Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity APPENDIX 2 The Classification of the Twenty Languages Spoken Daily at Home: Indonesia, 2010 No. Language Sub-Language Alias/Same Code Code 1 Javanese — — 0088 Tengger — 0093 Banyuwangi Osing 0090 Samin — 0089 2 Indonesia — — 1167 3 Sundanese — — 0086 — Priangan 0086 4 Malay — — 0030 — Bahasa Melayu 0030 Melayu Ambon — 0649 Melayu Baca — 0754 Melayu Bacan Batjan 0662 Melayu Bali — 0098 Melayu Banda — 0012 Melayu Bengkulu — 0063 Melayu Berau — 0459 Melayu Dayak — 0410 Melayu Ende Melayu Larantuka 0115 Melayu Jambi Djambi 0041 Melayu Kota Bangun Kutai — 0460 Melayu Makassar — 0568 Melayu Manado — 0490 Melayu Minahasa — 0569 Melayu Palembang — 0051 Palembang Sekayu 0052 Musi 0052 15-00606 09a Demography_IND.indd 357 23/6/15 4:10 pm 358 Appendix 2 No. Language Sub-Language Alias/Same Code Code Melayu Papua — 1060 Melayu Riau — 0036 Melayu Tengah — 0045 Melayu Tenggarong Kutai — 0461 Melayu Ternate Melayu Utara 0755 Moluccan Melayu Selimbau — 1176 Melayu Putusibau-Semitau-Nanga Suhaid 1177 Melayu Nanga Bunut — 1178 Melayu Boyan — 1179 Melayu Embau — 1180 Melayu Ulu Gurung — 1181 Melayu Ulu Silat — 1182 Melayu Semangut — 1183 Melayu Pinoh — 1184 Melayu Sokan — 1185 Melayu Kota Baru — 1186 Melayu Sayan — 1187 Melayu Ela Hilir — 1188 Melayu Sintang — 1189 Melayu Sekadau — 1190 Melayu Sanggau — 1191 Melayu Meliau — 1192 Melayu Tayan — 1193 Melayu Landak — 1194 Melayu Sambas — 1195 Melayu Merabuan — 1196 Melayu Ketapang — 1197 Melayu Cali — 1198 Melayu Tumbang Titi — 1199 Melayu Pebihingan — 1200 Melayu Simpang Dua — 1201 Melayu Balai berkuak — 1202 Melayu Pontianak — 1203 Banyu Asin — 0043 Kikim — 0048 Lematang — 0050 15-00606 09a Demography_IND.indd 358 23/6/15 4:10 pm Appendix 2 359 No. Language Sub-Language Alias/Same Code Code Lintang Pasemah 0045 — Semendo 0045 Bengkulu — 0045 Semende — 0058 Serawai — 0068 Enim — 0047 Sindang — 0046 Cul — 0046 Col — 0046 Kerinci Kinchai 0026 Lubu — 0035 Komering Kumoring 0049 Belitung — 0075 Sakai — 0037 Duano — 0033 Kubu — 0040 Siak Sri Indrapura — 0038 Talang Mamak — 0039 Anak Dalam Orang Hutan 0040 — Orang Rimba 0040 Aji Haji 0042 Belido — 0044 Bilide — 0044 Bintuhan Ka’ur 0059 — Kaur 0059 — Mulak 0059 Lambak Lembak 0062 Bangka — 0074 Belitong Belitung 0075 Lonchong Loncong 0077 Seka Sekah 0077 Sekak — 0079 Bukit Melayu Bukit 0434 — Meratus 0434 Tamiang — 0014 5 Madurese — Madhura 0091 — Madure 0091 15-00606 09a Demography_IND.indd 359 23/6/15 4:10 pm 360 Appendix 2 No. Language Sub-Language Alias/Same Code Code — Basa Mathura 0091 — Kangean 0092 16 Minangkabau — Minang 0028 — Padang 0028 17 Banjarese — Labuhan 0385 — Melayu Banjar 0385 18 Buginese — Bugi 0554 — De’ 0554 — Rappang Bugi 0554 — Ugi 0554 Campalagian Tallumpanuae 0627 — Tasing 0627 — Tjampalagian 0627 19 Balinese — — 0096 10 Batak Batak Alas-Kluet Alas-Kluet Batak 0015 Batak Angkola Anakola 0016 — Angkola 0016 Batak Dairi Dairi 0017 — Pakpak 0017 — Pakpak Dairi 0017 Batak Karo Karo Batak 0018 Batak Mandailing Mandailing Batak 0019 Batak Pak-Pak — 0020 Batak Pesisir — 0021 Batak Samosir — 0022 Batak Simalungun Simelungan Timur 0023 Batak Toba Toba Batak 0024 — Batta 0024 11 Cirebonese — — 0084 Dermayon — 0085 Indramayu — 0085 12 Lombok — — 0164 — Sasak 0164 13 Acehnese — Aceh 0001 — Acheh 0001 — Achi 0001 Aceh Aneuk — 0002 15-00606 09a Demography_IND.indd 360 23/6/15 4:10 pm Appendix 2 361 No. Language Sub-Language Alias/Same Code Code Aceh Hulu Singkil — 0003 Aceh Jamac — 0004 Aceh Kluet — 0005 Aceh Pulau Banyak — 0006 Aceh Simeleu Barat — 0007 Aceh Simeleu Tengah — 0008 14 Betawi — Batavi 0082 — Batawi 0082 — Melayu Betawi 0082 — Melayu Jakarta 0082 — Melayu Jakarte 0082 15 Dayak Dayak Ahe — 0480 Dayak Bakau — 0439 Dayak Bara Injey — 0391 Dayak Darat Dayak Klemautan 0440 Dayak Dohoi — 0392 Dayak Dusun — 0393 Dayak Kaninjal Kaninjal Dayak 0246 — Kaninjal 0246 — Keninjal 0246 Dayak Katingan — 0394 Dayak Kenyah Bahau 0428 Dayak Laut Heban 0247 Dayak Manyan — 0395 Dayak Murut — 0441 Dayak Ngaju — 0396 Dayak Punan — 0442 Kendayan Dayak Kendayan- 0210 Ambawang — Kendayan 0210 — Baicit 0210 — Damea 0210 Maanyak Dayak Ma’anjan 0483 — Ma’anyan 0483 Ngaju Dayak Ngadju 0387 — Ngaja 0387 — Barito Barat Daya 0387 15-00606 09a Demography_IND.indd 361 23/6/15 4:10 pm 362 Appendix 2 No. Language Sub-Language Alias/Same Code Code — Biadju 0387 Sea Dayak — 0340 Tawoyan Dayak Tawoyan 0418 — Tewoyan 0418 — Tabojan 0418 — Tabojan Tongka 0418 — Tabuyan 0418 Taman Dayak Taman 0248 — Dayak Taman 0248 Tunjung Dayak Tunjung 0475 Kubitn — 0199 Air Durian — 0200 Air Upas — 0201 Kelabit — 0202 Banana’ — 0203 Rantawan — 0204 Baaje’ — 0205 Banyuke — 0206 Badamea — 0207 Bubung — 0209 Bakambai Bakumpai 0211 Bakati’ — 0212 Bakati’ Rara — 0213 Bakati’ Sara — 0214 Balangitn — 0215 Balantiatn — 0217 Selibong Bamak 0218 Bangae’ Moro — 0219 Banyadu’ — 0220 Banyur — 0221 Barai — 0222 Batu Entawa’ — 0223 Batu Payung — 0224 Batu Tajam — 0225 Baya — 0226 Beabon-abon — 0227 15-00606 09a Demography_IND.indd 362 23/6/15 4:10 pm Appendix 2 363 No. Language Sub-Language Alias/Same Code Code Beapay-apay — 0228 Beape-ape Ella 0229 Beginci — 0230 Keneles — 0231 Belaban — 0232 Benadai — 0233 Iban — 0234 Benatu — 0235 Benawas — 0236 Cempede — 0237 Bi Somu — 0238 Jagoi — 0239 Bihak — 0240 Buket — 0242 Butok — 0243 Cihie — 0244 Daro’ — 0245 Desa — 0249 Dohoi — 0250 Ensilat — 0253 Gerai — 0255 Gerunggang — 0256 Golik — 0257 Gun — 0258 Hibun — 0259 Punan Bungan — 0260 Inggar Silat — 0261 Jangkang — 0262 Jawatn — 0263 Kalis — 0264 Kancikng — 0265 Kantu’ — 0266 Kayaan — 0268 Kayong — 0270 Kebuai — 0271 Kekura’ — 0272 15-00606 09a Demography_IND.indd 363 23/6/15 4:10 pm 364 Appendix 2 No. Language Sub-Language Alias/Same Code Code Keluas — 0273 Kengkubang — 0274 Kenyilu — 0275 Kepuas — 0276 Kerabat — 0277 Keramay — 0278 Ketior — 0279 Ketungau Sesae’ — 0280 Kodatn — 0281 Koman — 0282 Kowotn — 0283 Krio — 0284 Kualatn — 0285 Lamantawa — 0286 Lau’ — 0287 Laur — 0288 Laya — 0289 Lemandau — 0290 Liboy — 0291 Limbai — 0292 Linoh — 0293 Mahap — 0294 Mali — 0295 Mayan — 0296 Mayau — 0297 Melahoi — 0298 Membulu’ — 0299 Menggaling — 0300 Mentebah — 0301 Menterap Kabut — 0302 Menterap Sekado — 0303 Mentuka’ — 0304 Mualang — 0305 Muara — 0306 Mudu’ — 0307 Nado Nto 0308 15-00606 09a Demography_IND.indd 364 23/6/15 4:10 pm Appendix 2 365 No. Language Sub-Language Alias/Same Code Code Nahaya’ — 0309 Oruung Da’an — 0310 Pangin — 0311 Pangkalan Suka — 0312 Panu — 0314 Paus — 0315 Pawatn — 0316 Pelanjau — 0317 Penyarang — 0318 Perigi — 0319 Pesaguan Hulu — 0320 Pesaguan Kanan — 0321 Pompakng — 0322 Pringkunyit — 0323 Pruwan — 0324 Punan — 0325 Punti — 0326 Randau Joka’ — 0327 Randu’ — 0328 Ransa — 0329 Rembay — 0330 Riam — 0331 Sajan — 0333 Salako — 0334 Sami — 0335 Sane — 0336 Sanggau — 0337 Sangku’ — 0338 Sapatoi — 0339 Sebaru’ — 0341 Seberuang — 0342 Sekajang — 0343 Sekakai — 0344 Sekapat — 0345 Sekubang — 0346 Sekujam — 0347 15-00606 09a Demography_IND.indd 365 23/6/15 4:10 pm 366 Appendix 2 No. Language Sub-Language Alias/Same Code Code Selawe — 0348 Semanakng — 0349 Sempadian — 0350 Senangkatn — 0351 Senduruhan — 0352 Sepauhan — 0353 Sikukng — 0354 Silatn Muntak — 0355 Sisang — 0356 Sontas — 0357 Suaid — 0358 Suka Maju — 0359 Sum — 0360 Sumanjawat — 0361 Suru’ Ilir — 0362 Suru’ Ulu — 0363 Suruh — 0364 Suti Bamayo — 0365 Taba — 0366 Tadietn — 0367 Talaga-Ngabukit — 0368 Tamambalo — 0369 Taman Sekado — 0370 Tameng — 0371 Tanjung — 0372 Tawaeq — 0373 Tebang Tobak 0374 Tembiruhan — 0375 Tengon — 0376 Tinying — 0377 Tola’ — 0378 Ulu sekado — 0379 Undau — 0380 Paku — 0382 Barito — 0386 Ngaju Dayak — 0387 Lawangan — 0388 15-00606 09a Demography_IND.indd 366 23/6/15 4:10 pm Appendix 2 367 No. Language Sub-Language Alias/Same Code Code Siang — 0392 Ot Danum Uud Danum 0407 — Uut Danum 0407 Manyan — 0408 Punan Merap — 0414 Rejang Baram — 0415 Sampit — 0417 Tawoyan Dayak — 0418 Aoheng Penihing 0425 Punan Aput — 0426 Berau — 0431 Burusu — 0432 Bulungan — 0435 Busang — 0436 Kayan — 0445 Kenyah Usun Apau kenyah 0450 kenyah Barat Uma’ Lasan 0451 Kenyah Wahau — 0452 Lun Bawang Lun Daya 0457 — Lun Dayah 0457 — Lun Daye 0457 — Lun Dayoh 0457 — Lundaya Putuk 0457 Lundayeh — 0458 Merau — 0463 Modang — 0465 Uma’ Lung — 0467 Punan Tubu — 0468 Putuk Putoh 0469 Sembakung Murut — 0472 Tagol — 0473 Tidung — 0474 Uheng Kereho — 0476 Bidayuh Biatah — 0478 Bidayuh Bukar-Sadong Bideyu 0479 Maloh Embaloh 0481 — Malo 0481 15-00606 09a Demography_IND.indd 367 23/6/15 4:10 pm 368 Appendix 2 No. Language Sub-Language Alias/Same Code Code Tagal Murut — 0485 Uma — 0529 Sawai — 0772 Entebang — 0860 Marau — 1051 16 Makassarese — Makasar 0557 — Makassa 0557 — Mengkasara 0557 — Mangasara 0557 — Taena 0557 — Tena 0557 — Goa 0557 Bentong Dentong 0552 Konjo — 0559 Konjo Pantai — 0561 Konjo Pegunungan — 0562 Konjo Pesisir — 0560 Konjo Tanah Tinggi Konyo 0562 Salayar Salayer 0578 — Saleier 0578 — Selayar 0578 — Siladja 0578 — Silajara 0578 — Salajar 0578 17 Bantenese Indramayu — 0095 18 Nias — Batu 0025 Sikule Sikhule 0013 — Sichule 0013 — Wali Banuah 0013 19 Bangka — — 0074 20 Chinese China Hakka — 1161 China Mandarin — 1162 China Min Dong — 1163 China Min Nan — 1164 China Hokian — 1175 China Yue — 1165 15-00606 09a Demography_IND.indd 368 23/6/15 4:10 pm.
Recommended publications
  • Appell, GN 1986 Kayan Land Tenure and the Distribution of Devolvable
    - 119 - Appell, G. N. 1986 Kayan Land Tenure and the Distribution of Devolvable Usufruct in Borneo. Borneo Research Bulletin 18:119-30. KAYAN LAND TENURE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF DEVOLVABLE USUFRUCT IN BORNEO G. N. Appell Brandeis University INTRODUCTION The literature on land tenure among the indigenous peoples of Borneo perpetuates an error with regard to the Kayan system of land tenure. It is stated that among the Kayan no devolvable usufructary rights are created by the clearing of primary forest (e.g. Rousseau 1977:136) and that the Kayan land tenure system is, therefore, like that of the Rungus of Sabah. However, according to my field inquiries the Kayan and Rungus have radically different systems of land tenure. In correcting this misapprehension it will be necessary to review the status of research on land tenure in Borneo and pose critical questions for further research.1 THE TYPES OF LAND TENURE SYSTEMS IN THE SWIDDEN SOCIETIES OF BORNEO There are two basic types of land tenure systems found in those societies practicing swidden agriculture (see Appell 1971a). First, there is what I term "the circulating usufruct system"; and second, there is what I call "the devolvable usufruct system" (See Appell 1971b).2 In the system of circulating usufruct, once a swidden area has reverted to forest, any member of the village may cut the forest again to make a swidden without seeking permission of the previous cultivator. In other words, no devolvable or permanent use rights are established by cutting primary forest. Examples of this type of system may be found among the Rungus (See Appell 1971b, 1976) and the Bulusu' (see Appell 1983a, n.d.).
    [Show full text]
  • Social Semiotics: Realizing Destination Image by Means of Cultural Representations
    International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2015 Social Semiotics: Realizing Destination Image by Means of Cultural Representations Hanita Hassan However, studies on tourism from a communication Abstract—This paper discusses the ways in which cultures perspective are lacking [7] and therefore this study aimed to are used as a part of tourism commodities to realize destination study how Malaysian diverse cultures are represented to image. Tourism advertisements were analyzed using realize a destination image using social semiotic framework. multimodal discourse framework. The findings show that both, linguistic and nonlinguistic, modes complement each other as social semiotic resources in realizing cultures as destination image. Different ethnic groups that reside in Malaysia and II. SOCIAL SEMIOTICS AS A MEANING MAKING TOOL traditional lifestyles which compose Malaysian cultures are linguistically described as to instill the sense of pleasure, A. Semiotic Resources impressiveness and recreational. On the other hand, images Social semiotics refers to social or semiotic actions that that portray Malaysian cultures, for example, people from produce meaning. The main concern of social semiotics is on different ethnicities, traditional costumes and traditional houses are found to be exclusively adopted in tourism advertisements the construction of social meaning, or a common theme, by as persuasive tools. means of semiotic forms, for instance, texts and practices [8], [9]. In order to derive to the shared meaning, the society Index Terms—Culture, meaning making. social semiotics, needs to get hold of certain semiotic resources. tourism advertisements. Semiotic resources include almost everything we do or make that contributes to meaning and this thus makes it clear that 'semiotic resources are not restricted to speech and I.
    [Show full text]
  • NOVEMBER 2019 Stargazing in New Zealand
    NOVEMBER 2019 Stargazing in New Zealand MY Guide to Colombo, Sri Lanka ■ Melbourne’s Chef Ang Ling Chee of Parklife Love Affair With All Things Creative ■ Traditional Pottery Making In Perak •_Nov 2019_Cover_OK.indd 2 17/10/2019 12:32 PM EXPLORE | Sarawak Litsea Scents of the Rainforest Commercialising essential oils harvested from the Sarawak rainforest to empower indigenous communities. Words Carolyn Hong | Photography courtesy of Sarawak Biodiversity Centre The sun was low in the sky and the On that trek guided by Taie and his son Ukong rainforest was growing dark as Margarita Taie, the team mapped out the indigenous goingplacesmagazine.com Naming and her team from the Sarawak plants commonly used in the villages of Long Biodiversity Centre (SBC) trudged back to the Telingan and Long Kerebangan, both located village. Suddenly, a zesty scent filled the air. over three hours’ away by road from the nearest town. Margarita remembered clambering up and To many Malaysians, a sudden sultry scent in the down muddy slopes, walking for hours to search jungle is a signal to hurry away without looking for plants used locally as medicines, food and back. But to Margarita’s team, it was cause to other purposes. “We kept asking ‘are we there stop to take a closer look – their exhaustion yet?’,” she recalled, laughing. | 48 immediately forgotten, their senses awakened | November 2019 November | and their curiosity piqued. Back in their labs in Kuching, the team set out to analyse the chemistry of the Litsea cubeba The invigorating scent, reminiscent of citronella berries and other cuttings. To their excitement, or lemongrass, was emanating from tiny they found its oil composition to be markedly 1 berry-like fruits being picked by their forest different from similar Litsea plants found in the guide and local medicinal plant expert, the late highlands of China and Taiwan, where they 1.
    [Show full text]
  • FORUM MASYARAKAT ADAT DATARAN TINGGI BORNEO (FORMADAT) Borneo (Indonesia & Malaysia)
    Empowered lives. Resilient nations. FORUM MASYARAKAT ADAT DATARAN TINGGI BORNEO (FORMADAT) Borneo (Indonesia & Malaysia) Equator Initiative Case Studies Local sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES Local and indigenous communities across the world are 126 countries, the winners were recognized for their advancing innovative sustainable development solutions achievements at a prize ceremony held in conjunction that work for people and for nature. Few publications with the United Nations Convention on Climate Change or case studies tell the full story of how such initiatives (COP21) in Paris. Special emphasis was placed on the evolve, the breadth of their impacts, or how they change protection, restoration, and sustainable management over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories of forests; securing and protecting rights to communal with community practitioners themselves guiding the lands, territories, and natural resources; community- narrative. The Equator Initiative aims to fill that gap. based adaptation to climate change; and activism for The Equator Initiative, supported by generous funding environmental justice. The following case study is one in from the Government of Norway, awarded the Equator a growing series that describes vetted and peer-reviewed Prize 2015 to 21 outstanding local community and best practices intended to inspire the policy dialogue indigenous peoples initiatives to reduce poverty, protect needed to take local success to scale, to improve the global nature, and strengthen resilience in the face of climate knowledge base on local environment and development change. Selected from 1,461 nominations from across solutions, and to serve as models for replication.
    [Show full text]
  • English for the Indigenous People of Sarawak: Focus on the Bidayuhs
    CHAPTER 6 English for the Indigenous People of Sarawak: Focus on the Bidayuhs Patricia Nora Riget and Xiaomei Wang Introduction Sarawak covers a vast land area of 124,450 km2 and is the largest state in Malaysia. Despite its size, its population of 2.4 million people constitutes less than one tenth of the country’s population of 30 million people (as of 2015). In terms of its ethnic composition, besides the Malays and Chinese, there are at least 10 main indigenous groups living within the state’s border, namely the Iban, Bidayuh, Melanau, Bisaya, Kelabit, Lun Bawang, Penan, Kayan, Kenyah and Kajang, the last three being collectively known as the Orang Ulu (lit. ‘upriver people’), a term that also includes other smaller groups (Hood, 2006). The Bidayuh (formerly known as the Land Dayaks) population is 198,473 (State Planning Unit, 2010), which constitutes roughly 8% of the total popula- tion of Sarawak. The Bidayuhs form the fourth largest ethnic group after the Ibans, the Chinese and the Malays. In terms of their distribution and density, the Bidayuhs are mostly found living in the Lundu, Bau and Kuching districts (Kuching Division) and in the Serian district (Samarahan Division), situated at the western end of Sarawak (Rensch et al., 2006). However, due to the lack of employment opportunities in their native districts, many Bidayuhs, especially youths, have migrated to other parts of the state, such as Miri in the east, for job opportunities and many have moved to parts of Peninsula Malaysia, espe- cially Kuala Lumpur, to seek greener pastures. Traditionally, the Bidayuhs lived in longhouses along the hills and were involved primarily in hill paddy planting.
    [Show full text]
  • Megalithic Societies of Eastern Indonesia
    Mégalithismes vivants et passés : approches croisées Living and Past Megalithisms: interwoven approaches Mégalithismes vivants et passés : approches croisées Living and Past Megalithisms: interwoven approaches sous la direction de/edited by Christian Jeunesse, Pierre Le Roux et Bruno Boulestin Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 345 8 ISBN 978 1 78491 346 5 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Couverture/Cover image: left, a monumental kelirieng, a carved hardwood funeral post topped by a heavy stone slab, Punan Ba group, Balui River, Sarawak (Sarawak Museum archives, ref. #ZL5); right, after Jacques Cambry, Monumens celtiques, ou recherches sur le culte des Pierres (Paris, chez madame Johanneau, libraire, 1805), pl. V. Institutions partenaires/Partner institutions : Centre national de la recherche scientifique Institut universitaire de France Université de Strasbourg Maison interuniversitaire des Sciences de l’Homme – Alsace Unité mixte de recherche 7044 « Archéologie et histoire ancienne : Méditerranée – Europe » (ARCHIMÈDE) Unité mixte de recherche 7363 « Sociétés, acteurs, gouvernements en Europe » (SAGE) Association pour la promotion de la recherche archéologique en Alsace All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford
    [Show full text]
  • Language Use and Attitudes As Indicators of Subjective Vitality: the Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia
    Vol. 15 (2021), pp. 190–218 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24973 Revised Version Received: 1 Dec 2020 Language use and attitudes as indicators of subjective vitality: The Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia Su-Hie Ting Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Andyson Tinggang Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Lilly Metom Universiti Teknologi of MARA The study examined the subjective ethnolinguistic vitality of an Iban community in Sarawak, Malaysia based on their language use and attitudes. A survey of 200 respondents in the Song district was conducted. To determine the objective eth- nolinguistic vitality, a structural analysis was performed on their sociolinguistic backgrounds. The results show the Iban language dominates in family, friend- ship, transactions, religious, employment, and education domains. The language use patterns show functional differentiation into the Iban language as the “low language” and Malay as the “high language”. The respondents have positive at- titudes towards the Iban language. The dimensions of language attitudes that are strongly positive are use of the Iban language, Iban identity, and intergenera- tional transmission of the Iban language. The marginally positive dimensions are instrumental use of the Iban language, social status of Iban speakers, and prestige value of the Iban language. Inferential statistical tests show that language atti- tudes are influenced by education level. However, language attitudes and useof the Iban language are not significantly correlated. By viewing language use and attitudes from the perspective of ethnolinguistic vitality, this study has revealed that a numerically dominant group assumed to be safe from language shift has only medium vitality, based on both objective and subjective evaluation.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptation to Climate Change: Does Traditional Ecological Knowledge Hold the Key?
    sustainability Article Adaptation to Climate Change: Does Traditional Ecological Knowledge Hold the Key? Nadzirah Hosen 1,* , Hitoshi Nakamura 2 and Amran Hamzah 3 1 Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama City, Saitama 337-8570, Japan 2 Department of Planning, Architecture and Environmental Systems, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama City, Saitama 337-8570, Japan; [email protected] 3 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 December 2019; Accepted: 15 January 2020; Published: 16 January 2020 Abstract: The traditional knowledge of indigenous people is often neglected despite its significance in combating climate change. This study uncovers the potential of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) from the perspective of indigenous communities in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, and explores how TEK helps them to observe and respond to local climate change. Data were collected through interviews and field work observations and analysed using thematic analysis based on the TEK framework. The results indicated that these communities have observed a significant increase in temperature, with uncertain weather and seasons. Consequently, drought and wildfires have had a substantial impact on their livelihoods. However, they have responded to this by managing their customary land and resources to ensure food and resource security, which provides a respectable example of the sustainable management of terrestrial and inland ecosystems. The social networks and institutions of indigenous communities enable collective action which strengthens the reciprocal relationships that they rely on when calamity strikes.
    [Show full text]
  • Borneo Biomedical Bibliography
    144 Index of ethnic and language groups Not all the groups living in Borneo are represented in this index because many have not been studied as to their health status or health problems. In addition, some cited reports do not specific the group or groups studied, or they use a name that is obsolete or incorrect. In cases where a group is identified as “Dayak,” the designation is of little value, except that Dayak is commonly taken to refer to any non-Muslim group in Borneo. Dayak, then, is neither an ethnic nor a linguistic identifier. For a geographical representation of Borneo groups, see the Borneo map in S. A. Wurm and S. Hattori, Land Atlas of the Pacific Area, Part 2, Japan Area, Taiwan (Formosa), Philippines, Mainland and Insular Southeast Asia, Australian Academy of the Humanities, Canberra, 1983. For Kalimantan in particular see the maps in B. Sellato (#647 in the bibliography). For a general classification of Borneo languages see M. Ruhlen, A Guide to the World’s Languages, Volume 1: Classification, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1991. Details on the complexity of languages and language designations in Borneo, as well as language maps, are given in The Ethnologue, SIL International, Dallas, Texas, 1996-. It is available on-line at http://www.ethnologue.com. Linguistic relationships among Borneo groups are reviewed in A. Adelaar, The Austronesian languages of Southeast Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective, in The Austronesian Languages of Southeast Asia and Madagascar, A. Adelaar and N. P. Himmelmann, eds., Routledge, London, 2005, pp. 1-41. Austronesian is a large language family that includes all the languages in Borneo.
    [Show full text]
  • THE Legend of Mountain Salt
    THE LEGEND OF MOUNTAIN SALT © Edwin Meru / FORMADAT BORNEO © Edwin Meru / FORMADAT PROGRAMME local legend has it that the A mountain salt was ‘discovered’ by a hunter. After he shot a bird with his “We have no other homeland, blowpipe, the game fell into a marshy save the Highlands of Borneo where we have lived for generations.” area of the forest. The hunter picked (Lewi G Paru, Head of FORMADAT-Indonesia) it up, plucked the feathers, washed the © Formadat game in the marshy water and went back home. At home, he cooked the bird FORMADAT over fire and was pleasantly surprised The island of Borneo is a treasure trove for biodiversity and culture. The Highlands by the flavorful taste of the meat. It are the homeland of several Dayak Indigenous Peoples: Lundayeh/Lun Bawang, was unlike anything he had ever tasted Sa’ban, Kelabit, and Penan. Although they are now separated by the international before. border between Indonesia and Malaysia, the groups are linguistically and culturally closely related and share the same origin and homeland in the Highlands. Living He went back to the place where he in a relatively remote area, even today close social and economic interactions and © WWF-Indonesia / Cristina Eghenter © WWF-Indonesia / Cristina hunted and looked around to find out interdependence are essential part of the life and resilience of these communities. why the bird tasted so savory. He tasted the water of the marsh and realized Learning from unsustainable development experiences in surrounding areas, the that it was the water that was different. local communities were concerned that by intensifying the economic development After the event people started using that of the area they would risk the degradation of the quality of the social and water to cook food until they figured natural environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of Southeast Asia
    Jiarong Horpa Zhaba Amdo Tibetan Guiqiong Queyu Horpa Wu Chinese Central Tibetan Khams Tibetan Muya Huizhou Chinese Eastern Xiangxi Miao Yidu LuobaLanguages of Southeast Asia Northern Tujia Bogaer Luoba Ersu Yidu Luoba Tibetan Mandarin Chinese Digaro-Mishmi Northern Pumi Yidu LuobaDarang Deng Namuyi Bogaer Luoba Geman Deng Shixing Hmong Njua Eastern Xiangxi Miao Tibetan Idu-Mishmi Idu-Mishmi Nuosu Tibetan Tshangla Hmong Njua Miju-Mishmi Drung Tawan Monba Wunai Bunu Adi Khamti Southern Pumi Large Flowery Miao Dzongkha Kurtokha Dzalakha Phake Wunai Bunu Ta w an g M o np a Gelao Wunai Bunu Gan Chinese Bumthangkha Lama Nung Wusa Nasu Wunai Bunu Norra Wusa Nasu Xiang Chinese Chug Nung Wunai Bunu Chocangacakha Dakpakha Khamti Min Bei Chinese Nupbikha Lish Kachari Ta se N a ga Naxi Hmong Njua Brokpake Nisi Khamti Nung Large Flowery Miao Nyenkha Chalikha Sartang Lisu Nung Lisu Southern Pumi Kalaktang Monpa Apatani Khamti Ta se N a ga Wusa Nasu Adap Tshangla Nocte Naga Ayi Nung Khengkha Rawang Gongduk Tshangla Sherdukpen Nocte Naga Lisu Large Flowery Miao Northern Dong Khamti Lipo Wusa NasuWhite Miao Nepali Nepali Lhao Vo Deori Luopohe Miao Ge Southern Pumi White Miao Nepali Konyak Naga Nusu Gelao GelaoNorthern Guiyang MiaoLuopohe Miao Bodo Kachari White Miao Khamti Lipo Lipo Northern Qiandong Miao White Miao Gelao Hmong Njua Eastern Qiandong Miao Phom Naga Khamti Zauzou Lipo Large Flowery Miao Ge Northern Rengma Naga Chang Naga Wusa Nasu Wunai Bunu Assamese Southern Guiyang Miao Southern Rengma Naga Khamti Ta i N u a Wusa Nasu Northern Huishui
    [Show full text]
  • ADAN RICE Adan Rice Is the Finest Rice from the Highlands in the Heart of Borneo
    ADAN RICE Adan Rice is the finest rice from the highlands in the Heart of Borneo. It comes in three different varieties: White, Red and Black. This rice is from the famous for its grain with fine and Highland in the unique texture, pleasant taste and Heart of sweet fragrance BORNEO (black variety). ADAN RICE Highland in the Heart of fromBORNEO the The Adan rice is a local variety from the Highlands of Borneo but its fame has already reached the world. This rice variety is cultivated by the indigenous peoples in the Heart of Borneo: Lun Bawang in Ba Kelalan, Long Semadoh, Kelabit in Bario (north- east of Sarawak), Lun Dayeh in Long Pasia (Sabah), Lun Dayeh and Sa’ban in Krayan (East Kalimantan, Indonesia). day remain cool. Each family It has the finest grain and taste cultivates one-to-five hectares due to the elevation and the of rice fields traditionally which clear, unpolluted waters that means the cultivation is rather irrigate the rice fields. The Adan labor intensive. The fresh and rice is cultivated according clear water from the mountain to traditional and organic streams is channeled by bamboo practices by the farmers of the pipes or earth canals into the Highlands both in Sarawak and fields. Buffaloes are not used Krayan (Kalimantan). The high for ploughing but are let loose carbohydrate (white variety) and into the rice fields after harvest mineral content (black variety) to trample the earth, eat the of the Adan rice make it for its weeds and fertilize the soil in the excellent nutritional value.
    [Show full text]