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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN Volume-8,Issue-4,(Oct-17) TECHNOLOGY ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR STABILIZATION OF BY USING COIR WASTE MATERIAL. ______Battula.Mallikharjuna Rao1,B.Ganesh2 1Civil Engineering,2Assistant Professor, Lenora College of Engineering, Rampachodavaram,East Godavari district ,Andhra Pradesh

Abstract – Research into new and innovative uses of waste structural stability until the establishment of sustainable materials is continually advancing. Many highway agencies, vegetation. Design criteria in these designs assume a certain private organizations and individuals are in the process of a rate of degradation in the coir products. As a result, there is a wide variety of studies and research projects concerning the growing concern about durability and strength retention in feasibility, environmental suitability, and performance of field applications of coir products. This article using recycled products in highway construction. The discusses the contributing factors for strength retention and amount of wastes has increased year by year and the durability of coir products in field applications and several disposal becomes a serious problem. It is necessary to utilize relevant experiences in the use of coir products by the wastes effectively with technical development in each horticultural and agricultural industries that are applicable to field. Reinforcement of with natural fibers is potentially environmentally sensitive erosion and sedimentation an effective technique for increasing soil strength. In recent control designs. It is necessary to utilize the wastes effectively years, this technique has been suggested for a variety of with technical development in each field. Research into new geotechnical applications ranging from retaining structures and innovative uses of waste materials is continually and earth embankments to stabilization beneath advancing. Many highway agencies, private organizations, and footings and pavements. Research of different types of individuals have completed or are in the process of completing reinforcement and materials has been conducted by several a wide variety of studies and research projects concerning the investigators.Here an attempt is made to the suitability of feasibility, environmental suitability, and performance of different types of natural fibers (i.e. coir waste fiber) using recycled products in highway construction.These studies reinforcing in gravel with different percentages. In the try to match society's need for safe and economic disposal of present work, an attempt is made to use coir waste as waste materials withthe highway industry's need for better and Reinforcing materials, reinforcing with gravel and compare more cost-effective construction materials. There are several their performance with conventional gravel.Compaction ground improvement methods available to stabilize these soils tests, Direct shear and CBR tests were conducted for gravel like chemical stabilization, mechanical stabilization etc. In with unreinforced and reinforced with coir waste in the recent days it has been investigated that addition of fibers will laboratory. Based on Direct shear and CBR tests, the improve the ductility behaviour of the soil there by reducing optimum percentage of coir waste are found out.Strength the development of crack during shrinkage. Fibers are of two and CBR parameters are compared with unreinforced types: natural fibers and artificial fibers. Both the types are gravel. used for civil engineering purposes. Natural fibers will not Introduction cause environmental problems. The natural fibers are cheap There is a rapid growth in the use of bioengineered soil compared to artificial fibers, for long run these natural fibers erosion and sedimentation control designs especially in will undergo biodegradation, exception is for coir fibers. Coir environmentally sensitive areas. Most of these designs fiber made of natural fibers is increasingly finding a place as incorporate coir products to provide the required initial erosion control, but not for soil reinforcement. This is in spite

90 All rights reserved by www.ijrdt.org Paper Title:-EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR STABILIZATION OF GRAVEL BY USING COIR WASTE MATERIAL. of the fact that strong fibers like coir which have a very high reinforced materials implies that the fibers should be resistant lignin content can be effectively made use of as a reinforcing to bulking and clumping. Thus, the present investigation aims material , provided they are given suitable treatment. to explore the performance of different percentages of coir made of coir are ideally suited for low-cost waste materials reinforced with gravel and compared with applications as the coir is available in our country in conventional gravel by conducting different laboratory abundance at very low prices compared to other synthetic experiments . made products. These geotextiles can be applied in the COIR WASTE FIBERS construction of unpaved where they can effectively Coir fiber made of natural fibers is increasingly finding a serve the purposes of reinforcement, separation, filtration and place as erosion control, but not for soil reinforcement. This is drainage. This thesis examines the improvement in the in spite of the fact that strong fibers like coir which have a performance of unpaved roads constructed on soft soils very high lignin content can be effectively made use of as a using coir reinforcement through a number of reinforcing material, provided they are given suitable laboratory model tests.Reinforcement of soils with natural coir treatment.There are several ground improvement methods is potentially an effective Technique for increasing soil available to stabilize these soils like chemical stabilization, strength. In recent years, this technique has been suggested for mechanical stabilization etc. In recent days it has been a variety of geotechnical applications ranging from retaining investigated that addition of fibers will improve the ductility structures and earth embankments to subgrade stabilization behaviour of the soil there by reducing the development of beneath footings and pavements. Research of different types crack during shrinkage. Fibers are of two types: natural fibers of reinforcement and materials has been conducted by several and artificial fibers. Both the types are used for civil investigators. However, the amount of information available engineering purposes. Natural fibers will not cause on randomly oriented fiber reinforcement is still limited. Here environmental problems. The natural fibers are cheap an attempt is made to the suitability of coir fiber in gravel compared to artificial fibers, for long run these natural fibers material.Conventionally gravel has been used for construction will undergo biodegradation, exception is for coir fibers(K. of all categories of roads in our country. In highway Rajagopal,1996).On the other hand artificial fibers are costly engineering field gravel successfully used for sub base and even though there can serve for long term they cause base courses and construction of embankments. Although environmental problems. However the life of natural fibers gravel is a good construction material, due to scarcity of good like coir can be checked by coating with some admixture on quality of gravel, they increase the construction cost at some the coir surface. Reinforcement of soils with natural fibres is parts of the country. By modifying the physical properties of potentially an effective technique for increasing soil strength. this poor gravel by reinforcing with other low cost materials In recent years, this Technique has been suggested for a like coir fiber necessitates effective utilization of both the variety of geotechnical applications ranging from retaining materials. In This present work deals with effective utilization structures, earth embankments and footings to subgrade/sub- of Poor gravel sub base soil reinforcing with different types of base stabilization of pavements .The improvement of the reinforce material like coir material.However, the data engineering properties due to the inclusion of discrete fibres concerning the impact due to the addition of random discrete was determined to be a function of a variety of parameters coir fibers on the characteristics of compacted native or virgin including fibre type, fibre length, fibre content, orientation and soils are limited. Thus, there is a need for information on the soil properties.Morphologically, coir is a multi cellular fibre effects of fibers on the properties of the pavement supporting with 12 to 24 microns in diameter and the ratio of length to soil layers. Ideally, the fibers themselves should be readily thickness is observed to be 35. Cells of the fibre surface are available, non-degradable and capable of being easily blended occasionally covered with the silicised stigmata. The chemical into the soils and compacted. The workability of fiber- constituents have found to be cellulose, lignin, hemi cellulose

91 ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org Paper Title:-EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR STABILIZATION OF GRAVEL BY USING COIR WASTE MATERIAL. and pectin. The percentage of the ingredients in the fibre is necessary. Swami Saran (2006) reported that locally available largely governed by the age of the nut from which it is natural fibers (coir,sisal,jute,bhabar,hemp,munja,bamboo and derived. Cellulose and lignin are the major constituents and bananna), should be considered in design to minimize the cost higher lignin content makes the fibre stiffer and tougher High of ply soil. Manoj&Prathap (2010) conducted the water demand for coir has led to new coir processing methods which absorption test up to 180 days and reported that kerosene and may produce a weaker product than the traditional freshwater- bitumen coated coir fibers are better substitute for reducing curing process. Mass-scale coir manufacturers recently water absorption of coir fibers. Ramesh,(2010) conducted the implemented coconut husk defibering machines. These unconfined compressive strength of black cotton soil machines can separate fiber from uncured or partially-cured reinforced with 1%(0.5 centimeters) length of bitumen coated husks or unripe green husks or ripe brown husks. Advantages coir fiber and compared with uncoated coir fiber, they of these defibering machines to the coir producer include concluded bitumen coating causes marginal variation of reduced expense and faster production rates since skilled labor strength. From the literature review it is observed that coir is not required and the six-month curing time is reduced or fiber is strong fiber among all naturalfibers, however to eliminated. Some of these mass-scale coir manufacturers go increase the life of its utility as reinforcing material to soil, it further and soak unripe green husks in a bacterial solution and needs further treatment. The standard practice in design process for white coir within 72 hours of curing by (Joseph is to assess the soil at the optimum moisture content. Standard and Sarma, 1997). was carried out for the selected soil Table:1 Chemical and Physical Properties of Coir sample in the laboratory to determine the variation in moisture Chemical composition of content with dry density. From the curve of moisture content Physical properties of coir coir versus dry density, Optimum moisture content (OMC) and Lignin 45.84% Length in inches 6.8 maximum dry density (MDD) of the soil was obtained as 12% Cellulose 43.44% Density(g/cc) 1.40 and 1.94 gm/cc respectively.It may thus be concluded that Hemi- 00.25% Tenacity (g/Tex) 10.00 discrete coir fibre contribute substantially in improving the cellulose CBR value of weak subgrade soils. A maximum value of CBR Pectin’s and 03.00% Breaking 30% is attained at a specific fibre content corresponding to the related elongation% specific optimum moisture content attained by the soil-coir compound matrix(Lekha and Sreedevi) The inclusion of fibres had a Water 05.25% Diameter in mm 0.1 to 1.5 significant influence on the engineering behavior of soil-fly soluble ash mixture. There is optimum percentage of fibre content that Ash 02.22% Rigidity of 1.8924 increases the MDD of soil-fly ash mixture. Different modulus dyne/cm2 percentage fiber content was added in the proportion of 70% Swelling in 5% soil and 30% fly ash mixture and it was found that the value of water (diameter) CBR first increases then it decreases with increase in fibre Moisture at 10.50% content. The maximum value of CBR was found to be 13.2 % 65%RH for 0.5 % fibre content (R.K Sharma,2012). Research related to utilizations of coated coir fibre in Black cotton soil in terms Sheebha (2000) ,Rao&Balan (2000) observed that geotextile made of natural fibers are increasingly finding a place in of strength is to be studied in general and kerosene coated coir fiber reinforced Black cotton soil and their water absorption erosion control, but not for soil reinforcement applications, in and unconfined compressive strength is to be studied in spite of the fact that strong fibers like coir which have a very perticular. This paper presents the long term behaviour of high lignin content can be effectively made use of , provided they are given suitable treatment and durability tests were uncoated and various emulsifiers coated coir fibers in water

92 ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org Paper Title:-EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR STABILIZATION OF GRAVEL BY USING COIR WASTE MATERIAL. for water absorption test as as it discusses the shown in the fig.3.1. performance of kerosene coated coir fiber in black cotton soil in terms of compaction and strength.However the results are not conclusive with special reference to the type of the reinforcement material for overcoming the disposal problems. It is evident that not much work has been reported on the gravel with waste coir and applications. OBJECTIVES The object of the work is to study the performance of gravel reinforced with different percentages of coir fibre. Fig 1.COIR FIBRE MATERIALS USED TESTING PROCEDURE ON MATERIALS USED In this project, gravel used as base material, coir fibre is used The laboratory experiments conducted, to evaluate their as reinforcing material. The details are given under. properties, are as per the IS code specifications. Specific GRAVEL Gravity Gravel is composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that The specific gravity of the soil has been determined using the have a general particle size range and include size classes density bottle method, as per IS: 2720-(part III section I, from granule- to boulder-sized fragments. Gravel is sub- 1980). categorized by the Udden-Wentworth scale into granular Grain Size Distribution gravel (>2 to 4 mm or 0.079 to 0.16 in) and pebble gravel (>4 has been conducted as per IS: 2720 (Part IV to 64 mm or 0.2 to 2.5 in).Gravel is an important commercial 1965). product, with a number of applications. Many roadways are Liquid Limit surfaced with gravel, especially in rural areas where there is The test has been carried out using the standard Casagrande little traffic. Globally, far more roads are surfaced with gravel liquid limit apparatus as per IS: 2720-(PartV-1965). than with concrete or tarmac; Russia alone has over 400,000 Plastic Limit km (250,000 mi) of gravel roads. The plastic limit has been determined according to the IS: Table 2.Physical Properties of Gravel 2720- (Part V-1970). Specific Gravity 2.54 Heavy Compaction Grain-Size Distribution: Compaction has been carried out as per the IS: 2720- (Part Gravel (%) 56 VIII-1980). (%) 44 &Clay (%) --- The Direct shear tests were conducted in the laboratory as per Maximum Dry 18.2 IS Code(IS:2720 (Part-13)-1986). Density (kN/m3) California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test O.M.C. (%) 14.3 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test as described in IS: 2720 Liquid Limit (%) 36 (Part XVI, 1979).

Plastic Limit (%) 24.32 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION

Plasticity Index (%) 11.68 Various tests were carried out in the laboratory for finding the

CBR (%) 6.23 index and other important properties of the gravel used during the study. Compaction, directshear and CBR tests are COIR FIBRE: conducted by using different percentages of coir fiber are Coir fibre having a size of 30 to 40 mm is used this study as mixed with gravel material for finding optimum percentage of

93 ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org Paper Title:-EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR STABILIZATION OF GRAVEL BY USING COIR WASTE MATERIAL. coir fiber. The details of these tests are given in the following 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mm. The load penetration sections. graph is plotted accordingly. The test results are given in the Compaction Properties next chapter. Optimum moisture content(OMC) and maximum dry S.No. density(MDD) of gravel were determined according to I.S Type of Material Reinforcing Heavy compaction test (IS: 2720- Part VIII,-1980). Material Different Percentages of Direct Shear Test: Reinforcing Material Used The direct shear tests were conducted in the laboratory as per 1. Gravel coir fiber0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3. IS Code(IS:2720 (Part-13)-1986)as shown in fig.3. Different Table 3. Different Percentages of Reinforcing Materials percentages of reinforcing materials used in gravel materials for Direct Shear and CBR Tests were presented in table 3.3.The required percentage of coir fiber by dry unit weight of soil was mixed uniformly with the gravel. The corresponding to OMC of untreated Different Percentages soil was added to the soil in small increments and mixed by Reinforcing of hand until uniform mixing of the reinforcement material was Type of S.No. Material Reinforcing Material ensured. The gravel was compacted to maximum dry density Material Used (MDD) of untreated soil. The specimens were tested in a 6 cm × 6 cm square box at normal stresses of 3, 5, 7, 9 N/mm2 for each percentage of coir fiberwith gravel and sheared at a rate of 1.25 mm/min. The graph was plotted between normal stress 1. Gravel coir fiber 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3. and shear stress at failure for each percentage of coir fiber for obtaining the parameters. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test LABORATORY TEST RESULTS The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were conducted in To find the optimum percentages of coir fiber, Compaction, the laboratory by using a standard California Bearing Ratio Direct shear and CBR tests were conducted by using varying (CBR) testing machine. According to in IS: 2720 (Part XVI, percentages of coir fibers mixed with gravel material. The 1979) as shown in the fig.4. Samples are prepared for CBR results are prescribed in the following section. test for gravel materials with different percentages of coir fiber. The coir fibers are mixed uniformly by hand to the Compaction Test: gravel material. The required OMC was added to the oven I.S.Heavy compaction tests are conducted as per IS: 2720 dried soil in small increments and mixed by hand until (Part VIII). All the Samples are tested by using for gravel uniform mixing of the sample was ensured. The gravel is material mixed with varying percentages of reinforcing compacted to maximum dry density (MDD). The laboratory material(coir fiber). Test results shows that as the CBR apparatus consists of a mould 150 mm diameter with a percentage of reinforcing materials increases, the maximum base plate and a collar, a loading frame with the cylindrical dry density increases and optimum moisture content plunger of 50 mm diameter and dial gauges for measuring increases upto (0.2% of coir fiber).Further addition of penetration values. The specimen in the mould is subjected to reinforcing material the maximum dry density decreases . four days soaking. The surcharge weight is placed on the top Graphs drawn between water content and dry density for each of the specimen in the mould and the assembly is placed under percentage, from these results optimum moisture content and the plunger of the loading frame. The load values are noted maximum dry density values are arrived. The results and corresponding to penetration values of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, graphs from these tests are presented below.

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Table:4 Compaction Parameters for gravel with Different % of Coir.

% of Coir 0.0

Moisture 10.98 11.77 12.62 14.23 15.89 Content (%) Dry Density 17.29 17.68 17.99 18.2 17.87 (kN/m3)

% of Coir 0.1 Fig.3 Variation of Moisture Content verses Dry Density

Moisture for gravel Material with 0.1% of Coir 12.16 12.9 15.25 16 18.18 Content (%) Dry Density 16.58 17.83 19.1 19.59 18.74 (kN/m3)

% of Coir 0.2

Moisture 10.81 14.29 11.77 17.65 23.64 Content (%) Dry Density Fig.4 Variation of Moisture Content verses Dry Density for 17.27 17.61 18.1 19.85 18.39 (kN/m3) gravel Material With0.2 % of coir .

% of Coir 0.3

Moisture 12.16 14.04 17.14 18 - Content (%) Dry Density 17.65 18.6 19.45 (kN/m3) 19.14 -

Fig.5 Variation of Moisture Content verses Dry Density for gravel Material with 0.3% of coir

Fig.2 Variation of Moisture Content verses Dry Density for Fig.6 Variation of Moisture Content verses Dry Density for gravel Material gravel Materialwith different percentages of coir

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Table 5: Variation of Compaction Parameters for gravel Table 6: Variation of Shear Strength Parameters for Material with Different % of coir gravel material with Different % of coir

GRAVEL Gravel S.No % of Coir OMC S.No % of Coir MDD(kN/m3) (%) C(KN/m2) Φ0 1 (0.0+0.0) 14.23 18.2 2 (0.1+1.0) 16 19.59 1 0.0 1 52 3 (0.2+2.0) 17.65 19.85 4 (0.3+3.0) 17.14 19.45 2 0.1 3 53

3 0.2 3.5 54

4 0.3 3.5 53

Fig.7 Variation of Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) for Fig.9 Variation of (kN/m2) for gravel material gravel Material with Different % of coir with Different % of coir

Fig.8 Variation of Maximum Dry Density (MDD) for Fig.10 Variation of Angle of Internal (Degrees) for gravel material with Different % of coir Gravel material with Different % of coir DIRECT SHEAR TEST: Based on the above results, it is observed that, for gravel The Specimens are tested by using direct shear testing reinforced with coir, the angle of internal friction values are machine for gravel materials mixed with varying percentages increased from 520to 540 with 0.2% of coir and thereafter of coir. Graphs drawn between normal stress and shear stress decreased with further additions. The cohesion values are for each percentage, from these shear strength parameters of increased from 1 kN/m2 to 3.5kN/m2 with 0.2% of coir and Angle of internal friction and cohesion values are calculated. thereafter decreased with further additions.Hence the optimum The results and graphs from these tests are furnished below. percentage of reinforcing material is (0.2% of coir)

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CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST: 2.From the compaction test results, the Optimum Moisture The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were conducted in Content increase from 14.23% to 17.65 % and Maximum Dry the laboratory by using a standard California Bearing Ratio Density increases 18.2 kN/M3 to 19.85 kN/M3 for gravel (CBR) testing machine According to IS: 2720 (part 16) 1979. reinforced material and the optimum percentage of coir is Samples are prepared for CBR test for gravel materials with equal to 0.2 % coir of dry unit weight of soil. Untreated and treated with coir. The results are given on table 3.From the result of direct shear tests, gravel reinforced with 4.4 and graph 4.10. different percentage of reinforcing materials , the optimum Table 7 :Variation of CBR Values for Gravel Material percentage of coir is equal to 0.2 % coir of dry unit weight of with Different % of Reinforcing Materials soil 4.From the result of CBR tests, gravel reinforced with S.No % of Coir CBR different percentage of reinforcing materials CBR values are 1 0 6.13 increased from 4.23 to 7.67 up to the optimum percentage of coir. Hence the optimum percentage is equal to 0.2 % coir of 2 0.1 6.96 dry unit weight of soil. 3 0.2 7.67 5.The addition of reinforcing material (coir fiber) beyond 4 0.3 4.86 optimum percentage does not improve the compaction characteristics shear and CBR values appreciably. 6.Based on the findings, reinforcing material (coir fiber) be used as alternative reinforcement materials in place of conventionally used reinforcing materials. Further research is recommended to study the cost economics of the use of waste materials in rural roads. REFERENCES: 1. GeorBge Joseph and U. S. Sarma, "Retted (White) Coir Fiber Netting - The Ideal Choice as Geotextiles for Soil Erosion Control", IECA Proceedings 1997, p 67 - p 75. Fig.11 Variation of CBR Values with % of coir in gravel 2. Lekha K R and Sreedevi B G, Coir Fiber for the Material Stabilization of Weak Sub Soils”, Highway CONCLUSIONS: Engineering Lab, NATPAC, Thiruvananthapuram On the whole, this study has attempted to provide an insight 3. R.K Sharma (2012),”Sub grade Characteristics of Locally into the compaction direct shear and CBR behavior of gravel Available Soil Mixed With Fly Ash and Randomly Distributed reinforced with coir fiber waste. Utilizing some portion of the Fibers”,, International Conference on Chemical, Ecology and waste in this way will reduce the quantity of waste requiring Environmental Sciences (ICEES'2012) march 17-18, 2012 disposal. More so the disposal in this way will be in an Bangkok environmentally friendly manner. The study yielded the 4. RajagopalK(1996),”Investigation on Application of Coir following conclusions based on the laboratory Reinforcement in ”,, October 1996 experimentation carried out in this investigation. 5. Rao, G.V and Balan, K (2000), “Coir geotextile- Emerging 1.The reinforcement benefits increase with an increase in trends”, The Kerala state coir corporation,Kerala, India. coir fiber content. Addition of reinforcement inclusions in 6.Sheebha K.P, Sobha S, Santha Leah Paul and Rema Devi D gravel results in an appreciable increase in the compaction (2000). Journal of scientific and Industrial research. (59), 55- characteristics, Shear parameters and CBR values. 62.

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7. Swami Saran (2006), Text book of Reinforced soil and its engineering applications, I. K. International Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. 8. IS: 2720- (Part VIII-1980), Methods of Test for Soils: Determination of Water Content-Dry Density Relation using Heavy Compaction. 9. IS Code(IS:2720 (Part-13)-1986), Method of test for Soils:Determination of shear parameters. 10. IS: 2720 (Part XVI, 1979). Method of test for Soils: Determination of California Bearing Ratio.

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