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Effects of Chromium (Cr) and Zinc (Zn) Supplementation on Metabolism, Inflammation, and Production Parameters in Heat-Stressed and Nutrient-Restricted Pigs Edith J

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Effects of Chromium (Cr) and Zinc (Zn) Supplementation on Metabolism, Inflammation, and Production Parameters in Heat-Stressed and Nutrient-Restricted Pigs Edith J Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2017 Effects of chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) supplementation on metabolism, inflammation, and production parameters in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs Edith J. Mayorga Lozano Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Mayorga Lozano, Edith J., "Effects of chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) supplementation on metabolism, inflammation, and production parameters in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15573. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15573 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Effects of chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) supplementation on metabolism, inflammation, and production parameters in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs by Edith J. Mayorga Lozano A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Animal Science Program of Study Committee: Lance H. Baumgard, Major Professor John F. Patience Jason W. Ross Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2017 Copyright © Edith J. Mayorga Lozano, 2017. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION To my dear parents, Gonzalo and Teresa, for their infinite love and support over the years. I am extremely grateful for everything you have done for me, for your education, hard work, and perseverance. Thanks for encourage me to better myself every day. Everything I am now is just because of you. Love you and miss you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................1 Heat Stress .................................................................................................................................. 1 Effects of HS on Pigs .................................................................................................................. 2 Thermoregulation during HS .................................................................................................. 4 Effects of HS on Metabolism ...................................................................................................... 5 Effects of HS on Voluntary Feed Intake ................................................................................... 10 Effects of HS on the Gastrointestinal Tract .............................................................................. 12 Inflammation and immune system ........................................................................................ 14 Dietary Options ......................................................................................................................... 16 Chromium supplementation .................................................................................................. 17 Zinc supplementation ............................................................................................................ 21 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 24 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 2: EFFECTS OF DIETARY CHROMIUM PROPIONATE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND METABOLISM DURING HEAT STRESS ON FINISHING PIGS ....47 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 48 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 50 Animals, diets, and experimental design .............................................................................. 50 Production parameters .......................................................................................................... 52 Body temperature measurements .......................................................................................... 52 Blood sampling and analysis ................................................................................................ 53 Statistical analysis ................................................................................................................. 53 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 54 Growth Performance ............................................................................................................. 54 Body temperature indices ..................................................................................................... 55 Blood metabolites ................................................................................................................. 55 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 58 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................... 66 iv CHAPTER 3: EFFECTS OF ZINC AMINO ACID COMPLEX ON BIOMARKERS OF GUT INTEGRITY AND METABOLISM DURING HEAT STRESS AND A FOLLOWING RECOVERY PERIOD IN GROWING PIGS ...............................................................................82 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 82 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 83 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 85 Animals, diets, and experimental design .............................................................................. 85 Production parameters .......................................................................................................... 87 Body temperature measurements .......................................................................................... 87 Blood sampling and analysis ................................................................................................ 88 Statistical analysis ................................................................................................................. 89 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 89 Growth performance ............................................................................................................. 89 Body temperature indices ..................................................................................................... 91 Blood metabolites ................................................................................................................. 92 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 94 Literature Cited ....................................................................................................................... 101 CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................117 Literature Cited ....................................................................................................................... 120 APPENDIX: EFFECTS OF LIVE YEAST SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND METABOLISM IN HEAT-STRESSED AND NUTRIENT- RESTRICTED PIGS ....................................................................................................................121 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Relation between heat production or heat losses and body temperature as affected by ambient temperature. ....................................................................... 4 Figure 2. Heat stress and growth performance depend upon the feed intake response ................................................................................................................
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