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Evropsko Pravo Ljudskih Prava EVROPSKO PRAVO LJUDSKIH PRAVA Evropsko pravo ljudskih prava je zaokružen prikaz Evropskog suda za ljudska prava, njegove organizacije i nadležnosti, postupka pred njim i osnova njegove jurisprudencije. Ova knjiga daje osvrt i na pravnu prirodu evropskog prava ljudskih prava, i na primere dobre prakse u Republici Srbiji, pre svega status Evropske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava u pravnom sistemu Republike Srbije i odluke Ustavnog suda u kojima je prihvaćena obavezna i interpretativna snaga konvencijskogprava. Knjiga je prvenstveno namenjena studentima prava na svim nivoima studija koji žele bolje da razumeju kako procesno i materijalno pravo koje se razvija pod okriljem Evropskog suda, tako i načela funkcionisanja čitavog evropskog sistema zaštite ljudskih prava. Budući da taj sistem podrazumeva primarnu nadležnost pravosuđa država članica u pružanju zaštite ljudskih prava, a tek supsidijа rnu Evropskog suda, knjiga će koristi i sudijama, tužiocima i advokatima i drugim pravnim praktičarima koji (treba da) primenjuju Evropsku konvenciju o ljudskim pravima u svom svakodnevnom radu. U tom pogledu posebna pažnja je posvećena najznačajnijim presudama Evropskog suda, koje s obzirom na status izvora prava koji im Ustav Republike Srbije priznaje i svoju objektivnu vrednost, treba da poslužeuizgradnjivladavinepravauRepubliciSrbiji. www.coe.int/nationalimplementation SRP LJUDSKIH PRAVA PRAVO EVROPSKO Savet Evrope je vodeća organizacija za ljudska prava Ivana Krstić na kontinentu. Obuhvata 47 država, od kojih su 28 članice Evropske unije. Sve države članice Saveta Tanasije Marinković www.coe.int Evrope potpisale su Evropsku konvenciju o ljudskim pravima, sporazum čiji je cilj zaštita ljudskih prava, demokratije i vladavine prava. Evropski sud za ljudska prava nadgleda primenu Konvencije u državama članicama. Savet Evrope EVROPSKO PRAVO LJUDSKIH PRAVA Dr Ivana Krstić vanredna profesorka Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu Dr Tanasije Marinković vanredni profesor Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu Ova publikacija priređena je u okviru projekta „Pravosuđe na temeljima ljudskih prava” koji finansira Fond za ljudska prava a primenjuje Savet Evrope. Izneta mišljenja se ne moraju nužno slagati sa zvaničnim stavovima Saveta Evrope. Savet Evrope Beograd 2016 Izdavač Savet Evrope Kancelarija u Beogradu Španskih boraca 3, 11070 Beograd www.coe.org.rs Za izdavača Tim Cartwright Urednik Silvija Panović-Đurić ISBN 978-86-84437-89-3 Tiraž 1.000 Štampa, grafički dizajn i korica Dosije studio, Beograd Copyright©2016 Sva prava zadržana. Nijedan deo ove publikacije ne može se prevesti, reprodukovati niti prenositi u bilo kojem obliku ili na bilo koji način, elektronski (CD-ROM, internet, itd) ili mehanički uključujući fotokopiranje, snimanje ili bilo koje informacije za čuvanje ili sistema za preuzimanje, bez prethodnog odobrenja u pisanom obliku datоg od: Direkcija za komunikacije (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex ili [email protected]) Sadržaj PREDGOVOR 11 1. PRAVNA PRIRODA EVROPSKOG PRAVA LJUDSKIH PRAVA 13 1.1. Međunarodnopravne osnove evropskog prava ljudskih prava 15 1.2. Ustavnopravna sadržina evropskog prava ljudskih prava 18 1.3. Evropsko pravo ljudskih prava kao naddržavno pravo 24 2. EVROPSKI SUD ZA LJUDSKA PRAVA 29 2.1. Istorijat Evropskog suda za ljudska prava 29 2.1.1. Evropski sud za ljudska prava u okrilju Saveta Evrope 29 2.1.2. Prvobitni sistem zaštite ljudskih prava 30 2.2. Organizacija Evropskog suda za ljudska prava 33 2.2.1. Sudije Evropskog suda za ljudska prava 33 2.2.1.1. Uslovi i način izbora sudija 33 2.2.1.2. Trajanje i prestanak mandata sudija 34 2.2.2. Struktura Evropskog suda za ljudska prava 35 2.2.2.1. Opšta sednica i odeljenja 35 2.2.2.2. Sudija pojedinac, odbori i veća 35 Sadržaj 3 2.2.2.3. Veliko veće 37 2.3. Nadležnost Evropskog suda za ljudska prava 38 2.3.1. Aktivna procesna legitimacija 39 2.3.1.1. Pojedinačne predstavke 39 2.3.1.2. Međudržavni sporovi 44 2.3.2. Pasivna procesna legitimacija 45 2.3.3. Mesna nadležnost 47 2.3.4. Stvarna nadležnost 50 2.3.5. Vremenska nadležnost 52 2.3.6. Iscrpenost unutrašnjih pravnih lekova 53 2.3.7. Blagovremenost predstavke 55 2.3.8. Urednost predstavke 56 2.3.9. Pravilo ne bis in idem 56 2.3.10. Očigledno neosnovane i zloupotrebljavajuće predstavke 57 2.3.11. Značajnije oštećenje 58 2.4. Postupak pred Evropskim sudom za ljudska prava 59 2.4.1. Sadržina predstavke 61 2.4.2. Opšta pravila postupka 64 2.4.2.1. Javnost postupka 64 2.4.2.2. Upotreba jezika 64 2.4.2.3. Zastupanje stranaka 65 2.4.2.4. Pravna pomoć 66 2.4.3. Vođenje postupka 66 2.4.3.1. Postupak ispitivanja prihvatljivosti 67 2.4.3.2. Postupak po prihvatanju predstavke 68 2.4.3.3. Procedura za donošenje pilot presuda 70 2.4.3.4. Prijateljsko poravnanje 71 Evropsko pravo ljudskih prava 4 2.4.3.5. Rasprava pred većem 72 2.4.3.6. Postupak pred Velikim većem 73 2.4.4. Presuda 74 2.5. Izvršenje presuda Evropskog suda za ljudska prava 76 2.5.1. Vrste mera 77 2.5.1.1. Pravično zadovoljenje 78 2.5.1.2. Individualne mere 79 2.5.1.3. Opšte mere 81 2.5.2. Nadziranje izvršenja presuda 82 Uvodne napomene 82 2.5.2.1. Evropski sud za ljudska prava 83 2.5.2.2. Komitet ministara 84 2.5.2.3. Parlamentarna skupština 88 2.5.2.4. Propust da se izvrši presuda Evropskog suda za ljudska prava 89 2.6. Reforma Suda Evropskog suda za ljudska prava 91 3. KONVENCIJSKA PRAVA I SLOBODE 95 3.1. Načelo jednakosti i zabrana diskriminacije 96 3.1.1. Nesamostalni karakter člana 14. Evropske konvencije 98 3.1.2. Opšta zabrana diskriminacije (član 1. Dvanaestog protokola) 100 3.1.3. Različit tretman koji predstavlja diskriminaciju 104 3.1.3.1. Neposredna diskriminacija 104 3.1.3.2. Posredna diskriminacija 107 3.1.4. Opravdanje za različit tretman 108 3.2. Fizički i psihički integritet ličnosti 116 Sadržaj 5 3.2.1. Pravo na život 116 3.2.1.1. Zabrana samovoljnog lišenja života 117 3.2.1.2. Pozitivna obaveza da se zaštiti život 119 3.2.1.3. Proceduralna obaveza sprovođenja istrage 121 3.2.2. Zabrana mučenja 123 3.2.2.1. Razlikovanje tri oblika zlostavljanja 125 3.2.2.2. Proceduralna obaveza sprovođenja istrage 128 3.2.2.3. Policijski pritvor 129 3.2.2.4. Zatvorski uslovi 131 3.2.2.5. Zabrana proterivanja 133 3.2.3. Zabrana ropstva 137 3.2.3.1. Zabrana ropstva ili ropskog položaja 138 3.2.3.2. Trgovina ljudima 141 3.3. Sloboda ličnosti 144 3.3.1. Pravo na slobodu i bezbednost 144 3.3.1.1. Sloboda i bezbednost 144 3.3.1.2. Zakonitost lišenja slobode 147 3.3.1.3. Hapšenje i pritvor 148 3.3.1.4. Prava lica lišenih slobode 150 3.3.2. Pravo na slobodu kretanja 151 3.3.2.1. Opšti domašaj člana 2. Protokola br. 4 151 3.3.2.2. Razgraničenje između ogranilenja slobode kretanja i lišenja slobode 153 3.3.2.3. Ograničenja slobode kretanja 155 3.4. Moralni integritet ličnosti 158 3.4.1. Sloboda misli, savesti i veroispovesti 158 Evropsko pravo ljudskih prava 6 3.4.1.1. Pojam slobode misli, savesti i veroispovesti 158 3.4.1.2. Ograničenje slobode ispovedanja vere ili ubeđenja 163 3.4.2. Pravo na poštovanje privatnog života 167 3.4.2.1. Određivanje pojma „privatni život” 168 3.4.2.2. Uspostavljanje i razvijanje odnosa sa drugim licima 170 3.4.2.3. Prikupljanje, držanje i upotreba tajnih podataka 171 3.4.2.4. Istopolni odnosi 175 3.4.2.5. Položaj transseksualnih osoba 179 3.4.3. Pravo na poštovanje porodičnog života 182 3.4.3.1. Razgraničenje primene člana 8. i drugih članova iz Konvencije 182 3.4.3.2. Porodični život 183 3.4.3.3. Odnosi među partnerima 185 3.4.3.4. Odnos između roditelja i dece 186 3.4.3.5. Horizontalni porodični odnosi 189 3.4.3.6. Porodični život lica lišenih slobode 191 3.4.3.7. Deportacija i kršenje prava na porodični život 193 3.4.4. Pravo na obrazovanje 196 3.4.4.1. Pravna priroda prava na obrazovanje 196 3.4.4.2. Pravo roditelja u vezi sa obrazovanjem njihove dece 200 3.4.4.3. Upotreba verskih simbola u školi 205 3.5. Politička prava i slobode 207 3.5.1. Sloboda izražavanja 208 3.5.1.1. Pojam slobode izražavanja 208 Sadržaj 7 3.5.1.2. Zadiranje u slobodu izražavanja 213 3.5.2. Sloboda okupljanja 221 3.5.2.1. Pojam slobode okupljanja 221 3.5.2.2. Zadiranje u slobodu okupljanja 224 3.5.3. Sloboda udruživanja 228 3.5.3.1. Pojam slobode udruživanja 228 3.5.3.2. Zadiranje u slobodu udruživanja 231 3.5.4. Pravo na slobodne izbore 237 3.6. Zaštita imovine 238 3.6.1. Pojam imovine 238 3.6.2. Pravična naknada 242 3.7. Procesna prava 244 3.7.1. Pravo na pravično suđenje 246 3.7.1.1. Pojam građanskskih prava i obaveza i krivične optužbe 246 3.7.1.2. Opšta procesna prava 248 3.7.1.3. Posebna prava u krivičnom postupku 251 3.7.2. Pravo na delotvorni pravni lek 252 3.7.3. Načelo zakonitosti 254 4. PRIMERI DOBRE PRAKSE U REPUBLICI SRBIJI 257 4.1. Evropska konvencija u pravnom sistemu Srbije 259 4.1.1. Status Evropske konvencije 259 4.1.2. Opšti mehanizmi usklađivanja s Evropskom konvencijom 262 4.1.3. Sudska zaštita ljudskih prava u Republici Srbiji 264 4.2. Dijalog Ustavnog suda Republike Srbije i Evropskog suda za ljudska prava 267 Evropsko pravo ljudskih prava 8 4.2.1.
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