MARKET FUNCTIONALITY ASSESSMENT AMID COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF

- Market Functionality Index –

JULY 2020

INSERT IMAGE TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: INTRODUCTION

COUNTRY CONTEXT

COVID-19 pandemic continues to Market assessment is Markets in Mwanza are well Food prices in urban centres pose devastating global health therefore essential to supplied with a variety of in Tanzania are often double crisis, with over 17 confirmed understand the level of market commodities sold at the prices given by farmers cases globally as of early July 2020. functionality and capacity of reasonable price. Some due to high transportation The pandemic has seriously the markets in urban areas to markets such as Buhongwa cost from the farm to the impacted the social economic respond to increased demand also serve the neighbouring market. Prices are lowest situation and livelihoods of the in case of a humanitarian regions including and during the harvesting season people especially in sub-Saharan cash-based response. Mara. and highest during the lean Africa. season. High transportation In , there are markets and market information cost While Tanzania did not impose a MARKET CONTEXT of different sizes selling a are also the key factors total local down, the government variety of goods including limiting efficient flow of food closed schools, suspended supplies to the market. is the key cereals; such as rice and international flights and banned all destination market for staple maize, Food Items other than public gatherings before lifting the foods originating from the surplus cereals; such as meat, fruits, restrictions in June. Although all producing regions. A large fish, vegetable and spices and social and economic activities are network of traders facilitates Non-Food Items (NFI) such as back to normal, there has been no collection, distribution and clothes and utensils. These empirical evidence of eradication retailing of staple foods across goods are available in both of Corona virus in the country. the country and ensures wholesale and retail. Some availability of commodities at all markets make auction of The urban poor were more time. Generally, there is no goods every day. susceptible to COVID-19 infection significant barriers to entry to due to living conditions, and to the trade. There are many traders selling socio-economic effects of COVID- similar goods thus resulting 19 since about 80% of the urban into stiff competition in population depend on informal markets in Zanzibar. livelihood activities with unreliable income sources.

1 JULY 2020 TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: METHODOLOGY

THE MARKET FUNCTIONALITY INDEX REPORT FORMAT The Market Functionality Index WEIGHT Report findings have been divided into methodology is WFP’s standardized market The MFI considers three basic categories: 9 key dimensions of a functioning assessment approach that aims to quantify 1) Cereals market: market functionality in a score per 2) Food items other than cereals marketplace, while also identifying 3) Non-Food Items (NFI) 1. Assortment weaknesses or areas of interventions to 2. Availability guarantee the continuity or effectiveness of 3. Prices the assistance. Cereal foods are considered more valuable by WFP to beneficiaries and thus 4. Supply Chain Resilience weighted higher than non-cereal foods 5. Competition SURVEY and NFIs. This means scores will be 6. Infrastructure The methodology relies on a standard impacted more by the measurements survey where questions are organized 7. Service (assortment, availability, etc.) of cereals under nine dimensions deemed crucial to 8. Food Quality than non-cereal food and NFIs. make a judgement statement around 9. Access and Protection market functionality. These are: Assortment, Availability, Price, Resilience of Supply DATA COLLECTION Chains, Competition, Infrastructure, Service, Data collected 8th -26th July 2020: Food quality and Access and Protection. 1,372 traders interviewed Access the MFI online dashboard 29 assessed marketplaces, SCORING • 10 in Dar es Salaam Markets are thus globally scored on a scale • 10 in Mwanza from 0 to 10 to allow worldwide • 9 in Zanzibar comparability, where a score of 10 (MFI=10) indicates that a market is fully developed, efficient and functional. In most contexts where WFP operates, we do not expect such scores to be achieved.

2 MFI Assessed Markets in the United Republic of TanzaniaTanzania Mainland Zanzibar

MWANZA DAR ES SALAAM KASKAZINI & MJINI MAGHARIBI

Tanzania Market Assessment - July 2020 3 3 TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: FINDINGS SUMMARY

KEY FINDINGS MFI by region MFI SCORES Market MFI 5.1 5.1 4.0 3.4 Dar es Salaam This assessment confirms that the Dar es Salaam Mwanza Mjini Kaskazini Temeke (Tandika) 7.03 functionality of marketplaces in Dar Magharibi Unguja Mwananyamala 5.54 es Salaam, Mjini Magharibi and Ilala (Buguruni) 5.51 Mwanza are adequate, with the Mawasiliano 5.30 caveat that service levels tend to be MFI: Regional Average Ilala Boma 5.25 on the lower side (i.e. shopping and Mabibo 5.05 check out experience). In terms of Access & Kariakoo 4.76 assortment, a wide range of goods Protection Stereo 4.57 covering essential needs are being 10 Tegeta Nyuki 4.22 sold in most markets, and there is Service Assortment Kinondoni (Tandale) 3.57 adequate competition among traders. Kaskazini Unguja 5 Mkokotoni 3.43 With no major issues in terms of Mjini Magharibi availability of goods and relatively Resilience Availability Darajani 5.30 resilient supply chains, most of the 0 Mombasa Kwa Mchina 5.15 assessed markets have adequate Saa Teni 4.14 supplies and should be able to Kwa Haji Tumbo 4.02 respond to demand shocks. Despite Price Competition Jumbi 3.78 this, however, in some markets Kwa Mabata 3.31 (particularly those of Mjini Magharibi Ngalawa 3.25 and Mwanza), price volatility was Infrastructure Food Quality Mwanakwerekwe 3.18 flagged as a potential issue and will Mwanza require careful monitoring. Mbugani 6.05 Kaskazini Unguja Dar-es-salaam Mjini Magharibi Mwanza Sabasaba 6.04 Assessed markets lack some of the Kirumba 5.75 minimum requirements that are Mkuyuni 5.52 largely present in more developed Assessed markets also generally scored well on the access & Buzuruga 5.12 markets in terms of infrastructure protection dimension, with the main constraint being seasonal Mirongo 4.70 and food quality. access for a few markets. Ibungiro 4.69 Nyegezi 4.44 Kitangiri 4.39 Buhongwa 4.22 Access the MFI online dashboard4 TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: ASSORTMENT

Average Score by Region Market Score ASSORTMENT Dar es Salaam Mwanza Ilala (Buguruni) 9.0 Tegeta Nyuki 9.0 The assortment of essential goods Mjini Magharibi answers two questions: Temeke (Tandika) 8.0 Dar-es-salaam Kariakoo 8.0 Kinondoni (Tandale) 7.0 1. Can beneficiaries find all of Kaskazini Unguja their essential needs in the Mwananyamala 7.0 market? 0 2 4 6 8 10 Ilala Boma 7.0 Mawasiliano 7.0 Mabibo 6.0 2. Do they have a wide range of FINDINGS Stereo 4.0 choice? Kaskazini Unguja Average scores by region for assortment varied between 5 in Mkokotoni 5.0 Essential needs refer to what Kaskazini Unguja (where only Mkokotoni market was assessed) and Mjini Magharibi households require to ensure 9.3 in Mwanza. Although there are a few exceptions, the majority of Mwanakwerekwe 10.0 minimum living standards (items markets in Dar es Salaam, Mjini Magharibi and Mwanza have Saa Teni 10.0 such as food, shelter, basic decent assortment, and it is possible to buy not only food and Mombasa Kwa Mchina 9.0 household items, safe drinking household items but also other essential goods including Water, Darajani 9.0 water, sanitation and hygiene or Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) items, some health, shelter, Kwa Mabata 8.0 healthcare). To evaluate choice, education and communication items. medicines, construction Ngalawa 8.0 the MFI investigates the maximum materials, household items, goods for school and for Jumbi 7.0 number of commodities, or Stock communications. In Kaskazini Unguja’s Mkokotoni market, however, Keeping Units (SKUs) sold in health and shelter items were not being sold. Kwa Haji Tumbo 7.0 outlets in the market. Mwanza Buhongwa 10.0 Mkuyuni 10.0 Dar-es-salaam Kaskazini Unguja Mjini Magharibi Mwanza Kitangiri 10.0 Cereals 90% 100% 100% 100% Ibungiro 10.0 Non-cereal foods 100% 100% 100% 100% Sabasaba 10.0 Household items 100% 100% 100% 100% Mbugani 9.0 Communication 40% 100% 88% 80% Nyegezi 9.0 Education 70% 100% 75% 100% Kirumba 9.0 Health 10% 0% 88% 80% Mirongo 8.0 Buzuruga 8.0 % of assessed markets in each region Shelter 60% 0% 100% 100% where at least 1 trader was selling the item in question WASH 100% 100% 100% 100% Access the MFI online dashboard5 TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: AVAILABILITY

Market Score AVAILIBILITY Average Score by Region Dar es Salaam Kinondoni (Tandale) 10.0 Availability is the physical Kaskazini Unguja Temeke (Tandika) 10.0 presence of goods in sufficient Dar-es-salaam Mwananyamala 10.0 quantities, thus adequate Tegeta Nyuki 10.0 supplies in a functioning Mwanza Ilala Boma 10.0 market. Availability answers two Mjini Magharibi Kariakoo 10.0 questions: Mabibo 10.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Stereo 10.0 1. Are there any key products Ilala (Buguruni) 8.3 that are scarce? FINDINGS Mawasiliano 6.7 Kaskazini Unguja Mkokotoni 10.0 2. Are there any key products Average scores by region for availability ranged between 6.4 and 10, Mjini Magharibi which are already running with the latter being for Kaskazini Unguja where only 1 market Kwa Mabata 10.0 out? (Mkokotoni) was assessed. In Dar es Salaam also, the majority of markets had no issues with availability. This implies that at the time Mombasa Kwa Mchina 10.0 of the assessment, traders believed to have enough stocks to meet Darajani 10.0 Availability assesses whether the current demand and thus were not afraid of running out of Mwanakwerekwe 6.7 certain products are scarce or stocks. Jumbi 4.2 likely to become scarcer in the Kwa Haji Tumbo 4.2 short run. Markets in Mjini Magharibi, however, indicated possible issues with Ngalawa 3.3 availability, especially for non-cereal food items. Low availability of Saa Teni 2.5 non-cereal food items could be due to importation challenges for example importation of chicken layers for January-June 2020 was Mwanza low. Nyegezi 10.0 Availability by Kitangiri 10.0 Commodity Category Buzuruga 9.2 Dar-es-salaam Kaskazini Unguja Mjini Magharibi Mwanza Sabasaba 9.2 Not running out of cereals 100% 100% 75% 100% Mkuyuni 8.3 Not running out of non-cereal foods 90% 100% 63% 80% Mbugani 7.5 Not running out of NFI 100% 100% 100% 70% Kirumba 6.7 Cereals not scarce 100% 100% 50% 70% Ibungiro 6.7 Non-cereal foods not scarce 80% 100% 38% 60% Buhongwa 5.8 NFI not scarce 100% 100% 88% 70% Mirongo 4.2 % of assessed markets in each region where the trader median was 1 (variables are binary). Access the MFI online dashboard6 TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: PRICE

PRICE Average Score by Region Market Score Dar es Salaam Dar-es-salaam Kinondoni (Tandale) 10.0 Mabibo 10.0 Affordable, stable, predictable prices are Kaskazini Unguja Stereo 10.0 key characteristics of functioning Ilala (Buguruni) 7.5 markets. The price dimensions answers Mwanza Temeke (Tandika) 7.5 two questions: Mjini Magharibi Ilala Boma 7.5 Kariakoo 7.5 1. Were there significant price increases 0 2 4 6 8 10 Mawasiliano 7.5 in the past month? Tegeta Nyuki 5.8 FINDINGS Mwananyamala 3.3 2. Are prices predictable or are they Kaskazini Unguja subject to unpredictable variations? For the price dimension, average scores by region ranged Mkokotoni 7.5 from 4.5 in Mjini Magharibi to 7.7 in Dar es Salaam. Mjini Magharibi The price dimension assess stability of Markets in Mjini Mgharibi scored lowest both in terms of Darajani 9.2 prices and the nature of any price price increases and unpredictable prices, indicating the Kwa Mabata 5.0 changes. The critical aspect is importance of monitoring price volatility in this region. Mombasa Kwa Mchina 5.0 unpredictability rather than variability Saa Teni 5.0 itself. In markets with high seasonal In Mwanakwerekwe and Jumbi markets, traders reported Ngalawa 3.3 changes, volatility can be largely that prices of cereals had increased significantly in the Kwa Haji Tumbo 3.3 predictable and, thus, not necessarily past month and that their prices are difficult to predict. In Mwanakwerekwe 2.5 harmful because market players can put Mwanza, Nyegezi and Kitangiri markets scored poorly due Jumbi 2.5 in place contingency plans. to unpredictable prices across all 3 categories (cereals, Mwanza non-cereal foods, NFI). Mkuyuni 9.2 Mirongo 9.2 Buzuruga 9.2 Kirumba 8.3 Price Increase Price Stability Sabasaba 8.3 Dar es Salaam 8.5 5.8 Buhongwa 5.0 Mbugani 5.0 Kaskazini Unguja 6.7 8.3 Ibungiro 5.0 Mwanza 6.7 6.5 Nyegezi 3.3 Kitangiri 3.3 Mjini Magharibi 4.8 4.2 Average of normalized scores; the higher the score, the more prices are stable. Access the MFI online dashboard7 TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE (1)

Market Score SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE Average Score by Region Dar es Salaam Mwananyamala 9.6 The resilience dimension evaluates Mwanza Kinondoni (Tandale) 8.3 responsiveness of supply chains and their Kaskazini Unguja Temeke (Tandika) 8.3 resilience or vulnerability to shock. The Mabibo 8.3 supply chain resilience dimension Dar-es-salaam Mawasiliano 8.3 addresses two questions: Ilala (Buguruni) 7.9 Mjini Magharibi Tegeta Nyuki 7.9 1. How responsive are supply chains to Kariakoo 7.9 shock in demand? 0 2 4 6 8 10 Ilala Boma 7.1 Stereo 4.6 2. How vulnerable is the Supply Chain? FINDINGS Kaskazini Unguja Mkokotoni 8.3 Mjini Magharibi Responsiveness of supply chains is Supply chains of assessed markets are fairly resilient, with high Mombasa Kwa Mchina 9.6 measured by stock and lead time. A average scores by region ranging between 7.7 and 8.4. shorter lead time helps a trader adjust to Darajani 9.6 changing demand more rapidly and to be Nearly all markets scored well on supply chain responsiveness, Saa Teni 7.9 aware of upstream supply chain indicating that they are able to respond to shocks in demand. Kwa Mabata 7.5 disruptions earlier. Additionally, a shorter In terms of vulnerability to shocks, Stereo Market in Dar es Mwanakwerekwe 7.1 lead time is associated with lower stocks. Salaam, Mwanakwerekwe, Jumbi, Ngalawa and Kwa Haji Jumbi 6.7 Tumbo markets in Mjini Magharibi and Buhongwa market in Ngalawa 6.7 Kwa Haji Tumbo 6.7 The MFI, thus, takes a separate look at Mwanza scored on the lower end, indicating that there is Mwanza buffer stocks, rating their level as higher reliance on certain suppliers in these markets (i.e. Mbugani 9.6 adequate or not (i.e. sufficient for 1 week) higher risk of supply chain interruptions). Buzuruga 9.6 and ability to restock rapidly. Sabasaba 9.2 In terms of geographic location of suppliers, not surprisingly, Kirumba 8.8 The MFI also evaluates the suppliers assessed markets in Dar es Salaam showed the greatest diversity across all 3 categories (cereals, non-cereal foods and Kitangiri 8.8 traders rely on. The score considers Ibungiro 8.8 location and number of supply sources. NFI). This makes these markets more resilient to (natural) disaster-related disruptions. In contrast, assessed markets in Mkuyuni 8.3 Supply chains are more resilient with Nyegezi 7.5 more supply sources and geographically Kaskazini Unguja and Mjini Magharibi mostly relied on Mirongo 7.5 dispersed suppliers. suppliers in the same district. Buhongwa 6.3 Details on the breakdown of geographic location of suppliers by region are shown on the following page. Access the MFI online dashboard8 TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE (2)

Geographic Location of Suppliers

Cereals 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Dar es Salaam Mwanza Mjini Magharibi Kaskazini Unguja

Non-Cereal Foods 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Dar es Salaam Mwanza Mjini Magharibi Kaskazini Unguja

NFI 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Dar es Salaam Mwanza Mjini Magharibi Kaskazini Unguja Access the MFI online dashboard9 TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: COMPETITION

Average Score by Region Market Score COMPETITION Dar es Salaam Ilala (Buguruni) 10.0 Competition among market Mwanza Temeke (Tandika) 10.0 participants characterizes a Mwananyamala 10.0 functioning market. This dimension Mjini Magharibi Stereo 10.0 investigates if the business Dar-es-salaam Kariakoo 7.5 environment is conducive to fair Tegeta Nyuki 6.7 competition, which is typically the Kaskazini Unguja case when there are enough traders Ilala Boma 5.0 Mawasiliano 5.0 in the marketplace with equal to 0 2 4 6 8 10 varying power. Mabibo 3.3 Kinondoni (Tandale) 0.0 Kaskazini Unguja The competition dimension FINDINGS addresses two questions: Mkokotoni 0.0 Mjini Magharibi Most assessed markets scored fairly well on the Kwa Mabata 10.0 1. Is there sufficient competition competition dimension, indicating that they are not too Mombasa Kwa Mchina 10.0 within the market? Are there more concentrated or reliant on a single supplier (i.e. low risk Darajani 10.0 than 5 players? of threat to market functionality). Mwanakwerekwe 8.3 Jumbi 8.3 2. Does a trader control the However, 2 markets stood out for scoring very poorly Kwa Haji Tumbo 8.3 market? Is there a monopoly? on both questions of concentration of players and Ngalawa 7.5 monopoly: Kinondoni (Tandale) in Dar es Salaam and Saa Teni 5.0 These two conditions should lower Mkokotoni in Kaskazini Unguja. In Kinondoni, for each of the 3 categories (cereals, non-cereal foods, and non- Mwanza the risk for few traders to build a Mbugani 10.0 monopoly, set prices and profit food items) there were less than 5 players and one trader controlled the market. Mirongo 10.0 disproportionally from a potential Ibungiro 10.0 introduction of cash-based Buzuruga 10.0 Concentration Monopoly transfers. Sabasaba 10.0 Mjini Magharibi 8.1 8.8 Kirumba 9.2 Mwanza 8.3 8.5 Buhongwa 6.7 Dar es Salaam 5.8 6.7 Nyegezi 6.7 Kaskazini Unguja 0.0 0.0 Kitangiri 6.7 Average of normalized scores; the higher the score, the more competition. Mkuyuni 5.0 Access the MFI online dashboard10 TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: INFRASTRUCTURE (1)

INFRASTRUCTURE Average Score by Region Market Score Dar es Salaam Temeke (Tandika) 8.6 The infrastructure dimension assesses the type Mwanza Kariakoo 7.1 and condition of the physical structures which Mwananyamala 6.4 host shops in addition to sewage systems, Kaskazini Unguja electricity and communication networks in the Mawasiliano 5.7 market premises. Infrastructure addresses two Dar-es-salaam Kinondoni (Tandale) 5.0 questions: Ilala Boma 5.0 Mjini Magharibi Ilala (Buguruni) 4.3 1. What is the overall condition of the shops Tegeta Nyuki 4.3 where customers shop? 0 2 4 6 8 10 Mabibo 4.3 Stereo 3.6 2. What infrastructure is available in and Kaskazini Unguja around the shops? FINDINGS Mkokotoni 5.7 Mjini Magharibi For question 1, the methodology scores the Mombasa Kwa Mchina 9.3 market based on the state of the shops For infrastructure, the average scores by region were Darajani 8.6 population evaluated according to three all roughly the same ranging between 5 and 6 out of Mwanakwerekwe 7.9 categories: Poor state and severe maintenance 10. Kwa Haji Tumbo 5.7 issues, medium state ( minor maintenance Jumbi 4.3 issues) and Good state. In terms of infrastructure conditions, 75% of assessed Saa Teni 2.5 markets were in the “medium” category with some Kwa Mabata 1.4 For question 2, the methodology verifies the structure damages and minor maintenance issues. Ngalawa 0.7 presence of the following services in the market Mwanza premises: In terms of infrastructure features, nearly all assessed Buzuruga 8.6 • A closed sewage system markets have toilets and roughly 70% have a reliable Mkuyuni 6.4 • A dedicated waste collection area communication network and water availability (manual Mirongo 6.4 • Walkways and emergency exit(s) pump or tap in close proximity of each vendor, i.e. Ibungiro 6.4 • Shelter max 5 min walking). The main limitations were lack of Kirumba 5.7 a closed sewage system, uninterrupted electricity and Sabasaba 5.7 • Uninterrupted electricity walkways/emergency exits which were only available Buhongwa 5.0 • Reliable communication network (mobile at most in half of the assessed markets. Nyegezi 5.0 phone coverage and/or internet) Mbugani 4.3 • Water availability (manual pump or tap in Details by market are shown in the table on the Kitangiri 4.3 close proximity of each vendor, i.e. max 5 following page. min walking) 11 • Toilets Access the MFI online dashboard TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: INFRASTRUCTURE (2)

Infrastructure Conditions Infrastructure Features Good Medium Poor Closed Waste Collection Electricity Network Shelter Toilet Walkways Water Market Condition Condition Condition Sewage Area Temeke (Tandika) 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Mwananyamala 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Kariakoo 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Mawasiliano 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ilala Boma 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Stereo 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 Kinondoni (Tandale) 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

Dar Dar Salaam es Ilala (Buguruni) 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 Tegeta Nyuki 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 Mabibo 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 KU Mkokotoni 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Mombasa Kwa Mchina 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mwanakwerekwe 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 Darajani 1 1 0 1 0.5 1 1 1 1 0.5 1 Kwa Haji Tumbo 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Magharibi Ngalawa 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Jumbi 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

Mjini Saa Teni 0 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 Kwa Mabata 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Buhongwa 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Buzuruga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ibungiro 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Kirumba 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Kitangiri 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Mbugani 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

Mwanza Mirongo 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mkuyuni 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 Nyegezi 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 Sabasaba 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 Total 9 21.5 8.5 11 13 21.5 17 18.5 27.5 15 21 1 denotes “Yes” and 0 denotes “No.” Access the MFI online dashboard12 TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: SERVICE

Average Score by Region Market Score SERVICE Dar es Salaam Temeke (Tandika) 5.0 Dar-es-salaam The service dimension looks at the Ilala (Buguruni) 3.3 service provided while shopping as well Mwanza Kinondoni (Tandale) 3.3 as during check-out. The level of Mwananyamala 3.3 Mjini Magharibi service is directly or indirectly Ilala Boma 3.3 associated with different features of a Kaskazini Unguja Mabibo 3.3 functioning market such as Mawasiliano 3.3 transparency, competition or reliability. 0 2 4 6 8 10 Tegeta Nyuki 1.7 The more competitive the market Kariakoo 1.7 environment, the higher incentive for Stereo 1.7 retailers to provide the best value to FINDINGS Kaskazini Unguja customers; otherwise, these might Mkokotoni 1.7 shop somewhere else. Mjini Magharibi Of all the MFI pillars, assessed markets scored lowest on Kwa Mabata 3.3 the service dimension. On a scale spanning from 0 to 10, Ngalawa 3.3 The service dimension addresses two markets in Dar es Salaam had the highest average score questions: Saa Teni 3.3 of 3, followed by 2.5 in Mwanza, 2.3 in Mjini Magharibi and Mombasa Kwa Mchina 1.7 1.7 in Kaskazini Unguja. Mwanakwerekwe 1.7 1. How is the customers’ overall Darajani 1.7 shopping experience? In terms of shopping experience, the majority of traders in Jumbi 1.7 assessed markets had products displayed for easy Kwa Haji Tumbo 1.7 2. How is the check-out experience? identification and selection, however, fewer had visible Mwanza price tags displayed and even fewer offered remote Mbugani 5.0 The methodology includes in shopping shopping possibilities. Mkuyuni 3.3 experience and addresses the Kirumba 3.3 following elements: overall shop In terms of the checkout experience, only 8 markets had Sabasaba 3.3 organization – which influences how majority of traders allowing for multiple payment Buhongwa 1.7 easy it is to find products; price methods. Also, only 8 markets had majority of traders with Nyegezi 1.7 transparency – tags; possibility to shop a waiting time normally shorter than 10 minutes. In 15 Mirongo 1.7 remotely. Similarly a consideration is markets, automated receipts were being issued by a Kitangiri 1.7 made to costumers check-out handful of traders. The low shopping experience scores Ibungiro 1.7 experience based on the following and very low checkout experience scores indicate the very Buzuruga 1.7 elements: accepted forms of payments, low level of services in these assessed markets. waiting time at check out and itemized Access the MFI online dashboard13 receipts. TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: FOOD QUALITY (1)

Market Score FOOD QUALITY Average Score by Region Dar es Salaam Temeke (Tandika) 10.0 In many marketplaces, food may be Kaskazini Unguja Kariakoo 10.0 available in sufficient quantities, but the Stereo 10.0 quality of this food may vary. Availability Mwanza Mawasiliano 8.6 of food unsafe for human consumption Dar-es-salaam Mwananyamala 7.5 is no better – even worse, in some Ilala (Buguruni) 6.3 instances – than unavailability of food. Mjini Magharibi Kinondoni (Tandale) 6.3 The MFI examines food quality against Ilala Boma 6.3 key principles of hygiene and 0 2 4 6 8 10 Mabibo 4.0 cleanliness, material separation, temperature control and stock Tegeta Nyuki 3.8 management. FINDINGS Kaskazini Unguja Mkokotoni 10.0 Essentially, the survey examines 8 key Mjini Magharibi conditions for each shop: Of the 29 markets assessed, the vast majority did not report Mombasa Kwa Mchina 8.8 food quality issues in terms of hygiene and cleanliness and Mwanakwerekwe 8.8 1. Is food protected from material separation. Only 4 markets had issues with food Darajani 8.1 contaminants? spoilage and lack of separation between fresh Kwa Haji Tumbo 6.3 2. Are fresh fruits and vegetables in the fruits/vegetables and raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood. Ngalawa 5.0 shops well-separated from raw Only 5 markets had food being sold unprotected from water, Jumbi 4.3 meat, poultry, fish or seafood? heat, direct sunlight, pests, chemicals and other Saa Teni 3.3 3. Is food that requires refrigeration contaminants. Kwa Mabata 0.0 properly refrigerated? Mwanza 4. Is refrigeration in the shops always There were more markets reporting issues in terms of Kirumba 10.0 working? temperature control and stock management. The most Sabasaba 8.8 5. Is food for sale in the shop not common issue found in more than half the assessed Mirongo 8.3 expired? markets was the sale of expired food in labelled containers. Mbugani 7.5 6. Are processed pre-packaged foods This was followed by processed pre-packaged foods not Nyegezi 7.5 being intact and in properly labelled containers in roughly in the shops intact and in properly Ibungiro 7.5 30% of assessed markets. labelled containers? Buzuruga 6.7 7. Is food in the shops free of visible Buhongwa 6.3 signs of spoilage and bad smells? Geographically, Mjini Magharibi region had the lowest Mkuyuni 6.3 8. Are food packages intact and free average score in food quality. Details by market are shown in Kitangiri 5.0 from signs of decay or damage? the table on the following page. Access the MFI online dashboard14

TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: FOOD QUALITY (2) -

Market

Food is protected from water, heat,direct sunlight,pests, chemicals, other contaminants Food has visibleno ofsigns spoilage and bad smells fruits/vegetablesFresh are separated from raw meat, poultry, fish, seafood Raw meat, poultry, fish, seafood, dairy products are stored and displayed in refrigerated unitsthat are working Refrigeration alwaysis working Processed pre packaged foods are intact and properly in labelled containers Food packages are intact and free from ofsigns decay/damage goods All in labelled containers have not exceeded expiry date % Food of Essential FeaturesQuality Temeke (Tandika) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100% Kariakoo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100% Stereo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100% Mawasiliano 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 75% Mwananyamala 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 75% Ilala (Buguruni) 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 63% Kinondoni (Tandale) 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 63%

Dar Dar Salaam es Ilala Boma 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 63% Tegeta Nyuki 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 38% Mabibo 1 1 0 0 0 25% KU Mkokotoni 1 1 1 1 1 63% Mombasa Kwa Mchina 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 88% Mwanakwerekwe 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 88% Darajani 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 81% Kwa Haji Tumbo 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 63%

Magharibi Ngalawa 0 1 0 1 1 0 38% Jumbi 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 38% Saa Teni 0 1 1 0 0 0 25% Mjini Kwa Mabata 0 0 0 0% Kirumba 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100% Sabasaba 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 88% Ibungiro 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 75% Mbugani 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 75% Nyegezi 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 75% Buhongwa 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 63%

Mwanza Mirongo 1 1 1 1 1 0 63% Mkuyuni 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 63% Buzuruga 1 1 1 1 0 0 50% Kitangiri 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 50% Total 24 25 25 21 16 13.5 14.5 11.5

1 denotes “Yes” and 0 denotes “No.” Some markets were missing data. Access the MFI online 15dashboard TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: ACCESS & PROTECTION (1)

Average Score by Region Market Score ACCESS & PROTECTION Dar es Salaam Kinondoni (Tandale) 10.00 Mwanza Safe access to the marketplace is a Temeke (Tandika) 10.00 crucial dimension of market Kaskazini Unguja Ilala Boma 9.17 functionality. Access addresses two Mawasiliano 9.17 key questions: Dar-es-salaam Stereo 9.17 Ilala (Buguruni) 8.33 Mjini Magharibi 1. Are beneficiaries and customers Mwananyamala 8.33 able to reach markets? Tegeta Nyuki 7.50 0 2 4 6 8 10 Mabibo 7.50 2. Are there fragile groups facing Kariakoo 6.67 threat and protection issues FINDINGS Kaskazini Unguja accessing the market? Or are Mkokotoni 9.17 there any general security Mjini Magharibi concerns? Based on the MFI scores, Access & Protection issues do not pose a risk to market functionality in the assessed Kwa Mabata 10.00 markets. Mombasa Kwa Mchina 10.00 The MFI weights Access and Darajani 10.00 Protection issues by severity. For Jumbi 10.00 25 out of the 29 markets assessed scored above 8/10 on access it weights based on the level Ngalawa 10.00 of severity: is it hard to get to the the Access & Protection pillar. Based on this, it appears Kwa Haji Tumbo 10.00 market because of road that there are very few Access & Protection issues and that Saa Teni 8.33 infrastructure, or is access limited there is safe access to the marketplace for beneficiaries Mwanakwerekwe 0.00 due to seasonal events? Were there and customers. Mwanza natural disasters preventing Buhongwa 10.00 costumers access more Markets that had slightly lower scores mainly reported permanently? If the weight is higher, Nyegezi 10.00 seasonal access issues, although there were also a few that Mirongo 10.00 the more permanent the access reported access issues throughout the year due to Kitangiri 10.00 issues are. distance from major roads. Buzuruga 10.00 Sabasaba 10.00 The protection rationale is similar: Very few reported protection issues. Details are given in Ibungiro 9.17 issues are weighted according to the the table on the following page. Mbugani 8.33 fraction of the population impacted: Mkuyuni 8.33 Are there social barriers? Are there Kirumba 8.33 protection issues limited to a marginalized group? Access the MFI online dashboard16 TANZANIA MARKET ASSESSMENT: ACCESS & PROTECTION (2)

Region Market Access & Protection Issues Dar es Salaam Ilala (Buguruni), Mwananyamala Seasonal access Stereo Access is normally difficult due to distance from major roads Mabibo Seasonal access and normally difficult due to distance from major roads Tegeta Nyuki Security to reach market is an issue for everyone, mainly related to theft Kariakoo Physical threats exist for women; seasonal access Ilala Boma, Mawasiliano Social barriers for women Kaskazini Unguja Mkokotoni Social barriers based on religion Mwanza Mbugani, Mkuyuni, Kirumba Seasonal access Ibungiro Access is normally difficult due to distance from major roads In all the markets where protection issues were raised, it was only reported by 1 trader so reliability of this information is unclear. However, to be on the safe side the raised protection issues have been highlighted in the above chart.

Access the MFI online dashboard17