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Home , Mangifera, Spondias, Spondias pinnata

ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 141

______Review Article

PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW ON PINNATA: THE INDIAN HOG PLUM

Vijetha Poojary K*, Karunakar Hegde and A R Shabaraya Department of Pharmacology, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Post Farangipete, Mangalore - 574143, Karnataka, . ______ABSTACT is commonly known as Wild or Indian hog plum. It is a of an indigenous medicinal . This article briefly reviews the classification, common names, cultivation and morphology, botany, general information, constituents, and medicinal uses. This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspects of Spondias pinnata and highlight the need for research and development.

INTRODUCTION small in size and come around a long stalk in a Spondias pinnata is a fruit of an indigenous group. Small flower are mainly white in color medicinal plant belongs to the family and stalkless. are rounding, ovate, , the family. elliptic in shaped. Pulp of the fruit is sour in Anacardiaceae, the sumac family of flowering taste. It is being cultivated commercially in our in the order , with about 70 country for both local and international 1 genera and 650 species of ever green or market . , shrubs, and woody vines. It is Used in treatment of obesity, hemorrhagic native to tropical and subtropical areas of the disease, antivomit, dyspepsia, gonorrhea, world, but a few species occur in temperate severe cough, aphrodisiac, leprosy, diabetes, regions. Members of the family have resin diuretic, eye inflammation, Antithirst, ducts in the bark, usually composed of antioxidant, antimicrobial, thrombolytic agent, 2,4 leaflets in various arrangements, flowers often purgative . Fruit is astringent, sour, with only male or female parts, and usually thermogenic, appetizer and aphrodisiac and is fleshy fruits. good for rheumatism and sore throat. In Ayurveda, the unripe fruits are believed to Spondias pinnata distributes around 20 destroy “vata”, enrich the blood and cures countries all over the world and normally in rheumatism. Fruits are very nutritious and rich India, Sri Lanka and South East Asian in vitamin A, minerals and iron content. The countries. In India it is commonly seen the bark is useful in dysentery and diarrhea and is deciduous to semi evergreen forests of the also prevent vomiting. The leaves are 1 Western Ghats astringent,aromatic and acidic. The root is considered useful in regulating menstruation. Spondias pinnata is a glabrous upto 10.5 The plant is reported to have antitubercular m high with straight trunk and smooth ash properties3. Synonyms are pinnata coloured bark having pleasant aromatic smell. L.f ; Spondias mangifera wild ; Spondias In Ayurveda, the unripe fruits are believed to paniculata roxb ; Spondias amara Lam destroy “vata”, enrich the blood and cures species. rheumatism. Leafs are glossy, green in color and having a lovely foliage. Green buds CLASSIFICATION are sour in taste and smells similar to the fruit. Taxonomic hierarchy of the investigated Stalked compound leaflets of this plant are plant: having 30-40cm long leafs oppositely arranged Kingdom Plantae on it. The leaves and bark are aromatic, Subkingdom Tracheobionta astringent and useful in preventing vomiting, Superdivision Spermatophyta dysentery and diarrhea. The plant is reported Division Magnoliophyta to have anti-tubercular properties. The tribes of Class Magnoliopsida Orissa use the paste of the bark orally for Subclass Rosidae treating diarrhea in children. The paste is also Order Sapindales used in adults for promoting diuresis in the Family Anacardiaceae adults. Flowers of this wild mango are very Spondias L. International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 4 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2018 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 142

Species Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Height: Deciduous tree up to 27 m tall. Kurz Girth: Usually 2.5 m Trunk & bark: Bole straight, bark pale grey, Common names: smooth with rounded knobs. Bengali Amra, Piala, Pial Tribal Branches and branchlets or twigs: Twigs Thoura (Mogh); Ambi-thong (Garo) terete, hairy. English Wild Mango, Hog-plum Exudates: Exudate white turning to black. Hindi Ambara, Amra, Bhringi- phal, Pashu-haritaki Leaves: Leaves compound, imparipinnate, Sanskrit Aamraata alternate and spiral, leaflets elliptic, and apex Manipuri Eikhoi acuminate, base acute, often asymmetrical, Telugu Adavimamidi with distinct marginal vein, margin entire. Nepali Amaro Midrib flat above, secondary veins obtuse, Ambazham, Ambalam, widely parallel, tertiary veins reticulate. Mambuli Stipules are absent. Leaves are 30-40 cm Tamil Pulicha kaai long, compound with 5-11 opposite leaflets. Leaflets are stalked, ovate-oblong to elliptic- Botanical features: oblong, 7-12 cm long, 4-5 cm wide, papery. Category: Ornamental tree Leaf base is wedge- shaped to rounded, often oblique, margin toothed or entire, with a Diagnostic characters: Deciduous trees with tapering tip. a pleasant smell. Bark is smooth. Sap white, rapidly turning black. Leaves compound with or flowers: Polygamous tiny the leaflets base often asymmetric. white to cream flowers are borne in panicles at axillary, flowers white to cream, the end of branches, 25-35 cm long. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a with a large stone. are stalkless, white. are triangular, about 0.5 mm. Petals are ovate-oblong, about 2.5 × 1.5 mm, pointed.

Fruits: Fruit is ellipsoid to elliptic-ovoid, yellowish orange at maturity, 3.5-5 × 2.5-3.5 cm. Inner part of endocarp is woody and grooved, outer part is fibrous. Ripen fruits have pleasant fragrance. Propagation: By . Seeds: Usually stony. Mature fruit is usually with 2 or 3 seeds. Flowering time: May-July. Fruiting time: November-December. Stem: Soft Wooded Roots: Deep roots, Tap roots2.

International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 4 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2018 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 143

SPONDIAS PINNATA FLOWER SPONDIAS PINNATA BARK

SPONDIAS PINNATA LEAFLET SPONDIAS PINNATA LEAF

SPONDIAS PINNATA FRUIT SPONDIAS PINNATA

CONSTITUENTS • Diuretic and Laxative activity Presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, The diuretic and laxative activity of different flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, extracts of the barks of Spondias pinnata resins and saponin. Essential oil from the pulp (Linn. f) Kurz were studied in Wistar albino yielded carboxylic acids and esters, alcohols, rats. Furosemide and agar-agar were used as aromatic hydrocarbons. Aerial parts contains reference standards respectively for activity 24-methylene cycloartenone, stigmast-4-en-3- comparison. The chloroform and methanol one, β -sitosterol, glycoside of β- sitosterol and extracts produced significant diuretic and lignoceric acid. Fruits contains water soluble laxative activity. On the other hand, the polysaccharides, composed of mainly L- petroleum ether extract did not reveal arabinose, D-galactose and galacturonic acid, significant activity. Urinary levels of sodium, β-amyrin and oleanolic acid, glycine, cystine, potassium and chloride were estimated5. serine, alanine and leucine2,3. • Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity MEDICINAL USES International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 4 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2018 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 144

A 70% methanol extract of Spondias pinnata • Hypoglycemic activity stem bark was studied in vitro for total The various extracts of the barks of Spondias antioxidant activity, for scavenging of hydroxyl pinnata was evaluated for hypoglycemic radicals, superoxide anions, nitric oxide, activity on adult Wistar albino rats at dose hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, singlet levels of 300 mg/kg p.o. each using oxygen and hypochlorous acid, and for iron normoglycaemic, glucose loaded and alloxan chelating capacity, reducing power, and induced hyperglycaemic rats. Glibenclamide phenolic and flavonoid contents. The extract was used as reference standard for activity showed total antioxidant activity with a trolox comparison. Among the tested extracts, the equivalent antioxidant concentration value of methanol extract was found to produce 0.78 +/- 0.02. The IC50 values for scavenging promising results that is comparable to that of of free radicals were 112.18 +/- 3.27 the reference standard glibenclamide9. microg/ml, 13.46 +/- 0.66 microg/ml and 24.48 +/- 2.31 microg/ml for hydroxyl, superoxide • Analgesic Activity and nitric oxide, respectively. The IC50 for The ethanol extract of Spondias pinnata was hydrogen peroxide scavenging was 44.74 +/- obtained from the dried stem barks of S. 25.61 mg/ml. For the peroxynitrite, singlet pinnata and its analgesic properties oxygen and hypochlorous acid scavenging investigated using acetic acid, formalin test activities the IC50 values were 716.32 +/- and hot plate model. Ethanol extract of S. 32.25 microg/ml, 58.07 +/- 5.36 microg/ml and pinnata showed analgesic effects in a dose 127.99 +/- 6.26 microg/ml, respectively. The dependent manner in the acetic acid test and extract was found to be a potent iron chelator in the second phase of formalin test which with IC50 = 66.54 +/- 0.84 microg/ml. The were comparable to the effects observed with reducing power was increased with increasing acetylsalicylic acid. The results of this study amounts of extract. The plant extract (100 mg) lead credit to the traditional uses S. pinnata, yielded 91.47 +/- 0.004 mg/ml gallic acid- especially as an analgesic10. equivalent phenolic content and 350.5 +/- 0.004 mg/ml quercetin-equivalent flavonoid • Antibacterial, Antidiarrheal and Ulcer- content6. protective Activity The extracts of S. mangifera were tested for • Anticancer activity castor-oil induced diarrhea, and intestinal fluid The present study is aimed to investigate the Accumulation and propulsion in rats using role of 70 % methanolic extract of S. pinnata diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine as bark in promoting apoptosis in human lung standard drug. The effect of the extracts on adenocarcinoma cell line and human breast indomethacin-induced ulceration in rats was adenocarcinoma cell line. These two also evaluated. Cimetidine was used as malignant cell lines and a normal cell line were positive control. In-vitro antibacterial activity of treated with increasing concentrations of the methanolic and aqueous extract was also extract and cell viability is calculated. The evaluated against Escherichia coli, Salmonella extract showed significant cytotoxicity to both typhimurium and Vibrio cholera bacteria11. the carcinoma cells with an IC50 value of 147.84 ± 3.74 and 149.34 ± 13.30 μg/ml, • Spondias pinnata stem bark extract respectively, whereas, comparatively no lessens iron overloaded liver toxicity due cytotoxicity was found in normal human lung to Hemosiderosis in Swiss albino mice fibroblast cell line with IC50 value of 932.38 ± The study was designed to evaluate the 84.44 μg/ml7. ameliorating effect of 70% methanol extract of Spondias pinnata on iron overload induced • Antibiotic and Cytotoxic activity liver injury. Iron overload was induced by Attempt was undertaken to study the intraperitoneal administration of iron-dextran antibacterial potency and cytotoxic activity of into mice and resulting liver damage was 80% ethanol extract of the fruits of Spondias manifested by significant rise in serum pinnata. The antibacterial activity was enzyme markers and reduction in liver performed by the disc diffusion method and antioxidants. Hepatic iron, serum ferritin, lipid cytotoxicity was observed by brine shrimp peroxidation, protein carbonyl and lethality bioassay. The fruit extract exhibited hydroxyproline contents were measured in mild to potent antibacterial activity against response to the oral administration of the some Gram-positive and Gram negative extract of different doses. In order to bacteria at a concentration of 500 μg/disc. determine the efficiency as iron chelating drug, Among them Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the release of iron from ferritin by the extract Staphylococcus epidermidis shows promising was further studied. Enhanced levels of result. The ethanolic extract revealed strong antioxidant enzymes were detected in the cytotoxicity having LC50 of 2.12 ± 0.09 μg/ml8. extract treated mice. The extract produced a dose dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation, International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 4 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2018 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 145 protein oxidation, liver fibrosis; and levels of Kurz. Indira Gandhi Institute of serum enzyme markers and ferritin were also Pharmaceutical Sciences: 28-31. reduced dose dependently. The liver iron 6. Mondal, S.; Dash, G. K., 2009. content was also found to be less in the Hypoglycemic activity of the bark of extract treated group compared to control Spondias pinnata Linn. kurz. Phcog group12. Mag; 5:42-5. 7. Ghate, N.B.; Hazra, B.; Sarkar, R.; • Anthelmentic Activity Mandal, N., 2013. In vitro anticancer The stem heart wood and bark of Spondias activity of Spondias pinnata bark on pinnata when tested in vitro, showed human lung and breast carcinoma. potentanthelmintic activity on the earthworm, Cytotechnology. Pheretima posthuma. While stem heart wood 8. Muhammad, Rahman, A.; Shafiur, M.; methanolic extract of S. pinnata was also Kabir, Hamidul, A.; Hossain, S.; more potent than the bark extract13. Khalid, M., 2011. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of Spondias pinnata CONCLUSION (Linn. f.) Kurz fruit extract. NISCAIR- Various parts of the plant Spondias pinnata CSIR,Indi:. 265-267. has been widely studied in different areas for 9. Mondal, S.; Dash, G. K., 2009. its pharmacological activities by utilizing Hypoglycemic activity of the bark of several experimental screening models and Spondias pinnata Linn. kurz. Phcog based on the previous research works, it could Mag; 5:42-5. be concluded that this plant has the potential 10. Panda, B.K.; Mishra, U.S.; Kar, S.; to be explored as a natural medicinal source. Panda, B.R.; Hati, M.R., 2009. It is alleged that the comprehensive Analgesic activities of the stem bark information presented in this review on its extract of Spondias pinata (Linn.f) pharmacological activities offer enticement for Kurz. Journal of Pharmacy Research. proper evaluation of the uses of various parts 825-827. of this plant in medicine. The use of this plant 11. Arif, M.; Zaman, K.; Fareed, S.; as conventional drug requires further medico- Hussain M., 2008. Antibacterial, chemical investigation. antidiarrhoeal and ulcerprotective activity of methanolic extract of REFERENCES Spondias mangifera bark. African 1. Md Al Hafiz. Preliminary journals online,Vol 1(4). phytochemical screening, antioxidant 12. Hazra, B.; Sarkar, R.; Mandal, N., activity and cytotoxicity activity 2013. Spondias pinnata stem bark evaluation of Spondias pinnata bark extract lessens iron overloaded liver [master’s thesis]. Dept of toxicity due to hemosiderosis in Swiss Pharmacy,East west albino mice.US national library of university,Aftabnagar,Dhaka;2014. ,medicine Vol 12(1): 123-9. 2. Shawkat Md Aminul Islam. Biological 13. Panda, B.K.; Patra, V.J.; Mishra, U.S.; investigation of fruit of Spondias Panigrahi, B.K., 2011. Comperative pinnata (Anacardiaceae) [master’s study of anthelmintic activity between thesis]. Dept of Pharmacy,East West acetone and ethanolic extracts of University;2012. Spondias pinnata (Linn.F) Kurz. 3. Shabana Khatoon, H H Siddiqui and International journal of research in Talib HussainHino Firdous. Botanical Ayurveda and Pharmacy, Vol 2(4) : and phytochemical evaluation of fruits 1383-1385. of Spondias Pinnata. Der pharmacia lettre. 2015;7(5):276-80. 4. Mohammad K Manik, Shawkat A Islam, Md A Wahid, Md M Morshed, Sonia Kamal, Md S Islam and Kh T Ahmed. Investigation of invitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and thrombolytic activity of exocarp of Spondias pinnata(Anacardiaceae). Canadian Chem Trans. 2013;1(3):191-201. 5. Mondal, S.; Dash, G.; Acharyya; Brahma, D.; Bal, S., 2009. Studies on diuretic and laxative activity of bark extracts of Spondias pinnata (Linn. f)

International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 4 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2018