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First Nations' Aboriginal Interests and Traditional Use in the Waneta Hydroelectric Expansion Project Area: a Summary and An

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First Nations' Aboriginal Interests and Traditional Use in the Waneta Hydroelectric Expansion Project Area: a Summary and An FIRST NATIONS’ ABORIGINAL INTERESTS AND TRADITIONAL USE IN THE WANETA HYDROELECTRIC EXPANSION PROJECT AREA: A SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF KNOWN AND AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION Prepared at the Request of: WANETA EXPANSION POWER CORPORATION As Reference Information for Project Area First Nations Prepared by: Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kennedy Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants 171 Bushby Street, Victoria, British Columbia, V8S 1B5 August 20, 2004 (Rev. 11/2005) FIRST NATIONS’ ABORIGINAL INTERESTS AND TRADITIONAL USE IN THE WANETA HYDROELECTRIC EXPANSION PROJECT AREA: A SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF KNOWN AND AVAILABLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION Prepared at the Request of: WANETA EXPANSION POWER CORPORATION As Reference Information for Project Area First Nations Prepared by: Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kennedy Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants 171 Bushby Street, Victoria, British Columbia, V8S 1B5 August 20, 2004 (Rev. 11/2005) First Nations’ Aboriginal Interests and Traditional Use in the Waneta Hydroelectric Expansion Project Area: A Summary and Analysis of Known and Available Information TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Report Objectives........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Report Structure .......................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Linguistic and Cultural Affiliations of Claimant First Nations ................................... 2 1.3.1 Okanagan-Colville Linguistic and Cultural Affiliations ................................ 2 1.3.2 Lakes Linguistic and Cultural Affiliations ..................................................... 6 1.3.3 Kutenai Linguistic and Cultural Affiliations .................................................. 8 1.4 Contemporary First Nations' Claims to the Waneta Area ......................................... 10 1.5 Places of Cultural Significance.................................................................................. 11 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Lakes and Okanagan Literature Review.................................................................... 13 2.2 Kutenai Literature Review......................................................................................... 18 3.0 SITE-SPECIFIC TRADITIONAL USE INFORMATION RELATING TO THE AREA OF THE WANETA HYDROELECTRIC EXPANSION PROJECT ................ 23 3.1 Pend d'Oreille River Mouth/Waneta and the Surrounding Region ........................... 24 3.2 Some Culturally-Significant Plants Found or Likely to be Found in the Waneta Area ................................................................................................... 31 3.3 Some Culturally-Significant Animals Found or Likely to be Found in the Waneta Area ................................................................................................... 37 3.4 Some Culturally-Significant Birds Found or Likely to be Found in the Waneta Area .................................................................................................... 40 3.5 Some Culturally-Significant Fish (and Freshwater Shellfish) Found or Likely to be Found in the Waneta Area..................................................................... 41 4.0 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................. 45 5.0 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................... 47 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A: Use of “Sturgeon-nosed Canoes” and Use of Horses by the Lakes and Lower Kutenai First Nations...............................................................................................A-1 Appendix B: Cultural Background Information — The Lakes (Sngaytskstx) First Nation .......... B-1 Appendix C: Cultural Background Information — The Kutenai First Nation.............................. C-1 August 2004 (Rev. 11/2005) Page i First Nations’ Aboriginal Interests and Traditional Use in the Waneta Hydroelectric Expansion Project Area: A Summary and Analysis of Known and Available Information LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Some Culturally-Significant Plants Found or Likely to be Found in the Waneta Area .........................................................................................................32 Table 2: Some Culturally-Significant Animals Found or Likely to be Found in the Waneta Area .........................................................................................................38 Table 3: Some Culturally-Significant Fish (and Shellfish) Found or Likely to be Found in the Waneta Area .........................................................................................................42 Table 4: Some of the Commodities Traded from Lakes, Lower Kutenai and Kalispel/Pend D’Oreille at Fort Colville, 1827-1828 .........................................................................B-9 Table 5: The Identity of Lakes (sngaytskstx) Chiefs, 1830-1906 .............................................B-27 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Waneta Hydroelectric Expansion Project And Surrounding Territory ...........................3 Page ii August 2004 (Rev. 11/2005) First Nations’ Aboriginal Interests and Traditional Use in the Waneta Hydroelectric Expansion Project Area: A Summary and Analysis of Known and Available Information 1.0 INTRODUCTION In May 2004 the Waneta Expansion Power Corporation requested Randy Bouchard and Dr. Dorothy Kennedy to compile a report providing background information relating to First Nations’ aboriginal interests and traditional use in the proposed Waneta Hydroelectric Expansion Project (WEP) area, located at the confluence of the Pend d’ Oreille and Columbia Rivers adjacent to the Canada/United States border (see Figure 1). 1.1 Report Objectives The objectives of this report are to summarize and analyze the known and available ethnographic, ethnohistoric and linguistic background information pertinent to First Nations’ aboriginal interests and traditional use in the area of the WEP. This report relies mainly on the extensive research already compiled on behalf of Columbia Power Corporation by Bouchard and Kennedy between 1998 and 2000, the analysis of which has been presented in the comprehensive report entitled First Nations’ Ethnography and Ethnohistory in British Columbia’s Lower Kootenay/Columbia Hydropower Region (Bouchard and Kennedy 2000[reprinted in April, 2005]). While no new research has been undertaken, the present report re-focusses and expands upon those sections of the voluminous 2000 work that are relevant to the Waneta area. The present study includes additional information obtained by Bouchard and Kennedy during the course of their more than 35 years of research in this region, some of which is contained in the following reports and publications: Kennedy and Bouchard (1975; 1998); Bouchard and Kennedy (1984a; 1985); and Turner, Bouchard and Kennedy (1980). 1.2 Report Structure This report is comprised of six sections. Section 1.0 sets out the context of this report, lists its objectives, and identifies the First Nations whose cultural history has been investigated. This first section also includes a short discussion of “traditional use sites,” i.e. places of cultural significance to aboriginal people. As well, Section 1.0 contains a brief review of contemporary First Nations’ claims to lands and resources within the study area. Section 2.0 provides a literature review of the available sources of information that we have considered in our review of First Nations’ aboriginal interests and traditional use in the Waneta Hydroelectric Expansion Project area. August 2004 (Rev. 11/2005) Page 1 First Nations’ Aboriginal Interests and Traditional Use in the Waneta Hydroelectric Expansion Project Area: A Summary and Analysis of Known and Available Information Section 3.0 describes specific aboriginal land use that occurred in the immediate environs of the Waneta Hydroelectric Expansion Project, and presents an identification of flora and fauna that are culturally significant to First Nations and are found, or are likely to be found, in the vicinity of the WEP site. Section 4.0 presents the Conclusions of this report, while Section 5.0 lists the sources cited within the preceding sections as well as the Appendices. Appendices A through C provide supplementary cultural and ethnographic summaries of those aspects of aboriginal society that are important for the consideration of traditional land use in the Waneta area. Appendix A provides a description of the use of sturgeon-nosed canoes and horses as transportation by the Lakes and Kutenai First Nations in this region of the Columbia Basin. Appendices B and C provide general cultural and ethnographic summaries of the Lakes and Kutenai First Nations respectively. 1.3 Linguistic and Cultural Affiliations of Claimant First Nations This section discusses the linguistic and cultural affiliations of the Okanagan-Colville, Lakes and Kutenai, all of whom claim aboriginal interests in the proposed Waneta Hydroelectric Expansion Project area. 1.3.1 Okanagan-Colville Linguistic and Cultural Affiliations The term "Okanagan-Colville" — sometimes called “Colville-Okanagan,” or just “Okanagan” — is used to describe the language known by these
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