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Geological Survey Canada ·22 GEOLOGICAL PAPER 70-22 SURVEY OF CANADA DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, MINES AND RESOURCES MARINE CRETACEOUS BIOTIC PROVINCES AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF WESTERN AND ARCTIC CANADA: ILLUSTRATED BY A DETAILED STUDY OF AMMONITES J. A. Jeletzky Price, $2.00 1971 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA CANADA PAPER 70-22 MARINE CRETACEOUS BIOTIC PROVINCES AND PALEO­ GEOGRAPHY OF WESTERN AND ARCTIC CANADA: ILLUSTRATED BY A DETAILED STUDY OF AMMONITES J. A. Jeletzky DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, MINES AND RESOURCES © Crown Copyrights reserved Available by mail from Information Canada, Ottawa from the Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth St., Ottawa and Information Canada bookshops in HALIFAX - 1735 Barrington Street MONTREAL - 1182 St. Catherine Street West OTTAWA - 171 Slater Street TORONTO - 221 Yonge Street WINNIPEG - 499 Portage Avenue VANCOUVER - 657 Granville Street or through your bookseller Price: $2.00 Catalogue No.M44-70-22 Price subject to change without notice Information Canada Ottawa 1970 - iii - CONTENTS Page Abstract.............................................................. v Introduction •••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••.•••••••••••• 1 Acknowledgments .•••.••••••••••••..••••••••.•.••.••••••••••••••••• 1 His torica1 remarks •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••• 3 Peculiarities and Limitations of pa1eobiotic work •••••••••••••••• 6 Biotic Provinces •••••••••••.•.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•• 10 North Pacific Province •••••••••••.•••.••••••••••••••••••.•••••••• 10 North Americlfn Boreal Province ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 Comparison of Cretaceous Ammonite Faunas of North Pacific and Boreal Provinces •••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 Berriasian Stage ••••••.••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 Valanginian Stage ••••.••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••• 20 Hauterivian Stage •.•••.••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Barremian Stage •••••••••••...•.••••••.••••.•••••••.•••••••••••••• 22 Aptian Stage ••••••.•••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 Albian Stage ••••.•••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 Cenomanian Stage ••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 26 Turonian to lower Santonian Stages •••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 Upper Santonian ••••.•..•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 Lower Campanian .........••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 30 Upper Campanian ..•..•.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••• 31 Early lower Maestrichtian........................................ 32 Rates of generic turnover in North Pacific and Boreal Provinces.. 32 Paleogeographical implications •••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••• 34 Berriasian ••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35 Valanginian •••••••••..••.•••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 38 Hauterivian and Barremian........................................ 38 The Neocomian Paleogeographical phase •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40 Aptian •••••••••••••.•••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••• 40 Albian........................................................... 42 Cenomanian •••••••••.••.••••••..•.••••••••••••••..•••••••••••••••• 47 Turonian ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 49 Coniacian to mid-Santonian ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 54 Late Santonian •••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 60 Early Campanian ••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 62 Late Campanian and Maestrichtian ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 66 Wes tern Cordillera •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 66 Southern part of Western Interior ~egion •••••••••••••••••••• 68 Northern part of Western Interior "Region and Arctic Archipelago •••••.•••••••••••••• ;.......................... 73 Arctic seaways of the late Campanian and Maestrichtian time.. 73 General pattern and probable causes of transgressions and regressions.. 75 General causes of faunal differentiation ••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••• 76 References •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 79 Table 1. Berriasian Stage ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 2. Valanginian Stage •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20 3. Hauterivian Stage •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 4. Barremian Stage •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 5. Aptian Stage •••.•••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••• 24 6. Albian Stage ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 7. Cenomanian Stage •••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27 8. Upper Santonian •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 9. Lower Campanian I.' ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 30 10. Upper Campanian Substage ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 11. Early Lower Maestrichtian Substage ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 32 - iv - Page Illustrations Figure 1. Major outcrop areas of Cretaceous strata ••.••...•••••••••• 2 2. Biochronology and correlation of Lower Cretaceous rocks of the North Pacific and Boreal Biotic Provinces of Canada •.•••••.•••.•••....•••••••••••.••.••.••••••.•••••• 8 3. Biochronology and correlation of Upper Cretaceous rocks of the North Pacific and Boreal Biotic Provinces of Canada ••...••...•.•••••••..••••••..•.••••.••••.••••••••• 9 4. Comparison of the Cretaceous ammonite faunas of the North Pacific and North American Boreal Biotic Provinces •••••• 17 5. Berriasian paleogeography ..•••••.•.•••.•.•.•.••••••••.•••• 35 6. Mid- to late Valanginian paleogeography ••.••••...•••••.••• 37 7. Hauterivian and Barremian paleogeography •••••••••••.•..••• 39 8. Aptian paleogeography ••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••• 41 9. Late lower Albian paleogeography •••••.••..••••••..•••••••• 43 10. Late Albian paleogeography •.•••..••••••••••••.••.••••.•••• 46 11. Late Cenomanian paleogeography •••.••.••••••••.•••••••••••• 48 12. Early Turonian paleogeography •••••••••••••••••••••••••.••• 50 13. Late Turonian paleogeography •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 53 14. Coniacian and lower to mid-Santonian paleogeography •.••••• 55 15. Late Santonian paleogeography ••...•••••••••••••••••••••••• 61 16. Early Campanian paleogeography ••••••••••••••••••..•.•••••. 63 17. Early upper Campanian paleogeography ••••••••••••••••.••••• 65 18. Mid- upper Campanian paleogeography •••••••••••..•••••••••• 67 19. Late upper Campanian paleogeography .•••••••••.••••••••••.• 70 20. Early lower Maestrichtian paleogeography ••••.••••••••••••• 72 - v - ABSTRACT Two principal marine biotic provinces existed in Canada throughout the Cretaceous. Faunas of the first or North Pacific Biotic Province were closely related to those of Indo-Pacific, Tethyan and Andean provinces. How­ ever, they included some endemic species and genera, others in common with eastern Siberia, Japan, southeastern Alaska and western United States, and yet others in common with the Boreal Province. In Berriasian through Barremian time the North Pacific Biotic Prov­ ince was restricted to western Cordilleran and Peace River regions. Thereafter it was restricted to the western Cordilleran region. Marine faunas of North Pacific biotic province mostly include a great variety of ammonites,pelecypods and gastropods. TIlis is particularly true of its Hauterivian-Barremian and Santonian-Maestrichtian faunas. This faunal diversity was probably caused by relatively high water temperature of the Cretaceous seas of that province in Canada. The second, or North American Boreal Biotic Province is character­ ized by marine faunas closely similar with or almost identical to those of contemporary Boreal seas of northern Eurasia. In Berriasian to Barremian time this province was restricted to Canadian Arctic Archipelago, northern Yukon, and adjacent parts of Mackenzie District. In Albian time Boreal seas flooded considerable parts of the Canadian Western Interior Region, expanded right across North America, and coalesced with Tethyan seas of Mexican Gulf. This inland sea persisted at least until early Maestrichtian. Most marine Boreal Cretaceous faunas of Canada are characterized by lack of diversity and scarcity or absence of Tethyan faunal elements. They are mostly dominated by only a few molluscan species found in great abundance. This strong to extreme depauperation was probably caused by abundance of silt and clay particles in and relative coldness of water of the Canadian Boreal seas. During Cretaceous time the North Pacific and North American Boreal biotic provinces of Canada became increasingly isolated from each other because of gradual but drastic redistribution of land and sea. Endemisms of Berriasian to Aptian marine faunas of these provinces are strongly tempered by presence of numerous common species and genera reflecting the existence of at least two seaways connecting them. The Vanderhoof and Dawson City seaways connecting the Canadian west­ ern interior and Arctic seas with those of Canadian western Cordillera were permanently closed by Mid-Cretaceous (Aptian) orogeny. The ensuing absence of direct marine connections between these basins is reflected in an almost total dissimilarity of their Albian and Upper Cretaceous faunas. In late Upper Cretaceous the above discussed rearrangement of land and sea was followed by gradual but complete retreat of the sea from Canadian territory. This retreat was apparently concluded before the end of the early Maestrichtian. MARINE CRETACEOUS BIOTIC PROVINCES AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF WESTERN AND ARCTIC CANADA: ILLUSTRATED BY A DETAILED STUDY OF AMMONITES INTRODUCTION Cretaceous rocks are widespread in Western and Arctic Canada, including the Prairie
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