particulate matter inside the home” • 172 direct and indirect employees
Source: Gold Standards, “Proyecto Mirador Monitoring Report,” 2019. 12/12/2020 24 Photo: Raphael Menesclou on unsplash Raphael Photo:
CALLS TO ACTION
12/12/2020 25 CALLS TO ACTION | A holistic, cross-sectoral approach is needed to tackle the underlying drivers of increased planetary health issues Photo: Bill Oxford on unsplash Bill Oxford Photo: The underlying drivers of environmental challenges are often systemic issues rooted in local economic, social, and cultural realities that are deeply challenging to address P li se t r Making progress on these challenges often requires cross-cutting approaches that draw on resources and capabilities from local communities i il iety A a emia esear h themselves along with support from government, private sector, civil society, academia, and donors
The high-level ideas outlined in this section are often interdependent; they need to be implemented in tandem in order to be effective
Pri ate se t r They also require a keen understanding of local context to determine whether and how they might apply given the size and diversity of the region
Source: Dalberg analysis 12/12/2020 26 Calls to action | Reducing environment related health issues in LAC requires action and collaboration across sectors (1 of 7) Photo: Bill Oxford on unsplash Bill Oxford Photo: Support sustainable livelihoods
• Support economic opportunities for communities whose economic insecurity forces them to engage in activities related to environmental health risks (deforestation, hunting wildlife, driving highly polluting cars)
Strengthen monitoring and tracking A a emia esear h Pri ate se t r i il iety P li se t r • Implement monitoring stations to have real time data of air pollution levels • Implement early detection systems in areas with high proximity to vectors and other wildlife
Strengthen regulatory framework and its application/enforcement
• Legislation to regulate fuels (avoid low quality fuels) and old vehicles (restrict circulation of old vehicles) • Phase out unsustainable agricultural practices • Develop and implement stronger biosecurity measures (e.g., biosecurity policies across the food chain) • Develop national clean cooking plans
12/12/2020 27 Calls to action | Reducing environment related health issues in LAC requires action and collaboration across sectors (2 of 7) Photo: Bill Oxford on unsplash Bill Oxford Photo: Expand utilities/public services coverage and quality of services
• Improve health governance with a planetary health approach by engaging environmental stakeholders • Improve access to clean water and sanitation (i.e., decrease breeding sites for vectors) • Increase access to other energy sources for cooking (i.e., provide options for a transition to A a emia esear hcleaner fuels) Pri ate se t r i il iety P li se t r • Develop clean public transportation systems
Promote planetary health education to increase society’s awareness of the relationship between the environment and human health
• Build awareness of potential risks of air pollution (e.g., cooking with open fires) and factors that increase risk of vector-borne disease spread (e.g., proximity to stagnant water)
Promote participation of communities
• Champion the integration of local communities into policymaking and implementation from early stages and onwards
12/12/2020 28 Calls to action | Reducing environment related health issues in LAC requires action and collaboration across sectors (3 of 7) Photo: Bill Oxford on unsplash Bill Oxford Photo: Develop and adhere to voluntary guidelines and standards (e.g., SDG Impact Practice Standards for PE Funds)
• Implement policies to reduce emission and environmental degradation • Track progress toward standards with independent/third party evaluations A a emia esear h Pri ate se t r Product i ilinnovation iety and business models P li se t r • Develop and offer improved cookstoves that are both high quality and affordable • Develop more sustainable energy appliances that are more energy efficient (and cost savings for the company) • Support research and development of vaccines for crucial vector-borne diseases
12/12/2020 29 Calls to action | Reducing environment related health issues in LAC requires action and collaboration across sectors (4 of 7) Photo: Bill Oxford on unsplash Bill Oxford Photo: Promote participation of communities
• Champion the integration of local communities into project planning and implementation from early stages and onwards
Drive behavioral change A a emia esear h Pri ate se t r i il iety • Address economic drivers for modifying cooking patterns and transition to cleaner energy P li se t r sources or cleaner technologies (biomass improved cookstoves) • Create incentives and offer access to new technologies for modifying water storage behavior and avoiding breeding sites for vector diseases • Catalyze at-scale production of vaccines, treatments, and tests
12/12/2020 30 Calls to action | Reducing environment related health issues in LAC requires action and collaboration across sectors (5 of 7) Photo: Bill Oxford on unsplash Bill Oxford Photo: Innovate
• Develop vector control techniques (e.g., genetic modifications, bacteria) that can decrease vector transmission rates • Partner with the government and private sector to develop at-scale vaccines and medicine to treat emerging diseases A a emia esear h Pri ate se t r i il iety P li se t r Research • Expand scientific inquiry into the environmental dimensions of zoonotic diseases • Develop research to better quantify the impact of environmental degradation on human health • Create cross-disciplinary departments of research groups on Planetary Health challenges
12/12/2020 31 Calls to action | Reducing environment related health issues in LAC requires action and collaboration across sectors (6 of 7) Photo: Bill Oxford on unsplash Bill Oxford Photo: Support governments in expanding monitoring systems • Increase surveillance and control of areas (both for vector diseases and air pollution) • Provide tools, training, and best practices to local authorities, including monitoring program implementation
Build awareness and research • Build awareness on key stakeholders from the public, private, and philanthropic sectors about the relationship between environmental degradation and human health • Fund research activity to address knowledge and capacity related to planetary health (e.g., similar to IDEAL in the food and nutrition security space)
12/12/2020 32 Calls to action | Reducing environment related health issues in LAC requires action and collaboration across sectors (7 of 7) Photo: Bill Oxford on unsplash Bill Oxford Photo: Promote private sector engagement and partnerships • Support governments when developing incentives/taxes that encourage market-based approaches i.e., transition to biomass improved cookstoves in rural areas cooking with open fires • Deploy blended-finance mechanisms to mobilize private funding toward cross-sectoral investments in conservation, education, health, sustainable tourism, sustainable agriculture, etc. (e.g., USAID HEARTH)
Facilitate the exchange of knowledge across countries • Disseminate learnings from other Missions worldwide that have supported prevention and recovery from vector-borne diseases to bring best practices that can help countries prepare for future outbreaks • Disseminate learnings and best practices in terms of programs aiming to reduce air pollution e.g., USAID Clean Air Green Cities project in Vietnam
12/12/2020 33 Photo: Bill Oxford on unsplash Bill Oxford Photo:
THANK YOU
12/12/2020 34