The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict – Chaim Kaufmann (4 Credit Hours) CRN: 19452 Revised 4/24/2015

Spring 2015 TuTh 1:10 – 2:25 MG 270

IR 086-010 – The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict – Chaim Kaufmann (4 credit hours) CRN: 19452 revised 4/24/2015

E-mail: ck07 Office hours (208 Maginnes): Tentative, may be revised: Tues. 10:45-1:00 and 2:30- 3:30, Thurs. 10:45-12:00, or by appointment. CourseSite: https://coursesite.lehigh.edu/course/view.php?id=63824

Course Objective: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of many communal conflicts worldwide and is in many respects a normal example of its kind, although it does have unique features; to paraphrase Tolstoy, every national conflict is unhappy in its own way. This conflict is of special interest to many for a number of reasons: -It has proved, over the last century, especially intractable and appears intractable for the near future; -It has garnered more international attention, and more attention in U.S. policy, than probably any other communal conflict; and -Many people in the U.S. and worldwide feel an affinity to one side or the other in the conflict; -Although this is normal for communal conflicts, different participants and observers tell such different ‘narratives’ of the history and rights and wrongs of the dispute that discussions about it often consist of more demonization than explanation. This course provides an introduction to the sources, trajectory, and current status of the conflict. We will pay special attention to the competing narratives of three groups of actors—Israelis, Palestinians, and the surrounding Arab countries, as well as factions within each of these—and attempt to explain, from each group’s point of view, why they have acted and do act as they do.

Prerequisite: None.

Course Outline: I. Basic Concepts II. Trajectories of the Conflict and of Narratives about It III. Current Policy Issues

Requirements: 1. There are about 19 sessions with reading assignments to be completed before class. The course format is mixed lecture and seminar depending on topic and your initiative. All participants are expect to treat each other with respect per Lehigh’s Principles of our Equitable Community: https://www.lehigh.edu/~inprv/initiatives/PrinciplesEquity_Sheet_v2_032212.pdf

2. Two simulations, most likely on the last two class meetings, in which class members will attempt to formulate future policy of Israel toward the Palestinians, and of Palestinians toward Israel. 3. Two exams, a midterm on March 5 and a final on the date set by the Registrar. 4. No electronic devices except laptops (for note-taking or in-class research.

Grading: Seminar 20 Midterm exam 30 Final exam 50 Total 100

Extra credit opportunities: Class members who attend a non-course lecture, at Lehigh or elsewhere, on a topic related to this course and submit a reaction paper qualify for credit equal to 1% of the final course grade. See the memo on our CourseSite under ‘Assignments.’ There is also an XC assignment that allows you to contribute to improving Lehigh’s library holdings. See under ‘Assignments.’ There is a semester limit of 5% on XC.

Intellectual Integrity: The Department of International Relations Policy on Academic Integrity and Plagiarism is hereby incorporated into this syllabus (under ‘Assignments’). See also the Provost’s policy statement.

Accommodations for Students with Disabilities: If you have a disability for which you are or may be requesting accommodations, please contact the Office of Academic Support Services, University Center C212 (610- 758-4152) as early as possible in the semester. You must provide documentation from the Academic Support Services office seven days before any exam for which accommodations are requested.

Textbooks: 1. Itamar Rabinovich and Jehuda Reinharz, eds. Israel in the Middle East: Documents and Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, 2nd ed. (Waltham MA: Brandeis University Press, 2008). (RR) 2. Abdel Monem Said Aly, Shai Feldman, and Khalil Shikaki, Arabs and Israelis: Conflict and Peacemaking in the Middle East (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). (SAFS)

Schedule and Reading Assignments: The schedule shown is tentative. Events and new resources will emerge during the semester, so you will receive syllabus updates as we go along. Our progress may also vary from day to day. Class members are responsible for keeping up with our actual progress.

Many session listings include questions that you may want to keep in mind while preparing. These are not meant to be exhaustive or to constrain class discussion. * = reading item on CourseSite or accessible via URL; contact me promptly if you discover a corrupt file or other problem with a document. Films are on reserve at Fairchild; you can watch them solo or in groups.

I. Basic Concepts: Identity, Nations, Nationalism, and Communal Conflict

1. Tues. January 20: Nations and Nationalism [38 pp.]

-Do “ethnic groups” and “nations” really exist? What does it mean to say that nations are “constructed” or that they are “imagined communities?” -How do we know a nation when we see one? -Why is nationalism so pervasive? -Why does nationalism matter?

*Course syllabus (this document); *Memos on preparation for exams and for XC assignments; SAFS, ix-x, 1-6. *Walker Connor, “A Nation Is a Nation, Is a State, Is an Ethnic Group, Is a ...” in John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, eds., Nationalism (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1994), 36-46. *Benedict Anderson, “Imagined Communities,” in Hutchinson and Smith, 69-76. *Anthony D. Smith, “The Origins of Nations,” in Hutchinson and Smith, 147-54. *Walker Connor, “When is a Nation?” in Hutchinson and Smith, 154-59. *Chaim Kaufmann, “Patterns of Identity Cleavage,” January 16, 2013.

Also of interest (not assigned): Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991). Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1983).

2. Thurs. January 22: Israeli and Palestinian Identity [69]

-Both Israeli and Palestinian nationalists claim ancient roots, albeit partly or largely unverifiable, roots for their national identities. Why? -Modern Zionist/Israeli nationalism began earlier than Palestinian and solidified from an elite to a mass movement more rapidly. Why? Also, how has this mattered to the conflict? -How important are the distinctions between Jewish and Israeli identity? -How important are the distinctions between Palestinian, Syrian/South Syrian, Arab, and Muslim identity?

*Shlomo Avineri, “The Roots of Zionism,” Wilson Quarterly 7:1 (New Year's 1983), 46-61.

*Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 145-50, 153 (two full paras), 162-75, 177-209.

Also of interest (not assigned): Khalidi, rest of book. Ahmad Sa’di, “Catastrophe, Memory, and Identity: Al-Nakhah as a Component in Palestinian Identity,” Israel Studies 7:2 (Summer 2002), 175-98. Adeed Dawisha, Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003). Avineri, The Making of Modern Zionism: The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State (Basic Books, 1984). Ilan Troen, Imagining Zion: Dreams, Designs, and realities in a Century of Jewish Settlement (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003).

3. Tues. January 27: Communal Conflict [74]

-Of Van Evera’s catalogue of potential causes of conflict, which seem most relevant to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? -What are the advantages and disadvantages of partition as a solution to severe communal conflicts? -Why has it been the favored solution of participants and observers of Palestine/Israel before 1948 and again now? -What alternatives could be considered for communal conflicts broadly and for Palestine/Israel in particular?

*Stephen Van Evera, “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War,” in Michael E. Brown et al., eds., Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict revised ed. (Cambridge MA: M.I.T. Press, 2001), 26-60. *Chaim Kaufmann, “Types of Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts,” September 15, 2003. *Chaim Kaufmann, “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars,” International Security 20:4 (Spring 1996), 136-75.

Also of interest (not assigned): Rogers Brubaker, “Aftermaths of Empire and Unmixing of Peoples,” in Nationalism Reframed (Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1996),148-78. Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). Jack Snyder and Karen Ballentine, “Nationalism and the Marketplace of Ideas,” in Brown, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, 61-96. Barry R. Posen, “The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,” in Michael E. Brown, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993), 103-24. Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, “A Brief History of Ethnic Cleansing,” Foreign Affairs 72:3 (Summer 1993), 110-21.

Arend Lijphart, “The Power-Sharing Approach,” in Joseph Montville, ed., Conflict and Peace-making in Multi-ethnic Societies (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1990), 491-509. Ian S. Lustick, Dan Miodownick, Roy J. Eidelson, “Secessionism in Multi-cultural States: Does Sharing Power Prevent or Encourage It?” American Political Science Review 98:2 (May 2004), 209-229. Radha Kumar, “The Troubled History of Partition,” Foreign Affairs 76:1 (Jan./Feb. 1997), 23-34.

II. Trajectory and Narratives

4. Thurs. January 29: Israeli Master Narrative: Film Discussion

-Given that there are always dissenters from even a broadly agreed ‘master narrative’ of a national identity or a communal conflict, is the concept useful? -This film is a (rather successful) Hollywood commercial product, not a product of any official or unofficial Israeli nationalist group. Does that matter? -The tone and accuracy of the portrayals of various events in this film are arguable. One is worth special note: the roles of internal and external Arab leaders in coercing Palestinians to fight or to flee is arguable, but Nazi refugees played no role. Why might this have been included? -What does this film omit?

Otto Preminger, dir., Exodus (1960), 208 mins. Note the length and allocate time accordingly.

Also of interest (not assigned): Baruch Agadati, dir. This is the Land (1935, re-edited 2010). Documentary. Originally used for fund-raising. Michael Elkins, dir. The Edge of Danger (1955), 19mins. Documentary. The agricultural settlements are the border and the country. Thorold Dickinson, dir., Hill 24 Doesn’t Answer (1955), 101 mins.

5. Tues. February 3: Palestinian Master Narrative: Film Discussion

-Sulieman is a member of the Christian minority among Palestinians. He also lives in Israel, not as a refugee. Are either of these important to how he sees the conflict? -The film is composed of a number of episodes separated in time. Does this affect how the reader understands the narrative? -Is it fair to say that both films, and narratives of the conflict generally, are more concerned with Israeli behavior than with Palestinian? If so, why might this be?

Elia Sulieman, dir., The Time That Remains (2009), 109 mins.

Also of interest (not assigned): Ryuichi Hirokawa, dir., Palestine 1948 Nakba (2008). 131 mins. Documentary. Includes interviews of Israelis unaware that they live on sites of former Palestinian villages as well as reporting on a disputed 1948 massacre.

6. Thurs. February 5: The Formative Years, 1880s-1940s [42]

-Who were the main actors, the goals of each, and the most important actions of each and their consequences? -To what extent are the events of this period agreed, at least among these three authors, versus distinct narratives? -How much do you think the different narrative s may have mattered to choices of actors at the time? To the self-identities of Israelis and Palestinians today? To how they, or third parties, might view appropriate responses to the conflict today?

SAFS, 7-45. RR, 571-74. You will find it necessary throughout the course to consult the maps in SAFS, the timelines in SAFS, xiii-xviii, and in RR at the start of each chapter, and the glossary in RR, 585-605.

7. Tues. February 10: The Formative Years: Documents [26]

-For each document, try to identify the affiliations of the author(s), their intended audience(s), and what they wanted from those audiences. -Also try to identify and interpret key passages in each document. E.g., the most famous clause in any document about this conflict is probably the Balfour Declaration’s “…. it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities ….” Which communities? Why aren’t political rights mentioned? -Bring RR to class; we’ll work in groups on the documents.

Theodor Herzl, “A Solution to the Jewish Question,” January 17, 1896, in RR, 16-21. First Zionist Congress, “The Basle Program,” August 31, 1897, in RR, 21. Manya Shochat, “The Collective,” excerpt from1904-1909: Memoir, in RR, 25-28. Lord Balfour, “Balfour Declaration,” November 2, 1917, in RR, 29. *Faisal-Weizmann Agreement, January 3, 1919, United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL), http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/5BFF833964EDB9BF85256CED00673D1F Zeev Jabotinsky, “The Iron Wall,” November 4, 1923, in RR, 41-43. Peel Commission, “Report Conclusions,” July 7, 1937, in RR, 44-45. George Antonius, excerpt from The Arab Awakening (1938), in RR, 47-48. Malcolm MacDonald, “White Paper,” May 17, 1939, 49-53.

Emergency Committee of Zionist Affairs, “The Biltmore Program,” May 11, 1942, in RR 54-55.

Thurs. Feb. 12—No class

8. Tues. February 17: Partition, 1945-1949 [70]

-Continue to attend to agreed facts versus narratives. -How did British attitudes toward the Zionist project and toward the Arabs of Palestine evolve between 1917 and 1947? -How did the Holocaust influence the Zionist project? -Which actors and what concerns determined the choice of partition in 1947? -Why was Israel so successful in the 1947-1949 wars? -Why did it take so long (Morris, 1987) for Israelis to begin to question the national myth that Israel bore no responsibility for displacement of Palestinians?

SAFS, 46-84. *Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949 (Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1987), map 2, “Arab Settlements Abandoned in 1948-1949,” map 3, “Jewish Settlements Established in 1948-1949,” x-xiii. *Morris, “Revisiting the Palestinian Exodus of 1948,” in Eugene L. Rogin and Avi Shlaim, eds., The War for Palestine, 2nd ed. (Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 37-56. League of Arab States, “Charter,” March 22, 1945, in RR, 56-58. United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution 181,” November 29, 1947, in RR, 61-63. Jewish Agency Executive, “Proclamation of the State of Israel,” May 14, 1948, in RR, 72-74. League of Arab States, “Declaration of a Provisional Palestinian Civil Administration,” March 22, 1945, in RR, 87-89. United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution 194,” December 11, 1948, in RR, 89-92.

Also of interest (not assigned): Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949 (Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Eugene L. Rogin and Avi Shlaim, eds., The War for Palestine, 2nd ed. (Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007), rest of book. Includes essays by Israeli, Palestinian, and Western scholars.

9. Thurs. February 19: The Cold War, 1950-1967 [49]

-What were the goals of Israel during this period? -What were the goals of the Arab states in this period?

-Why did Palestinian aspirations rely more on assistance from Arab states than on their own action during this period? -What were the goals of the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, and France, and how did they matter to the options of Israel, Arab states, and Palestinians?

SAFS, 85-117. Abdullah al-Tal, “The Jordanian-Israeli Negotiations,” March 22-23, 1949: Memoir, in RR, 117-18. King Abdullah was assassinated for this in 1951. David Ben-Gurion, “Social and Ethnic tensions in Wadi Salib,” 1959: Memoir, in RR, 164-67. Itamar Rabinovich, “From ‘Israeli Arabs’ to ‘Palestinian Citizens,’” 1948-1966: Analysis, in RR, 183-87. Israel Supreme Court, “Religion and Israeli Nationality: The Brother Daniel Case,” March 14, November 19, 1962, in RR, 171-74. Gamal Abdul Nasser, “The Arab Summit Conferences,” in RR, 208-10. Syrian Ba’ath Party, “The Conflict with Israel, March 1966, in RR, 211-12.

10. Tues. February 24: The 1967 War [60]

-Why did the 1967 war occur, and what accounts for Israel’s success? -How, exactly, did the situations of Palestinian Arabs change? In what ways was the impact different for those in pre-1967 Israel, in East Jerusalem, in the remainder of the West Bank, in Gaza, and in Jordan? -How did the Israeli government, right- and wing factions in Israeli society, the Arab states, and different Palestinian factions understand the meaning of the outcome?

SAFS, 118-55. *Sari Nusseibeh with Anthony David, Once Upon a Country: A Palestinian Life (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2007), 91-103. Professor, former PA official, considered a soft-liner on relations with Israel. Shabtai Teveth, “The Conflict between Moshe Dayan and Pinhas Sapir,” 1968: Analysis, in RR, 225-26. Government of Israel, “The Land-for Peace Principle,” June 19, 1967, in RR, 238-39. Alexei Kosygin, “The Soviet Union and the Six-day War,” June 19, 1967, in RR, 239-41. League of Arab States, “Fourth Arab Summit Conference” (Khartoum Resolutions), September 1, 1967, in RR, 241-42. United Nations Security Council, “Resolution 242,” November 22, 1967, in RR 242-43. Compare to GA Resolutions 181 and 194. Palestine Liberation Organization, “Palestine National Charter,” July 17, 1968, in RR, 243-46.

11. Thurs. February 26: War and Limited Accommodation, 1967-1975 [56]

-How did Israeli territorial gains in 1967 change dynamics within and between Israeli, Palestinian, and Arab states societies? -How did the 1970 civil war in Jordan affect these dynamics? -How did Israel’s failure to win a decisive victory in the 1973 war affect them? -How did the P.L.O. seek global recognition and what were the consequences? -Compare trends in U.N. GA and S.C. resolutions, PLO manifestos and programs, amd Arab League resolutions

SAFS, 156-94. Palestine Liberation Organization, “Political Program,” January 12, 1973, in RR, 253-57. Mordecai Gazit, “The Yom Kippur War,” October 1973: Analysis,” in RR, 269-75. United Nations Security Council, “Resolution 338,” October 22, 1973, in RR, 331. League of Arab States. “Seventh Arab Summit Conference” (Rabat Resolutions), October 29, 1974, in RR, 342-44. Palestine Liberation Organization, “Political Program,” June 9, 1974, in RR, 344-45. United Nations General Assembly, “Resolution 3379” (Zionism is racism), November 10, 1975, in RR, 349-350. Chaim Herzog, “Speech to the General Assembly on the Anti-Zionist Resolution,” November 10, 1975, in RR, 350-52.

Monday March 2, 4:00-5:15, IR Commons Room—Review session

12. Tues. March 3: In-class document working groups (no new reading)

We will assign groups in advance:

1: Itamar Rabinovich, “From ‘Israeli Arabs’ to ‘Palestinian Citizens,’” 1948-1966: Analysis, in RR, 183-87. 2: Gamal Abdul Nasser, “The Arab Summit Conferences,” in RR, 208-10. 3: Government of Israel, “The Land-for Peace Principle,” June 19, 1967, in RR, 238-39. 4: Palestine Liberation Organization, “Palestine National Charter,” July 17, 1968, in RR, 243-46. 3: Mordecai Gazit, “The Yom Kippur War,” October 1973: Analysis,” in RR, 269-75. 2: Fourth Arab Summit Conference, “The Khartoum Resolutions,” September 1, 1967, in RR, 241-42. 4: Palestine Liberation Organization, “Political Program,” June 9, 1974, in RR, 344-45. 1: Chaim Herzog, “Speech to the General Assembly on the Anti-Zionist Resolution,” November 10, 1975, 350-52.

13. Thurs. March 5: Midterm Exam

Take home portion of midterm due, 1:10 P.M.

14. Tues. March 17: Camp David and Lebanon [63]

-What changed to make it possible for President Sadat to seek peace with Israel? -Why didn’t the Israeli-Egyptian negotiations or the treaty take on the Palestinian issue? -What changes were there in direct Israeli-Palestinian relations and in Israeli and Palestinian internal debates about the issue? -What were the causes and consequences of the Israeli invasions of Lebanon in 1978 and (especially) 1982? -What effect did the Sabra and Shatila massacres have on internal Israeli politics? On other issues?

SAFS, 195-230. Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin, “Speeches to the Knesset,” November 20, 1977, in RR, 363-72. Yigal Allon, “The West Bank and Gaza within the Framework of a Middle East Peace Settlement,” 1948-1979: Analysis, in RR, 386-389. “Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt,” March 26, 1979, esp. Article 2, Article 4:1-2, and Article 5, in RR, 384-385. Gush Emmunim, “Opinion Paper,” January 1978, in RR, 305-307. Peace Now, “Platform,” 1980, in RR, 313-14. National Committee for the Defense of Arab Lands, “Manifesto,” March 25, 1979, in RR, 311-12. Kahan Comission, “Report on the 1982 War in Lebanon,” February 7, 1983, in RR, 402- 409.

15. Thurs. March 19: The First Intifada to Oslo [59]

-What accounts for the divisions with Israeli and within Palestinian society, and what implications did they have for the prospects for peace? -What were the causes of the First Intifada? -What international and local factors contributed to the Oslo Accords? Did the Intifada help or hurt?

SAFS, 231-68. Amos Oz, “On Behalf of Pluralism,” December 1982, in RR, 412-14. Ehud Eiran, “Revolution and Counter-revolution: The Israeli Supreme Court from the 1980s Onward,” 1980-2004: Analysis, in RR, 484-87. Hezbollah, “The Hezbollah Program: An Open Letter,” February 16, 1985, in RR, 423- 28. Hamas, “Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement,” August 18. 1988, in RR, 430- 37. “Oslo Accords between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization,” September 13, 1993, in RR, 490-93.

16. Tues. March 24: Israeli and Palestinian Music and Poetry

During the 20th century (this may be changing some now), the dominant artistic form among Israelis, including for expression of identity or nationalist ideas, was folk music, while among Palestinian and Arab intellectuals it was poetry.

-Can particular songs or poems be classified as: -laments for losses of national territory or values? -accusations of blame (internal or external) for such losses? -aspirations for future gains? -celebrations of gains? -more than one of these at once? -To what extent do expressions in the two communities speak to their own community, vs. to each other?

Chaim Kaufmann, “Israeli and Palestinian Nationalist Music and Poetry – Annotations, English Lyrics, Performances,” March 17, 2015.

17. Thurs. March 26: Failures of Implementation of Oslo [49]

-Why couldn’t Israel and Syria reach a peace agreement? -Why could Israel and Jordan do so when they could not before? -What factors hindered implementation of Oslo? -What were the consequences of the slow and partial implementation of Oslo?

SAFS, 270-76, 306-30. Itamar Rabinovich, “The Israeli-Syrian Negotiations,” August 1993: Analysis, in RR, 488-90. “Oslo II Accords between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization,” September 28, 1995, in RR, 502-505. Palestinian Authority, “Amendment to the Palestine National Charter,” May 4. 1996, in RR, 506-507. Hamas, “Opposition to Any Accommodation with Israel,” 1992-1999, in RR, 500-502. Mahmoud Darwish, “The Appeal of the Palestinian People on the Fiftieth Anniversary of al-Naqba,” 1948-1998, in RR, 514-16.

18. Tues. March 31: Failure of Permanent Status Negotiations [62]

-Why did the permanent status negotiations of 2000-2001 fail? What was the relative importance of: -Intransigence by government or leadership figures of community? -Internal divisions within either community? -Mistrust due to failures of the Oslo process up to that point?

-Nationalist narratives that encouraged distrust, hostility, or maximalist aims? -Mishandling or obstructionism by other parties such as the United States, Arab states, or others? -Other factors?

SAFS, 331-60. William Jefferson Clinton, “Proposal for Israeli-Palestinian Peace,” December 23, 2000, in RR, 518-21. Martyn Indyk, “Evolution of Palestinian-Israeli Negotiations,” 2000-2001: Analysis, in RR, 521-23. Sharm el-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee, “Mitchell Report,” May 4, 2001, in RR, 524- 29. *Khalil Shikaki, A Palestinian Perspective on the Failure of the Permanent Status Negotiations (Ramallah: Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research, January 2004), 3-22.

Thurs. April 2—no class

19. Tues. April 7: Document analysis

We will do these in three groups.

1: Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin, “Speeches to the Knesset,” November 20, 1977, in RR, 363-72. 2: Amos Oz, “On Behalf of Pluralism,” December 1982, in RR, 412-14. 3: Palestinian Authority, “Amendment to the Palestine National Charter,” May 4. 1996, in RR, 506-507. 2: Ehud Eiran, “Revolution and Counter-revolution: The Israeli Supreme Court from the 1980s Onward,” 1980-2004: Analysis, in RR, 484-87. 3: Hamas, “Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement,” August 18. 1988, in RR, 430-37.

20. Thurs. April 9: The Second Intifada

SAFS, 361-96. Orr Commission, “Report on Clashes between the Security Forces and Israeli Citizens in October 2000,” in RR, 479-84. *Chaim Kaufmann, “Human Security and the Settlements,” Negotiation Journal 21:2 (April 2005), 194-97. *Laura King, “Israel's High Court Puts a Dent in West Bank Barrier,” Los Angeles Times, July 1, 2004. Map. *B’tselem, “The Separation Barrier in the West Bank,” February, 2008. Map. http://www.btselem.org/download/separation_barrier_map_eng.pdf

21. Tues. April 14: Film discussion

Eran Riklis, dir., Lemon Tree (2008), 106 mins.

Also of interest (not assigned): Gilbert Tofano, dir., Matzor (“Siege”) (1969), 100 mins. Soldier’s widow. Uri Barbash, dir., Beyond the Walls (1984), 103 mins. Stephen Spielberg, dir., Munich (2005), 163 mins. Ari Folman, dir. Waltz with Bashir (2008), Animated. 90 mins. 1982 Lebanon War.

22. Thurs. April 16: Film discussion

James Miller, dir., Death in Gaza (2004), 80 mins. Director killed by Israeli forces during filming.

Also of interest (not assigned): Elia Sulieman, dir., Chronicle of a Disappearance (1996). 96 mins. Mohamed Bakri, dir., Jenin, Jenin (2002), 54 mins. Documentary. Compare to Human Rights watch report on the events: http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/. Hanu abu Assad, Paradise Now (2005), 90 mins. Annemarie Jacir, dir., Salt of this Sea (2008), 109 mins. Ziad Douairi, dir., The Attack (2012), 102 mins. Assimilated Israeli Arab questions connections in both communities. Anais Barbeau-Lavalette, Inch’allah (2012), 102 mins. Canadian doctor working in West Bank becomes radicalized. Hany abu-Assad, dir., Omar (2013), 96 mins.

23. Tues. April 21: The Second Lebanon War and the Arab Spring

SAFS, 397-441. Ehud Olmert, “Speech to the Knesset on the Israeli-Hezbollah Summer War, July 17, 2006, in RR, 553-55. *Marwan Barghouthi et al., “Text of Palestinian Prisoners' Document,” May 11. 2006; Ha’aretz editorial, “Interpreting the Prisoners' Letter Correctly;” OneVoice Movement.org, http://blog.onevoicemovement.org/one_voice/2006/05/text_of_palesti.html

Thurs. April 23—No Class

IV. Current Policy Issues

24. Tues. April 28: Simulation of Israeli Policy toward the Palestinians

The class will take the roles of Israeli party leaders and other decision makers attempting to formulate policy toward the Palestinians.

-What can be done to reduce terrorism (and Israeli retaliatory actions)? -What should be done about the ‘wall?’ About settlements in the West Bank? -Some Palestinians now favor a ‘one-state’ solution in the expectation that they will eventually be in the majority. What should Israel do about this? -Some in Israel and in the U.S. favor a ‘West Bank first’ strategy of supporting Fatah at the expense of Hamas. Should Israel follow this path?

Although negotiations are incomplete, we will assume the commonly expected coalition—Likud, Kulanu, Israel Beitenu, Habayit Hayehudi, Shas, and UTJ [67 seats]. We will not assume anything about ministerial assignments.

Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu (head of Likud) [considered to control 30 seats] (chair): Warren. Moshe Kahlon (head of Kulanu; in coalition) [10]: Wheaton. Avigdor Liberman (head of Israel Beitenu; in coalition) [6]: Berger. Naftali Bennett (head of Habayit Hayehudi; in coalition) [8]: Coopersmith. Aryeh Dery (head of Shas; in coalition) [7]: Correll. Yaakov Litzman (head of UTJ; in coalition) [6]: Ferradji. Ayman Odeh (head of Joint List) [13]: Gelman. Isaac Herzog (head of Labor/Zionist Union) [considered to control12 seats]: Haik. Tzipi Livni (head of Hatnuah/Zionist Union) [12]: Isreal. Yair Lapid (head of Yesh Atid) [11]: Kawa. Zahav Gal-On (head of Meretz) [5]: Peterson. Eli Yishai (head of Yahad) [0]: Quackenbos. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry: Seitz. Israeli religious settlers: Skaroff. Israeli secularists: Skibbens.

Haaretz; overall, the best Israeli daily. Secular, center/left. http://www.haaretz.com/ Jerusalem Post; secular, center/right. https://login.ezproxy.lib.lehigh.edu/login?url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacad emic/api/version1/sf?shr=t&sfi=AC00NBGenSrch&csi=10911 Daily Star (Beirut) https://login.ezproxy.lib.lehigh.edu/login?url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacad emic/api/version1/sf?shr=t&sfi=AC00NBGenSrch&csi=335154

Washington Post https://login.ezproxy.lib.lehigh.edu/login?url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacad emic/api/version1/sf?shr=t&sfi=AC00NBGenSrch&csi=8075 New York Times https://login.ezproxy.lib.lehigh.edu/login?url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacad emic/api/version1/sf?shr=t&sfi=AC00NBGenSrch&csi=6742

Map of Israeli settlements 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/12/22/map-the- spread-of-israeli-settlements-in-the-west-bank/. The 355,000 does not count 200,000 in East Jerusalem. Map of occupation of West Bank. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank_Areas_in_the_Oslo_II_Accord#/media/Fil e:Restricted_space_in_the_West_Bank,_Area_C.png Map of land Avigdor Lieberman proposed to transfer from Israel to a Palestinian state. http://cdn.static-economist.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/original- size/images/print-edition/20140118_MAM971.png Map of Prime Minister Ehud Olmert peace plan, 2008. http://www.internationalrelations.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/NYTimes- Israel-Palestine-map-2.07.11.jpg *Descriptions of Israeli political parties 2015. Haaretz interactive graphics and text. http://www.haaretz.com/st/c/prod/eng/2015/elections/candidates1/ *Israeli Election Results, March17, 2015. Haaretz interactive graphic. http://www.haaretz.com/st/c/prod/eng/2015/elections/results/ *Uri Sadot, “Israel’s Demographic Time Bomb is a Dud,” foreignpolicy.com, December 18, 2013. http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/12/18/israels-demographic-time-bomb- is-a-dud/ *William Booth, “Here’s What Really Happened in the Gaza War (According to the Israelis),” Washington Post, September 3, 2014. *Ruth Eglash, “Israel’s Arab Political Parties Have United for the First Time,” Washington Post, March 10, 2015. *Majeda El-Batsh, “Ayman Odeh, Leading Arabs to Success in Israeli Knesset,” Agence France Presse, March 19, 2015. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article- 3002914/Ayman-Odeh-leading-Arabs-success-Israeli-Knesset.html *Daniel Goldman, “Israel's Secular vs. Ultra-Orthodox Jews: One People, Divided?” Haaretz, April 2, 2014. *Ethan Bronner and Isabel Kershner, “In West Bank Settlements, Sign of Hope for a Deal,” New York Times, July 27, 2009. *“Netanyahu Takes Center Stage in GOP Battle With Obama”, NBC News, March 3, 2015.

Also of interest (not assigned): Jodi Rudoren, “Israel Struggles With Its Identity,” New York Times, December 8, 2014. Gershom Gorenberg, "The Minister for National Fears,” Atlantic Monthly, May 2007, 84- 86, 88, 90. Liberman.

Harriet Sherwood, “Naftali Bennett Interview: 'There Won't Be a Palestinian State within Israel',” Guardian, January 7, 2013. Joe Sterling and Atika Shubert, “Yair Lapid, Israel's Man of the 'Future',” CNN, January 23, 2013. Anshel Pfeffer, “Deconstructing Livni - The Making of Israel's Newest Centrist Party,” Ha’aretz, November 27, 2012. Ruth Margalit, “Why the Israeli Left Is Lost,” Slate.com oped, January 21, 2013. Jeffrey Goldberg, “Unforgiven,” Atlantic 301 (May 2008), 32-37, 40, 42-43, 46, 48-51; also David Makovsky, “Deterrence and the Burden of Israeli Moderates,” U.S. News & World Report oped, August 3, 2006. Michael A. Cohen, “The Death of the Party,” Tablet, January 10, 2013. Labor. David Remnick, “The Party Faithful,” New Yorker, January 21, 2013. Bennett and Jewish Home. Ethan Bronner and Isabel Kershner, “Resolve of West Bank Settlers May Have Limits,” New York Times, September 14, 2009. Ultra-nationalists. Larry Derfner, “Sounding the Alarm about Israel's Demographic Crisis,” Forward, January 9, 2004. Peter Beinart, The Crisis of Zionism (New York: Times Books, 2012). “Palestinian Agency Carries Full Text of Abbas-Olmert Document of Principles,” BBC International Monitoring, September 11, 2007; and Matthew Kalman, “Analysis: Wheels Turning Again on Middle East 'Road Map' to Peace,” San Francisco Chronicle online, October 24, 2007. Annapolis. Volker Perthes, “The Syrian Solution,” Foreign Affairs 85:6 (November/December 2006), 33-40.

25. Thurs. April 30: Simulation of Palestinian Policy toward Israel

The class will take the roles of Palestinian and Arab leaders attempting to formulate policy toward Israel.

-What can be done to reduce (Israeli and Palestinian) violence? -Must the conflict between Fatah and Hamas be resolved before negotiating with Israel? What about the internal divisions within Hamas and Fatah? -Should the Palestinians insist on a settlement freeze before negotiating with Israel? -The Palestinian Legislative Council has not been a viable forum for formulation of policy. Could it become one? -Should Palestinians be seeking a two-state solution, or hold out for a one-state solution in expectation that they will eventually be in the majority West of the Jordan River? -What can or should Palestinians look for from outside powers such as the U.S. or Arab states?

Palestinian Authority (since 2013, State of Palestine) President Mahmoud Abbas (Fatah) (chair): Skibbens. PA/SoP Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah (Fatah): Warren.

Former PA security head Mohamad Dahlan (Fatah): Wheaton. Marwan Bargouthi (Fatah): Berger. Former PA Prime Minister Salam Fayyad (Third Way): Coopersmith. Ramadan Shallah (Palestinian Islamic Jihad): Correll. Nayef Hawatmeh (head of DFLP): Ferradji. Bassam al-Salhi (head of Palestinian People’s Party): Gelman. Hamas Political Bureau Chief Khaled Mesh’al: Haik. Former PA Prime Minister Ismael Haniyeh (Hamas): Isreal. Head of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades Marwan Issa (Hamas): Kawa. Palestinian businessman Bashar Masri: Peterson. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry: Quackenbos. Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry: Seitz. Saudi Foreign Minister (Prince) Saud al Faisal: Skaroff.

*Mark Scott and Chaim Kaufmann, “Biographies of Palestinian Political Leaders,” April 24, 2015. *PCPSR, “Palestinian Public Opinion Poll No. 55,” April 8, 2015. Main findings and questions 13, 14, 17, 18/1, 19, 42, 43, 45-49, 52-54. *Robert Tait, “Palestinians Will Join the International Criminal Court in April, UN Confirms,” Independent (U.K.), January 7, 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/1133 1615/Palestinians-will-join-the-International-Criminal-Court-in-April-UN- confirms.html *Steve Inskeep, “A New Community Rises in the West Bank ... And it's Not Israeli,” www.npr.org, March 17, 2015. Bashar Masri and the Gulf-funded business community. http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/03/17/393334231/a-new- community-rises-in-the-west-bank-and-its-not-israeli *Ahmed Melhem, “Palestine’s Empty Breadbasket,” Al-Monitor, April 20, 2015. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/palestine-israel-jordan-valley- farmers-banned-entry.html *Avi Blecherman, “‘Israel Wants Us to Be Dependent on Aid': Gaza's Economy under Siege,” +972 blog, June 4, 2014. http://972mag.com/israel-wants-us-to-be- dependent-on-aid-gazas-economy-under-siege/91267/ +972 is an Israeli blogging group. *Shlomi Eldar, “Israel Should Be Way of Hamas’ Truce Proposal, Al-Monitor oped, March 11, 2015. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/israel-hamas- hudna-truce-gaza-humanitarian-crisis-abbas.html# Al-Monitor is an independent news service covering the Middle East based in Washinton D.C. *Amos Harel, “Growing Hamas Rift Could Endanger Gaza Truce,” Haaretz, April 16, 2015. Intra-Hamas. *Ben Lynfield, “Splits Emerge in Palestinian Unity Pact Already,” Independent (U.K.), April 24, 2015. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/splits- emerge-in-palestinian-national-unity-pact-already-9289846.html. Hamas/PA.

*“Assad: Syria Has ‘No Relation’ with Hamas, Will Never Trust it Again,” Ma’an News Agency (West Bank/Gaza), April 20, 2015. http://www.juancole.com/2015/04/assad-relation-hamas.html *Adnan Abu Amer, “Hamas Reacts to Potential Egyptian Attack,” Al-Monitor, March 6, 2015. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/hamas-reaction-egypt- attack-gaza.html *Bruce Riedel, “Saudi Arabia and the Third Gulf War,” Al-Monitor, August 6, 2014. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/08/saudi-arabia-gaza-war-egypt- quiet.html#. While S.A.and Israel co-operate on Iranian nukes and in Yemen.

Also of interest (not assigned): Hazem Balousha, “Fatah Still Cannot Challenge Hamas in Gaza,” al-Monitor, January 28, 2013. “Veteran Leader Khaled Meshaal Re-elected as Head of Hamas,” Agence France- Presse, April 2, 2013. Edmund Sanders, “Hamas Factions' Reversal of Roles Rooted in 'Arab Spring',” Los Angeles Times, June 17, 2012. Chassey Clancy, “Inside Hamas: Western Witness to a Debate on the Issues that Divide the Palestinian Organization,” Guardian Unlimited, October 26, 2007. Ethan Bronner, “Opportunities Fade Amid Sense of Isolation in Gaza,” New York Times, October 26, 2009. Peter Beaumont, “Hamas Destroys al-Qaida Group in Violent Gaza Battle, Observer (England), August 16, 2009. “Listen to Marwan Barghouti,” Ha’aretz editorial, March 30, 2012. Khaled Abu Toameh, “‘Jerusalem is Awaiting Our Sacrifices Until it Returns to Us Void of Settlers,’ Fatah Declares,” Jerusalem Post, August 9, 2009. Resolutions voted at Fatah Assembly. Danny Rubinstein, “Palestinian Economy is Teetering on Brink of Collapse, Study Finds,” al-Monitor , October 30, 2012. “Saudis Won't Attend Mideast Peace Conference if it Doesn't Tackle Final Issues,” Turkish Daily News, September 14, 2007. Chris Zambelis, “Unspoken Israeli-Saudi Alliance Targets Iran,” September 12, 2012. Nazila Fathi, “Iran’s Leader Warns West on Support for Israel,” New York Times, October 21, 2006.

Review session: Tues. May 5, 2015 11:30-12:45 IR Commons Room.

Final exam: Sun. May 10 2015 4:00-7:00 MG 270.