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www.aerosociety.com November 2019

V olume 46 Number 11

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210x280_4hp_aerospace_nov2018_ad.indd 1 29/10/2018 09:37 BAE Systems Volume 46 Number 11 Typhoon gets its Creating a new November 2019 second wind world What lies in store News from the first 14 for the Eurofighter Global Urban Air Typhoon, post Mobility Summit Centurion upgrade? on the challenges 26 facing developers of Contents eVTOL flying taxis. Correspondence on all matters is welcome at: The Editor, AEROSPACE, No.4 Hamilton Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK [email protected] Comment Regulars 4 Radome 12 Transmission The latest and Your letters, emails, tweets aeronautical intelligence, and social media feedback. analysis and comment. 58 The Last Word Hard vs 10 Antenna Keith Hayward on 70 years Howard Wheeldon looks of the B-52 in service and at the fall of Thomas Cook the past and future role of It has frequently been said that one of the ‘West’s’ main advantages in the and future demand for the long-range strategic was not necessarily military technology but the ‘soft power’ it commercial . . could project around the world. Hollywood, Madison Avenue, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones (and the US dollar) provided cultural power that crossed the Iron Curtain to influence and win over those behind. However, Features Airbus others have learnt those lessons. In addition to displaying its military might Erik Hildenbrandt. for its 70th anniversary parade, is now exercising its ‘soft power’ derived from its massive economic might in ever more invasive ways. From demanding that Cathay Pacific crew hand over personal devices to 18 be checked for pro-Hong Kong material, to global submitting to renaming Taiwan on IFE maps – no aspect is too small to cause offence. Plane Speaking Such is the spread of corporate fear that there is now anecdotal evidence An interview with Grazia 34 that Western corporations are now starting to pre-emptively self-censor Vittandini, Chief Technical Officer of Airbus. on ’s behalf – terrified as they are by the eye of Sauron alighting on Fight’s on! Commercial them for displeasing Beijing. Where does aerospace come into this? China Red Air in the 21st Century 22 Delivering tomorrow’s Providing affordable undoubtedly represents a valuable market for Western manufacturers pilot training aggressor tactical training is and suppliers – who previously have flown under the radar when it comes An RAeS conference now a growing trend – with provides an update on the US leading the way. to taking sides in geopolitics. Yet there is a sense now of progressively pilot training. increasing demands – making co-operation much more hazardous, as China increasingly flexes these geopolitical soft power muscles and finds, MAKS on the whole, a divided liberal west unable to forcefully resist and fearful of missing out on bumper sales. Hypersonic may make for impressive parades but, slowly and surely, it is soft power that can gradually make 30 geostrategic changes and bend adversaries to your will. Tim Robinson, Editor-in-Chief 38 [email protected] Moscow to the MAKS Defence on parade A report on the 2019 A report on the 2019 Defence Moscow International & Security Equipment NEWS IN BRIEF Aviation and Space Show. International (DSEI) exhibition.

Editor-in-Chief Editorial Office 2019 AEROSPACE subscription Tim Robinson Royal Aeronautical Society rates: Non-members, £170 +44 (0)20 7670 4353 No.4 Hamilton Place Please send your order to: [email protected] London W1J 7BQ, UK Wayne J Davis, RAeS, No.4 Hamilton +44 (0)20 7670 4300 Deputy Editor Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK. [email protected] 41 Bill Read +44 (0)20 7670 4354 +44 (0)20 7670 4351 www.aerosociety.com [email protected] [email protected] AEROSPACE is published by the Royal Any member not requiring a print 42 Message from our President Aeronautical Society (RAeS). version of this magazine, please Production Manager Message from our Chief Executive contact: [email protected] 43 Wayne J Davis Chief Executive +44 (0)20 7670 4354 Sir Brian Burridge CBE FRAeS USA: Periodical postage paid at 44 Book Reviews [email protected] Advertising Champlain New York and additional 47 Library Additions Online +44 (0)20 7670 4346 offices. Publications Co-ordinator [email protected] 48 New Heritage plaque Chris Male Postmaster: Send address changes Additional features and content are to IMS of New York, PO Box 1518, +44 (0)20 7670 4352 Unless specifically attributed, no 49 The Aeronauts film review available to view online on Champlain NY 12919-1518, USA. [email protected] material in AEROSPACE shall be taken www.aerosociety.com/aerospaceinsight 50 Highland Branch lecture Publications Executive to represent the opinion of the RAeS. ISSN 2052-451X Including: Annabel Hallam Reproduction of material used in this 52 Diary Air ambulances, The challenges facing the +44 (0)20 7670 4361 publication is not permitted without the introduction of urban air taxis, Accelerating future [email protected] written consent of the Editor-in-Chief. 54 Obituary fighter development, Developing a global flight training association, In the October issue of Book Review Editor Printed by Buxton Press Limited, 55 Sandy Gunn aerospace AEROSPACE, The Aeronauts film review, Brian Riddle Palace Road, Buxton, Derbyshire careers programme SK17 6AE, UK AI and machine learning, 2019 DSEI [email protected] 56 Elections Distributed by Royal Mail exhibition report. Front cover: over Dubai. (Eurofighter)

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INTELLIGENCE / ANALYSIS / COMMENT Speed king The 360 would borrow the rotor system, scaled down to a smaller diameter and with four blades, from the larger 525 Relentless super-medium . A clean would unload 50% of lift from the rotor at top speed.

Optionally piloted As a scout/ the Invictus would have a crew of two but would also be able to be optionally piloted for maximum flexibility in future missions. The 360 would also reuse the triplex redundant fly-by-wire (FBW) from the V-280 Valor and 525 Relentless.

Weapons The Invictus would feature a nose-mounted 20mm cannon, as well as an internal weapons bay for Hellfire class-guided munitions. The stub could also carry additional missiles. Bell

4 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 Bell 360 Invictus specifications Crew 2 Speed 180kt Combat radius (with 90min on station) 135miles Payload 1,400lb

Extra power As well as a T901 ITEP engine, the Invictus would also feature an additional supplemental power unit (SPU). This would be used as an APU on the ground, as well as for providing additional power for dash speeds, hover performance or in emergencies.

Shrouded The tailrotor would feature a canted ducted Fenestron-style configuration, for low noise and stability in the hover.

W DEFENCE Bell reveals 360 Invictus Bell has unveiled its proposed concept for the US Army’s FARA (Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft) programme – the 360 Invictus. The high-speed 360 Invictus features a shrouded tail rotor, internal weapons bay and a clean wing, as well as retractable . It would be armed with a 20mm cannon and Hellfire class missiles. Using stub wings, an additional engine would give a dash speed over 200mph. Currently in preliminary design, Bell is aiming to fly the 360 in 2022, with a fly-off expected in 2023.

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AIR TRANSPORT AEROSPACE Thomas Cook Biggest ever peacetime Joint safety group slams repatriation as Thomas Cook , FAA over 737 MAX An international body of inadequate awareness of goes under experts tasked into looking the MCAS function which, at the development and coupled with limited oversight of the grounded involvement, resulted in MAX in an inability of the FAA to the wake of two fatal provide an independent crashes has criticised assessment of the the FAA and Boeing for adequacy of the Boeing- safety lapses. The Joint proposed certification The collapse of 178 year old holiday group and airline, Thomas Cook, on 23 Authorities Technical activities.” The report September, saw the UK CAA activate the largest ever peacetime repatriation of Review (JATR) highlighted also slammed Boeing for over 150,000 passengers stranded in 18 different countries when the firm ceased the FAA's lack of oversight “extensive and fragmented operations. The pre-planned , named Operation Matterhorn, saw 45 aircraft in delegating certification documentation” and for chartered by the CAA and ran from 23 September to 6 October. A number of other to the manufacturer, failing to inform the FAA airlines were also involved in returning stranded passengers using scheduled flights. saying: “In the B737 MAX about changes to MCAS program, the FAA had during the programme. SPACEFLIGHT DEFENCE Chinese Internet Musk aiming to fly China shows off military might Starship in early 2020

SpaceX's Elon Musk has at Space X's Boca Chica announced plans to fly facility in South Texas. The his newly completed Super Heavy booster Starship Mk first stage

S p 1 reusable a is also under Supersonic reconnaissance drones, new missiles and two-soldier gyrocopters were c

e rocket in an X construction among the 100 aircraft and on display in Beijing for a military parade uncrewed flight with Musk celebrating communist China’s 70th anniversary. Among the highlights were a previously to an altitude revealing that unseen rocket-powered high-speed reconnaissance drone, believed to be known as the of around 20km SpaceX aims to WZ-8 and speculated to be air-launched. A mock-up of the Sharp Sword stealth UCAV within the next one conduct an orbital was also on display, which is now designated the GJ-11 in Chinese service. Other to two months. The full flight of the Starship in weapons on display were DF-17 hypersonic glide and the public debut of the is now assembled early 2020. DF-41 intercontinental ballistic . NEWS IN BRIEF

completely autonomously. Naval Air Station Oceana centre on 17 September. the physicist and electrical and Universidade Ufes has been working in Virginia on 2 October. The payload of the Ziyuan engineer Oliver Heaviside, Federal do Espírito Santo on autonomous vehicle The USN is replacing 1-2D observation the eight-rotor vehicle (Ufes) have revealed that research for cars since its Hornet fleet with the satellite, the BNU-1 Ice is said to only generate they have carried out the 2009. newer Boeing F/A- Pathfinder environmental- 38 decibels of sound, first autonomous aircraft 18E/F Super Hornet and monitoring microsatellite compared to around 60dBA demonstration in . Airbus has delivered the F-35C. and the Taurus 1 from a helicopter. The project saw a Legacy 1,000th A320neo family The US Marine Corps is to CubeSat were carried into 500 bizjet modified to be aircraft. The aircraft was continue flying the earlier orbit aboard a Long March Mitsubishi Aircraft a technology demonstrator handed over to Indian Hornet until 2030 after 4B launcher. Corporation has with laser sensors and low-cost carrier IndiGo which it will be replaced by announced that it is set to cameras. The trial, in at a ceremony at Airbus’ the F-35B. eVTOL specialist Kitty open a new design centre the last week of August, assembly plant. Hawk has revealed its latest for its SpaceJet regional saw the aircraft, with China launched two Earth- design which it claims is in , safety pilots onboard, The US Navy’s last imaging satellites and an 100 times quieter than a . The Japanese successfully taxi from the F/A-18C Hornet flew its experimental solar sail conventional helicopter. airframer reached an hardstanding to the final active-duty flight at from the Taiyuan space Named Heaviside after agreement in the summer

6 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 DEFENCE SPACEFLIGHT Raytheon unveils new UK private company to land Peregrine AAM ‘spider’ rover on in 2021

Raytheon has revealed weapon bays − doubling it is working on a new the loadout of some compact medium- R fighters. No exact a y th range air-to-air e specifications o n missile, called are available but Peregrine. Raytheon says The radar-guided that the missile missile is half the has slightly better length and weight of range than the AIM- the AIM-120 AMRAAM 120, as well as increased missile, enabling it to be speed. The weapon is also A secretive UK space start-up, , has revealed that it is aiming to be carried in greater numbers, half the cost of today's the first organisation to land a British-built rover on the Moon in 2021. Its especially by stealth AAMs, enabling more to tiny 1.5kg ‘spider’ rover uses four legs instead of wheels and is set to catch fighters with internal be procured. a ride on Astrobotic's Peregrine lander − which is scheduled to touch down

Spacebit on the Moon in 2021 carrying NASA science experiments. AEROSPACE GENERAL AVIATION German start-up reveals ten seat Final Schools Build-a- electric commuter aircraft Plane completed After seven years, students challenge for 14-18 year from Bridge Learning olds, which was supported Campus have by Boeing UK completed the and which was sixth and final launched in Boeing/RAeS 2008. Funds Rans S-6 Coyote from the sale A new German start-up, Scylax, has revealed it is developing a ten seat all-electric II light aircraft as of the finished short-range commuter aircraft – with the aim of flying a demonstrator within three part of the STEM ultralights were years. The E10 would have a range of 300km using existing battery technology, outreach project. Six ploughed back into a with the company targeting certification in eight years. schools in the UK were follow-up schools project, involved in the kitplane Falcon Initiative 2. Scylax

to acquire the remains of final certification of rotary 2017 but the mission Bombardier’s CRJ regional Airbus Defence has AAR planned for 2021. was delayed by technical AeroVironment has jet programme. announced it has issues. conducted the first flight achieved the milestone NASA’s Ionospheric of its HAWK30 solar- is to of the first ‘dry’ air-to- Connection Explorer Seven people were killed powered high-altitude acquire a 20% stake in air refuelling contacts (ICON) has been after a WW2-era Boeing pseudo-satellite (HAPS) the Chile-based airline between its A400M and launched into orbit aboard B-17 bomber crashed UAV. The HAWK30 was group LATAM for $1.9bn. a helicopter. The trials, a shortly after take-off on flown on 11 September Delta is to invest $350m conducted in the south of Pegasus XL rocket. The 2 October in Connecticut, at NASA’s Armstrong in the strategic partnership , saw an A400M in rocket was air-launched US. Thirteen people were Flight Research Center in and acquire four Airbus the tanker role make dry from a modified L-1011 onboard the aircraft, which California. A350s from LATAM. contact with a H225M flying over the Atlantic was operated by the Delta will also take over helicopter 51 times over Ocean on 10 October. Collings Foundation. The Ukraine Air Alliance has LATAM’s commitment to an four flights. The next step, Designed to monitor the aircraft ran into trouble five been grounded, following a additional ten A350s due says the company, will Earth’s upper atmosphere, minutes after take-off and fatal accident in Lyiv on 4 for delivery between 2020 be wet contacts before ICON was originally was reportedly attempting October with an An-12 that and 2025. the end of the year, with scheduled to launch in to land when it crashed. killed five onboard.

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AIR TRANSPORT SPACEFLIGHT CAE opens new Gatwick centre First Emirati astronaut visits ISS On 25 September, the 2018 to be one of two United Arab ’ UAE astronauts – and first astronaut, Hazzaa joined NASA astronaut al-Mansoori, launched Jessica Meir and onboard a Soyuz Russian cosmonaut Oleg rocket from Baikonur Skripochka on the flight. Cosmodrome, , After a mission lasting to the International Space eight days he returned to Station (ISS). A former Earth on 3 October with Canadian simulator and training specialists, CAE, UAE AF fighter pilot, US astronaut Nick Hague officially inaugurated a new civil flight simulation al-Mansoori was selected and Russian cosmonaut training centre in Gatwick, UK, on 1 October. from 4,000 applicants in Alexey Ovchinin. The new centre sees easyJet as the anchor tenant with a ten-year agreement and currently hosts DEFENCE seven (five A320, one A350 and one A330) full flight simulators. A new fixed-base 600XR device is also Dassault delivers first set to be added before the end of the year. Once fully operational, it will have 18 FFS devices in service and Indian Rafale train 12,000 pilots a year, as well as cabin crew. AEROSPACE WTO trade spat sees tariffs imposed

The World Trade and state support. This Organization (WTO) has will see 10% import tariffs given the US the go-ahead imposed on Airbus aircraft to impose tariffs on $7.5bn from 18 October, as well At a ceremony at its factory in Merignac, France, Dassault delivered the first of 36 Rafale fighters to the Indian Air Force. The first four aircraft will arrive in India by of EU imports in the latest as other goods from the May 2020. The aircraft were ordered directly by India in 2016 as a government-to- twist in the long-running EU. Europe, meanwhile, government deal, after the 126-aircraft MMRCA (Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft) transatlantic dispute over has threatened to retaliate competition was axed. New Delhi has since relaunched its search for additional fighters – with an RFI for 110 fighters issued in 2018.

Airbus and Boeing subsidies against US goods. Dassault NEWS IN BRIEF

helicopter at a ceremony at implementation of the report on a study of the Taiwan’s Aerospace The Vulcain 2.1 main its Verigate facility in . CORSIA emissions environmental impacts of Industrial Development stage engine which The 1,000th AW139 offsetting scheme for new Corporation (AIDC) will be used to power was handed over to the international flights under development. officially rolled out its 6, Europe's Italian Guardai di Finanza and reducing additional Advanced Jet Trainer next-generation launch law enforcement agency emissions. Other decisions France’s XL Airways and (AJT) on 24 September. vehicle, has completed which has 22 on order. included creating a Slovenia’s The new XT-5 AJT its qualification testing. The aircraft is currently in long-term global goal have both announced trainer is based on the The engine is now to be service with 280 operators for international aviation they have halted all flights

dual-seat version of the refurbished for dynamic in 70 countries. CO2 emissions reduction, after running into cashflow F-CK-1 fighter but with and vibration tests. further elaboration of problems. Adria, the flag non-afterburning engines, Delegates at the 40th the 2050 ICAO Vision carrier of Slovenia, says lighter weight and lower On 20 September, ICAO Assembly have on Sustainable Aviation it needs access to fresh landing speeds. The Leonardo Helicopters announced a number of Fuel and a call for investment, while XL Republic of China Air delivered the 1,000th aviation environmental ICAO’s Committee on Airways is reported to be Force (RoCAF) is set to example of its best-selling protection initiatives, Aviation Environmental discussing a rescue deal receive 66 of the XT-5s. AW139 twin-engine moving forward on the Protection (CAEP) to with .

8 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 AEROSPACE GENERAL AVIATION UK banks on electric to re-invigorate GA sector

The UK Government appointed a new General has revealed new plans Aviation Advocate, six to re-invigorate its light Aviation Ambassadors, aviation sector, by using (including the first female Three Chinese carriers, Air it as the testbed for pilot Kirsty China, innovative electric aviation Murphy) to raise the profile and technologies. Speaking of the sector – as well have all placed orders for at on as £2.7m in funding to the Chinese-built 19 September, Transport zero-emission hydrogen ARJ21-700 . Minister and GA pilot powertrain company Grant Shapps MP, revealed ZeroAvia, which will perform

Boeing that the Government had test flights in the UK. Boeing and Porsche DEFENCE team for premium air taxis Goodbye Pucara, hello Fenix Boeing-owned UAV and urban air mobility subsidary Aurora Flight Sciences has signed a Memorandum of The Argentinian Air Understanding with German car manufacturer Porsche to Force is to rerole and analyse demand for premium electric vertical take-off flying rename an unspecified taxis for urban aerial transport. Porsche Engineering Services number of its 25 and Studio FA Porsche are also to assist Aurora to develop remaining IA-58 Pucara and test a prototype eVTOL. Porsche's consulting division light attack/COIN aircraft has previously said it expects urban air mobility to expand into a new Fenix ISR rapidly after 2025. variant. The upgrade  Meanwhile, Boeing has announced it will invest $20m includes new mission into pioneer via its Horizon X sensors, satcomms venture capital fund. The strategic investment will see the and new P&WC PT6A companies 'work together to broaden commercial space . access and transform global travel technologies.' Argentinian Air Force ON THE AIR TRANSPORT MOVE INFOGRAPHIC: Airbus predict 39,210 new has appointed Walmart US needed over next 20 years CEO Greg Foran as its next CE.

Boeing is to separate the position of Chairman and CEO − stripping the title of Chairman from current chief Dennis Muilenburg. It has announced David L. Calhoun as the new non- executive Chairman.

Correction In the October 2019 issue of AEROSPACE, on p16 in the air ambulance feature, a picture of the trauma pack should have been credited to the author, Mike Gething. We apologise for any confusion caused. Airbus

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 9 Global Outlook and Analysis with antenna: HOWARD WHEELDON Thomas Cook goes bust while planemakers give rosy forecasts of growth

here’s no real correlation between the two fund it. That is what happens to companies that hold issues but it does seem rather strange irresponsible amounts of debt and virtually no assets. that, as yet another big UK holiday travel While it is easy from a marketing stance to see why airline company collapses, the world’s operating your own airline provides competitive two largest manufacturers of commercial advantage, similar to the collapse of Monarch Airlines Taircraft, Airbus and Boeing, are both continuing to last year, having a large number of expensive leased predict massive 20-year expectations of growth. aircraft on your books can very quickly turn a strategy While the wall-to-wall news coverage of the of competitive advantage to one of having a rope collapse of Britain’s oldest and supposedly best- around your neck. known travel company, Thomas Cook, made for So it was that, in a fast-changing and competitive shocking news headlines, particularly for the world, one that provides buyers of holidays with far employees and many thousands of those that had more options of choice, together with cheaper flights, booked holidays and flights with the company, suffice had finally seen Thomas Cook off. to say that for those that have observed how Thomas True, following the history of survival scares of Cook has been struggling for so many years, the final late, many would-be Thomas Cook customers were collapse came as little surprise. probably put off. In the end, Chinese interest in First thing to say though is hats off to the brilliant financially supporting the company came to nothing, manner that the Authority conducted although it would not surprise me to see them buy repatriation back to the UK of all those that were on the company name. Thomas Cook holidays abroad. Never has an exercise on the scale of bringing in the region of 150,000 Planemakers talk of even more people back home been attempted before and all growth credit to the Government for not prevaricating in terms of the decision to repatriate and to the CAA for Up from a range of independent estimates arranging over 1,000 flights to bring everyone back suggesting that there are around 32,000 commercial home by 6 October. aircraft currently in service with global airlines today, Thomas Cook may well have been dubbed the most recent 20-year forecast from Airbus points as Britain’s oldest, largest and sometimes best- to the global fleet of passenger and loved travel agent over the decades but this was a reaching a heady 47,680 aircraft by 2038. company that had been badly managed for years. It Thisis good news for the aerospace industry was laden with unacceptable and unworkable levels of course. However, while it is true that, by making of debt, was far too large for the market it served, aircraft lighter through the use of composite spent far too much on marketing, maintained an materials and improved , together with expensive and unprofitable airline, not to mention the substantial and ongoing improvements being having lost its way in a fast-changing holiday market achieved in engine efficiency, have and continue in which customers prefer to buy online. There you to play a big role in reducing fuel consumption, it have it in a nutshell! is difficult to perceive that such large numbers of Yes, sterling’s devaluation against the and new aircraft are compatible with the International dollar hardly helped but for the now former Thomas Civil Aviation Organizations target, if carbon neutral Cook CEO, Peter Fankhauser, to blame failure of the growth is to be achieved by 2020 – let alone a 50% 178-year old firm on bondholders and the syndicate reduction in carbon dioxide emissions being achieved of lenders that had kept the company going on life by 2050. support is frankly all but laughable. True, increased use of high-bypass Having survived various economic crisis, engines will undoubtedly help to further reduce recessions and massive fuel price hikes over the carbon dioxide emissions. Who, I wonder, 30 years years, not to mention a long period of being state- ago, would have thought that aircraft today would owned, Thomas Cook finally went under because no be burning significantly less fuel than those flying one else, not even the Chinese, had been prepared to back then? Technology is always our friend and who

10 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 Informatique Alan Wilson/Flickr

Grey skies for Thomas Cook. knows what else will be achieved between now and Whatever, more still needs to be done and ways 2050? The answer is ‘a lot’ but will it be enough for found to reduce emissions and aircraft contrails those who fret about the environmental damage that which are also thought to be playing a significant aircraft do and the role they play in climate change role in global warming. Aircraft contrails, by the and global warming? way, are formed by condensation of hot gases and soot from partially burned . At high altitudes Sustainable growth the prevalence of tiny ice crystals intensifies the heat trapping effect while at low altitudes they do All this begs the question that, in a more informed the opposite and reflect sunlight. The solution may world and one in which the public is increasingly appear to be to reduce the height that jet airliners fly! aware of the potential impact of CO2 emissions on climate change, is aviation industry growth on the Inevitable growth level forecast really sustainable? With the huge increase in global emissions from cargo ships and For all that, modern day aircraft burn 60% less fuel the automotive sector being equally culpable for than did the first generation of commercial jetliners. damage to the environment as anyone else, no one However, the industry appears to be growing at a should blame the commercial aviation industry alone faster rate than the technology needed to keep the for the part that it plays in environmental damage. overall emissions of climate change gases in check. Aviation is continuing to make great strides Interestingly, while there are variations in the forward in reducing emissions and next generation individual Airbus and Boeing growth forecasts, both aircraft engines, such as Rolls-Royce's Advance aircraft manufacturers agree that the requirement and UltraFan, can be expected to set new for new commercial aircraft build over the next 20 benchmarks in efficiency and environmental years will be for around 39,000 new aircraft. Of performance. Increased use of biofuels will make these, Airbus predicts that 25,000 will be required a difference too, as will the potential longer-term to support global market growth and 14,201 will be development of electric propulsion. However, while required for replacement of existing aircraft. the aerospace industry is rising to the challenge Airbus and Boeing each have a long and of achieving greater efficiency and reducing successful history of forecasting market growth and emissions even further, the larger question may I have no reason to doubt that the latest forecasts be whether the pace of change will be enough to have much to commend them. Resilient to the satisfy governments and regulators? majority of market shocks since 2001, with air traffic Huge efforts have been made to cut fuel burn, IS AVIATION having more than doubled since 2000 and average lower emissions and reduce the cost of operation passenger fares, according to Boeing, having for airlines over the past two decades but is it a INDUSTRY fallen 40% since then, in an ideal world, unless you case today that industry growth is still outpacing GROWTH ON consider that a global recession is in prospect, little environmental benefits? True, while the aviation THE LEVEL reason to disbelieve that growth will continue. Boeing industry has worked hard to put its CO and NO estimate that the air travel market is likely to be 2 2 FORECAST emissions house in order, it seems that the global 2.5 times larger 20 years from now and that airline shipping industry which is equally to blame has yet to REALLY passenger traffic will grow by an average of 4.6% even start! SUSTAINABLE? and cargo traffic by 4.2%.

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LETTERS AND ONLINE Inspiring pilots Short take-off and landing ATR 42-600S greenlighted ATR At the RAeS International Flight Crew Training 2019 @DarrellAviation [On @M_McElroy I’m sure @yvemor Nice project. conference, the inaugural ‘Most Inspiring Cadet Pilot’ award ATR officially launches @FlyLoganair will read this This open operations to was presented to Dhak Karanveer Singh (left), trained by ATR 42-600 STOL variant with interest. many runways. They are Bartolini Air in Poland, and James Couldridge (right) trained with ability to operate from usually for GA aircraft, so by Atlantic Flight Training Academy in Ireland. 800m runways] Need in some cases there could to make it electric but I @CJayFla Hmm, looks be runway strength issues, Automated flight imagine that option is a like it can get in on two of as the ATR is much heavier few years away. 800m, @BRRAirport’s runways. than usual GA aircraft. wow that’s brilliant as I wonder if they have a Hafidz Abdul Aziz [On it gives access to more tundra tyre option.... Automated flight – AI and potential airports. @alexisv42943428 This machine learning(3)] The is a little air bus efficiencies of AI should be taken advantage of to i supplement the role of the human in the flight deck The challenges facing eVTOL air taxis and not remove the human Air ambulances Kityy Hawk element altogether. @TheWoracle [On Ameen Budagher [On Creating a new world airborne emergency – and urban room(1)] It is of great air mobility blog(2)] Can importance that, the we stop repeating this ‘Airborne Ambulance ‘200 vehicles’ thing? Services’ should cover all It’s meaningless. Not an cities and communities. indicator of technology feasibility or market eVTOL air taxis viability. At least 90% of them are hopeless hype. Tim Watkins [On Focus on the true barriers Creating a new world(2)] to this market becoming Great to see the RAeS a reality. Kitty Hawk’s new Heaviside eVTOL. taking such a strong lead on this topic. Also Russian and @MichaelJPryce VLJs @Doctor_Astro Thanks consider attending the Ukrainian aircraft @NZAircraftFan I think were part of the last air taxi for featuring our Mobi-One RAeS Light Aircraft a lot of investors will lose craze, promoted by NASA. tiltwing from @AirspaceXP. Design Conference on @CyranodEcosse [On money on this – for want Some designs that came 18 November where we Ukraine’s Antonov and a better word – fad. I can’t from that are still chasing will be looking in detail Russia] What is the state really see flying taxis the old but ever-moving, @AIN_SkyWriter at electric propulsion for of Russia large aircraft becoming very popular, as FAR Part 23, ten or more Nothing in aviation is ever general aviation aircraft. manufacture now that I think regulation will kill years after flying. Post cheap. And if it is, don’t just they are waging war off a lot of these mad cap 737 MAX, I can’t see the walk away – run away, against the country that schemes. FAA being keen on novel because safety and/ Sohail C There is a produced virtually all their regulation. or maintenance has definite direction coming large transport aircraft likely been compromised from the executive for all (excluding passenger @yvemor Very thorough. to reach that lower price. the relevant Specialist aircraft)? I look forward to Part 2 Groups to work together on these themes.

12 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 – test pilot and Spectre speedboat driver RAeS at New Scientist Live RAeS/NAL @phil_rowles [On Eon Productions test pilot Peter Twiss as Spectre speedboat driver in ‘From Russia With Love’ movie] Peter transferred to developing their power boats in his later career. Fairey Huntsman and Huntress models feature in the film. Peter Twiss (1921-2011) Peter Twiss appeared in I believe he is driving the is credited with flying over the 1963 James Bond film Huntsman in that scene. 140 types of aircraft. He From Russia with Love served as a pilot in WW2 driving a Fairey Marine before joining Fairey speedboat. He also flew The RAeS Careers Service was at the New Scientist Live @Peter_J_Farrow Aviation as a test pilot. a Swordfish in festival at ExCel London on 10-13 October encouraging Another interesting fact: In 1956 he broke the the 1960 filmSink the visitors to the stand to try out their flying skills on a the helicopter pilot was world speed record flying Bismark. . Captain Cyril Sweetman, a at a speed instructor from Air of 1,132mph. He also @MaxK_J Guy and Service Training, who was flew the I bumped into Peter Boeing Build-a-Plane YPC aeromedicine uncredited. He was flying a compound helicopter. with Neville Duke at a Hiller 12C, also from AST. Farnborough in the . Another twist to the story They were selling their books is, Peter Twiss learned to @securitysplat from a table in front of the fly helicopters with AST on According to @Wikipedia, halls. Both were charming, the Hiller, at Hamble. he started his career as an humble gents, despite being apprentice tea-taster! aviation legends!

@BoeingUK [On Sticky situation @lawrieg3 Wasn’t there Accelerating fighter Boeing Build-a-Plane] an advert for adhesive jet development Congratulations to the @frasercorsan [On many years ago that stuck students from a man to a plane? Not Extinction Rebellion @kennethpkatz [21st @Bristol_BLC for sure it was a jet but if protester glueing themself Century Boyd’s – US completing the build of they’re stupid enough to to airliner at London City] goes back to the future(4)] their Rans Coyote light try it ... Next level wing walking or Five years is probably aircraft as part of our @hoang_laura [On cheap facelift? unrealistic and unrealistic Schools Build-a-Plane RAeS Young Professionals program schedule Challenge with @aviationcomment Conference on 13 constraints will inevitably @AeroSociety. G-TBLC Could just park up at the September] “I didn’t want @markjabbal Lying drive bad decisions. Ten is shown at @GlosAirport end of the runway so the to carry on treating in- down and a bit further years is possible realistic in front of proud students, protester gets a really grown toe nails, I wanted forward, they’ll be helping and better than the volunteers and teachers good close up view of to contribute in another with a la B747 25-year development who all helped build the the planes taking off and way” Dr Mark Adams hump. times that we have plane from a kit. The landing, bit noisy though ... talks about his fascinating become accustomed to. build has enhanced their career as a pilot physician. Can the customer keep #STEM skills and given #aviationmedicine @andorsey279 If you requirements under them the confidence to @AviationLed I’ve @AeroSociety #YPC19 do the math on humans control? succeed in the future. at terminal velocity of watched the fuel burn ~120mph, and solve for go up a fraction of a litre coefficient of drag * area, per hundred km in my you get 5-6ft2. A modern Jeep when driving at 1. AEROSPACE, October 2019, p 14, The airborne emergency room 100 km/hr with all of the 2. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/creating-a-new-world/ narrowbody in cruise has 3. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/automated-flight-ai-and-machine-learning/ a total Cd*area in cruise of windows and the sun roof 4. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/21st-century-boyds-us-goes-back-to-the-future/ about 40ft2. So, a person opened. The turbulence on the would be is horrendous inside the ~15% fuel burn. Would vehicle though. help if they laid down … Online Additional features and content are available to view online at http://media.aerosociety.com/aerospace-insight

@aerosociety i Findlinkedin.com/raes us on LinkedIn f facebook.com/raesFind us on Facebook. www.aerosociety.comwww.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 13 DEFENCE Eurofighter Typhoon - the next evolution Typhoon gets its second wind HENRY JONES reports from Warton to discover the next evolution of capabilities for the Eurofighter Typhoon.

t this year’s Defence and Security Project Centurion Equipment International (DSEI) Fair, Team Tempest stole the show. 358 Hangar sits unassumingly at the southern end of The life size concept model was a . Inside are six Typhoon jets. BAE hub of activity, discussion, photos, Systems may have delivered 153 of the aircraft to the andA chatter. The news that Italy would join the UK but development is still far from over. and Sweden in the programme certainly added to These aircraft are used to test the new technologies this. Indeed Charles Woodburn, Chief Executive and upgrades that BAE Systems is constantly of BAE Systems, said that Italy’s commitment: producing. “demonstrates the growing momentum behind the The Typhoon is vitally important to the United endeavour.” Kingdom. In last year’s Combat Air Strategy, then However, behind the scenes, the Typhoon Secretary of State for Defence, Gavin Williamson continues its development. 2019 has been a crucial affirmed that the UK’s combat air capability will be year for the fighter, particularly in light of Tornado’s solely based around Typhoon and F-35 until at least retirement. With that in mind, BAE Systems invited the late 2040s. With the retirement of the Tornado a group of journalists to its base at Warton for an this year, the Typhoon has become paramount to the update on future air plans. RAF’s ability to fight. Crown CopyrightCrown

14 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 Project Centurion, the programme to ensure evolution will be drawn up. There are over 50 new that theTyphoon could take over from Tornado, was technologies being considered for implementation, never just about integrating new weapons. Adding both on the engine and elsewhere on the aircraft, the cruise missile, the air- all of which need to be rigorously tested. to-air missile and the precision attack Flynn reassured that Project Centurion missile was only ever part of the equation. It was had resulted in a “seamless transition” for also just as much about enhancing the ‘brains’ of the Royal Air Force between Tornado and the aircraft. The software, sensors, and are Typhoon. He added that they had received all undergoing continuous development. “very good feedback.” Indeed Andy Flynn, Capability Delivery Director This development may be made available at BAE Systems, told reporters at Warton that to other international customers. , sensor upgrades for Typhoon will be for example, is in the process of “the next iteration of Centurion.” replacing its older Tranche 1 Typhoon No. 41 Squadron, the Royal Air hardware with systems from Tranche Force’s Test and Evaluation Squadron 2. BAE says the contract for that (TES), is currently test flying the move is likely to happen by the end of 5 targeting pod prior to it this year. While much of the Project being rolled out across the Typhoon IT IS NO Centurion development is only useful fleet. The latest upgrades to the LONGER THE to the , aspects may pod mean it is not only used for CASE THAT be carried over to Germany, though targeting but also as an intelligence, discussions remain ongoing. It also surveillance, target acquisition and THE ROYAL remains possible that Germany may reconnaissance system. Upgrades AIR FORCE purchase additional Typhoons to like this are intended to keep the CAN TRAIN IN replace its Tornado fleet, although aircraft ‘relevant’, said Flynn. UK AIRSPACE Boeing’s F/A-18 Super Hornet is “Agile spiral development and also in the running. keeping the aircraft relevant is the CAREFREE phase we are in. We have done the WITHOUT BEING The future of training big leap and it’s now about keeping it MONITORED relevant.” he said. BAE is not just focusing on hardware but is also working with the RAF to Taking over the Tornado’s mission look at how training can be better delivered. When a customer buys a Typhoon, the jet will spend In the most basic sense, transferring the roles of on average 90% of its time in the air on training a two seater aircraft – the Tornado – onto a single sorties. BAE is, therefore, no longer just a platform seater aircraft – the Typhoon – comes with a unique business but also provides a huge amount of set of challenges that need to be overcome. Tasks support for training. need to become ‘simpler’ for the pilot, and Litening Archie Neill, Director of Operational Training 5 is intended to ease workload in the air. BAE at BAE Systems Air, said that an “asymmetric, Systems is currently getting feedback from 41 changing environment” is forcing an evolution in Squadron and, all being well, Flynn said the system fast jet training. There is increasing concern that will be on the frontline “by the end of next year.” the tactics and manoeuvres employed by pilots Elsewhere on the jet, the EJ200 engine is in the air can be watched by aggressors. It is no being looked at. At the Air Show in June, longer the case that the Royal Air Force can train Eurofighter announced a deal worth over €53m in UK airspace carefree without being monitored. with the British, German, Spanish and Italian “The tactics we are using now are being governments. Over the next 19 months, the engine observed,” Neill said, adding that the decision “is will be evaluated and a long term plan on its not just about cost. It’s about security.”

A Typhoon takes off at RAF Coningsby.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 15 DEFENCE Eurofighter Typhoon - the next evolution

By April 2021 there’ll be a 50:50 “Sceptre will deliver the RAF a very real Live:Synthetic training balance for the Typhoon. and tangible information advantage over its BAE’s plan is that the training itself can be done adversaries.” said Aiken. “In today’s world, a pilot synthetically on the ground, with only the post- does not have time to decipher multiple pages of training evaluation needing to happen in the air. information and this is where Sceptre gives them The plan will involve three full mission information in a clear way to allow them to focus simulators and three operational mission trainers on the mission.” installed at RAF Coningsby in . RAF BAE says that it will allow users on the Lossiemouth in will receive two of each. ground to “make better, more informed decisions” Both Coningsby and Lossiemouth will then be to support the flight crew in real time during a linked to a reference system at the BAE facility mission. While the RAF will initially use it to support in Warton to allow training to be monitored and Typhoon, it has been designed to be platform developed centrally. Once fully operational, pilots agnostic. will do roughly 20 training events each month but BAE is now having to look into the amount only half of these will be in the air. of data that comes off an aircraft at the end of a The UK is leading the way with this type of sortie. This is then feeding into the development of training, although the US Air Force reportedly have Sceptre. BAE describes it as the ‘data problem’: a a similar idea in the pipeline. Neill told me that Typhoon can complete a combat sortie and come there is actually scope for more synthetic training back with up to a terabyte of data from its sensors. than the 50:50 balance planned. He said a 25:75 Meanwhile, some estimates are suggesting that Live: Synthetic balance has been discussed as a Tempest could come back from a sortie with one theoretical ceiling. billion times more data than that: a zettabyte. While not all of the information will actually be useful, Sceptre BAE needs to develop a way to work out which bits of the data will be. As part of its efforts to improve support for Below, from left to right: the RAF, BAE Systems is also developing new On to Tempest A mission planner and software. The company has recently been awarded debrief tool on steroids a contract to deliver ‘Sceptre’, a new mission BAE Systems is also focusing on how these – Sceptre will support planning software, to the RAF by November 2020. upgrades could find themselves implemented on Typhoon operations. It draws on technology originally used with Wildcat Tempest, the proposed sixth-generation jet under Project Centurion saw and Merlin helicopters. development. Conversely, some of the technologies Storm Shadow, Brimstone Louise Aiken, Head of Mission Planning being looked at by Team Tempest could, in theory, and Meteor added to Programmes at BAE, said that, unlike previous be pulled back onto Typhoon; both teams are RAF Typhoon capability – enabling the aircraft mission planners, Sceptre will be used throughout working together and ideas will move both ways. to assume the Tornado’s a mission, from the initial plan, to the execution of Clive Marrison, the Industrial Requirements strike mission and boosting the sortie, to the debrief. Director for Team Tempest, said: “Typhoon its BVR lethality. BAE Systems BAE Systems

16 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 BAE Systems

Above: Ongoing capability could benefit from some of the technologies The news that Sweden has joined the sixth- development for Typhoon that Tempest is looking at and, by the same generation programme was welcome and was will flow into Tempest - and token, Tempest could benefit from some of the an important step forward. Despite the initial vice versa. technologies that Typhoon is investing in.” £2bn investment from the UK, the programme is Marrison cited the new AESA (active going to need foreign partners to bring in money, electronically scanned array) Captor-E radar technology, and markets. Italy has become the currently being tested for Typhoon as a technology second nation to join. Following a meeting between that may be transferred to the development of the Italian Defence MInister, Elisabetta Trenta Tempest. He said it is seen as being a “baseline and her British counterpart, Ben Wallace, in late underpin for the radar and radio frequency sensor August, an initial agreement was signed at DSEI in work that will potentially feed a next generation September. combat air system.” At this year’s RAF Air Power Conference, the The end of Typhoon RAF expressed interest in being able to stream satellite imagery directly to the cockpit in real time. The continued work on Typhoon is unlikely to This is an example of a technology that may be garner much attention. Tempest, the Franco- tested on later iterations of Typhoon before being German project and the USAF’s plan to procure implemented onto Tempest. fighters in fewer than five years will likely continue BAE Systems BAE Systems Tempest is also likely to have augmented to be the focus. Despite this, the development reality (AR) integrated in its cockpit. This is another remains crucial, not just for the UK, but for other example of technology that, if possible, BAE will international partners too. want to trial beforehand with Typhoon. That said, question marks remain. It is still Over one year on from its launch unclear when the last Typhoon will roll off the announcement, BAE remains confident that production line at Warton. Much will depend on they can make Tempest a success. As part of whether future orders can be snapped up – could its development, it is having to focus on what Germany be the answer? The concern is whether warfare will look like in 2040 and beyond. While there will be a gap in production between the they will not say who’s conducting this research, it end of Typhoon and the start of Tempest. Ideally is understood that groups from a wide variety of there would be some overlap but if there is not the fields are involved in the study. inevitable risk of redundancies and loss of skills. The current programme of development expires We’ll continue getting fragments of information in April 2027. It is unclear what stage needs to on Tempest’s progress over the coming years but have been reached by them but it is likely that a the team may choose to keep their cards close to formal proposal will have been made to the MoD their chest, particularly given the Franco-German and the Treasury. Marrison is conscious that costs competition. If that is the case, concerns will mount will need to stay down, and he says that there are over the prospect of skills fading. In the meantime, areas that Team Tempest is not exploring because Typhoon will remain a world-class aircraft with a they are deemed to simply be too expensive. significant amount of potential still to be explored.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 17 PLANE SPEAKING Grazia Vittadini Plane Speaking with: Grazia Vittadini

Autonomous urban air vehicles, women in engineering, quantum technology, supersonic airliners and certification. AEROSPACE catches up with GRAZIA VITTADINI FRAeS, Chief Technology Officer of Airbus.

AEROSPACE: Since you took over as CTO at next generation of leaving not only a better planet, but Airbus – what have been your priorities or focus? also a better space around it. We need to start looking GV: From the human perspective, building a team. actively into cleaning up space. Proximity management We had a group of brilliant individuals who weren’t at seven kilometres per second is quite a challenge! necessarily thinking about serving the company as a whole, thinking about engineering but also about AEROSPACE: When you picked up the team, were manufacturing. We must identify, develop, mature they doing the right things? Were they looking at, in and think about the industrialisation of technologies your view, the right technologies? to serve the full scope of what we do at Airbus. This GV: To some extent, yes. There was a strong was not necessarily what was happening. We had focus on electrification with an ambition to develop brilliant technologies but not at the service of the engines of increasing size in terms of megawatts, company. This has been quite a challenge. It’s taken ultimately to deliver a 20 megawatt electrical engine a lot of convincing, reshuffling, reorganisation and one day. But I don’t believe that is the right target. restructuring. Again, it’s a matter of emissions and, if you put From a technology viewpoint, it is clear that electrical into the propulsive equation, then you environmental sustainability must be the common open the door to novel architectures and distribution denominator for aviation but also for space as well, concepts not necessarily driven by that type of size. where we’re making and sending a constellation of So, yes, it’s the right area but it’s not a matter of size. hundreds of satellites into orbit. Today, space is still Quantum technology was not something which quite empty – our own Earth observation satellites was being looked at or applied to how we solve the only do a low number of avoidance manoeuvres every key questions for the aerospace industry and forever All images courtesy of year – but continuing to invest money into monitoring alter how we design, build and fly aircraft in the future. Airbus. debris is not sustainable. I think we have a duty to the Finally, artificial intelligence or ‘AI’, maybe

18 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 rightly so, because it’s not a technology, more The interesting thing with UAM is that an enabler. But we need to take care on AI everything we are doing has a high read across to because it’s a fashion right now, with a lot of our other products, be it a helicopter or an aircraft. buzz around it and a lot of people doing it but using harvested data sets of poor quality, which are not necessarily the right data sets. So, we HOW DO WE AEROSPACE: What do you see as the most need a specific focus on making sure that across ENSURE OUR exciting technology for aerospace? the company, we’re looking at AI in a consistent FUTURE AIRSPACE GV: Quantum. Beyond a shadow of a doubt! manner, and that we are also relying on the right Imagine a user case which involves finding ways expertise to guide us through this journey. REMAINS AS SAFE TOMORROW to travel from London to New York, burning the least fuel, by optimising climb and descent routes. AS IT IS TODAY? AEROSPACE: What do you see as the biggest Quantum allows you to optimise your route point challenges in making urban aerial mobility PEOPLE SAY by point, taking into account the meteorological possible? Are they primarily technical or THAT FOUR conditions at each point in terms of wind, humidity, social? When do you see the prospect of a HELICOPTERS temperature and, of course, other traffic. revenue-earning UAM network? OVER A CITY IS GV: There are different perspectives on that A TRAFFIC JAM. AEROSPACE: We touched on electrification and very question, and again, it’s a matter of having you are working on the E-Fan X hybrid-electric a roadmap with some ambitious key milestones, SO, HOW WILL which could be in the very near future. Let’s IT WORK WITH demonstrator which is set to fly in 2021. What’s not forget, we are already flying Vahana (single 200 FLYING the biggest challenge between now and then? passenger) and we’ve started the flight test TAXIS, SOME GV: Making it happen. The configuration is campaign of City Airbus (multi-passenger). They AUTONOMOUS, frozen. We’ve had, as you know, a change of team are two very different configurations. We are SOME WITH players, with Rolls-Royce acquiring experimenting with different concepts, different eAircraft in June 2019. The demonstrator aircraft configurations and different propulsion principles. PILOTS? is in Cranfield and the retrofit has started. We’re looking to mature technologies on the Operating a two megawatt electrical engine, with propulsive side, on autonomy, on batteries, a two megawatt battery pack and a 3,000 volt on flight controls, as well as on a regulatory circuit, at altitude, managing the transient and framework for certification. For me, however, the biggest question to be answered, is on air short circuit/arcing protection, is a challenge! traffic management. How do we ensure our future In parallel, it’s also interesting to think about how we would certify such an engine? Where’s airspace remains as safe tomorrow as it is today? The BAe 146-based People say that four helicopters over a city is a E-Fan X hybrid-electric the limit? Where is the boundary between an traffic jam. So, how will it work with 200 flying demonstrator is set to fly and an engine? Today, we’re used to taxis, some autonomous, some with pilots? in 2021. bolting engines under our wings.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 15 PLANE SPEAKING Grazia Vittadini

approach. That’s the baseline. Which means reaching out to authorities in the very early stages of a new technology and to start asking the important questions.

AEROSPACE: Across the Atlantic in the US there is renewed interest in supersonic passenger flight – what is the Airbus (co-developer of ) view on SSTs? GV: Who was the last company to build a supersonic airliner? We have the experience, we have the skills in our military business, on Tornado, Eurofighter and applying it to FCAS in the future. But do we want to do supersonic? How consistent is this with AEROSPACE: Thinking of certification, post-737 a commitment to cap carbon growth by 2020 and MAX, do you see a step change coming, particularly to cut it by 75% by 2050? How consistent is it regarding how the FAA and EASA will work with with reducing noise by 65%? Is that compatible? OEMs and certification in the future? Has there been I don’t think so. We have to be consistent. And a sort of breakdown in trust? we’re serious about our commitments. We’ve put GV: What we learn from the past is that every our name on those commitments. And supersonic, accident is a tragedy for the entire industry out of amazing technology that it is, doesn’t fit into those which we learn. I would definitely hope that we get commitments. out of this stronger as an industry and that also includes the interface and the interaction between AEROSPACE: In the past, a chief engineer/CTO the two main certification bodies. of an aircraft manufacturer might have well just been concerned with competitors and progress in AEROSPACE: Should we worry that they will Above: Grazia Vittadini aero-engines, aerodynamics etc. With technology become perhaps over-prescriptive – especially with briefs the press on E that impacts aerospace now including things like AI, new entrants and novel technology? Fan-X progress at this quantum computing, software, biomechanics etc, can year’s . GV: The industry agrees that the non-negotiable you give a sense of the breadth of what promising Below: The Airbus Vahana priority is safety. Safety comes first, always. So we tech you are keeping an eye on? Does a CTO today is an electric-powered have to be far more multidisciplinary? need to demonstrate that whatever new technologies eight- vertical we’re introducing are safe. And we need to do take-off and landing GV: We see that there’s more and more crossover so in a transparent manner using a step-by-step aircraft prototype. between disciplines, as well as with technologies

20 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 which are not traditionally aerospace technologies. Which means that we certainly need to think more broadly. Someone may not be an expert in machine learning, or in autonomous systems or in 5G applications but they need to understand it. They need to have the versatility to understand these other disciplines and see how they read across to their own products. It’s an interesting discussion which I’m having also with several universities. They’re asking me questions like, ‘do we need to steer away from aeroelasticity and invest in X?’ The answer is ‘no’. It’s a matter, again, of getting the best skills and competencies in fields which may be adjacent to ours, while not forgetting that in the end, it needs to fly. It needs to be certified. So, it’s about having that reflection Above: The Airbus feasible and for which you don’t have a roadmap, jointly with the authorities, with other key players in CityAirbus eVTOL aircraft. should not be seen as an alternative. It’s fully the industry on what type of questions will we need Below: Airbus hosts complementary, and we should harness it much more. to answer, and making sure that we can embed this a reception for the Good design and the ability to visualise trends helps thinking into our platforms with no compromise on International Aviation us to harness successful future products. safety. Women’s Association (IAWA) at the Airbus Pavilion at this year’s Paris AEROSPACE: Many young girls might see you, as a AEROSPACE: In the UK, we have seen Airbus reveal airshow. female CTO at a giant aerospace group like Airbus, the ‘Bird of Prey’ concept as a vision of future flight to as an inspiring role model. What steps do you have to highlight the importance of high value design (HVD). take in Airbus to encourage female engineers to join Is this just a British problem? Are we different from the company? other European nations in our understanding of how GV: There are many different parameters in to make engineering sustainable? that equation, and it goes from spending time in GV: I don’t see it as a British problem. Instead, I see kindergartens and preschools doing paper aeroplane some reluctance in embracing this type of approach seminars, speaking at universities, and just showing at an industry level, rather than at a national level. The that we can work in a different way. Without automotive sector is much better at it. You will rarely necessarily focusing exclusively on gender or diversity drive a concept car or rarely see them on the road. but on diversity as a whole. Across the industry, But they do visualise an idea. They help bring a trend, there is a sort of cookie-cutter type of profile when an ambition, or an aspiration to life. In aerospace, it comes to what talent should look like. But talent is because of the high costs, because of the need to talent. It doesn’t matter what it looks like and where certify it and say how the design is going to fly, we it comes from. So, it’s a matter of demonstrating that are less ambitious. As an industry, we should not we are open to talent outside of the cookie cutters. exclude the capability of expressing our aspirations Diversity is an important topic on the agenda of through a concept, which doesn’t need to exist today. industry CTO roundtables. We are improving. We now Designing products which aren’t viable, or have around 20% of females in technical roles which is similar to the university output. If we would just look at that, it would be enough to say, well, the situation is improving and the trend is positive. The problem is the speed. It’s the pitch of the curve. And when it comes to leadership positions, we see that the pipeline is leaky, especially when career and family priorities occur at the same time. It’s difficult to combine the two, and I feel we must do more to make sure that we enable setting up a family, having children, and continuing to have a career. Coding is an interesting example. The first coders were all women and then something happened around 1980 to turn coding into an almost exclusively male discipline. We shouldn’t be limited by stereotypes. We can do much more.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 21 AIR TRANSPORT Flight Crew Training Conference report Boeing

Delivering tomorrow’s pilot training DAVID LEARMOUNT provides an update on efforts to modernise global airline pilot training and reports from the RAeS International Flight Crew Training Conference 2019.

greeing how to modernise airline pilot presentation. Pilot licences, he predicted, will training has been a long and laborious become electronic, also hosting training and career business but now it seems there is records. Creamer predicts that the assurance of a broad consensus on what is to be identity and the trustworthiness of the records done. In some regions, delivery of the should be enhanced by keeping the records digitally newA training philosophy has already started but there but, at the same time, the ‘foundational model’ must will inevitably be geographical variations. guarantee security, protect against cyber threats, Meanwhile, a significant first step towards and meet standards on privacy. All certification enabling greater global harmonisation of flight crew should become digital, he said, because certification training practices recently took place at the Royal status will become easier to authenticate and Aeronautical Society in London. The RAeS organised update. a symposium for approved training organisations (ATO) on 17 September just ahead of the Society’s Competency-based training International Flight Crew Training Conference (IFCTC). At the symposium a resolution was passed At the IFCTC, delegates generally agreed – with a to form an international trade body to represent hint of reluctance from a few – that the application of (for details see panel on page 25). competency-based training and assessment (CBTA) Another imminent harmonising influence for is the way of the future. Considering that this year’s training and flight crew licensing was predicted IFCTC theme was: ‘Completing the transformation,’ by the Director of the International Civil Aviation the implication is that all the industry has to do now Organization’s Air Navigation Bureau, Stephen is execute the decision. That would be neat if it were Creamer, who delivered the IFCTC keynote true.

22 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 International Flight Crew Training Conference

It has taken delegates to the IFCTC 14 years to Theories of two camps get to this point. The concepts and details associated with CBTA have been discussed since early in the Anyone who doubts that this represents progress series of meetings, so they are pretty familiar. Yet it is should take a journey back in time to the IFCTC launch clear that many who will be tasked with making CBTA in 2006. Two camps were evident there at the time: work in the real world still struggle to define it. those who recognised a need for change but were The latter seems true despite the fact that the looking for consensus on where and how to start; and principles have been approved by ICAO. Indeed ICAO a powerful contingent of pilots who believed that, if began developing CBTA in the process of defining the the existing system had been good enough for them, it training for the Multi-Crew Pilot Licence (MPL), and was good enough for a younger generation. has been refining it since then. Now CBTA has been Even this year at the IFCTC there were incorporated into the standards for personnel licensing suggestions that CBTA would inevitably contain (Annex 1). ICAO says this process should be complete flaws because it has been framed by ‘a community by the end of 2020 and predicts it will bring to an end of mostly white males between 50 and death’ – a the hours-based training philosophy, while continuing description that produced some mirth but which kept to acknowledge that experience as represented by recurring through discussions! Nevertheless there was hours in a log book has its relevance. silence when the delegates were asked to ponder The Aviation Safety Agency whether there was an alternative to CBTA as a training (EASA), meanwhile, has set out a programme for philosophy. CBTA adoption by 2022 – at airlines and ATOs alike. Capt Clive Richardson, who manages flight training This is an ambitious target and some and standards at the UK CAA, explains aspects of the programme may still be a that CBTA is a training philosophy, a work in progress when 2022 arrives. set of guidelines, definitely not a set of regulations. This may be where the Training philosophy uncertainty lies among those who are, evolution perhaps, covertly hoping for a tablet WHO of stone prescribing future training The US FAA, however, is set on TRAINS THE methodology. Another way of putting achieving parallel results through INSTRUCTORS it, according to delegates, is that CBTA training philosophy evolution, using its outlines a change in training culture, recurrent training Advanced Qualification TO OPERATE a change of mindset about how it is Programme (AQP) that began back in CBTA? WILL delivered. Above all, as Richardson and 1990. The AQP is an evidence-based THOSE WHO others emphasise, it is about a change training (EBT) system for recurrent TRAIN THE in the way instructors think about their training that identifies training needs training task. One of the most important through multiple inputs, including flight TRAINERS questions that requires an answers is: data monitoring (FDM), which reveal INEVITABLY BE who trains the instructors to operate individual pilot needs but also the effects ‘WHITE MALES CBTA? Will those who train the trainers on pilot performance of changing inevitably be ‘white males between 50 demands on all flight crew resulting from BETWEEN 50 and death’, and is that a weakness? advancing flight deck technologies. The AND DEATH’, Two themes kept resurfacing AQP concept, under various names, AND IS THAT A throughout the conference: the first was is widely used to determine recurrent WEAKNESS? that pilot training – not just checking training practices across most of the and examining – is a lifelong process world’s major aviation economies, made essential by the rapid progress including the EU. Indeed, EASA labels EBT ‘a global of technology; and the second is that training delivery safety initiative whose objective is to determine the at all levels – ab-initio, type rating and recurrent – relevance of existing training according to aircraft should be more individually tailored to be effective. A generation.’ The FAA, however, is not rushing to extend properly implemented EBT programme enables skill CBTA culture to ab-initio training because, by law, US and knowledge deficits to be identified and instructors pilot licensing is still an hours-based system. working within a CBTA culture will target the Just as the CBTA philosophy aims to move necessary training. This system can identify problems commercial pilot training away from a formulaic series early, preventing the need for expensive remedial of pass/fail training tests based on skills needed to catch-up training later. There will, according to several fly pre-1980s aircraft, so does AQP. Both are driven presenters, be an increased emphasis on instructors by operational evidence indicating where training is developing a ‘facilitator’ style, whether in the classroom, actually needed, and the fact that it is essential to flight simulator, or flightdeck. Definitely, according to provide pilots with the additional skills and knowledge Capt Harry Nelson of CL Max Consulting, in recurrent required for operating the current generation of aircraft training the ratio of training to checking must go up safely in the more crowded skies they inhabit today. to at least 50/50, but preferably 75/25.

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The European Cockpit Association (ECA), been arguing for ages that too little training credit perusing EASA’s Notice of Proposed Amendment is given for training in FSTDs, preventing them from 2018-07 on EBT, emphasised the importance being used to maximum advantage. Marin assured of EBT programmes being not only tailored to the conference that ICAO is working to clarify individuals but also ‘closely linked to the respective and extend credits for FSTD training. This will be IN EUROPE operator’s environment, and not generic.’ The ECA welcome. THERE ARE noted that the availability of data on flight operations Other training modernisation objectives being ESTIMATED and training activity has ‘improved substantially’ worked on but not yet realised include the provision over the past years, and it therefore supports the of simulation capable of offering effective upset TO BE 7,000 implementation of EBT as ‘a logical step to update recovery training (UPRT). This is finally being made PILOTS WITH the current training practices in the light of evidence a required component of airline pilot training in the COMMERCIAL from these data sources.’ It adds: ‘It is, however, light of statistics showing loss of control in flight to of utmost importance that data collection and the be the biggest killer accident category. EASA has set LICENCES BUT protection of data are at an adequate level and only terms of reference for the FSTD manufacturers to be UNEMPLOYABLE de-individualised data is being used for training met by the end of this year for approval but they are BY purposes.’ struggling to meet the deadline for upgrades to the COMMERCIAL Apart from ATOs, airline training departments UPRT standard. and instructors preparing for the brave new CBTA AIRLINES world, regulators obviously need to be prepared. Licensed and unfit for flight decks Speaking at the IFCTC, ICAO’s Chief Operational Safety Officer at the Air Navigation Bureau, Capt There is another perennial training problem that Miguel Marin, said the organisation is working on CBTA alone will not address. The training system as implementation guidance for regulators. Putting a it is today delivers fully licensed commercial pilots new training philosophy into place is an intimidating at least half of whom are assessed by airlines as task without guideline, as evidenced by the fact that unfit for their flight decks. This 50% failure rate for the delegates to the conference could not actually licensed pilots is a figure that ’s recently define CBTA when challenged to do so. retired Head of Training, Capt Andy O’Shea, has been lamenting for years. In Europe there are Common standards estimated to be 7,000 pilots with commercial licences but unemployable by commercial airlines. Perhaps the broadest challenge for the training world This horror story should be sufficient to motivate is for the national aviation authorities (NAA) not only all wannabe pilots to take full aptitude testing – or to adopt the principle of CBTA but then to agree ATOs to insist on it – before investing more than common standards and to police them at ATO and €100K in a useless certificate but there are still airline level. NAAs in most parts of the world have many self-selectors who persist in ploughing insufficient resources and expertise to carry out their through their courses, despite indications that they tasks as they would wish – and this includes some are struggling and ATOs that continue to take their EU states – so a task such as ushering in a new money. training philosophy is likely to be unwelcome. Nikki Heath, head of Orbit Performance, a Apart from overseeing this huge cultural change, specialist in flight crew selection and performance practical problems and new training policy decisions testing, told the conference that ‘selection focus’ may – like those raised by technical advances in training need to be modified as the job changes and, as new tools and the need to update existing systems – still generations of young people with different learning have to be tackled or implemented. Flight simulation experiences present themselves as candidates. training devices (FSTD) of all levels are becoming “Soft skills are more important for modern piloting,” cheaper and more capable, yet the industry has emphasised Heath.

xx AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 International Symposium of Approved Training Organisations – Report

September’s AEROSPACE included an article headed ‘Global Voice for ATOs’ setting out the background to an International Symposium of Approved Training Organisations at the Society’s Headquarters on 17 September 2019. ATO is the term used by ICAO to embrace learning centres approved by civil aviation authorities. The Symposium was successful and was attended by a good cross-section of delegates from a range of ATOs. It concluded with the following statement of intent: Delegates at the Royal Aeronautical Society International Symposium of Approved Training Organisations, held on Tuesday 17 September 2019 at the Royal Aeronautical Society Headquarters in London, agreed to continue to work to form an international body to represent the global community of Aviation Training Organisations. This noteworthy outcome is a significant step towards the creation of an autonomous, independent organisation to represent ATOs internationally. Such an organisation could create an environment for ATOs to work collaboratively on safety concerns; share best practice; improve international harmonisation and standardisation; and liaise with other industry stakeholders. It could also help deal with the complex issues that arise when pilots, air carriers, OEMs and ATOs come from different regions and operate under different jurisdictions. Much remains to be done, notably on a governance structure, a constitution, aims and objectives, terms of reference and finance. While Symposium delegates agreed that the organisation should ultimately represent all ATOs, they also agreed that the organisation should be limited initially to ATOs for air transport pilots. The implementation work will be led by a group co-chaired by Philip Adrian and Peter Barrett under the auspices of the Society’s Flight Crew Training Working Group (FTG). A timetable, with milestones, is being developed and the group will maintain good two-way communications with symposium delegates and issue regular updates. Contact: [email protected] to be added to the group’s mailing list. Peter Barrett FRAeS

RAeS Approved Training Soft skills are the personality- and behaviour- Outcome-based training Organisations symposium based traits that good selection should also identify. attendees. She warned against selection just to pass training Capt Tanja Harter, a senior Airbus A320 while ignoring the candidate’s suitability for his or her pilot and Technical Affairs Director at the ECA, ultimate role, which is to command an airliner. Heath says that the ECA embraces CBTA, which it calls suggested assessors should discover “who your “outcome-based training”. Like O’Shea and Heath, candidate is, not just what he or she is”. However, the she emphasises the need to recognise the soft skills system is not perfect, she warns: “The industry wants in candidates, pointing out that these show up in pilots, and assessors want to provide them.” Caveat attitudes like professionalism, operational behaviour emptor remains the catchphrase. and resilience. She also recommends a suite of other Heath revealed that pilots who complete their training tools beyond those normally offered by an ATO commercial pilot licence course, having passed an that can help generate the characteristics airlines seek APC MCC (Advanced Pilot Certificate Multi-Crew in pilots. These include participation in general aviation Pilot Course) over and above the requirements for a via flying or gliding clubs; internship; training involving CPL/ATPL raise their chances of being employable gamification and virtual reality; and old favourites like from 50% to 70%. The APC is a qualification participation in sport. developed and approved by the EASA Air Training CBTA may indeed define the training industry Policy Group, of which O’Shea is a leading member. culture of the future but it is not a magic wand. Many It is designed to turn pilots with a ‘frozen’ ATPL into of the personal characteristics that airlines or the airline-ready co-pilots but EASA says that it does not military have traditionally sought in candidates will still intend to make it compulsory. be needed.

Flight Training Conference – The Aircraft Commander in the 21st Century 17-18 March 2020 – RAeS HQ London @aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 25 AEROSPACE Urban Air Mobility Airbus

Creating a new world The introduction of electric-powered air taxis as an alternative form of urban air transport will require major changes in regulations, air traffic control and infrastructure. In Part 1 of a two-part overview, BILL READ FRAeS reports from Farnborough on the first Global Urban Air Summit (GUAS 2019) which looked at the challenges facing developers of eVTOL flying vehicles.

ir taxis are coming! This year, over Technology, autonomy and the 200 companies are working on environment designs for electric vertical take- off and landing (eVTOL) platforms The reason for the sudden rise in interest in designed for passenger transport. UAM and air taxis has come about from a variety ByA 2035, it is predicted that up to 6,000 flying air of factors – the first of which is technology. In vehicles could be providing passenger transport recent years, there have been breakthroughs in services in 90 cities around the world, completely new materials and manufacturing techniques transforming the urban environment. But how (such as lightweight composites and 3D printing), will this transport revolution be achieved and powerplant technology (with the development what needs to be done to make this vision a of more powerful electric engines and advances reality? On 2-3 September, the organisers of the in battery and fuel cell technology) and the Farnborough Air Show, Farnborough International, development of autonomous and AI systems. held the first Global Urban Air Summit (GUAS2019) to focus on the challenges that Exciting visions lie ahead for urban air mobility (UAM) systems before they can become an integral part of a city Even since the 1920s, popular science pundits have transport infrastructure. predicted a future in which everyone travels about in

26 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 Global Urban Air Summit 2019

flying cars. However, it is only in more recent years carrying flying vehicles over cities can be conducted that the technology has become available to actually safety. In the past, regulators had sometimes been make this vision possible. The past few years have accused of being ‘behind the curve’ when it come to seen a sudden explosion of interest in small flying dealing with new technology but, in the case of UAM, platforms with more and more companies, both the regulators are well aware of the situation and the large and small, announcing new projects illustrated work that needs to be done. with eye-catching futuristic concept art of swarms of “We’re trying to be ready,” said Tim Johnson, Policy eVTOLs flying over inner cities. Director from the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). “We want to have type certificates for UAM platforms Challenges used for different missions, for cargo and for both piloted and autonomous operation. “We’re being However, for the introduction of UAMs to become asked to bring systems to the same safety levels as a reality, there are still many challenges to be road transport But we want it to be as safe as air faced. Guillaume Thibault, from Oliver Whyman transport.” identified four: One problem faced by the regulators is a lack of 1. Reliability , testing and certification – eVTOLs information. “Because UAM is still evolving, we haven’t must prove that they are safe to carry passengers; yet got any safety data,” said Jay Merkle, Executive Director, Office of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at 2. Energy performance – more development work the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). “The is needed on battery technology to double their closest statistics we’ve got at the moment is for sports current energy density; aircraft. We look at UAM missions and risks and apply

Opposite page top: Airbus’ 3. Airspace management – an air traffic those risks to that area of spectrum. The platform CityAirbus as imagined management system is needed for eVTOLs innovators think that they are on lower end of the over New York. operating in lower airspace over cities; safety spectrum and we think that they are on the Above: A panel of experts from the first Global Urban 4. Infrastructure development – a network of higher”. Air Summit in Farnborough. vertiports is needed for eVTOLs to operate At present, there still seems to be a lack of Above right: Hopes of within which is linked to the city’s current communication between eVTOL designers and personal flight have long transport infrastructure regulators. Jay Merkle from the FAA said that there since been a source of was a problem with UAM developers and regulators fascination throughout the Safety, regulation and standards having to second-guess each other. “People with history of popular culture. ideas need to realise the safety implications,” he said. Looking first at safety, if UAMs are to be used for “Many of the UAM manufacturers are focused on transporting people, then they will have to meet the their flying platforms but we have to look at the bigger safety standards and approvals as are required for picture of how to integrate UAM into wider airspace,” other forms of air transport. added Tim Johnson. “There are lots of new players out A key player in the development and there and we don’t know quite how to interact yet.” introduction of UAM systems will be that of the Meanwhile, the designers are also finding regulator who will need to be assured that the problems with dealing with the regulators. “Presently operation of hundreds of autonomous passenger- we’ve got a patchwork but we need an integrated

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 27 AEROSPACE Urban Air Mobility Airspace Experience Technologies distances at high altitudes. UAMs will have to fly short routes at low altitude with a much larger concentration of traffic, including helicopters, drones and other UAMs. Adverse weather and winds could have a much more significant effect on flight safety and operations. Initial plans for the first eVTOL air taxi flights are that they will fly along dedicated air corridors separate from other traffic so that they cannot conflict with other lower airspace users. However, the conference speakers were not convinced that this was a viable long-term solution. “Perhaps we should start with segregated air corridors but that’s not the endpoint,” said Jay Merkle. “If you segregate eVTOLs they’re never going to reach their full potential. We need to look for integrated solutions which will allow eVTOLs to operate will all other air space users.” A second issue is how will the new eVTOLs be controlled? Many experts believe that, in order for UAMs to be granted flight certification for carrying passengers, the first eVTOL flights will have to be The MOBI – One eVTOL regulatory approach,” said Mildred Troegele, Director, piloted. Having a pilot would also help build public passenger and cargo Global Airspace Integration, Boeing. “Safety is not confidence in the safety and reliability of the UAM aircraft concept from ASX just in design but is also part of infrastructure and concept. – Airspace Experience maintenance. This can be a challenge for regulators However, piloted eVTOLs would not be a practical Technologies. who are often focused just on design.” long-term solution, as more and more flying vehicles Below: Embraer’s eVTOL Speakers also agreed that manufacturers take to the skies. “UAMs will have up to 10,000 design. and regulators needed to get together to sort out vehicles but we haven’t got 10,000 pilots,” pointed out standards. “We can’t have different systems – industry Filip Verhaeghe, CEO of (UN)MANNED. needs to come to a consensus,” stated Jay Merkle. The solution is to have vehicles that can fly What’s in a name? “We need to work on collaboration on standards. themselves without pilots. “Doing without pilots will International standards are fundamental but are save 30-40%,” said Guillaume Thibault. “Yes, we need Because the concept of urban presently still fragmented.” autonomy,” agreed Bob Pearce, Deputy Assistant air mobility (UAM) is so new, Administrator of NASA. “We can’t have 100s of small the words used to describe it Airspace and autonomy aircraft flying in the same space without the help of are still being created. artificial intelligence (AI).” UAM is currently being used However, the development of urban air mobility However, before autonomous air vehicles can as an acronym both for the systems is not just a matter of safety approval for the be introduced, there needs to be confidence in their flying vehicles themselves and new eVTOL designs but also a consideration of the reliability and safety – both real and perceived. “If the system they will operate in. environment in which they will have to operate. While humans experience problems during flights, they can UAMs – the flying vehicles the original concept of a envisioned people fix them,” said Bob Pearce. “That’s a harder problem – are also referred to as being able to fly from anywhere to anywhere, this is for AI.” eVTOLs, flying taxis and aerial not a practical model for hundreds of eVTOLs flying In addition to passengers, regulators will also need vehicles. Other suggestions over populated areas. “There are too many constraints to be convinced that autonomous flying vehicles are for more ‘public-friendly’ on urban airspace,” said Jay Merkle. “You can’t have safe. “The traditional roles of pilot and air traffic control definitions are electric point-to-point transport because of conflicting arrival that we are used to with conventional air transport helicopters or passenger and departure points.” are not there when the pilot’s role is taken on by a drones. Filip Verhaeghe, CEO, (UN)MANNED, explained machine,” remarked Tim Johnson from the CAA. UAM – the hologistic whole how UAMs will be operating in a different flight “Regulators are used to having a human that they can encompassing all the different environment from previous flying platforms. Instead of hold accountable,” agreed Jay Merkle from the FAA. systems, agencies and flying on long-distance routes with large separation “How can that work with an autonomous system?”

stakeholders – is also being Embraer termed the ecosystem or the environment. The bases that UAMs will operate from also have a variety of names, including skyports (which is also being used as a tradename), vertiports or urban air ports.

28 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 Global Urban Air Summit 2019 Volocopter Vertiports and other infrastructure

While there has been plenty of activity in the development of flying vehicles, there has been rather less focus on where they will actually operate to. One company that is actively looking at the practical issues of where UAMs could take off and land is Skyports. “Currently, manufacturers are focused on getting vehicles developed,” explained Skyports’ MD, Duncan Walker. “Air taxis will operate between vertiports which will need to be in place before the vehicles themselves. However, building the infrastructure has a long lead time. Uber may have a 2023 timescale for commencing air taxi services but the infrastructure may not be there.” Volocopter and Skyports Gaining public acceptance Skyports is already on the case. In partnership are to open the world’s first with EVTOL manufacturer Volocopter, the company eVTOL airport in Singapore However, of all the challenges facing the development is currently constructing the world’s first vertiport in in October. of UAM systems, nearly all the speakers agreed that Singapore to open for flight trials in October with a view the greatest was that of social acceptance – both to begin the taxi services in 2022. There are from the people using the service and those living also plans for other vertiports. “We’re out there working underneath the flightpaths. on it now,” said Duncan Walker. “We’re finding locations As already highlighted above, users will need to and talking to manufacturers and landowners” be convinced that flying in an autonomous vehicle is safe. More important, however, will be the views of Towards the total UAM ecosystem those on the ground. For UAM services to succeed, However, airspace and infrastructure are only part the general public need to be convinced that eVTOLs of a bigger picture. The introduction of UAMs will flying over cities is a good thing, rather than just a have wider implications for a whole range of different luxury form of transport for the rich and famous. organisations, manufacturers and service providers. Current public opinion is likely to be influenced “We can’t work in isolation,” said Gary Cutts, Interim by experience with drones which have had both a Challenge Director, Innovate UK. “You can’t slot good and bad press. Noise (and even the perception these vehicles into an existing system because they of noise) could also be a factor. Richard Matthews will change the system. To cope with the volume of from Arup gave the example of how the full potential vehicles, you have to look at the systems as a whole. of Concorde was never fully utilised because of Existing air traffic management systems are incredibly objections related to noise. “For every supporter, you’ll safe but it did take time to get there. The new air have 100 protestors,” he said. system will have to be just as safe.” However, public acceptance may change over Duncan Walker from Skyports added how time. “The younger generation are more accepting of decisions would have to be made on who would be new technology and keener on flight sharing,” said responsible for air traffic management, what types Harini Kulatunga, VP, Head of Solutions, Unmanned of eVTOLs could be operated, passenger-handling Aerial Mobility at Airbus. facilities, passenger and baggage security, eVTOL maintenance and repair, landing and take-off Don’t forget the environment procedures and prices for different services such as parking and hangarage. To these factors, Mildred Many speakers also believed that another important Troegeler from Boeing added data sensors, flight factor would be that of the environment. Increased operations, after market support and autonomy. concern about global warming has already led to public Another organisation that is already looking at criticism of conventional air transport. Will eVTOLs UAM operations in its wider context is NASA. Davis be welcomed by environmentalists because they do Hackenberg, Advanced Air Mobility Project Manager not emit polluting gases or will they be condemned at NASA explained how the agency had devised a because they are considered as noisy or because UAM Vision and Framework which was looking at all their operation creates other external environmental aspects of urban air mobility, encompassing vehicle, problems – such as where does the power to charge airspace systems and community. “It is an exciting the batteries come from or the source of the rare time to be in the industry,” concluded Gary Cutts, metals that were used to create the batteries? Interim Challenge Director, Innovate UK.

Part 2 of this report will look at how UAM systems are predicted to develop over the next few years, how the system would work for passengers and the economics of how operators would make the service financially viable. eVTOL Conference – RAeS UAM Conference 2020 24-25 March 2020 – RAeS HQ London

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Moscow to the MAKS! New fighter and civil aircraft designs, supersonic research and hydrogen- powered aircraft. EUGENE GERDEN reports from the 2019 Moscow International Aviation and Space Show (MAKS).

he 14th Moscow International Aviation More orders for the MC-21 and Space Show (MAKS) was held in the Zhukovsky International Airport Demand for the MC-21 is steadily growing and on 28 August – 1 September. This was boosted by a number of new contracts signed year’s show saw record numbers of during the show. The largest contract was for 20 Tvisitors and participants. According to data from aircraft from the Kazakh Bek Air airline. Firm orders the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, there for the MC-21 now stand at 175 aircraft with first were over 600,000 visitors, including Russia’s deliveries scheduled to begin in the second half President Vladimir Putin, who attended the opening of 2021. It is claimed that the new aircraft will be ceremony. 20% cheaper than the equivalent models from This year’s MAKS featured over 800 Boeing and Airbus. The MC-21 will be offered with companies from 33 countries across 50,000m² the alternative of either US-made powerplants or of exhibition space. Among the 200+ products on Russian PD-14 engines. The PD-14s are the first show were examples of civil and combat aircraft, turbofan engines for civil aviation which have been helicopters and UAVs. A central focus of the completely developed in Russia since 1992. show was the official presentation of the newly- developed Irkut MC-21 single-aisle airliner MiG-35 export model while the biggest interest on the military side was on Russia’s new Sukhoi Su-57 fifth-generation An export model of the MiG-35 fourth-generation fighter. fighter was officially presented by the Russian MiG

30 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 Corporation during the MAKS Show. According to New civil supersonic technology R&D The 14th Moscow the company, the new fighter will feature a new centre International Aviation geometry airframe such as revised vertical tails, and Show static display, as well as an updated airborne radar system. The A new R&D centre focusing on supersonic President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin upgraded aircraft is also equipped with optical- technologies for commercial aviation will and President of Turkey electronic reconnaissance systems, as well as be established at the Zhukovsky Central Recep Tayyip Erdogan an EO/IR system for searching, tracking and Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), a Russian leading inspect the Su-57 fighter, viewing of both air and ground targets. Specially aircraft design bureau, according to recent statements Russian helicopters, developed for the export version of the MiG-35 from the organisation. Kirill Sypalo, Head of TsAGI, aerobatics display, the is a modular avionics system that significantly said the centre will focus on the design of next- crowds appeared to enjoy the displays, the new Irkut expands its combat potential, making it possible generation supersonic equipment and technologies MC-21, and the Sukhoi to install both Russian and foreign weapons on it. that will be used during the development of Russian Su-57 fighter. (All images According to Ilya Tarasenko, General Director of supersonic civil aircraft. He also added that work MAKS). MiG Corporation, the new MiG is also equipped with on such aircraft is currently underway and involves a special radar fitted with a antenna, which the participation of a number of Russian leading can conduct locking and tracking of up to 30 air design bureaus in the field of aviation. During their targets at once. research, TsAGI scientists plan to address some major challenges currently preventing the use of supersonic Focus on the Su-57 technologies in commercial aviation, such as high sound impact and noise, low efficiency of propulsion One of the highlights of this year’s show was the systems and the inability to ensure thermal strength of public premiere of the new Sukhoi Su-57 fighter. aircraft travelling at supersonic speeds. Although the new aircraft is being proclaimed Kirill Sypalo commented: “Increasing the flight by the majority of local analysts as a fifth- speed of commercial passenger aircraft by 2 to generation fighter, it does not fully comply with 2.5 times by the use of supersonic technologies, this status, mainly due to its radar visibility and is a super-ambitious task for us that requires the installed engines. A date for the commencement consolidation of both design and research efforts at of serial production and deliveries to the Russian the new centre.” Air Force has not currently been disclosed. Some Russian analysts consider the Su-57 as a Russia and China expand military pre-production fighter, and do not expect major co-operation deliveries to the to start before 2027/28. Russia and China have significantly expanded However, this view is contrary to those of co-operation in the field of military aviation in recent some higher command representatives of the years and are ready to implement new joint projects Russian Air Force, who expect the first deliveries in this field, according to recent statements made by in the coming years. representatives of leading Russian aircraft enterprises

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 31 AEROSPACE MAKS 2019 airshow report

and senior state officials during MAKS 2019. The Ivchenko says: “The current classical approach used From left to right: Tu-160 Russian Minister of Industry and Trade, Denis Manturov, to design wings for civil aircraft significantly limits their Bomber, Mi-28, export commented that: “In addition to CR-929 aircraft – the aerodynamic properties, as well as the take-off and version of the MiG-35 fourth generation fighter, most ambitious joint project of Russia and China for landing performance of the aircraft itself. However, Sukhoi Su-57 and the the past several years – the list of joint projects under the use of adaptive wings may change the current whole of the Moon, development includes the AHL heavy civil helicopter, situation, due to their ability of change geometry flyboarder, Sukhois in as well as a heavy amphibious aircraft”. Manturov without affecting surface integrity.” It is planned initially flight, experimental Russian added that Russia also plans to increase supplies of its to test the new adaptive wing on some Russian UAVs forward swept-wing fighter engines over the next years for the needs of Chinese and then later on manned aircraft. Su-47. military aviation. Hydrogen-power Modernised Mi-24P combat helicopter Another aircraft design on show was Russia’s first Russian state and defence corporation Rostec environmentally friendly and almost silent manned presented a new modernised version of its aircraft powered by hydrogen. The two-seater Mi-24P-1M transport and combat helicopter, based Sigma-4 has a 9.8m wingspan and a length of 6.2m. on an upgraded version of the iconic Mi-24. The new The aircraft has a take-off weight of 600kg and a helicopter has been equipped with an updated set of flight range of up to 300km. The Sigma-4 was jointly avionics and a modern unified sighting and navigation developed by scientists from the Russian Institute system. In addition, it also features a modern of Problems of Chemical Physics and engineers of optoelectronic system, a fully-fledged and the Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors. The an onboard defence system. The weight of the new aircraft’s distinguishing feature is a power cell which helicopter was reduced by 430kg while simultaneously converts the energy from the reaction of hydrogen raising its combat survivability. It is planned that with oxygen into electricity. According to the engineers, deliveries of the new Mi-24P-1M for the Russian Air the hydrogen in the engine is not burned but has Force will begin soon. an electrochemical reaction with oxygen, ensuring electricity supply to the propellers. The aircraft is 100% environmentally friendly, as it does not discharge Adaptive wing of the future Hydrogen-powered carbon exhaust gases into the atmosphere. The Sigma-4. An adaptive wing of the future, an innovative wing energy efficiency of a hydrogen plant is 2.8 times specially designed for civil aircraft, was revealed during higher than burning kerosene. The hydrogen fuel MAKS 2019 by its developers from the Russian cells used in the aircraft could also be applicable to aircraft design bureau TMPK-Volgograd Association. other means of transport, such as ships, all-terrain and According to Aleksey Ivchenko, TMPK’s Chief mass transit vehicles, as well as household appliances, Engineer, the new adaptive wing has no retractable including gadgets. parts, which allows it to change configuration during The designers of the Sigma-4 have said that the the flight, depending on the flight path. Aleksey new aircraft will be ideal for the needs of agriculture, as

32 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 well as air medical services. In addition, it could also Russian superheavy . According to an official be used as an air taxi. spokesman from NPO Energomash, the RD-171MV is the world’s most powerful liquid , Nuclear which will be installed on the Soyuz-5 medium-class rocket and the Yenisei superheavy rocket designed A mock-up of a new space transport and energy for lunar missions. module, equipped with a nuclear power plant, was Other engines from the company include the officially launched during MAKS 2019. Developed RD-191 for Angara launch vehicles, as well as the by the Arsenal design bureau, the nuclear module RD-180 and RD-181 engines for the US Atlas and is designed to transport cargo in space, including Antares boosters. interplanetary space stations. According to an official spokesman from , the design of the new Reverse swept-wing fighter megawatt-class nuclear transport module has been conducted in Russia since 2010. It will be used Leading Russian aircraft engineering company, during Russia’s missions to outer and near-lunar Sukhoi Corporation, gave a presentation on its Su-47 space and currently has no equivalent in the world. fighter prototype. The presentation attracted interest from both Russian and foreign media, mainly due to Kronstadt’s range of UAVs some unique features of the aircraft. One of these is reverse sweep wings, which improve handling at low Kronstadt Group, a Russian designer and producer speeds and positively affects its takeoff and landing of high-tech equipment for aerospace and aircraft performance. The design also enables the aircraft engineering, presented a range of its innovative to have reduced radar cross section in the front drones. There was much interest in its -E ISR hemisphere and higher aerodynamic efficiency. platform, which is the first airborne reconnaissance MALE UAV of its class in Russia. Indigenous tanker Another interesting drone presented by the company was Frigate – an innovative UAV, which The Ilyushin Design Bureau, a former Soviet and operated on the basis of a vertical take-off and now Russian aircraft manufacturer and design landing concept. Primarily designed to operate in the bureau, revealed details of its IL-78M-90A tanker. Arctic and the Far East, Frigate can operate from The new aircraft is based on the Il-76MD-90A minimally prepared sites for landing and does not military transport aircraft and, according to an need ground-based infrastructure. Ilyushin spokesman, is the first tanker aircraft to be designed and built in Russia in the post-Soviet New rocket engine period. It is planned that the IL-78M-90A will become the main tanker for refuelling Russian Major Russian rocket engine manufacturer, NPO aircraft, both long-range and front-line, as well as Energomash, unveiled a new rocket engine for those of special aviation.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 33 DEFENCE Commercial aggressor training Draken International

Fight’s on! Commercial Red Air in the 21st Century MARK BATE, Business and Capability Development Europe, Draken International, considers the rise of private ‘Red Air’ contractors – and the approach to providing tactical training for US forces.

’d hate to see an epitaph on a fighter the 18th Aggressor Sqn at Eielson AFB, Alaska. Above: The last L-159E pilot’s tombstone that says, “I told you I Following sequestration in 2013-2014, the USAF ‘Honey Badger’ delivered needed training”…How do you train for inactivated the 65th in what would become the start from Aero Vodochody to the most dangerous game in the world of an adversary shortfall across all major commands Draken International. by being as safe as possible? When you (MAJCOMs) and the genesis of the Combat Air “don’t letI a guy train because it’s dangerous, you’re Force (CAF) Adversary Air (ADAIR) programme. saying, ‘Go fight those lions with your bare hands in Contract Air Support is not a new concept that arena, because we can’t teach you to learn how in North America. Airborne Tactical Advantage to use a spear. If we do, you might cut your finger Company (ATAC) pioneered outsourced adversary while you’re learning.’ And that’s just about the same support in the 1990s and the United States Navy as murder.” (USN) were the first to embrace the opportunity Lt Col. Lloyd ‘Boots’ Boothby. due to a decline in organic aggressor capacity. Since 1997, ATAC has delivered both ship services From the lessons of Vietnam, and the revolt and tactical flight services with demilitarised L-39s, of the majors, the (USAF) Hunter Mk58s and Kfir F-21s. established four dedicated Aggressor Squadrons Canada also embraced the concept in 2005 over the period 1973-1975 to deliver representative when Top Aces were awarded the Interim Contracted adversary training. With the collapse of the Berlin Airborne Training Services (ICATS) contract by Wall, the USAF terminated the entire Aggressor the Department of National Defence (DND). This programme, with the last squadron being inactivated replaced an organic capability provided by the in October 1990, something that would last for the Royal Canadian Air Force’s (RCAF) 414th Combat next decade. Support Squadron. This provision continues today The 64th Aggressor Sqn was re-activated at with ex-Luftwaffe Dornier Alpha Jets delivering what Nellis AFB in October 2003, the 65th Aggressor is referred to as Type 1 ‘fast-jet’ and Type 2 ‘tactical Sqn in September 2005, and in September 2007, ’ capability.

34 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 Frank Crebas/Draken International Frank Crebas/Draken Enter the Draken

In November 2011, step-in Jared ‘Rook’ Isaacman, the CEO of the newly incorporated Draken International, who saw an opportunity to revolutionise an industry that had become stagnant. He struck a deal that acquired a national treasure: the remnants of the Royal New Zealand Air Force’s (RNZAF) Strike fleet that consisted of Douglas A/ TA-4K Skyhawks and Aermachhi MB-339 aircraft. This equipped Draken with the key differentiator from those established in the industry – the APG- 66NZ radar, ALR-66 radar warning receivers (RWR) and ALE-40 countermeasures dispensing system. In short, the ability to provide representative early 4th Generation effects. This was the beginning of What will surprise many though is this: the Right: In 2015 ex RNZAF Isaacman’s speculative stratagem of ‘Build it and they answer to the question is not the Saab Gripen A-4K Skyhawks of Draken will come’ and ‘Amass Iron on the Ramp’. Aggressor variant which was unveiled at DSEI 2017 International provided Even after regeneration in early 2013, it would in London, nor Leonardo’s M-346. The acquisition adversary support to F-35A testing. not be until October 2015 that Draken secured and sustainment cost for these platforms is not an 800hr proof-of-concept contract viable for an industry that exists based with the USAF at Nellis AFB. This was on the relative savings it offers. Once extended on a yearly basis to 3,500hr you approach charging the customer and finally, the award of a five year, $25,000 per flight hour, the Department $280m contract that commenced in of Defense (DoD) start to ask ‘why are October 2018. This same period saw we not doing this inhouse?’ Meanwhile the introduction of 21 virtually new Aero ON AVERAGE, the Boeing lobby on The Hill quietly Vodochody L-159E ‘Honey Badger’ DRAKEN whispers that an additional purchase of aircraft, equipped with the Grifo-L radar PROVIDES FOUR T-7A Red Hawk advanced trainers is and Sky Guardian 200 RWR, with full the answer. The budget for CAF ADAIR OEM support as the design authority CONTRACTED averages at around $13,333 per flight behind the aircraft. SORTIES FOR hour, so just like other programmes The key behind this success is THE PRICE OF there is no capital for expensive multi- simply that of capacity, capability million dollar platforms. and credibility that is delivered to the A SINGLE USAF CAF ADAIR is best summarised customer at an affordable price enabling AGGRESSOR as comprising 12 operating locations cost savings and beneficial training to SORTIE WHICH (OLs) throughout the continental United the USAF. On average, Draken provides ENABLES THE States (CONUS), 30,000 sorties per four contracted sorties for the price of annum with contractors providing a single USAF Aggressor sortie which WARFIGHTER TO three aircraft category types, the main enables the warfighter to concentrate CONCENTRATE differences of which are found in on his ‘blue air’ training. In an era where ON HIS ‘BLUE kinematics and avionics capabilities. budgets are stagnant, the warfighter this AIR’ TRAINING Unsurprisingly, Nellis AFB has its own matters, a lot. unique mix due to being the home of TOP GUNS for the 57th Adversary Tactics Group and hire − private Combat Air Force Adversary Air (CAF the USAF Weapons School. companies ADAIR) Programme Across all three categories, kinematics require an aircraft capable of M0.8 -M1.5 at 30,000ft, operating battling for big So, what does the USAF require of its 10 year, in Block 3 through 5, and a minimum instantaneous business 45,000hr per year, $6bn CAF ADAIR programme? turn of 8 to 15° per second at 15,000ft on a standard Unlike the United Kingdom’s failed Air Support to day. In terms of avionics; radar (50% chance of Defence Operational Training (ASDOT) programme, Top Aces ATAC the CAF ADAIR programme has constantly engaged TacAir with industry through a series of engagement days, refining requirements to those that are realistic, representative and ones that industry can resource for their available budget. It even acknowledges those which are aspirational and enables a variety of capability exchange options that are far too diverse for this article. Tactical Air Support F-5E ATAC Mirage F1 Top Aces AlphaJets

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 35 DEFENCE Commercial aggressor training

Locations, quantity and type of aggressor tarining support aircraft required by the USAF’s giant $6bn ADAIR commercial Red Air series of contracts.

detecting a ‘fighter sized’ target at 20- 80nm head- than turn performance, speed and altitude on aspect), RWR, countermeasures, electronic attack performance are more important than turn (EA), infra-red search and track (IRST) along with performance. items such as high-off boresight (HOBS) captive  4th Generation Fighter Training Units – Active air training missiles (CATMs) are either minimum detection is more important than aircraft capabilities, or are able to be exchanged for items performance and significantly more important that enable the desired training effects. than passive detection. Turn performance, speed The USAF has been very clear that capabilities and altitude are all equally important and more that are able to deliver the desired training effect important than passive detection. are more important than aircraft performance. The following should come as no surprise to those familiar with the subject: Enough work to go around?  Nellis AFB – Active and passive detection are With the challenge set, four companies have equally important, both are more important declared that they submitted Request for Proposals than aircraft kinematic performance, speed (RFPs) which the USAF is now finalising its and altitude are more important than turn evaluations. Once evaluated and approved as a performance. potential supplier, industry can bid against individual  5th Generation Fighter Training Units – Passive Task Orders for each of the 12 OLs. As Air Force detection is more important than active detection, Magazine revealed in March 2019, the first two active detection is more important than aircraft have been identified as Kingsley Field, Oregon and kinematic performance, speed and altitude are Holloman AFB, New Mexico. These contracts are more important than turn performance. scheduled to commence in October 2020. What have the four known respondents been up  5th Generation Operational Units – Passive to? In a single word ‘speculating’, trying to identify detection is more important than active detection, suitable platforms from around the world that are both active and passive detection are more Ex-Spanish AF Mirage available at the right price point, supportable by important than speed and altitude, active and F1Ms are set to have a OEMs or those able to support under licence, ones passive detection are significantly more important second life as aggressor that are upgraded or are able to be upgraded and aircraft with Draken. Draken International

36 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 Draken International most importantly, have enough life and hours left to be viable for 10+ years adversary service. Tactical Air Support Inc (TacAir) recently imported 21 ex-Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) F-5E/F Tiger II aircraft which it is modernising with Garmin COTS avionics and replacing legacy systems with equipment from US company DuoTech who advertises a bespoke adversary radar, RWR and other open architecture systems. Interestingly, TacAir won the competition for a 4th Gen Adversary to support the USN at Fallon Naval Air Station, the home of the Naval Air Warfare Development Centre (NAWDC) and ‘Top Gun’, with these aircraft as its offering. Top Aces has not added any new aircraft since acquiring Air Training Service International (ATSI) way back in 2013 and putting its A-4N Skyhawks on contract in Germany. Despite aggressive marketing Why no 4th Gen Aircraft? Ex-SAAF Cheetahs with and promises of demonstrations of capability, its much- low hours and Israeli vaunted acquisition of ex- Israeli F-16 Netz delivered Many readers will ask why 4th Gen platforms are avionics will provide a under the Peace Marble I Foreign Military Sales (FMS) not already on contract. First, a generational leap in high-end supersonic threat. Programme appears to be mired in both legal and platforms brings supportability challenges, the issue policy issues. Only time will tell if this leads to ‘iron on of composites, fly-by-wire and an absolute must for the ramp’ or whether they remain PowerPoint aircraft. active OEM and design authority support to your ATAC has explored the French Connection, and operation as a private entity. Second, the acquisition acquired some 63 Dassault Mirage F1B, CR and and subsequent operating costs are likely to place CT aircraft retired by the Armée de l’Air in 2014. It you close to, if not above the magical $25,000 per is currently in the process of regeneration, with the flight hour. Third, and most importantly, relates to aim to return 40 to airworthy condition at its newly any US Defense Article on the US Munitions List established Adversary Centre of Excellence located which is governed by the US International Traffic in at Fort Worth Alliance Airport, Texas. ATAC is also Arms Regulations (ITAR). said to be in the advanced stages of acquiring seven For any private entity to acquire an F-16 surplus RJAF F-16A/B aircraft obtained under the capability, it would require approval from the Peace Falcon 2 FMS Programme, all of which are at Department of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) in MLU standard and have received Falcon STAR and the State Department that issue Third Party Transfer UP programmes. (TPT) approval and the Defense Technology Security Draken has continued to do its own thing, Agency (DTSA). Likely provisos may well include for identifying aircraft that have already been modernised use within the CONUS and non-acquisition by a non- and are able to be further upgraded as required. At US private entity. Finally the reader will be aware that its Lakeland facility in Florida, it is in the process of most nation states operate a 4th Gen fighter as their regenerating 22 former Spanish Dassault Mirage primary combat capability. F1Ms retired by the Ejército del Aire in 2013. All are low hour and were modernised in the early The past is the future and it’s here to 2000s. The acquisition programme saw cede stay everything required to support the aircraft, even down to an Operational Flight Programme lab. In-service CAF ADAIR is here today and, by its very nature, no support will be provided by the Paramount Group of single company can hope to fulfil its volume. The South Africa, under licence. above gives a very high-level overview as to where it is Which links us to Draken’s most unusual heading. Those nations starting nascent programmes, acquisition, that of 12 (formerly Atlas those recompeting existing programmes and those Aircraft Corporation) Cheetah aircraft, all of which returning to the drawing board all face the same accumulated fewer than 500 flight hours with the common problem – what effects and capability can South African Airforce (SAAF) prior to retirement I get for the price I’m willing to pay, as none of the in 2008. While essentially a Mirage III clone, with programmes comprise CAPEX? the assistance of Israel, the aircraft packs a potent There is also another more pressing issue, that of EL/L-2032 radar, said to be superior to the APG-68 whoever joins the merge last with a new programme and APG-73, and an Elisra RWR system. Denel, will be left with the resources nobody else requires as the OEM and Design Authority, will provide as the pool of acceptable used aircraft is evaporating continued in-service support. Coincidently, the every month. My closing comment is an addition to Cheetah utilises the same Snecma Atar 9K50C-11 Isaacman’s original stratagem, that of “Sustain it and as the Mirage F1M. they’ll remain.”

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 37 DEFENCE DSEI 2019 show report Defence on parade TIM ROBINSON reports on the military air and space sector news highlights from this year’s DSEI defence exhibition, held on 9-13 September in London.

TEMPEST WHIPS UP A STORM Italian MoD MBDA. While some of these (including the supersonic and stealthy cruise missiles) had appeared at the Paris Air Show in June, new at DSEI were tandem within- visual range air-to-air missiles (WVR AAM), ‘increased calibre’ WVR AAM, hard-kill self-defence and ground attack micro-missiles and the SPEAR EW – appearing for the first time at a defence trade show. The tandem WVR AAM missiles are based on advanced short range air-to-air missiles (ASRAMM) but aerodynamically cleaned up and shortened to fit inside a Tempest Italy’s Secretary General of Defence, Lt. Gen. Nicolò internal weapons bay. Unlike the rail-launched Falsaperna, and the UK’s Sir Simon Bollom, CEO of ASRAAM, these would need to be ejected from the bay. Defence Equipment & Support, sign the SoI. The ‘increased calibre’ WVR AAM, meanwhile, designed to fit more snugly in an internal bay, could also offer Italy partners on Tempest expanded capabilities over ASRAAM – such as a dual- Undoubtedly the biggest, yet least unexpected news in the mode infra red/active electronically scanned array (IR/ air sector from this year’s Defence & Security Equipment AESA) seeker. International (DSEI) exhibition, saw Italy sign up to become Meanwhile, the ‘last-ditch’ hard-kill self-defence a partner on the UK’s Team Tempest future combat air micromissile, revealed at Le Bourget, was accompanied systems programme. Signing a government-to-government by a new ground-attack micromissile. statement of intent (SoI) on 10 September, Italy became the second nation (after Sweden in July) to agree to Tempest full-size mock-up and MBDA weapons. co-operate on the Tempest ‘sixth generation’ combat aircraft project. The agreement followed on from a joint government feasibility study launched last year in the wake of the release of the UK’s Combat Air Strategy.

MBDA shows off potential Tempest weapons With Italy boosting Tempest’s credibility as a new partner, on display alongside the Tempest fighter full- scale mock-up were potential weapon concepts from

Sixth gen trainer for sixth-gen measure stress of students and even synthetic loyal Tempest? wingman/remote carriers to prepare pilots for ‘sixth- generation’ fighters. Talking up the potential of its highly innovative modular basic/advanced trainer and leased training business model was the UK’s Aeralis, which is aiming UK to develop SAR radar sat to position itself as ‘flight training for Tempest’. constellation While it had originally planned to bring a full-size Following hard on the footsteps of the Royal common fuselage demonstrator of the Aeralis jet to Air Force’s Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO) this year’s DSEI, the company revealed that the focus Carbonite-2 imagery satellite demonstrator and the had now shifted to going straight to building two- announcement of UK/US Project Artemtis spy-sat preproduction prototypes – with the goal of flying the constellation in July, there was more UK military basic trainer variant at Farnborough in 2022. space news at DSEI. As well as lower cost and a leasing approach At the show, it was announced that Airbus (enabling air forces to surge capacity), Aeralis’ Space had won a design study from UK defence lab fresh approach to fighter pilot training could include DSTL for a cluster of ultra-high resolution synthetic ‘gamification’ of learning, wearable biosensors to aperture radar (SAR) satellites for the UK MoD,

38 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 DRONES Air-to-air C-UAS from Steel Rock Skeldar ‘ahead of the pack’ with EASA Wandering around the stands at DSEI there was no shortage of requirements companies offering counter-drone solutions. New from the UK’s Meanwhile, over at UMS Skeldar, the Swedish VTOL UAV Steel Rock, (which already supplies its rifle-like jammer to ‘Tier company revealed that the first operators from the German Navy 1’ special forces units), was a combination of Steel Rock’s SR-1 were set to begin training on its V-200 rotary-wing drone in multirotor UAV equipped with NightFighter jammer to take down October at the firm’s expanded facility in Sweden. The German rogue UAVs. With the hand-held NightFighter and a longer-range Navy is acquiring two V-200s and control-stations for its new vehicle-mounted variant, it might well be asked – why turn a drone K130 corvettes. With Royal Canadian Navy also operating the into a air-to-air platform? However, a drone equipped with a counter- V-200 under a service-based model from QinetiQ, this is only the unmanned aerial system (C-UAS) system, it was explained is second shipborne vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) drone to be especially useful for urban areas with cluttered lines of sight, where fielded by NATO navies after the Northrop Grumman FireScout. ground units may have trouble taking down rogue drones that hide UMS Skeldar foresees that new incoming EASA regulators on behind buildings or trees. The NightFighter, as a non-kinetic C-UAS, drone operators – and mandating that they operate like manned also has the advantage of being able to ‘capture’ and take over aviation operators – will have the effect of shaking up the industry. control of a hostile drone and land it safely. This is extremely useful, Having invested in developing new training strategies and courses, even for weaponised IED drones, as it allows forensics to then it is confident that it will be ‘ahead of the pack’ when it comes to disassemble the UAV and its bomb to learn about the makers. meeting these new standards.

under Project Oberon. The expanding ‘umbrella’ origami– style antenna would be provided by Space Systems. Unlike optical sensors, these satellites would be able to offer 24hr day and night coverage and see through clouds – boosting the UK’s space surveillance capabilities. It is also planned that Project Oberon will also have an electronic intelligence (ELINT) capability – giving the satellites the capability to locate radio signals. An in-orbit demonstration is planned for 2022, with an initial operational capability with flight testing to take place at an undisclosed in 2025. location in 2020. With the UK MoD already trialling Airbus Skynet 6 ground segment contest Defence’s Zephyr HAPS, Prismatic say that its launched PHASA-35 will be more robust (its monocoque There was also news on the planned replacement structure consists of just 12 parts), productionised for the UK’s Skynet5 military satellite HAPS, with off-the-shelf lithium-ion batteries and useful (15kg) payload capacity. Below: Aeralis’ proposed communication network – with Defence Secretary sixth generation trainer. Ben Wallace MP announcing the launch of a Right: QinetiQ’s Banshee competition to operate and manage the ground- Banshee NG unveiled NG target drone. stations segment for the £6bn Skynet 6 system. The UK’s QinetiQ unveiled its newest target drone, This will see 15-year-old incumbent Airbus Space Aeralis the Banshee NG, at the DSEI exhibition. The twin- go head-to-head with new bidders after its Skynet5 engine (560mph) Banshee NG is agile up contract runs out in 2022. to 9G, features a lower radar cross section (RCS) for more realistic threat but is able to use existing BAE Systems to acquire Prismatic Banshee infrastructure and ground stations. Some There was news ahead of DSEI in the world of 7,500 Banshees have been built as aerial targets. HAPS (high altitude pseudo satellites) drones when aerospace and defence giant BAE Systems RAF taps Leonardo to evaluate C-UAS announced that its was acquiring Prismatic Ltd – a In more counter-drone news at DSEI, the Royal Air company formed by ex-Zephyr staff. Prismatic is Force announced that it had selected Leonardo to developing the solar-powered PHASA-35 UAV, carry out a three-year study into C-UAS threats and designed to operate at 65,000ft for up to a year – as technology. The goal of the research, which starts a lower-cost, more flexible alternative to satellites. in 2020, is to evaluate counter-drone technology In 15 months, Prismatic has already delivered two with a view to informing the best way to protect RAF full-size PHASA-35 prototypes to BAE at Warton, bases from this growing threat. DESI – Can the UK join the hypersonic weapons race? 21 November 2019 – RAeS HQ London

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 39 Greener by Design Conference 2019 7 November 2019, No.4 Hamilton Place

Aviation and the Net Zero Emissions Challenge

Climate Change is the aviation industry’s biggest environmental challenge. The industry can already boast the first global, sector-wide, market-based climate measurement in CORSIA and is also committed to a net 50% reduction in emissions by 2050.

However, there is growing evidence of climate warming and the latest IPCC report urges the world to aim for a tighter limit on warming and that to do so requires a reduction to “Net-Zero Emissions” by the middle of this century.

Should aviation now raise its own ambition? If so, how? What contribution can technology and operational efficiency make and how much will this hard-to-abate sector depend on replacement, zero-carbon, fuels and market-based mechanisms?

This year’s annual Greener by Design conference will debate this crucial strategic issue with senior speakers from within and outside the industry. For more information please visit: www.aerosociety.com/GBD19

Lead Sponsor Proceedings Sponsor Drinks Sponsor Carbon Offsetting Partner Afterburner www.aerosociety.com

Diary 18 November Light Aircraft Design Conference 2019 Electrifying General Aviation

The CityAirbus was presented on 11 March at the City of Ingolstadt to members of the German government and the public who had the opportunity to ask Airbus experts questions about the vehicle and the concept of Urban Air Mobility. Airbus.

42 Message from RAeS 44 Book Reviews 50 The Alex Gray Lecture – President The Grand Designers, 21st Century Airlines and Prof Iain Gray delivers the inaugural Alex Gray Plane Crash. Lecture to the Highland Branch on the subject of “The Young Professionals Conference held at No.4 ‘Scotland’s Contribution to Aerospace – What’s was attended by a large and enthusiastic audience Next?’. consisting of early-career professionals, apprentices 47 Library Additions and students. The day was billed as providing Books submitted to the National Aerospace Library. a platform to learn, discuss and network and it 52 Diary certainly did that.” 49 The Aeronauts Find out when and where around the world the latest Society aeronautical and aerospace lectures – Chief Executive A review of the new feature film starring Eddie and events are happening. Redmayne and Felicity Jones which tells the story “The Government has also committed “to making of the record-breaking balloon flight by Society 54 Obituary the UK a global science superpower and a magnet co-founder James Glaisher. for brilliant people and businesses from across Dr John Dunham CEng FRAeS. the world” and to the creation of a Cabinet-level National Space Council through which to launch a comprehensive UK Space Strategy. It remains to be seen how much of this reaches the statute book.”

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 41 Afterburner Message from RAeS OUR PRESIDENT

Prof Jonathan Cooper The past month has been very busy and I was The Symposium was followed by the International pleased to be able to attend a number of Society Flight Crew Training Conference with the theme events covering a broad range of our activities. ‘Modernising Flight Crew Training – Completing the The Young Professionals Conference held at Transformation’ (see p 22). An almost full Bill Boeing No.4 was attended by a large and enthusiastic Lecture Theatre listened to a noteworthy series of audience consisting of early-career professionals, papers, workshops and panel discussions, delivered apprentices and students. The day was billed as by world-leading experts, examining why and how providing a platform to learn, discuss and network training strategies and systems need to exploit and it certainly did that. There was a great range of evolving technologies to progress the various aspects speakers covering areas such as the space industry, of flight crew training towards improved safety. An the future of aerospace and the importance of important part of these aims will be achieved through technology in Formula 1 car design. There was also a greater understanding of human interactions a discussion where the panel participants discussed and the modernisation of flight crew training made their journeys and experiences, giving valuable possible by introducing competency based training advice to the young aerospace professionals. and assessment (CBTA). Thanks to Peter Barrett, All of our younger members are recommended secretary of the Flight Crew Training Group, for his to take part in the Young Persons Network, who tireless efforts in organising both events. helped to organise this conference, as a way to I was honoured to unveil, on behalf of the stay connected, get involved and open up new Society, an Aeronautical Heritage Award for opportunities with the Royal Aeronautical Society. Pegasus House on the Airbus UK site at , Many thanks must also go to Laura Hoang for (see p 48). Nominated by the Bristol fronting the event. Branch of the Society, this was the design office I was also fortunate to attend two events where famous aircraft such as the Blenheim, organised by the Society’s Flight Crew Training Beaufighter and Concorde were created. The Group. Trade associations exist for many sectors Heritage Award Scheme exists to erect plaques of the aviation industry, nationally, regionally and across the UK to commemorate significant people, internationally but, while there are some regional places and things, with the intention of celebrating associations of Approved Training Organisations technological or operational achievements that (ATOs) for air transport pilots, there is no have made an original and unique contribution of international association. ATOs cover initial training, world significance. Although we must always be ALTHOUGH WE type conversion and recurrent training, with some a forward-looking Society, it is important that we 2,500 ATOs operating worldwide. An international remember noteworthy contributions upon which MUST ALWAYS ATOs’ association would facilitate collaborative work the aerospace and aviation sectors are based. BE A FORWARD- on safety concerns; best practices; international I encourage the local branches to make more LOOKING harmonisation and standardisation; training material; nominations to the scheme. standard operating procedures and liaison with Finally, I would like to thank the Yeovilton Branch SOCIETY, IT IS other industry stakeholders. It could also assist in for inviting me to attend this year’s Eric ‘Winkle’ IMPORTANT THAT negotiations with multiple Civil Aircraft Authorities Brown Lecture held underneath Concorde at the WE REMEMBER and provide a highly effective consultancy service Museum. This was a fascinating talk NOTEWORTHY for ATOs with slender back-office resources. The given by Richard Browning of Gravity Industries Flight Crew Training Group organised a one-day describing how he was ‘Re-imagining Human Flight’. CONTRIBUTIONS symposium of ATOs, with attendees from all over the I have already been able to visit several of the UPON WHICH world, for ATOs to explore further the association’s local Branches, the backbone of the Society, since THE AEROSPACE rationale and construct and whether it is timely to becoming President and intend to attend many AND AVIATION create an international ATOs’ association to provide other events during the rest of my term of office. a global voice. This activity is an excellent example I strongly encourage you all to make contact with SECTORS ARE of how RAeS Specialist Groups can lead and your local Branch, and perhaps those slightly further BASED influence the aviation sector. away, and to support their activities.

42 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 OUR CHIEF EXECUTIVE

Sir Brian Burridge ● As I write, we are in the critical week of the pilot whose unarmed aircraft was shot down in EU Brexit summit with little certainty on the Norway. He was subsequently captured and sent outcome. Clearly, the industrial trade bodies to Stalag Luft III where he was an instigator of have grown more nervous of late. For our part, the Great Escape. The aircraft wreckage was in responding to my letter to the Prime Minister found on a Norwegian mountain in 2017 and on his appointment in which I emphasised the has since been brought back to the UK where criticality of the UK’s continued relationship with it will be restored and returned to flight. The EASA, Chris Heaton-Harris, the Minister of State programme will provide significant STEM activity for Transport assured us that: “The UK is seeking for schools but will undoubtedly reach a wider continued close co-operative arrangements with audience because of the human dimension of the EU on aviation safety as part of an ambitious Sandy’s wartime experiences and the recovery of and comprehensive air transport agreement.” We the aircraft. shall see! ● As the President records opposite, ● Meanwhile, it was a welcome change to see a congratulations are due to Neeral Patel and all focus on the domestic agenda in the Queen’s of the Head Office team involved in The Young Speech. For us, advancing the bill on air traffic Persons Conference. The Bill Boeing Lecture management and airspace modernisation is a Theatre was full to the seams and the audience significant move as is the drone bill which will enthusiasm was palpable. If only we could bottle include new police powers to tackle the unlawful that and use it to pull through a larger cohort of use of unmanned aircraft. There is a hint in younger members which is the key requirement the former that measures to reform the airline for a sustainable Society. Here at Hamilton Place, insolvency process will be included, following the we are working relentlessly to upgrade the appeal high-profile collapses of Monarch and Thomas of our ‘offer’ to this important group. Cook. The Government has also committed “to ● I was fortunate enough to visit the Munich Branch making the UK a global science superpower at the end of last week to deliver a lecture at the and a magnet for brilliant people and businesses Defence University and to catch-up with local from across the world” and to the creation of a industry and research institutions. Every time I go Cabinet-level National Space Council through to Germany, I am staggered by the pace at which which to launch a comprehensive UK Space they adopt novel technology and new ideas. This Strategy. It remains to be seen how much of this has always been as aspect of German industrial reaches the statute book. culture but it is clearly also driven by both local ● Meanwhile, the Science and Technology and national government. It was striking how Select Committee published its report entitled much relevant ‘close to market’ research and Commercial and recreational drone use in the development is being conducted in the technical UK, which highlights the need for a vision for universities on aspects such as automated air the future for drones in the UK, drawing on the traffic management and eVTOL. opportunities and lessening risks presented by ● Also last week, we had an excellent Corporate increased drone use. We submitted a written input Partner briefing from Air Vice-Marshal ‘Rocky’ and I gave verbal evidence to the enquiry in a Rochelle, the Chief of Staff Capability at Air THE UK IS session held jointly with the Defence Committee. Command, on Future Combat Air Strategy and SEEKING Our contributions are referenced throughout the the future Defence use of space. Coming-up in CONTINUED report with the conclusions and recommendations November, we have Hans Büthker, the CEO of broadly in line with our proposals, particularly in GKN Aerospace with the title, ‘From first flight CLOSE CO- acknowledging the economic benefit of drones. to electric flight: transforming for a sustainable OPERATIVE However, on the technology side, the report future’. We are also creating an exciting ARRANGEMENTS recommended that all drones, including existing programme of briefings for 2020 of which more drones, should be electronically conspicuous WITH THE EU ON next month. Finally, we still have some availability within two years. This represents a considerable here at No.4 Hamilton Place for Christmas parties AVIATION SAFETY burden on individual recreational users but is a and are currently offering 10% off our Christmas AS PART OF AN key requirement of the regulators. packages (for a minimum number of 80 guests) AMBITIOUS AND ● At the end of September, Ros Azouzi our Head which include the venue hire and catering. Our COMPREHENSIVE of Skills and Careers and I were at the launch beautiful Edwardian townhouse provides the at Cranfield University of the Sandy Gunn perfect setting for a festive celebration – please AIR TRANSPORT Aerospace Careers Programme (see p 55). do get in touch with our Venue Hire team at AGREEMENT Sandy Gunn was a photo-reconnaissance Spitfire [email protected] for further details.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 43 Afterburner Book Reviews THE GRAND DESIGNERS The Evolution of the in the 20th Century. Cambridge Centennial of Flight series By J D Anderson

Cambridge University Press, University Printing House, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8BS, UK. 2018. x; 306pp. Illustrated. £39.99. ISBN 978- 0-521-81787-5.

“In the first over-all design .... no pains should be spared to get the best and most compact disposition of external parts, and the best sizes and forms for them. .... If this is done, using with due common sense every source of reliable data, and doing everything methodically and thoroughly, it is highly probable that the results will be good, and if one Top left: Captain Frank Sowter this book is itself questionable, asking whether goes on working thus in subsequent designs, Barnwell OBE AFC FRAeS, conceptual design changed during the century. 1880-1938. RAeS (NAL). altering up empirical constants as found necessary Briefly, by the end of Chapter 3, he declares that Top right: IIA, or advisable from increasing experience, one will K2227, formerly G-ABBB, it didn’t but, that the advances in aircraft capability design better machines, and will know why they are alongside a Bristol Fighter. were achieved through the correspondingly huge improved.” Both aircraft types were developments in technology. He concludes that [From F S Barnwell and W H Sayers Aeroplane designed by . Barnwell’s published methodology from 1916 Design and A Simple Explanation on Inherent RAeS (NAL). remains substantially the same today. Stability (London: McBride, Nast & Co. 1917)] Above left: Edgar O Schmued Why would he ask this question (attributed to 1899-1985. San Diego Air and In his latest book John Anderson has extended Space Museum Archive. his colleague at the Smithsonian, Dr von Hardesty)? his historical survey of aviation by selecting and Above right: The North Could it be because he is an aerodynamicist, not comparing six aircraft designers who he considers American P-51 Mustang was a designer? Certainly the major focus throughout worthy of the accolade ‘Grand Designer’. Noting the one of several types designed this book is on aerodynamic developments with enormous development in the capability of aircraft by Ed Schmued. RAeS (NAL). less comment on the other aspects of the overall through the 20th century he asks whether this was ‘system’ he so admires in the Wright brothers’ driven by ‘a parallel advancement in the intellectual approach. Anderson first declared his interest in this methodology of airplane conceptual design’. question in a three-page ‘Aerospace Letter’ to the Anderson is well known for his numerous books AIAA Journal in 2006 and claims to have had a quite on the theory of flight and the , positive response. Given that there is interest in the characterised by their clear and easy to read style. question, has he given a reasoned argument for his This, too, is an informative text from this much answer? Not really. respected author. His chosen designers are the Anderson appears in thrall to Barnwell’s book, Wright brothers, Frank Barnwell, Arthur Raymond, but does not try to explain how Barnwell could R J Mitchell, Edgar Schmued and Kelly Johnson, have come to write it. He does not expand on the ‘arguably the grandest’. design and drafting skills and disciplines Barnwell The account given for each subject includes His chosen would have learnt working for a Clydebank shipyard, their background, entry into the aviation business, drawing up scantlings and hull lines, establishing education and practical training, their work and designers are displacement, waterline and metacentre, preparing achievements. Note is made of the technical the Wright parts lists and quantified bills of material. information that was available to each of them, brothers, Frank Design involves a continuous stream of from letters and papers, experience from racing, Barnwell, Arthur iterations right from the start, covering all aspects and technical reports from research bodies such of the finished product. Labels such as conceptual as NACA and NASA, to proprietary research Raymond, R J and preliminary are used to distinguish phases from their own organisations. Contemporary Mitchell, Edgar in this stream and at best are arbitrary and used textbooks and available publications supporting Schmued and for convenience; they have been used differently design methodology are identified. Anderson gives Kelly Johnson, at different times and by different authors and particular emphasis to Frank Barnwell’s textbook organisations. This is not a matter to be too Aeroplane Design published in 1916. ‘arguably the prescriptive about. In comparison Barnwell The justification Anderson uses for writing grandest’ describes clearly the iterative process, explaining

44 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 that a number of iterations would typically be a part.” Recognising the designer knows such required even to achieve the example he gives, constraints will have to be met, a more balanced which he labels a preliminary design. book might for instance have included with the More could have been made of how to use other short appendices one commenting on available data and summarised experience. There Barnwell’s pre-Schrenk approximation for wing is no talk of parametric studies such as found in spanwise loading. Torenbeek, Howe, Raymer and others. There is no Although this book is brimming with useful talk of the accuracy of initial assumptions versus the information and anecdotes, it seems to have missed designer’s feel for what to accept. Early in the book, its point. Starting by talking about “the evolution of Anderson mentions optimisation (Intellectual Pivot the intellectual methodology for airplane design” Point number 7), then does not talk about it. There invites too many preconceptions. The development is no mention of sensitivity analyses, carpet plots, of the argument from there is littered with trade studies or reverse engineering. Clarence ‘Kelly’ Leonard unsubstantiated claims and unwarranted sweeping Anderson talks of the importance of selecting Johnson 1910-1990, generalisations. Anderson keeps returning to a design point and sizing to achieve it. But, for Advanced Development his point but if you want to know about the early Projects, the Skunk Works, example, structural considerations cover the Lockheed Martin. Among the stages of design disregard this and go and read the whole flight envelope. As Barnwell points out many aircraft types that Kelly opening chapters of Raymer or Gudmundsson. “the unfortunate designer is expected to be able Johnson was responsible for In summary, The Grand Designers is an to produce reasonable figures showing that his were the F-104 Starfighter, entertaining and informative book which fails to U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird. detail design is such that no part of the machine RAeS (NAL). support its opening premise. has a ‘factor of safety’ of less than six under such condition , between slowest and fastest flying John M Robertson speeds, as imposes the greatest strain on such CEng MIMechE MRAeS

21st CENTURY AIRLINES Connecting the Dots with regards to the digitalisation of aviation management. Despite its focus on digitalisation, it is By N K Taneja written in a way that is understandable by readers without any significant expertise in information Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2 Park Square, technology; it is very much a management book, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RN, UK. 2018. liv; rather than an IT book. Therefore, readers who are 228pp. £44.99. ISBN 978-1-138-09313-3. looking for technical explanations or solutions might be disappointed, while others will find it thought- Nawal K Taneja’s book 21st Century Airlines: provoking and stimulating. At times the link to the Connecting the Dots looks at air transport physical side of the airline business (ie the operation management from mainly a digital perspective, of aircraft) could have been stronger, nevertheless highlighting the most current and anticipated future anyone coming from a more ‘traditional’ airline developments of airlines and the wider air transport background will find the new developments that are industry. Particularly this last point, the wider air The cabin of an easyJet being discussed, very interesting. transport industry, encapsulates new business ideas -100. The second part of the book (Chapter 7) Adrian Pingstone. and business models, such as ‘platform businesses’, consists of 13 contributions from industry experts. ie organisations with limited physical assets that The contributions are a bit ‘hit-and-miss’ though. connect buyers and sellers while adding additional Some of the sections are excellent, providing value in the process. relevant insights and discussions on some of The book has an interesting setup, with no the most recent developments from an industry fewer than 12 forewords by senior executives from Overall the perspective. However, other contributions are a the aviation industry, followed by six chapters written book gives bit superficial and at times feel like an advertorial by the author. These six chapters cover important a very good and can be a bit repetitive with regards to aspects functions within airlines from network planning to overview of the covered in other parts of the book. revenue management and customer experience Overall the book gives a very good overview and how changes in technology, society and other digitalisation of the digitalisation of the airline sector and the industries (the book extensively refers to companies of the airline associated potential benefits. such as Uber, Airbnb and Google) have an impact sector and the on these functions. associated Dr Robert Mayer Unlike other books in air transport management, AMRAeS this book has a forward-looking perspective, potential Centre for Air Transport Management identifying latest trends and future developments benefits Cranfield University

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 45 Afterburner Book Reviews PLANE CRASH

The Forensics of Aviation On 17 January 2008, British payload and wheel speed, all factors which a crew Airways Flight 38, flying in must consider on a routine basis at high altitude Disasters from Beijing, China, crashed just short of the runway of its airports. By G Bibel and R Hedges destination airport, London In a chapter titled ‘Vanished’, Bibel deals with Heathrow. All the 152 people Air France Flight 447, which was missing for nearly on board escaped. Marc-Antony two years, and makes comparisons with the search Johns Hopkins University Press, c/o The Oxford Payne. for Malaysian Airlines flight MH 370 which is still Publicity Partnership Ltd, 2 Lucas Bridge Business missing. In the same chapter the authors also deal Park, Old Greens Norton Road, Towcester NN12 with aerodynamic stalls, pitot probe icing and issues 8AX, UK. 2018. xi; 312pp. Illustrated. £22. ISBN surrounding fly-by-wire aircraft, helping the reader 978-1-4214-2448-4. to understand the complex interactive environment in a modern airliner and the adverse effect which Notwithstanding the dramatic title of this book, there that may have on basic piloting skills. is little of the sensational in its content or layout There are chapters on flight simulators and other than the events with which it deals. The book on turbulence, and a lot of information on modern describes some of the principles and techniques by ‘glass’ flight decks. Captain Hedges’ explanations which aircraft accidents may be analysed, dividing of these bring out many operational perspectives. into chapters by phase of flight, and using real- For example, there is a discussion of autopilot flight life examples as teaching aids. Accordingly, there modes, and the Asiana Flight 214 accident at San are chapters on take-off and rejected take-off Francisco is used to illustrate the implications of accidents, a chapter on loss-of-control in flight, this automation for the pilot trying to manage the and chapters on approach accidents and landing descent profile. accidents, and others. This book is a good read. It may not appeal to George Bibel is a Professor of Mechanical It reminds me some, because at times it becomes a bit technical, Engineering at the University of North Dakota: he resorting to graphs and formulae to explain things has previously published similar volumes including most of the like co-ordinated turns and balanced field lengths. It Beyond the Black Box: the Forensics of Airplane invaluable talks reminds me most of the invaluable talks I had with Crashes (Johns Hopkins University Press. 2008). I had with the the aircrew and engineers from whom I learned my In this book, however, he is aided by Captain Robert aircrew and trade as an accident investigator. As such, I think Hedges, who brings his military and airline flying it will appeal to those who are considering such experience into each chapter, usually in the form engineers from a career, and to those who want to delve into the of an inset box in which he outlines operational whom I learned technicalities of aircraft accidents more deeply than aspects which may not be well understood by the my trade as some other books or TV programmes tend to do. lay reader. For example, in the chapter on take-off accidents, Captain Hedges discusses the effects an accident Alan Simmons of density altitude on decision speed, setting, investigator CEng FRAeS

46 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 Library Additions BOOKS

GENERAL No12 Squadron during the Lincoln, , de ‘Sam’ Marshal of the refineries. S J Zaloga. Osprey Low Altitude Bombing System Havilland Mosquito/Vampire/ Royal Air Force The Lord Publishing, Kemp House, (LABS) weapons delivery Venom, / Elworthy: a Biography. R Chawley Park, Cumnor Hill, trials among many other BAC Canberra/Strikemaster, Mead. Pen &Sword Aviation, Oxford OX2 9PH, UK. 2019. experiences recalled from a , Hawker Pen & Sword Books, 47 96pp. Illustrated. £14.99. ISBN flying career of over 45 years. Hunter/Sea Fury, Hunting Church Street, Barnsley, S 978-14728-3180-4. Percival Jet Provost, Short Yorkshire S70 2AS, UK. 2018. A very detailed analysis of Dorset Aviation Past and Sunderland/Sandringham, xiii; 330pp. Illustrated. £25. the operational effectiveness Present. Royal Aeronautical Walrus and ISBN 978-1-52672-717-6. of the USAAF ‘Tidal Wave’ Society Branch. SEPECAT Jaguar among A biography of the New mission of 1 August 1943 2016. 50pp. Illustrated. other aircraft types) that were Zealander Air Chief Marshal during WW2 which aimed A concise illustrated either sold to or operated in Sir Charles Elworthy MRAF to destroy strategically history of the development Argentina, Brazil, Chile, , (1911-1993) – subsequently important oil refineries in of aviation in , Dominican Republic, Ecuador, the Lord Elworthy – who, from using Consolidated Poole, Portland, Weymouth, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and initially joining the Reserve Air B-24D Liberators flown from Chickerell, Bridport, Toller, Venezuela and the British Force Officers in 1933, rose Benghazi in . Upton, Moreton, Christchurch, colonies of British Guiana/ to being appointed both Chief Global Megatrends Swanage, Weymouth, Belize and the Falklands, of the Air Staff in September German Flak Defences and Aviation: the Warmwell, Tarrant Rushton Bolivia, Guatemala, Honduras, 1963 and also in 1967 Chief vs Allied Heavy Path To Future-Wise and Hurn. Nicaragua and Paraguay of the Defence Staff during 1942-45. D Nijboer. Osprey Organizations. P Coutu et among the other countries a turbulent period of British Publishing, Kemp House, al. The ASI Institute, Aviation featured. An appendix defence cuts overseen by Chawley Park, Cumnor Hill, Strategies International, recording individual aircraft Denis Healey. Oxford OX2 9PH, UK. 2019. 440 René-Levesque Blvd histories concludes the volume. 80pp. Illustrated. £13.99. ISBN West, Suite 1202, Montréal Camel Pilot Supreme: 978-14728-3671-7. (Québec) Canada H2Z 1V7 Hawker: the Story of the Captain D V Armstrong An overview of the Allied (https://asi-institute.aero/ 125. B Gunston. Airworthy DFC. A Carson. Air World, Pen RAF and USAAF bombing megatrends). 2019.xv; 474pp. International Publications & Sword Books, 47 Church campaign over Germany during Illustrated. $165. ISBN 978-1- Limited, Bury. 1996. 157pp. Street, Barnsley, S Yorkshire WW2, summarising the leading 9990077-2-0. Illustrated. ISBN 0-9528845- S70 2AS, UK. 2019. vii; aircraft types involved and the Various authors 0-X. 264pp. Illustrated. £25. ISBN German ground-to-air defence contribute to this review of A detailed history of the 978-152675-267-3. system mounted against them. how the world’s aerospace design evolution of the de Including colour artist industry could/will be Havilland DH125 and its later impressions by Lynn Williams, a SPACE affected by climate change, variants including the Dominie, biography of the South African economic shifts, urbanisation, Series 400/600/700/800, RFC pilot D’Urban Victor demographic changes, BAe1000 Armstrong (1897-1918) who, technology innovations and Douglas D-558: D-558-1 and Raytheon Hawker 800XP. during WW1, was to serve with global connectedness and how Skystreak and S-558-2 Nos 39, 44, 60, 78 and 151 it should respond. Skyrocket. X-Planes 12. Spitfire: Icon of a Nation. Squadrons and tragically was P E Davies. Osprey Publishing, I Rendall. Weidenfeld & to die on 13 November 1918 HISTORICAL Bloomsbury Publishing, Nicolson, London. 2008. – two days after the Armistice Kemp House, Chawley Park, 288pp. Illustrated. ISBN 978- – when his Sopwith Camel B-58 Hustler Units. Cumnor Hill, Oxford OX2 9PH, 1-407-23095-5. C6713 failed to recover from Combat Aircraft 130. UK. 2019. 80pp. Illustrated. A well-illustrated large an aerobatic spin and crashed P E Davies. Osprey Publishing, £13.99. ISBN 978-14728- format history of the design at Bouvincourt aerodrome. Bloomsbury Publishing, 3621-2. evolution and air operations of Includes posthumous tributes Kemp House, Chawley Park, Including cutaway the iconic Supermarine fighter by General Jan Smuts, Air Cumnor Hill, Oxford, OX2 9PH, sectional views and aircraft and of its post-WW2 Marshal William A (Billy) UK. 2019. 96pp. Illustrated. contemporary photographs, a legacy. Bishop, Air Commodore £14.99. ISBN 978-14728- well-illustrated history of the Lionel E O Charlton, Wing 3640-3. supersonic research aircraft MANAGEMENT Commander M G Christie, Air Including colour markings programme with adjustable Marshal John M Salmond and Returning People to the diagrams, a detailed history tailplanes which contributed to Management of Defense Air Vice Marshal Sir Leslie Moon After Apollo: Will It of the design evolution the understanding of buffeting, Acquisition Projects Brown. Be Another Fifty Years? and variants of the Convair longitudinal stability and – Second edition. Edited P Norris. Springer. 2019. vii; supersonic bomber and of effectiveness. by R G Rendon and K F Shackleton Boys Volume 231pp. Illustrated. £24.99. its operational role within Snider. American Institute of 2: True Stories from the ISBN 978-3-030-14914-7. Strategic Air Command (SAC). British Combat Aircraft in Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shackleton Operators . S Rivas et al. Reston, VA. xvi; 373pp. 2019. Based Overseas. S Bond. One Giant Leap: the A Pilot’s Tales. H T Murley. Crécy Publishing, 1a Ringway Illustrated. Distributed by Grub Street, 4 Rainham Close, Impossible Mission that Published by Elizabeth Murley. Trading Estate, Shawdowmoss Transatlantic Publishers Group, London SW11 6SS, UK. 2019. Flew Us to the Moon. 2017. 181pp. Illustrated. ISBN Road, M225LH, 97 Greenham Road, London 288pp. Illustrated. £25. ISBN C Fishman. Simon & Schuster 978-1-7240-2700-9. UK. 2019. 621pp. Illustrated. N10 1LN, UK. £73 [20% 978-1-911621-33-1. UK Ltd, 1st Floor, 222 Gray’s Published posthumously, £44.95. ISBN 978-1-90210- discount available to RAeS The Royal Air Force Inn Road, London WC1X the author recalls his pilot 957-2. members on request; E mark. air operations of the 8HB, UK. 2019. xiii; 483pp. training and later operational Commencing with an [email protected]]. ISBN Shackleton maritime Illustrated. £25. ISBN 978-1- experiences during WW2 alphabetically arranged 978-1-62410-509-8. reconnaissance aircraft in 5011-0629-3. and his later post-war career country-by-country survey Gibraltar, Singapore (RAF which included flying at of the involvement of British SERVICE AVIATION Changi), Maldives (RAF Gan), the US Naval Air Station at aircraft types in the evolution Malta (RAF Luqa), Aden (RAF Patuxent River, flying research of military aviation in Central Winning Armageddon: Khormaskar) and the Trucial aircraft (including the de and South America in each Curtis LeMay and States (RAF Sharjah) and Havilland Vampire I, Gloster country prior to 1940, the main Strategic Air Command the South African Air Force For further information Meteor FMk8 and Armstrong focus of this book is a very 1948-1957. T Albertson. Naval (SAAF) operations of the MR3 contact the National Whitworth AW52 among other detailed account illustrated Institute Press, 291 Wood variant are recalled by the Aerospace Library. types) at the Royal Aircraft throughout with numerous Road, Annapolis, MD 21402, service personnel involved. T +44 (0)1252 701038 Establishment (RAE), NGTE contemporary photographs USA. 2019. xxii; 279pp. and Martin-Baker and serving of British aircraft types (Avro Illustrated. $40. ISBN 978- Ploesti 1943: the great raid or 701060 as Flight Commander of RAF Lancaster/Lancastrian/ 168247-422-8. on Hitler’s Romanian oil E [email protected]

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 47 Afterburner Society News AERONAUTICAL HERITAGE AWARDS New Heritage Plaque unveiled

The Society launched the Aeronautical Heritage Awards Scheme as part of the celebrations of the Centenary of British Aviation in 2008. The Awards commemorate people, places or things that have made contributions of world-class significance to the art, science and engineering of aeronautics. Since then, over 20 plaques have been unveiled, most recently the plaque recognising the historic Pegasus House at Filton. The locations of these plaques are in public view and have been chosen to make the public aware of the aeronautical achievements associated with that location. Pegasus House, one of the buildings at Airbus Filton, was proposed for recognition by the Bristol Filton House, now Pegasus Branch. From 1936 it was the headquarters for the House, Bristol, when part of Bristol Aeroplane Company and many of the world’s BAC. RAeS (NAL). most iconic aircraft and aero engines were designed there, including Concorde. Trevor Higgs FRAeS, Airbus Head of Engineering UK, Sir Brian Burridge and Prof Jonathan Cooper duly unveiled the plaque on 19 September, above right. Prior to the unveiling, invited guests gathered inside the historic building and listened to a series of speeches from guests, including Jenny Body FRAeS Past-President of the RAeS and currently Vice-Chair of the RAeS For more information about the Heritage Plaque Medals and Awards Committee (responsible for the Scheme and how to make a nomination, please Heritage Plaque Scheme). contact Scott Phillips [email protected]

NATIONAL AEROSPACE LIBRARY The Hub, Fowler Avenue, Farnborough Business Park, Farnborough, Hampshire GU14 7JP, UK Aviation Book Fair Thursday, 14 November 2019 10.30am – 4.30pm 100s of donated aviation historical books, biographies, memoirs, aircraft histories, aeronautical textbooks and 1,000s of magazines for sale

Free Admission All proceeds to conserve historic aviation material in the Library’s archives

T +44 (0)1252 701038/701060 E [email protected]

48 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 FILM REVIEW A new film shows pioneering flight

Balloonist ANIKA VED takes a look at a new blockbuster movie celebrating the balloon pioneers – and based on the exploits of one of the founders of the Royal Aeronautical Society.

The film, The Aeronauts, is inspired by the story of James Glaisher (1809-1903), played by Eddie Redmayne, a meteorologist, aeronaut and astronomer, in 1862, broke the altitude record during an ascent to look at how to better map weather. James later became one of the founding members of the Royal Aeronautical Society when it was established in 1866. This film is visually stunning with a score to match portraying the sense of pushing the boundaries of flight and, to my knowledge, the first of its kind to be based on a pioneer of balloon flight rather than space WIN a movie poster! signed by stars exploration. The film definitely feels like a mixture of The Greatest Showman (bar the songs) and Gravity Eddie Redmayne and Felicity Jones with the cinematic beauty of the sky. It starts with the fictional Amelia Wren (a nod to Fact vs fiction Earhart) played by Felicity Jones, having flashbacks to a previous disastrous balloon flight and perhaps There are also numerous artistic licenses that have giving the audience a clue that the flight about to be been taken with this film, firstly the couple’s ability portrayed in the film is not going to go according to to see the stars from the balloon at 35,000ft which plan. The spectators in Victorian London gather to is not strictly possible, and they do not seem to be watch the balloon launch and have an expectation wearing adequate protective clothing. To set the to see a show which the protagonist, Amelia, is more record straight, James Glaisher was accompanied than happy to provide, with her acrobatics, matches by his friend Henry Coxwell who is not mentioned with how it is to be a part of public balloon festivals in the film. I can forgive the writers, in this diverse that take place every year around the world in the world of cinema, for trying to encourage more modern day. Throughout the film, audiences are women to be pilots and work in the aerospace WIN – 2 x signed industry. It needs to be said there were plenty of vintage posters from The reminded of the altitude of the balloon and a time Aeronauts film, signed by check as the balloon ascends to give a real sense other female balloon pioneers around at the time stars Eddie Redmayne of the feat the characters are faced with to be the the film is based that could have been spotlighted, and Felicity Jones in our competition. first to break the altitude record which, at one-point, though it probably would not have provided the leads them to feel physical pain from . drama of this flight. Simply answer the question: What I particularly enjoyed about this film is that In all, this film does provide a pleasing view it showed the wonder and freedom of floating up of flying in a balloon (at one point flying through What other passengers in the sky – to feel completely alone which is very a swarm of butterflies) and it shows one man’s accompanied James different to being in a closed aircraft. There are determination to push boundaries and prove to Glaisher and Henry Coxwell on their record moments in the film where there is no dialogue, the stuffy city dwellers that there are possibilities to breaking balloon ascent audience is left to soak in the magic as the flight explore the skies, without which the aviation industry on 5 September 1862? progresses. There are reminders of the personal and may not be as advanced as it is today. Send answer to: professional adversity Glaisher and Wren faced by publications@ convincing members of the Royal Society to pursue Anika Ved aersociety.com with a feat that had not yet been achieved by anyone in email subject line: Aeronauts Competition the race for flight. The Aeronauts (2019) The script is littered with phrases and metaphors First two correct entries Director: Tom Harper out of the hat will each about flying and, while beautiful to hear how the win a copy of the poster. English language is used to describe the feeling Entertainment One UK Release: 4 November 2019 – ONLY in cinemas Closing date of ascending in to the sky, after the fifth grandiose 1 December 2019 statement, it does get a bit tiring. as well as IMAX and 4DX

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 49 Afterburner Society News HIGHLAND BRANCH Inaugural Alex Gray Lecture

Professor Iain Gray CBE FRAeS FREng FRSE delivered the Highland Branch’s inaugural Alex Gray Lecture on 28 May in Elgin, at the Moray College campus of the University of the Highlands & Islands. The subject was ‘Scotland’s Contribution to Aerospace – What’s Next?’ The Alex Gray Lecture is the named lecture of the Highland Branch. Alex was the Branch Secretary at the establishment of the Branch when it was founded in the late 1990s, enthusiastically representing the Highlands branch at the annual branches Above: Harold Barnwell at although it was not clear just how far he got off the conference for many years. He began his career as in 1910 in the cockpit ground or for what distance. There was a competing of the fourth powered aircraft an aerospace engineer and spent his life thereafter built by the two Barnwell and better documented claim to this milestone, by the supporting the profession and developing the next brothers (Frank S and R Barnwell brothers from Balfron in Stirlingshire. Harold generation of engineers. After graduating in Physics Harold Barnwell). The aircraft and Frank Barnwell’s first successful powered flight at St Andrews University he studied Aeronautics at was powered by a two- took place on 28 July 1909 but their big achievement University, graduating in the mid-1950s. cylinder, horizontally-oposed was their mid-wing , which won the prize water-cooled 40hp Grampian An engineering apprenticeship with English Electric engine designed by Harold. for the first flight of over half a mile in Scotland on 30 followed, where he gained early design experience RAeS (NAL). January 1911 at Causewayhead under the Wallace on the English Electric Lightning. His first full job was monument in Stirling. Prof Gray recounted how, when on structures design and clearance work at Avro on visiting the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, he the Vulcan. Following the early 60s’ Wilson budget had noticed that the Barnwell brothers from Balfron cuts he progressed to work at GEC on radar mast were one of the few UK aerospace names to be structure design before taking up a role as a lecturer noted in the American version of the history of flight. in Engineering at Aberdeen University in 1965, where No lecture covering Scotland’s aeronautical he remained until retiring aged 70 in 2002. heritage would be complete without discussing Alex passed away in February 2018 and so it Captain Edmund ‘Ted’ Fresson and Eric Gandar was fitting that the inaugural lecture named after Dower. Fresson pioneered air transport in the him was delivered by his son Prof Iain Gray, Director Highlands & Islands in the 1930s onwards and of Aerospace at Cranfield University. Prof Gray held formed Highland Airways. In 1947 Highland Airways, various engineering positions before taking on the along with all other UK domestic air services, roles of Director of Engineering, then Managing was nationalised into , Director at Airbus UK. He became the first Chief and Fresson and many other early pioneers of air Executive of Innovate UK following its establishment transport were evicted from their businesses without in 2007 and assumed his current role at Cranfield in compensation. Gandar Dower was a contemporary of 2015. Fresson, MP for Caithness and Sutherland, and the Prof Gray began the lecture by reflecting on his airlines’ nationalisation also took his airline. Gandar father’s career in aerospace and how his father’s Dower is probably be best remembered as the passion for aerospace was passed onto the young founder of Dyce Airport in Aberdeen, which today is Iain when the family attended airshows at RAF the world’s busiest heliport. Leuchars and RAF Lossiemouth where they marvelled Prof Gray’s lecture brought the picture to the at the Vulcan and Lightning displays. He then turned present day, through Limited’s role to the early days of aerospace in Scotland, starting in the Bulldog and Jetstream aircraft, to the number with Percy Pilcher who worked on the control of of roles that Scottish industry played in both the gliders and may have beaten the Wright brothers’ manufacture and operational support of Concorde. first powered flight milestone if he hadn’t been killed Scotland’s role on Concorde is recognised and demonstrating an earlier glider model in 1899. Prof celebrated at the Scottish National , Gray described how Scotland has had its own aviation which is now the permanent home of Concorde debate as to who made the first heavier-than-air G-BOAA. Prof Gray’s own career moved from the flight in Scotland. Andrew Baird was credited with supersonic speeds of Concorde to the much slower the first attempted heavier than air ‘entirely Scottish but very effective BAE 146 aircraft, when he was part built’ monoplane flight, at Rothesay beach in 1910, of the structural certification team for the aircraft in

50 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 the 1980s. BAE still supports the 200 plus 146s still across the country by companies like CyberHawk, Sky in service around the world from its site at Prestwick, Future and FlyLogix. Primarily used in surveillance and and Prof Gray’s involvement with the type continues photography to begin with, drones were increasingly to this day because the FAAM aircraft (Future being used for inspection of North Sea oil and gas Atmospheric Airborne Measurement) uses the first rigs – with FlyLogix routinely flying BVLOS drones 146, MSN001 – the test aircraft – as its platform out of Aberdeen to the rigs and back – and for and operates from Cranfield University’s airfield. This inspection of the fast-growing numbers of offshore aircraft is equipped as a chemistry lab in the sky and wind turbines. is one of the most sophisticated research aircraft in Cranfield University is also involved in the the world today, equal to anything that the US can future of Scottish Aerospace, as part of a project offer. Iain also recounted the significance of Scottish consortium working on the electrification of a engineering on the programme. Scot Britten-Norman Islander for use on the island- Bob McKinlay, the Concorde assistant Chief Engineer hopping routes of the Scottish Highlands. The ‘Project and assistant Director Flight Test to Chief Test Pilot From left: Sir Brian Burridge, Fresson’ consortium includes Cranfield Aerospace Brian Trubshaw, later became Managing Director Society CEO; Prof Iain Gray, Solutions Ltd, Cranfield University, Rolls-Royce and lecturer and Wg Cdr Mark of BAe Commercial Aircraft and Chairman of BAe Quick, then Chair of the electric motor specialist Dennis , Battery Airbus where he fought hard to ensure the UK played Highland Branch. management from Delta Motorsport and batteries a key role. Iain’s own role in Airbus was in leading the with the Warwick Manufacturing Group. The project team developing the wing of the A380. Engineers in will work very closely with , with Highlands Scotland played a big part in the development of parts and Islands Airports and with Island councils such of the A380 wing – particularly at Spirit Aerosystems as Orkney. Future aerospace developments in in Prestwick who were responsible for designing and Scotland are not only electrically-powered…they are building the inner fixed of the wing. also rocket-powered! In July 2018 the UK Space Coincidentally, on the same day the A380 made its Agency announced that it was backing the ambitious first flight the citizens of Stirling were unveiling a proposals by Highlands and Islands Enterprise to commemorative statue in honour of Frank Barnwell. develop a vertical rocket launch site at the A’Moine Turning to the present day, Prof Gray reflected peninsula in Sutherland. The site will be used by that Scotland continues to play its part in today’s Lockheed Martin and Moray-based Orbex. Orbex’s global aerospace market – whether it be the orbital launch vehicle, ‘Prime’, will deliver small development of new composites parts, new satellites into Earth’s orbit using a single renewable manufacturing processes at Strathclyde University fuel, bio-propane, cutting carbon emissions by 90% with the Advanced Forming Research Centre or compared to hydrocarbon fuels. At the same time, new companies, such as the satellite company there are also plans for a horizontal space launch ClydeSpace. Scotland also plays its role in new capability from the proposed Spaceport at Prestwick. technology development, such as the ASTRAEA In closing, Prof Gray acknowledged that it is Jetstream which made aviation history when it flew a great time to be joining the aviation and space from Warton to Inverness in May 2013 as the first industries and that Scotland has a key role to play in surrogate unmanned flight in civil aerospace. From his these sectors. role at Cranfield, Prof Gray remarked on their strong “I will be forever grateful to my father for those links back to BAE Systems at Prestwick with its initial visits to Lossiemouth. I know that, through his current ‘classroom in the sky’ Jetstream aircraft, and involvement in the Highlands Branch, he always a Scottish Aviation Bulldog flight test aircraft used loved the history of aerospace in Scotland but, more for researching advanced in-flight instrumentation importantly, saw a future for aerospace in Scotland including fibre optic pressure and strain sensors. building on this history. I thank you for the opportunity Overall Scotland has an active aerospace to present to you tonight in this Alex Gray Lecture. He industry, including companies like BAE Systems, would have been very proud to know of the recognition Copernicus Technology here in the North East, GE you have given him and that he played a small part in Aviation, Leonardo, Raytheon, Spirit, Rolls-Royce, setting the sector’s future.” Teledyne, Thales, Vector Aerospace and many others In addition to local Branch members and invited all contributing to the Scottish Aerospace cluster at attendees, the lecture was attended by other very different levels in the supply chain and in supporting special guests: Alex’s wife, Mrs Mary Gray, and Iain’s airlines around the world. sisters. It was also attended by Sir Brian Burridge, The final segment of the lecture looked to the RAeS CEO. Gifts from the Branch were presented future. The RAF is preparing to start maritime patrol to Prof Gray and to Mrs Mary Gray, and the vote of operations with Boeing P-8A Poseidon aircraft thanks was provided by the then Branch Chair, Wg from nearby RAF Lossiemouth, a very busy airbase Cdr Mark Quick. which is already home to four Typhoon squadrons. The commercial use of drones was being pioneered Giles Huby CEng FRAeS

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EVENTS www.aerosociety/events LECTURES www.aerosociety/events

7 November The first Fairey Delta 2, WG774, after modification into the BAC 221 with a sharp-edged ogival Aviation and the Net Zero Emissions Challenge wing for flight validation of a Concorde-style . The BAC 221 and the early days of Greener by Design Conference Concorde will be discussed by John Thorpe at Weybridge on 6 November. RAeS (NAL).

Virgin Atlantic Virgin Virgin 7 November Brabazon Lecture Shai Weiss, Chief Executive Officer, Virgin Atlantic Limited Named Lecture

8 November Careers in Aerospace & Aviation LIVE 2019 BEDFORD 7.30pm. Jin-Hyun Yu, T +44 T +44 (0)2476464079. ARA Sports and Social Club, (0)1223 373129. 7 November — Annual 12-13 November Aircraft Research Association, 7 November — Throwing Dinner and Talk. Brandon Hall Simulation – Trends and Future Applications Manton Lane, Bedford. 7pm. away the rule book, Electric Hotel, Brandon. Flight Simulation Group Conference 11 December — Flying Air transport, Lilium Aviation. 4 December — Airbus business jets. Paul Catanach, Lauren Hazlett, Lilium Aviation. electric-engined BAe146 12 November Line Training Captain, TAG 28 November — Team programme. Riona Armesmith, Edwin A Link Lecture Aviation (UK) Ltd. Tempest, the future of UK air Rolls-Royce E-Fan X Mike O’Donoghue CBE FRAeS, Chief Executive, power. Michael Christie, BD Programme Director. General Aviation Safety Council , Director, BAE Systes. 22 January — The return Flight Simulation Group Named Lecture WOLVERHAMPTON AND 19 December — Airborne of the DH88 Comet. Roger 14-15 November COSFORD – the Cold Bailey, Chief Test Pilot, The Global Megatrends and Aviation Forum: Co-creating Visions for National Cold War Museum, War legacy. Gordon Slater. Shuttleworth Collection. the Future of the Industry RAF Museum Cosford, Shifnal. Mulled wine and mince pies Conference 7pm. Chris Hughes, T +44 after lecture. CRANWELL (0)1902 844523. Daedalus Officers’ Mess, RAF 18 November 12 December — From Cranwell. 7.30pm. Please Light Aircraft Design Conference: Electrifying General Aviation Comet to Dreamliner: a Cardiff & Vale College, ICAT, allow enough time to visit the General Aviation Group Conference history of aircraft fatigue. Dr . 7pm. Guardroom for your pass. Andrew Halfpenny, Director of 20 November — Miles M52. 4 November — Flying the 19 November Technology, HBM Prenscia – Tony Buttler. English Electric Lightning. Sopwith Lecture: F-35 Lightning II testing nCode Products Division. 15 January — Atmospheric John Ward. Lieutenant Colonel Billie Flynn, Test Pilot, Lockheed Martin 16 January — Hawk at research flying in the UK. 9 December — Christmas Named Lecture 40+. Stephen Blee, Chief Dr Guy Gratton. University event and RAF Presentation Airworthiness Engineer, of South , Treforest Team. 20 November Brough. Campus, Pontypridd. Modern Airline Fleet Planning – Art or Science? DERBY Paul Clark, Managing Director, Through The Looking Glass Ltd BOSCOMBE DOWN Nightingale Hall, Moor Lane, Air Transport Group Lecture Lecture Theatre, MoD Room 017, University of Derby. 5.30pm. Chris Sheaf, Boscombe Down, Salisbury. Chester, Beswick Building, T +44 (0)1332 269368. 21 November 5.15pm. Visitors please register University of Chester, Parkgate 13 November — The global Can the UK join the hypersonic weapons race? at least four days in advance Road, Chester. 7.30pm. Keith impact of eVTOL technology Weapons Systems & Technology Group Conference (name and car registration Housely, T +44 (0)151 348 on the aerospace market. Dan required) E secretary@ 4480. Hayes, CEO and co-founder, 21 November BoscombeDownRAeS.org 13 November — War and VRCO, and Michael Smith, Capability-Based Test & Evaluation 19 November — . Peace – 1956-1962. Peter Chairman and co-founder, Captain Benjamin W Harris, Test Design Division, Pat Norris. Radcliffe, Grosvenor Museum VRCO. COMOPTEVFOR Norfolk, VA, and Alex Ordway, Capabilities Society and former Army 15 January — Ice crystal Based Test and Evaluation Lead, NAWC WD BROUGH Sergeant and Carl Mann, icing and its impact on engine Flight Test Group Lecture Cottingham Parks Golf Club, RAeS Chester Branch and certification. Martin Maltby, Woodhill Way, Cottingham, former RAF Corporal. Joint former Chief Powerplant 26 November Hull. Ben Groves, T +44 lecture with The Grosvenor Engineer, BAe Regional The Engine MRO Crisis – Challenges and Opportunities (0)1482 663938. Museum Society. Aircraft; and Geoff Jones, Conference 13 November — Branch 8 January — The preservation Engine Environmental AGM followed by Navy wings of Britannia Charlie Fox at Protection Technologist, Rolls- 2 December – flying historic aircraft and the Speke. Alan Pennington Royce. WW2 Piston Engines – How British organisation. and Robert Carroll, Britannia Management Excellence Succeeded 27 November — A lesson Aircraft Preservation Trust. FARNBOROUGH Calum Douglas, Director, Scorpion Dynamics Ltd in chemistry. Hull University, BAE Systems Park Centre, Historical Group Lecture Robert Blackburn Building. COVENTRY Farnborough Aerospace Centre. All lectures start at 18.00 unless otherwise stated. Lecture Theatre ECG26, 7.30pm. Dr Mike Philpot, T +44 Conference proceedings are available at CAMBRIDGE Engineering & Computing (0)1252 614618. www.aerosociety.com/news/proceedings Lecture Theatre ‘O’, Cambridge Building, Coventry University, 19 November — The past, University Engineering Dept. Coventry. 7.30pm. Janet Owen present and future of air

52 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 Virgin Atlantic Griffiths, Engineering Safety environment. Paul MRO based oversightinthe aircraft Abell Lecture. Performance- 21 November—Charles or T+44(0)7936392799. E [email protected] Please contactWilliam Li, two daysprior)isrequired. advance registration(atleast 6.15pm. For securitypasses, Theatre, Harmondsworth. WatersideBritish AirwaysHQ HEATHROW operations. DavidMorgan. 22 January—easyJetflight Museum. DarrenPriday. Conservation attheRAF 11 December— Lecture Competition. 20 November—Student University ofHertfordshire. Lindop BuildingA166, HATFIELD Hamburg andVDI. HAW- lecture withDGLR, & ChiefEngineer, Airbus.Joint TechnicalBelugaXL Director 21st century. Veronique Roca, – oversizetransportforthe 23 January—BelugaXL 20149 Hamburg.7pm. Harvestehuder Weg 44, Lecture. Anglo-GermanClub, Christmas Dinnerand 26 November—Annual Hamburg andVDI. HAW- lecture withDGLR, Airbus Operations.Joint Senior AerodynamicsExpert, Airbus. Dr-IngGerdHeller, 7 November—winglets@ 6pm. (Neubau), 20099Hamburg. Hörsaal 01.13BerlinerTor 5 Wissenschaften Hamburg, Hochschule fürAngewandte HAMBURG & Programme Lead, Leonardo. Active RotorStudiesTechnical improvement. SimonStacey– leap inrotorperformance Blade –The next great 21 January—ActiveRotor Targett –Electro-flight. Project andRoger ACCEL Matthew Parr, Rolls-Royce Electrification ofFlight. Project –Acceleratingthe 17 December—The ACCEL & SimulationEngineer, Lilium. Guillermo Durango,Modelling Mobility –ATechnical Insight. 19 November—UrbanAir 7.30pm. off DownHatherleyLane. Restaurant Conference Room, LandingSystems, CHELTENHAM AND Ethics, Portsmouth University. Lee, Professor ofApplied of remoteairwarfare.Peter force –thehumandimension Reaper 10 December—RAF Nicholls, BAESystems,Warton. weapons integration.Gregory Find uson Twitter Finduson LinkedInFindus onFacebook www.aerosociety.com i Conference Room1,BAE MEDWAY Lead, . Meggitt Production System Project. StephenJPilling, into theFuture –The ANSTY 14 November—Meggitt University ofManchester. 7pm. Room D7,RenoldBuilding, MANCHESTER Manchester. Engineering, Universityof Smith, Lecturer inAerospace mission architectures. DrKate enabling technologies fornovel 21 January—Nanosatellites: ATC. Adam Spink,London Heathrow even undercrashconditions. system at99%capacity– Heathrow airtrafficcontrol 10 December—The Rotodyne. DavidGibbings. 19 November—The Fairey lecture withIMechE. President, 2018-19.Joint Admiral SimonHenley, RAeS Strike Fighterprogramme.Rear – thecompetitionforJoint Lecture. BattleoftheX-planes 5 November—ElfynRichards T +44(0)1509239962. Building. 7.30pm.ColinMoss, Building, Loughborough Room U020,Brockington LOUGHBOROUGH Consultant. Bauer, IndependentAviation service. LinusBenjamin ’ Perth-London operations: evidencefrom viability ofultralong-haul 9 January—The commercial Systems Air. Flight ControlSystems,BAE Harker, SeniorEngineer class ofpropulsion.Sophie Fairey Lecture. Sabre–anew 13 December—Richard Airways Engineering. & QualityTeam Leader, British Loughborough on19November. DavidGibbingswilldescribetheRotodyneprogrammeat Fairey Rotodyne,XE521. f 13 January—From lightto Jones. fifties andsixties. Tony Merton- independent airlinesofthe 12 December—British Spitfire. lanCraighead. 11 November—Rolls-Royce T +44(0)1655750270. Airport. 7.30pm.JohnWragg, Terminal Building, Prestwick The Aviator Suite,1stFloor, PRESTWICK service. 11 December—F-35into Competition. Persons NetworkMiniLecture 13 November—Young T +44(0)199561470. 6.30pm. AlanMatthews, Centre, BAESystems,Warton. Personnel andConference PRESTON Director, NovaSystems. Dave Best,Operations truth –OpsinAfghanistan. 21 January—Firstwiththe Mays. gift butthrustisamust.Anita 19 November—Liftisa Science Park, Oxford.7pm. The MagdalenCentre,Oxford OXFORD Schoenemann. Systemausrüsters. Arndt eines führendendeutschen Flugzeugbaus ausSicht Struktureller Wandel des Lecture. 13 November—Willy München. 7pm. Vortragswesen, 80306 Deutsches Museum, MUNICH Peter Kosogorin. Shepherd Lecture. The F-35. 20 November—The John 377973. Heaps, T+44(0)1634 Way, Rochester. 7pm.Robin Systems (Rochester), Marconi J Thinesen, SFF photoarchive. J Thinesen, SFF worldwide logisticsfor a 6 November—Enabling 7.30pm. Road, Shrivenham,Swindon. United Kingdom,Faringdon The Defence Academyofthe The MontgomeryTheatre, SWINDON in thebush.CaptBryanPill. art ofbushflying–apilot’s life pilot’s –the unofficialnotebook 21 January—Tales froma Bar andBeyondSG12UA. Quizmas ChristmasQuizEvent. 3 December—Merry LU1 3PG. Suit. SamRogers.Leonardo 12 November—GravityJet E [email protected] 2DA. 6pm. SG1 MBDA STEVENAGE Author. 707. CharlesKennedy, Aviation 14 January—The Boeing Chairman. Branch Campbell, Southend AirShow.Southend Roger evening withfilms. The 26 November—Informal Historian. Skinner, Aviation Authorand Siddeley Trident. Stephen 12 November—The Hawker (0)20 79293400. Airport. 8pm.SeanCorr, T+44 The HolidayInn,Southend SOUTHEND Centre. Manufacturing Research Advance Head ofLaboratories, manufacturing. PhilSpiers, Developments inUK 21 November— Portsmouth. 6.30pm. Portsmouth, Portland Street, Portland Building,Universityof SOLENT Bocker. Chris CowpeandBrendan heavy, alife incivilaviation. Burridge, CEO, RAeS. Burridge, CEO, strategic planning.Sir Brian differences inUSandUK 6 January—GulfWar the Ticket only. lecture. ReactionEngines. Santa –afamilyChristmas 12 December—hypersonic James Chestnutt. helicopter andarollercoaster? the difference betweena 14 November—What’s leonardocompany.com McCallum, Edavid.mccallum@ Yeovil. 6.30pm.David 1A, Leonardo Helicopters, Dallas Conference Room YEOVIL 50s and60s. airshowsofthe Farnborough – ‘Back totheFuture’ 15 January—Filmshow Reaction EnginesLtd. Exchanger Team Leader, Dr HelenWebber, Heat Rocket Engine(SABRE). Synergetic Air-Breathing R KPiersonLecture. 27 November—67th Test Department. former memberBAC Flight of Concorde.JohnThorpe, 221 programmeandearlydays 6 November—The BAC Gate entrance.6.45pm. Museum,Campbell WEYBRIDGE Defense Editor, AviationWeek. Moderator: SteveTrimble, final frontierornext battlefield? 7 November—Space–the Washington 6pm. DC. Connecticut Avenue, NW, Baker-McKenzie, 815 WASHINGTON Corps Lecture. 14 January—29thGordon . de l’Herbaudière,31770 of (IST), 2,Allée R&T. InternationalSchool Scientist, AirbusCentral Phillips, Electromagnetism really frightening?Rhys lightning –arethey and Thunderbolts Christmas Lecture. 10 December—Family Larmour, Orbex Space. CEO, Centre inScotland.Chris Space Satellites fromUK 19 November—Launching goo.gl/WbiKtV toregister. . 6pm.Contact:http:// B01, AirbusCampus1, Symposium Room,Building TOULOUSE Shepherd Ret’d. and hulagirls.Wg CdrPaul 8 January—H-bombs small beginnings.Tim Prince. International AirTattoo –from 4 December—The Royal Ltd. founder, Faradair Aerospace Managing Directorand global Britain.NeilCloughley, NOVEMBER 2019 NOVEMBER 53 Obituary DR JOHN DUNHAM

MA PhD CEng FRAeS FIMechE for two-dimensional flows, basically high hub/tip 1932-2019 radius ratio compressors, but John was also one of the first to analyse three-dimensional distortion, deriving solutions for a free vortex swirling flow at John Dunham was a leading member of the UK a low hub/tip radius ratio. research community for gas turbine engines After completing his PhD, John began a during a professional career of over 60 years. long and successful career at the National Gas A gifted mathematician, he was well known for Turbine Establishment, Pyestock, UK. There, one the rigour and clarity of his scientific thinking, of his earliest fields of study was axial turbine which he applied to the research programme into performance; this research, when subsequently gas turbines sponsored by the UK Government. published (Dunham and Came, 1970) by ASME, Internationally, he served on the Propulsion Panel became his most widely known and used work, (later the Propulsion and Energetics Panel) of adopted and further developed at least twice the NATO research group AGARD for 25 years, in later years by other research teams (Kacker contributing to many conferences and publications. and Okapuu, 1980, Moustapha et al, 1989). Even after his retirement, he continued to He was promoted to Head of Turbomachinery contribute as the editor for a working group in 1970 and a few years later moved to Head providing test cases for validation of CFD methods. of Engine Research, before returning as Head John was born on 9 July 1932 in Walsall, UK, of Turbomachinery in 1982. In these roles his to Edward and Marjorie. He won scholarships to clear scientific thinking was applied to both the both Repton School where he gained a reputation internal research programme at NGTE and to the as a mathematician of great ability and became monitoring of the government-sponsored research head of school, and then to Cambridge University carried out at Rolls-Royce and UK universities. where he studied Mechanical Sciences, gaining John’s courteous but confident handling of first class honours with distinction and winning research meetings and presentations and his the Ricardo Prize in Applied Thermodynamics. command of any issues which arose earned great Following this he spent a period with Rolls-Royce respect. He was also able to call on his PhD at Derby, gaining practical experience of axial research in guiding the work investigating flow compressors under the direction of H Pearson distortion at inlet to both the RB199 engine in and A B McKenzie. Notably, he won the 1959 N E the Tornado aircraft and to marine gas turbines. Rowe Medal from the Royal Aeronautical Society In 1990 he satisfied a long-held desire to return for his paper ‘Damage to Axial Compressors’, which to his own research by gaining an Individual Merit was a significant problem particularly for military appointment. This meant he was able to develop aircraft at that time. a new streamline curvature program for axial John returned to Cambridge in 1959 as a turbomachinery, known as SC90. Research Fellow to investigate non-axisymmetric When John retired from Pyestock in 1996, he flows in axial compressors. His PhD thesis on took up a position as Consultant Engineer at PCA this subject was completed in August 1962 and Engineers. Here he made rapid developments to parts were published as ‘Non-axisymmetric flows his streamline curvature method, which became in axial compressors’, Mechanical Engineering divided into a compressor program, SC90C, and Sciences Monograph Number 3, 1965. This was a turbine program, SC90T. These codes quickly an influential and illuminating document in the became widely-used design and analysis tools, early days of dealing with inlet distortion. John both within PCA and in the turbomachinery presented rigorous arguments for such aspects industry worldwide. They are likely to remain in use as the assumption of neglect of crossflow in a well into the future. multistage compressor, plus corrections to take John fully retired in 2015. A devoted family this into account. He also was one of the first to man, his other interests included tennis and give arguments for the association of zero slope of music. He is survived by his wife, Charlotte, his the exit static pressure compressor characteristic three children Anne, Liz and Peter, and seven with the onset of instability. These results were grandchildren.

54 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 Society News AEROSPACE CAREERS PROGRAMME Launch of the Sandy Gunn Aerospace Careers Programme

The Royal Aeronautical Society was delighted to attend the launch of a new programme to promote aerospace career pathways to 15-18 year-olds in UK schools being led by RAeS Fellow Dr Michael Smith MA FCIPD CMC FRSA FRAeS and Tony Hoskins, Programme Director, pictured right. The programme uses the inspirational story of WW2 hero Sandy Gunn, a pilot who flew the reconnaissance Spitfire PR.IV AA810 and was shot down in 1942 while searching for the Nazi THE battleship, Tirpitz. He was sent to the prisoner PROGRAMME of war camp Stalag Luft III and helped dig the USES THE famous Tunnel Harry, escaping through it with 75 other prisoners of war in 1944. Sadly, however, INSPIRATIONAL he was then re-captured and murdered by the STORY OF WW2 Gestapo aged just 24. HERO SANDY His aircraft, AA810, was recently found to showcase future opportunities in the sector. and brought back to the UK from Norway by GUNN, A PILOT Furthermore, young people will have the chance Hoskins and is now undergoing reconstruction WHO FLEW to enter a competition to be selected for with the aim of taking it to the skies again in THE SPITFIRE restoration workshops to work on the AA810 2023. As part of the ACP Programme, Michael PR.IV AA810 reconstruction itself. and Tony, supported by representatives from The programme will launch in 2020 and across the aerospace sector and RAeS will AND WAS SHOT you can find further details at the dedicated provide inspirational large-scale careers sessions DOWN IN 1942 programme website: www.spitfireaa810.co.uk

Presentation to Malawi CAA During a trial of its multi-role humanitarian UAV earlier this summer, UAVAid’s co-founder Daniel Ronen CEng MRAeS made a presentation on the aims and purpose of the Royal Aeronautical Society to the Malawi CAA, one of the key stakeholders in approving this multi-agency project. Daniel Ronen will be speaking about this pioneering initiative at an IMechE lecture on 19 November at IMechE, 1 Birdcage Walk, London.

From left: Daniel Ronen, UAVaid Co-founder; Hastings Jailosi, Malawi Department of Civil Aviation; and Sarah Pannell, UK

Department of International Development, Malawi office. UAVAid

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com NOVEMBER 2019 55 Afterburner Elections

FELLOWS ASSOCIATES AFFILIATES SOCIETY OFFICERS Ian Bond Emily Ansell Jonathan Bye Alcino Cardoso Joseph Cleary Sharon Davies President: Prof Jonathan Cooper Andrew Fullick Todd Donaghy Erica Jackson President-Elect: Howard Nye Ajit Prabhu Akitha Gunarathna Bernard Ngwenyama Naqash Khan Darryl Rabot BOARD CHAIRMEN MEMBERS Dean Van Aswegen E-ASSOCIATES Learned Society Chairman: Andrew Allcock STUDENT AFFILIATES Air Cdre Peter Round Marius Coetzee Christopher Edwardson Membership Services Chairman: John Shuttleworth Nathan Mann Charlotte Bassett Philip Spiers Leo Breedt Professional Standards Chairman: Hilary Barton

WITH REGRET DIVISION PRESIDENTS Australia: AVM Mark Skidmore The RAeS announces with regret the deaths of the following members: New Zealand: Des Ashton Michael Lawson CEng MRAeS 61 : AM Salim Arshad South African: Marié Botha Victor William Page IEng AMRAeS 92

50 YEARS OF MEMBERSHIP

The Society would like to congratulate the following members who have reached 50 years of membership in 2019: Mr Bryan Haynes MRAeS Mr Victor Card MRAeS Dr Leonard Squire FRAeS Cdr Trevor Kirby FRAeS Mr Trevor Wilcock FRAeS EUR ING Michael Lister MRAeS Sqn Ldr John Walker AMRAeS Mr Ian Massey FRAeS Dr John Ollerhead MRAeS EUR ING Anthony Lain MRAeS Mr Melvyn Reynolds AMRAeS Mr John Holt FRAeS Mr Philip Jarrett HonCRAeS Mr Shoong Ho AMRAeS Mr Terence Faithfull MRAeS Mr Cameron Macphee FRAeS Gp Capt Peter Akehurst FRAeS Wg Cdr Horace Hopkins MRAeS Mr James David Babbington AMRAeS Mr David Pilkington FRAeS EUR ING Dr John Hobbs FRAeS EUR ING Robin Cork MRAeS Mr Alan Geoffrey Fieldhouse AMRAeS Mr Gerard Terry MRAeS Mr Peter Perry FRAeS Mr David Jennings MRAeS Mr Christopher Harper MRAeS Wg Cdr Harold Dunne MRAeS Mr John Blakeley FRAeS EUR ING Christopher Taylor MRAeS To mark the occasion, they have been awarded a Golden Kestrel stickpin. Thank you to these members for their ongoing support to the Society.

CORPORATE PARTNER EVENTS

Please note: Attendance at Corporate Partner events is Thursday 21 May 2020 / London strictly exclusive to staff of RAeS Corporate Partners. Annual Banquet Both individual and corporate members are welcome at Corporate tables and individual tickets available the Annual Banquet and the Aerospace Golf Day. Tuesday 18 June 2020 / Frilford Heath, Oxfordshire Wednesday 6 November 2019 / London Aerospace Golf Day From first flight to electric flight: transforming for a sustainable Individual players and corporate teams are welcome future Corporate Partner Briefing by Hans Büthker, Chief Executive www.aerosociety.com/events Officer, GKN Aerospace For further information, please contact Gail Ward Sponsor: E [email protected] or T +44 (0)1491 629912

56 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 Society News COUNCIL ELECTIONS 2020 Would you like to help guide the Society?

The Society would like to hear from we need members of Council from every part of members who are interested in standing for the aeronautical community and this is where you the Council in the 2020 elections to be held come in. next spring. Only by having a good number As such, please give serious thought to whether of candidates from all sectors of the aviation you could serve the Society in this most important and space community can the Council role. If you are interested, or require further benefit from a variety of backgrounds and information, please visit our website at experience. www.aerosociety.com/councilelection or NOMINATIONS As members will be aware, the Council now contact Nigel Dingley, the Society’s Governance and FOR THE 2020 concentrates on the outward facing aspects of the Compliance Manager, on +44 (0)20 7670 4311 or RAeS COUNCIL Society’s global activities. Indeed, as the Society [email protected]. becomes ever more global, it is critically important ELECTIONS that our offerings to members, to Corporate Please note that all nominations must be ARE NOW Partners and especially to the public are of the submitted no later than OPEN highest quality. To lead output of the highest quality 31 January 2020 at 23.59 GMT.

In the 2018 JCR, our Impact Factor increased by 40.2%! THE AERONAUTICAL JOURNAL

Editor-in-Chief: Deputy Chairman of the Editorial Board: Professor Holger Babinsky FRAeS Professor Chris Atkin CEng FRAeS University of Cambridge, UK City, University of London, UK Chairman of the Editorial Board: Professor Mike Graham FREng FRAeS Imperial College London, UK

Get FREE ACCESS to a sample collection at cambridge.org/aer/sc

40928_134x210.indd 1 18/04/2019 10:34 The Last Word COMMENTARY FROM Professor Keith Hayward FRAeS

The bomber barons live on

he Bomber Barons don’t die; they but again the primary role has been to project don’t even fade away − perhaps they conventional power over distance. The strategic just hibernate for a while. Back in bomber is an expensive way of delivering air power the 1960s, strategic analysts were (the B-2 force weighed in at over $1bn a copy) writing off the as an but an impressive display of might when delivered Tessentially non-credible weapons-system. Major halfway around the world. That, of course, is its ‘King Kong’, aka Slim Pickens, astride his bomb intrinsic value; using this kind of firepower is an in Dr Strangelove seemed the last satirical throw unmistakable demonstration of political will to use of the era (I was told by a veteran B-52 pilot that force or the threat of force to deter hostile action. his wing celebrated the anniversary of the Cuban It is also immune to allied moaning and cold feet, Missile Crisis with a showing of that film). And although access to the odd staging post in the indeed the B-52 itself seemed destined for the Indian Ocean – legal judgements notwithstanding Smithsonian. – does help. Certainly, the path to high command in the USAF was already opening up to the missileers On to the next generation and, in time, tactical air power experience was another route to the top. The days of Curtis Preparations are already under way in South LeMay seemed numbered. And with the passing Dakota to receive the first of the $5.9bn B-21 of the V-Bombers as front line aircraft, the legacy Raider force in 2025. This aircraft will continue the of Bomber Harris was also passing in the UK. line of American airpower thinking and application The French sort of took up the tradition with the that began with ‘Billy’ Mitchell (and we are two Mirage V as a long-term element of the Force de years away from the centenary of his famous air Frappe, but the Soviet strategic bomber force only power demonstrations against old battleships). limped on as a periodic pest testing the RAF’s The new twist is the threat of area exclusion interceptors. emanating from China in the Pacific. The Chinese THE STRATEGIC are already showing some capability of deterring Bomber Centennials are lining up American naval operations within a 500-mile BOMBER IS AN radius of the Chinese coast. This is believed to EXPENSIVE The B-52 was reborn over Vietnam and Cambodia be the start of a major challenge to US unilateral WAY OF as a tactical support vehicle – and indeed now intervention and action in support of regional allies looking to become the world’s first in-service over the next decade. The B-21 is part of the US DELIVERING centenarian (2022 sees the 70th anniversary of its response; to project power from distance with less AIR POWER first flight). The Russians have also rediscovered threat to tankers and basing infrastructure (on ... BUT AN the utility of the long-range bomber standoff attack land or at sea) that short-range aircraft necessarily IMPRESSIVE for operations in Syria. In general, tactical airpower require. has come to play a dominant military and political What do we also see coming along the track? DISPLAY OF role in military conflicts (next year is the 100th Chinese and even Russian equivalents: with MIGHT WHEN anniversary of the RAF’s part in the ‘aerial policing’ reported plans to roll out the -designed DELIVERED of Iraq). Promising Aeronautical Complex for Long-Range HALFWAY Indeed, rather than fading away, the US built Aviation (PAK DA) within two years and hints in two successive generations of strategic bombers, China from AVIC officials of the imminent roll out AROUND THE the B-1 and B-2. Both have played some part in of the new H-20 bomber, the big bomber is truly WORLD maintaining the American nuclear strategic triad alive and well.

58 AEROSPACE / NOVEMBER 2019 NOW BOARDING The Autumn UK recruitment fair dedicated to aerospace and aviation

VISITOR REGISTRATION NOW OPEN!

LIVE l 2019 RAeS, No4 Hamilton Place, London W1J 7BQ Friday 8 November 2019

LAST CHANCE TO REGISTER MORNING SESSION FULLY BOOKED!

FREE ENTRY TO ASPIRING AEROSPACE AND AVIATION PROFESSIONALS!

Business Class exhibitors include:

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