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“From Past to Present. Documenting Northwest Russia.” Armi Pekkala and Minna Turunen, University of Lapland, Arctic Centre

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“From Past to Present. Documenting Northwest Russia.” Armi Pekkala and Minna Turunen, University of Lapland, Arctic Centre 1 Further information for the DVD “From Past to Present. Documenting Northwest Russia.” Armi Pekkala and Minna Turunen, University of Lapland, Arctic Centre * This presentation is based on the DVD made during the AFBARE project (Artic Documentary Films at Risk in Barents Region: Surveying, Protecting and Screening 2002-2006). Therefore, this article focuses on the livelihoods of the Murmansk Region, the Archangel Region and the Nenets Autonomous District. The themes presented here have emerged from the documentary film material used in producing the DVD. Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................2 Natural conditions....................................................................................................2 Population development ..........................................................................................6 History of administration......................................................................................11 Change in society in the Arctic Region ................................................................13 Livelihoods ..................................................................................................................15 Murmansk Region .................................................................................................15 General overview.................................................................................................15 Mining..................................................................................................................16 Fishing..................................................................................................................18 Energy..................................................................................................................19 Reindeer husbandry .............................................................................................20 The Northern Fleet...............................................................................................21 Archangel Region...................................................................................................23 General overview.................................................................................................23 Forestry ................................................................................................................25 Engineering..........................................................................................................27 Energy..................................................................................................................28 Minerals ...............................................................................................................29 Reindeer husbandry .............................................................................................30 Environment................................................................................................................32 Environmental Problems.......................................................................................33 Mining industry....................................................................................................33 Forestry ................................................................................................................35 Oil production ......................................................................................................36 Radioactivity........................................................................................................37 Nature Conservation..............................................................................................39 Conclusion...................................................................................................................40 Foreign Investments.............................................................................................40 Domestic Investments..........................................................................................42 Figure 11. Domestic investments into the fixed assets in Northwest Russia in 1996-1999. (Source http://arcticcentre.urova.fi/barentsinfo/economic/04/04.html) ..............................................................................................................................43 2 Joint Ventures ......................................................................................................43 Bibliography................................................................................................................45 Introduction The Murmansk and Archangel Regions and the Nenets Autonomous District are located in Northwest Russia and cover about 4% of the entire surface area of the country (Figure 1). The Archangel Region also includes Franz Josef Land and the islands of Novaya Zemlya. Northwest Russia covers a surface area of 731,900 km2 and it lies between the 60th and 70th parallels.1 It is bordered to the north by the Barents and Kara Seas (part of the Arctic Ocean), to the west by Finland, Norway and the Republic of Karelia, and to the south and east by other parts of Russia (Vologda Oblast and the Komi Republic). The Murmansk Region lies almost entirely above the Arctic Circle but only one third of the Archangel Region falls within this area (Lausala & Valkonen 1999). Figure 1. Location of Murmansk Region, Archangel Region and the Nenets Autonomous District (Afbare collection 2004). Natural conditions 1 In this presentation, Northwest Russia is determined as the regions of Murmansk Oblast, Archangel Oblast (including the islands of Franz Joseph Land and Novaya Zemlya), and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Russian Federation. In administrative-territorial terms, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is part of the Archangel Oblast, although it is an independent subject region of the Russian federation. (see also http://barents.envicat.com/website/barentsmap/viewer.htm). 3 The geographic characteristics of Northwest Russia are harsh. Geologically, the Kola Peninsula (Kol´skiy Polustrov) is part of the Fennoscandian Shield, which consists of varieties of gneiss, granite and crystalline rocks covered by a layer of sediment dating back to the Quaternary Age. The Kola Peninsula is particularly rich in mineral resources. Its geological origin, physical geographic aspects, outcrops of bed granite massifs, high dissection of relief, the development of its aquatic network, great number of lakes, and relatively mild and damp climate are similar to the adjacent regions of Scandinavia and Karelia. Plate movement during the Tertiary and Quaternary Ages resulted in the relief formed by uplands, fells and lowlands. Several fells, such as the Hiipinä Fells (Figure 2), rise to a height of more than 1100 m above sea level. Tsastnotsorr is the highest fell in the Murmansk Region (1199 m) (Lausala & Valkonen 1999). Figure 2. The Hiipinä Fells in Apatity. (Photo: M. Turunen, photo edited by Armi Pekkala) The main part of the Archangel Oblast is situated on the Paleozoic Russian platform and is characterized by recent small-scale block movement. The bedrock of the region contains a large variety of rocks. The earliest ones (Archaean), situated in the westernmost parts of the area (the Fennoscandian shield), are gneiss, granite and other crystalline rocks. The same area includes Proterozoic, strongly metamorphosed slates, quartzites etc. To the east of the Fennoscandian shield, and on both sides of the Timan-Kanin zone, the Archean and Proterozoic rocks lie deep under thick (2000- 3000 m and even 6000-8000 m in the Pechora basin) layers of sediments of different ages, the most common being limestone, gypsum, marline, dolomites, and colourful sandy-clay deposits. The western areas of the Archangel Region are part of the Fennoscandian Shield, but metamorphosed schist and quartzite are also common in the region. The topography in the Archangel Region is level, with the highest point rising to 460 m above sea level (Lausala & Valkonen 1999). The climate in the Northwest Russia is arctic or subarctic. Low temperatures, heavy snow and short, light summers, permafrost, and ice cover in the seas and rivers characterize the arctic zone during the long winters. The weather in the subarctic zone is milder with more snow in the winter and large differences between summer and winter temperatures. The Arctic Ocean and its seas (the Barents, White and Kara Seas) wash over the coast of Northwest Russia in the North. The effects of the Gulf Stream make the climate in the Murmansk Region relatively mild, which explains the lack of permanent ice in the area. However, the damp and raw wind from the sea has a harshening effect. The average temperature for January is -8ºC on the coast and -13ºC inland. The thickness of the snow cover varies from 40 cm on tundra plains to 2.5 m in the mountain valleys. The winter season continues for 240-280 days, and the 4 minimum recorded temperature is -47ºC. The arctic summer is short, lasting only couple of months, sometimes only few weeks, and is generally cool and rainy with average temperatures ranging from +8ºC to +13ºC. Three quarters of all precipitation occurs between June and October, with annual total of 400 mm (Lausala & Valkonen 1999). Frequent changes of air masses accompanied by strong winds are typical for the climate in the Archangel’s region. The proximity of the sea has a notable effect on the climate. The influence of the Atlantic
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