Afroamerické Hnutie Za Občianske Práva a Sovietsky Zväz V Rokoch 1954–1965

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Afroamerické Hnutie Za Občianske Práva a Sovietsky Zväz V Rokoch 1954–1965 EKONOMICKO-SPRÁVNÍ FAKULTA Afroamerické hnutie za občianske práva a Sovietsky zväz v rokoch 1954–1965 Diplomová práce BC. ANNA MEDOVIČOVÁ Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Vladimír Černý, Ph.D. obor Hospodářska politika a mezinárodní vztahy Brno 2020 1 2 3 AFROAMERICKÉ HNUTIE ZA OBČIANSKE PRÁVA A SOVIETSKY ZVÄZ V ROKOCH 1954–1965 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Anna Medovičová Ekonomicko-správna fakulta Masarykova univerzita Katedra Ekonomie Název práce: Afroamerické hnutie za občianske práva a Sovietsky zväz v rokoch 1954–1965 Studijní program: Hospodářska politika a mezinárodní vztahy Studijní obor: Hospodářska politika a mezinárodní vztahy Vedúci práce: PhDr. Vladimír Černý, Ph.D. Rok: 2020 Počet strán: 114 Kľúčové slová: Afroamerické hnutie za občianske práva, Spojené štáty americké, Sovietsky zväz, studená vojna, propaganda, desegregácia, Martin Luther King Jr., Brown v. školská rada Topeky 4 AFROAMERICKÉ HNUTIE ZA OBČIANSKE PRÁVA A SOVIETSKY ZVÄZ V ROKOCH 1954–1965 Bibliographic record Author: Bc. Anna Medovičová Faculty of Economics and Administration Masaryk University Department of Economics Title oF Thesis: Civil Rights Movement and the Soviet Union in years 1954–1968 Degree Programme: Economic Policy and International Relations Field of Study: Economic Policy and International Relations Supervisor: PhDr. Vladimír Černý, Ph.D. Year: 2020 Number oF Pages: 114 Keywords: Civil Rights Movement, United States of America, the Soviet Union, Cold war, propaganda, desegregation, Martin Luther King Jr., Brown v. Board of Education 5 AFROAMERICKÉ HNUTIE ZA OBČIANSKE PRÁVA A SOVIETSKY ZVÄZ V ROKOCH 1954–1965 Anotácia Práca sa zaoberá získavaním občianskych práv Afroameričanov v rokoch 1954–1965 a tým, aký vplyv mali na túto problematiku Sovietsky zväz a sovietsko-americká rivalita v čase studenej vojny. Ďalším cieľom práce je zistiť, ako konkrétne sa tieto vplyvy prejavovali na najvýznamnejších udalostiach spojených s bojom černochov za zrovnoprávnenie, a aké boli konečné výsledky pre Afroamerické hnutie za občianske práva a pre ZSSR. V práci je použitá historická metóda a priama aj nepriama metóda výskumu. Práca skúma zapojenie sa Komunistickej strany USA a jej napojenie na ZSSR. Vysvetľuje priamy aj nepriamy sovietsky vplyv na rozhodnutia, ktoré americká vláda v tejto oblasti robila. Popisuje, ako studená vojna a ZSSR pomohli pokroku v oblasti desegregácie, no aj to, ako ho dokázali spomaliť. AFROAMERICKÉ HNUTIE ZA OBČIANSKE PRÁVA A SOVIETSKY ZVÄZ V ROKOCH 1954–1965 Abstract Thesis deals with the struggle of achievement of civil rights by African Americans in years 1954–1965, and how the Soviet Union and the US-Soviet Cold War rivalry impacted this issue. Another aim of this work is to find out how were these effects manifested in the most important events connected to the fight of the black people for equality and what were the final results for Civil Rights Movement and for the USSR. The thesis uses historical method and direct and indirect method of research. The thesis examines the involvement of Com- munist Party USA and its connection to the USSR. It explains both direct and indirect Soviet influence on the decisions that the US government made, regarding this issue. It describes how the Cold War and the USSR helped in progress of desegregation, but also how they managed to slow it down. AFROAMERICKÉ HNUTIE ZA OBČIANSKE PRÁVA A SOVIETSKY ZVÄZ V ROKOCH 1954–1965 Čestné prehlásenie Prehlasujem, že som diplomovú prácu na tému AFroamerické hnutie za občianske práva a Sovietsky zväz v rokoch 1954–1965 vypracovala samostatne pod vedením PhDr. Vladimíra Černého, PhD. a uviedla v nej všetky použité literárne a iné odborné zdroje v súlade s právnymi predpismi, vnútornými predpismi Masarykovej univerzity a vnútornými aktami riadenia Masarykovej univerzity a Ekonomicko-správnej fakulty MU. V Brne 6. januára 2020 ....................................... Bc. Anna Medovičová AFROAMERICKÉ HNUTIE ZA OBČIANSKE PRÁVA A SOVIETSKY ZVÄZ V ROKOCH 1954–1965 Poďakovanie V prvom rade by som chcela poďakovať PhDr. Vladimírovi Černému, Ph.D., za jeho rady a trpezlivosť počas celého vedenia práce. Ďalej ďakujem kamarátom, spolužiakom, učiteľom a Celouniverzitnej počítačovej študovni za to, akou dôležitou súčasťou môjho štúdia boli. V neposlednom rade patrí moja najväčšia vďaka rodičom, ktorí ma podporovali počas celého štúdia. 11 OBSAH Obsah Zoznam pojmov a skratiek 16 1 Úvod 17 2 Metodologický rámec 19 3 Studená vojna a teórie medzinárodných vzťahov 21 3.1 Materializmus verzus ideológia .................................................................................... 22 3.2 Bipolarita ................................................................................................................................. 23 4 Nástroje Sovietskeho zväzu a černošská problematika USA 25 4.1 Oddelenie aktívnych opatrení KGB .............................................................................. 26 4.2 Mediálna propaganda a dezinformácie ...................................................................... 27 5 Počiatky využívania černošskej problematiky USA zo strany ZSSR 32 5.1 Obdobie pred druhou svetovou vojnou ..................................................................... 32 5.2 Obdobie po druhej svetovej vojne ................................................................................ 35 6 Komunistická strana USA 40 6.1 McCarthizmus ........................................................................................................................ 42 6.2 Komunistická strana USA v 50. a 60. rokoch ........................................................... 44 6.3 Vzťah CPUSA s National Association for the Advancement of Colored People47 7 Najvýznamnejšie udalosti boja za Afroamerické občianske práva 50 7.1 Brown v. školská rada Topeky ....................................................................................... 51 7.2 Lynčovanie Emmetta Tilla ............................................................................................... 57 7.3 Bojkot autobusovej dopravy v Montgomery ........................................................... 58 8 Martin Luther King, Jr. a Afroamerické hnutie za občianske práva 61 8.1 Martin Luther King, Jr. a Southern Christian Leadership Conference ............. 61 8.2 Počiatočná podpora Sovietskeho zväzu a neskoršie odsúdenie ..................... 63 9 Udalosti prvej polovice 60. rokov 67 13 OBSAH 9.1 Sit-ins a Freedom Riders .................................................................................................... 67 9.2 John Fitzgerald Kennedy .................................................................................................. 69 9.3 Civil Rights Act of 1964 a Freedom Summer .............................................................. 73 9.4 Selma a Voting Rights Act of 1965 ................................................................................. 75 9.5 Black Power ............................................................................................................................ 77 10 Záver 82 Použité zdroje 87 Obrázkové prílohy 103 14 15 ZOZNAM POJMOV A SKRATIEK Zoznam pojmov a skratiek ANLC – American Negro Labor Congress BPP – Black Panther Party CORE – The Congress of Racial Equality CPUSA – Komunistická strana USA CRC – Civil Rights Congress CRM – Civil Rights Movement [Afroamerické hnutie za občianske práva] FEPC – Fair Employment Practices Committee HUAC – House of Un-American Activities ILD – International Labor Defense [Medzinárodná ochrana práce] JFK – John Fitzgerald Kennedy LSNG – League of Struggle for Negro Rights MLK – Martin Luther King Jr. MOWM – March on Washington Movement [Hnutie pochodu na Washington] NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NOI – Nation of Islam NNC – National Negro Congress OSN – Organizácia Spojených národov SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference SNCC – Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee RFK – Robert Francis Kennedy 16 ÚVOD 1 Úvod Útlak afroamerického obyvateľstva na území Spojených štátov amerických vrhá na krajinu tieň takmer po celú dobu jej existencie. Téma je citlivá aj 55 rokov po tom, čo administratíva prezidenta Lyndona B. Johnsona schválila Civil Rights Act of 19641 a Voting Rights Act of 19652 . Otázke historického i súdobého postavenia černochov v americkej3 spoločnosti sa venuje množstvo článkov, kníh a akademických prác, no väčšina z nich sa na túto tému pozerá ako na vnútroštátny problém. Kľúčové udalosti napredovania USA v smere občianskych práv Afroameričanov sa však odohrávali na pozadí studenej vojny. Táto práca sa bude venovať tomu, aké bolo zapojenie Sovietskeho zväzu a komunistov do problematiky desegregácie černochov v USA. Práca je ohraničená rokmi 1954 až 1965. Rok 1954 je zvolený preto, lebo vtedy Najvyšší súd Spojených štátov amerických v rámci rozhodnutia v prípade Brown v. školská rada Topeky vyhlásil segregované štátne školy za protiústavné. Toto rozhodnutie formálne ukončilo doktrínu „oddelení, ale rovní“, ktorá bola v USA zákonne konštituovaná od prípadu Plessy v. Ferguson v roku 1896. Prípad Brown bol kľúčovým
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