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Pharmacological Review on Spondias Pinnata: the Indian Hog Plum

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Pharmacological Review on Spondias Pinnata: the Indian Hog Plum ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 141 ___________________________________________________________Review Article PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW ON SPONDIAS PINNATA: THE INDIAN HOG PLUM Vijetha Poojary K*, Karunakar Hegde and A R Shabaraya Department of Pharmacology, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Post Farangipete, Mangalore - 574143, Karnataka, India. ________________________________________________________________ ABSTACT Spondias pinnata is commonly known as Wild mango or Indian hog plum. It is a fruit of an indigenous medicinal plant. This article briefly reviews the classification, common names, cultivation and morphology, botany, general information, constituents, and medicinal uses. This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspects of Spondias pinnata and highlight the need for research and development. INTRODUCTION small in size and come around a long stalk in a Spondias pinnata is a fruit of an indigenous group. Small flower are mainly white in color medicinal plant belongs to the family and stalkless. Fruits are rounding, ovate, Anacardiaceae, the cashew family. elliptic in shaped. Pulp of the fruit is sour in Anacardiaceae, the sumac family of flowering taste. It is being cultivated commercially in our plants in the order Sapindales, with about 70 country for both local and international 1 genera and 650 species of ever green or market . deciduous trees, shrubs, and woody vines. It is Used in treatment of obesity, hemorrhagic native to tropical and subtropical areas of the disease, antivomit, dyspepsia, gonorrhea, world, but a few species occur in temperate severe cough, aphrodisiac, leprosy, diabetes, regions. Members of the family have resin diuretic, eye inflammation, Antithirst, ducts in the bark, leaves usually composed of antioxidant, antimicrobial, thrombolytic agent, 2,4 leaflets in various arrangements, flowers often purgative . Fruit is astringent, sour, with only male or female parts, and usually thermogenic, appetizer and aphrodisiac and is fleshy fruits. good for rheumatism and sore throat. In Ayurveda, the unripe fruits are believed to Spondias pinnata distributes around 20 destroy “vata”, enrich the blood and cures countries all over the world and normally in rheumatism. Fruits are very nutritious and rich India, Sri Lanka and South East Asian in vitamin A, minerals and iron content. The countries. In India it is commonly seen the bark is useful in dysentery and diarrhea and is deciduous to semi evergreen forests of the also prevent vomiting. The leaves are 1 Western Ghats astringent,aromatic and acidic. The root is considered useful in regulating menstruation. Spondias pinnata is a glabrous tree upto 10.5 The plant is reported to have antitubercular m high with straight trunk and smooth ash properties3. Synonyms are Mangifera pinnata coloured bark having pleasant aromatic smell. L.f ; Spondias mangifera wild ; Spondias In Ayurveda, the unripe fruits are believed to paniculata roxb ; Spondias amara Lam destroy “vata”, enrich the blood and cures species. rheumatism. Leafs are glossy, green in color and having a lovely foliage. Green leaf buds CLASSIFICATION are sour in taste and smells similar to the fruit. Taxonomic hierarchy of the investigated Stalked compound leaflets of this plant are plant: having 30-40cm long leafs oppositely arranged Kingdom Plantae on it. The leaves and bark are aromatic, Subkingdom Tracheobionta astringent and useful in preventing vomiting, Superdivision Spermatophyta dysentery and diarrhea. The plant is reported Division Magnoliophyta to have anti-tubercular properties. The tribes of Class Magnoliopsida Orissa use the paste of the bark orally for Subclass Rosidae treating diarrhea in children. The paste is also Order Sapindales used in adults for promoting diuresis in the Family Anacardiaceae adults. Flowers of this wild mango are very Genus Spondias L. International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 4 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2018 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 142 Species Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Height: Deciduous tree up to 27 m tall. Kurz Girth: Usually 2.5 m Trunk & bark: Bole straight, bark pale grey, Common names: smooth with rounded knobs. Bengali Amra, Piala, Pial Tribal Branches and branchlets or twigs: Twigs Thoura (Mogh); Ambi-thong (Garo) terete, hairy. English Wild Mango, Hog-plum Exudates: Exudate white turning to black. Hindi Ambara, Amra, Bhringi- phal, Pashu-haritaki Leaves: Leaves compound, imparipinnate, Sanskrit Aamraata alternate and spiral, leaflets elliptic, and apex Manipuri Eikhoi acuminate, base acute, often asymmetrical, Telugu Adavimamidi with distinct marginal vein, margin entire. Nepali Amaro Midrib flat above, secondary veins obtuse, Malayalam Ambazham, Ambalam, widely parallel, tertiary veins reticulate. Mambuli Stipules are absent. Leaves are 30-40 cm Tamil Pulicha kaai long, compound with 5-11 opposite leaflets. Leaflets are stalked, ovate-oblong to elliptic- Botanical features: oblong, 7-12 cm long, 4-5 cm wide, papery. Category: Ornamental tree Leaf base is wedge- shaped to rounded, often oblique, margin toothed or entire, with a Diagnostic characters: Deciduous trees with tapering tip. a pleasant smell. Bark is smooth. Sap white, rapidly turning black. Leaves compound with Inflorescences or flowers: Polygamous tiny the leaflets base often asymmetric. white to cream flowers are borne in panicles at Inflorescence axillary, flowers white to cream, the end of branches, 25-35 cm long. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a drupe with a large stone. are stalkless, white.Sepals are triangular, about 0.5 mm. Petals are ovate-oblong, about 2.5 × 1.5 mm, pointed. Fruits: Fruit is ellipsoid to elliptic-ovoid, yellowish orange at maturity, 3.5-5 × 2.5-3.5 cm. Inner part of endocarp is woody and grooved, outer part is fibrous. Ripen fruits have pleasant fragrance. Propagation: By seeds. Seeds: Usually stony. Mature fruit is usually with 2 or 3 seeds. Flowering time: May-July. Fruiting time: November-December. Stem: Soft Wooded Roots: Deep roots, Tap roots2. International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 4 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2018 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 143 SPONDIAS PINNATA FLOWER SPONDIAS PINNATA BARK SPONDIAS PINNATA LEAFLET SPONDIAS PINNATA LEAF SPONDIAS PINNATA FRUIT SPONDIAS PINNATA SEED CONSTITUENTS • Diuretic and Laxative activity Presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, The diuretic and laxative activity of different flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, extracts of the barks of Spondias pinnata resins and saponin. Essential oil from the pulp (Linn. f) Kurz were studied in Wistar albino yielded carboxylic acids and esters, alcohols, rats. Furosemide and agar-agar were used as aromatic hydrocarbons. Aerial parts contains reference standards respectively for activity 24-methylene cycloartenone, stigmast-4-en-3- comparison. The chloroform and methanol one, β -sitosterol, glycoside of β- sitosterol and extracts produced significant diuretic and lignoceric acid. Fruits contains water soluble laxative activity. On the other hand, the polysaccharides, composed of mainly L- petroleum ether extract did not reveal arabinose, D-galactose and galacturonic acid, significant activity. Urinary levels of sodium, β-amyrin and oleanolic acid, glycine, cystine, potassium and chloride were estimated5. serine, alanine and leucine2,3. • Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity MEDICINAL USES International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 4 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2018 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 144 A 70% methanol extract of Spondias pinnata • Hypoglycemic activity stem bark was studied in vitro for total The various extracts of the barks of Spondias antioxidant activity, for scavenging of hydroxyl pinnata was evaluated for hypoglycemic radicals, superoxide anions, nitric oxide, activity on adult Wistar albino rats at dose hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, singlet levels of 300 mg/kg p.o. each using oxygen and hypochlorous acid, and for iron normoglycaemic, glucose loaded and alloxan chelating capacity, reducing power, and induced hyperglycaemic rats. Glibenclamide phenolic and flavonoid contents. The extract was used as reference standard for activity showed total antioxidant activity with a trolox comparison. Among the tested extracts, the equivalent antioxidant concentration value of methanol extract was found to produce 0.78 +/- 0.02. The IC50 values for scavenging promising results that is comparable to that of of free radicals were 112.18 +/- 3.27 the reference standard glibenclamide9. microg/ml, 13.46 +/- 0.66 microg/ml and 24.48 +/- 2.31 microg/ml for hydroxyl, superoxide • Analgesic Activity and nitric oxide, respectively. The IC50 for The ethanol extract of Spondias pinnata was hydrogen peroxide scavenging was 44.74 +/- obtained from the dried stem barks of S. 25.61 mg/ml. For the peroxynitrite, singlet pinnata and its analgesic properties oxygen and hypochlorous acid scavenging investigated using acetic acid, formalin test activities the IC50 values were 716.32 +/- and hot plate model. Ethanol extract of S. 32.25 microg/ml, 58.07 +/- 5.36 microg/ml and pinnata showed analgesic effects in a dose 127.99 +/- 6.26 microg/ml, respectively. The dependent manner in the acetic acid test and extract was found to be a potent iron chelator in the second phase of formalin test which with IC50 = 66.54 +/- 0.84 microg/ml. The were comparable to the effects observed with reducing power was increased with
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  • Groves #3 Layout 1
    Vietnamese Journal of Primatology (2009) 3, 37-44 Diet and feeding behaviour of pygmy lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus) in Vietnam Ulrike Streicher Wildlife Veterinarinan, Danang, Vietnam. <[email protected]> Key words: Diet, feeding behaviour, pygmy loris Summary Little is known about the diet and feeding behaviour of the pygmy loris. Within the Lorisidae there are faunivorous and frugivorous species represented and this study aimed to characterize where the pygmy loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) ranges on this scale. Feeding behaviour was observed in adult animals which had been confiscated from the illegal wildlife trade and housed at the Endangered Primate Rescue Center at Cuc Phuong National Park for some time before they were radio collared and released into Cuc Phuong National Park. The lorises were located in daytime by methods of radio tracking and in the evenings they were directly observed with the help of red-light torches. The observed lorises exploited a large variety of different food sources, consuming insects as well as gum and other plant exudates, thus appearing to be truly omnivorous. Seasonal variations in food preferences were observed. Omnivory can be an adaptive strategy, helping to overcome difficulties in times of food shortage. The pygmy loris’ feeding behaviour enables it to rely on other food sources like gum in times when other feeding resource become rare. Gum as an alternative food sources has the advantage of being readily available all year round. However it does not permit the same energetic benefits and consequently the same lifestyle as other food sources. But it is an important part of the pygmy loris’ multifaceted strategy to survive times of hostile environmental conditions.
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