BUILDING the FUTURE NOW

CONFERENCE September 24 – September 28

Calgary, Alberta, Canada Book of Abstracts BUILDING the FUTURE NOW

Abstracts Book Sponsored by

http://www.internationalpipelineconference.com

IPC is co-owned by ASME and CEPA 12th International Pipeline Conference September 24 – September 28, 2018 Calgary, Alberta, Canada BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

- 2 - COPYRIGHT INFORMATION

Book of Abstracts from papers accepted for presentation at the 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference (IPC2016) September 24-28, 2018 • Calgary, Alberta, Canada © 2018 ASME All rights reserved ASME shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or discussion at meetings of ASME or its Divisions or Sections, or printed in its publications (Statement from ASME By-Laws, 7.1.3). ASME Presenter Attendance Policy Papers not presented at the conference, by an author of the paper, will not be published in the official archival proceedings. It will also not be published in the ASME Digital Collection and may not be cited as a published paper. As such, the abstracts in this compilation do not represent the final abstracts of the official proceedings. Abstracts are provided courtesy of ASME. The content in this Abstract Book is for personal use only, and cannot be distributed without permission from ASME.

- 3 - Welcome

Welcome

2018 IPC CHAIR WELCOME MESSAGE On behalf of the International Pipeline Conference (IPC) Organizing Committee, we are excited to welcome you to IPC 2018 on September 24 – 28 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. As the premier technical conference focused on pipeline systems for over 20 years, this conference provides delegates the opportunity to learn about the latest technical research that drives innovation and change in the pipeline industry around the world, as well as unparalleled networking opportunities. IPC 2018 features approximately 300 technical papers, a poster session, interactive fireside chats, and over 15 tutorials led by experts in their field. Additionally, this year includes a special Public Engagement and Acceptance track, offering industry representatives from non-technical perspectives including public relations, communications, and stakeholder relations the opportunity to participate at IPC 2018. The concurrent International Pipeline Exhibition features products and services from more than 230 companies in an exhibit area of more than 4,400 square meters (47,000 square feet). This year’s theme is Building the Future Now and includes continued collaboration with young Patrick Smyth pipeline professionals through a partnership with Young Pipeliners International. Keynote Chair, IPC 2018 speakers include Cynthia Hansen (Executive Vice President, Utilities and Power Operations, VP Performance , CEPA Enbridge Inc.), Calvin Helin (Chairman and President, Eagle Spirit Energy Holdings), Peter Tertzakian (Executive Director, ARC Energy Research Institute), Alan Murray (former Chief Engineer and Chief Safety Officer, National Energy Board), and an executive panel with senior executives from the leading pipeline organizations and regulatory agencies

The continued success of IPC requires the coordinated and dedicated efforts of several stakeholders and we wish to thank them for their support of this year’s conference: • Industry leaders’ commitment to fostering technical advancements and supporting their employees who participate in the various committees that make the conference possible, and supporting continued development of the pipeline industry by sending their employees and executives; • Regulators who engage with IPC and reinforce a commitment to continuous improvement of pipeline safety; • Professionals who actively create and present content for this conference; • Delegates who travel from around the world to participate with their peers; and • The IPC corporate sponsorship partners, who have demonstrated their commitment with a record-setting participation.

Thank you to everyone for your commitment to building on the success of previous conferences W.R. (Bill) Byrd to ensure that IPC 2018 offers the unparalleled learning, networking and knowledge-sharing Vice-Chair, IPC 2018 experience that delegates have come to expect during this biennial event. On behalf of the IPC President, RCP Inc. Organizing Committee, we look forward to your participation at IPC 2018.

www.internationalpipelineconference.com

- 5 - Reviewers

12TH INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE CONFERENCE IPC 2018

All papers contained in this Book of Abstracts have been reviewed by one or more people on this list. Other reviewers include members of the IPC Organizing Committee, the Technical Committee, SessionChairs, and industry professionals.

Haobin Chen Andrew Wilde Robert Andrews Clarice Ng Qi Liao Andrew Greig Bob Longpre Carmen Lau Junjie Gao Andrew Cosham Bob Kalinchuk Claudia Vazquez Yamin Yan Andrew Nielsen Bob Sutherby Claudio Ruggieri Dongchi Yao Andrzej Maj Bobby Virdi Clifford Maier Andrea Fonzo Andy Purves Bogdan Pavel Clive Robinson Alireda Aljaroudi Andy Russell Borith Seng Coral Lukaniuk Aaron Dennis Andy Take Brett Eaton Colin Hartloper Aaron Jansma Andy Tong Brett Johnson Colin Scott Aaron Lockey Anthony Chan Brock Alexander Colin Dooley Abdullah Izzeldin Andy Young J Bruce Nestleroth Colum Holtam Ibrahim Gadala Angus Patterson Bruce Vincent Connie Hetherington Alasdair Clyne Arash Zakeri Burke Delanty Cordel Molloy Adam Whiting Aravind Nair Bushra Waheed Chia-Pin Hsiao Samer Adeeb Arti Bhatia Bo WANG Justin Crapps Aaron Dinovitzer Ashton Friesen J. Barry Wiskel Dongliang Lu Adrienne Barnes Alex Tatarov Corey Drake David Playdon Amin Eshraghi Albert van Roodselaar Chunlei He Da-Ming Duan Ali Fathi Alistair Wright Cam Meyn Dan Williams Afolabi Egbewande Robert M Andrews Camilo Cardona Dan Bonner Abdelfettah Fredj Barry Hindin Carl E. Jaske Daniel Miller Alvaro Gil Bassam Saad Charles Paul Aubeny Dario Zapata Ahmed Alamyane Brent Ayton Chad De Stigter Daryl King Aida Nonn Bob Costerton Celine Mah Dave Gowanlock Shuji Aihara Nobuhisa Suzuki Charles Fernandez Dave Grzyb Asim Khan Benjamin C. Mittelstadt Cheng Lu Dave Meier Alan Zhou Benjamin Zand Cheryl Boswell David Burns Aleksandar Tomic Bente Helen Leinum Chi Zhang David Cheng Alessandro M. Fonseca William Bruce Chris Boettcher David Howse Alfred Lee William Johnstone Chris Vrolyk David Kemp Aline Figueiredo William R. Tyson Chris Harvey David Lee Aline Figueiredo B. Liu Chris Leslie Dave Norfleet Alireza Kohandehghan Binoy John Chris Taylor David Shanks Alireza Sahraei Bill Johnson Christine Balash David Stobb Amir Hassannejadasl Birgit Juergensen Chukwuma Candidus David Feser Andre-Michel Ferrari Banglin Liu Onuoha David Bueno Andreas Liessem Bob Milne Cuiwei Liu David Weir Andrew Lutz Barbara Nicole (Nikki) Cindy Guan Danielle Demers Padgett Cheolho Kang 6 Copyright © 2018 by ASME

- 6 - Reviewers

12TH INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE CONFERENCE IPC 2018

All papers contained in this Book of Abstracts have been reviewed by one or more people on this list. REVIEWERS (continued) Other reviewers include members of the IPC Organizing Committee, the Technical Committee, SessionChairs, and industry professionals. Dean Millis Edmilson Silva Garry Matocha Jarrett Kacur Deborah Price Eric Sims Gordon Fredine Jason Smith Debra Tetteh-Wayoe Eliceo Sosa Hernandez Graham Goodfellow Jeff Barry Sameir Deif Fabien Ravet Grant Cirka Jan Bracic Deli Yu Frank Dauby Thomas H. Greaves Jake Haase Dennis Johnston Fahmy Haggag Greg Morris Jennifer Dowdle Dennis Zadery Fan Zhang Gregory VanBoven Jon Van Reet Xiande (Derek) Chen farhad davaripour Greg Zinter Jeffrey Keaton Derrick Sarafinchan Fateh Fazeli Greg Shere Jiajun (Jeff) Liang Thomas Dessein Felix Oltean Guttorm Grytøyr Jeffrey Sutherland Dharma Wijewickreme D. Fernanda Rueda Gustavo Bodstein Jeffrey Lachey Doug. G. Ivey Fernando Silva Guy Desjardins Jennifer Klementis D.G. Ivey António Montalvão Gery Wilkowski Jesse Mitchell David Warman Flurin Mattia Könz Hisakazu Tajika Jim Gianetto Doug McFarlane Fletcher Evans Haroun Mahgerefteh Jeremy Groves Don Wilson Francis Carroll Henryk Pisarski Justin Harkrader Don Fentie Francisco Barrera Hammad Virk Jiang LiuYi Doug Dewar Francois Ayello Han Wu Jidong Kang Douglas Langer Frank Lin C.H.M. Simha James Hart Doug Fisher Frank Sander Harry Hopkins Jim Henderson Douglas Robertson Fred Myschuk Harvey Haines James Keiler Douglas Alves Fred Young Hassan Tayyab Jim Kenny Drum Cavers Frode Nygård Heather Breitenbach Jim Oswell Duane Degeer Gianluca Mannucci Harold Kleeman Jim Short Tianzong (David) Xu Garry Sommer Hans Petter Rønningsen James Mihell Dylan Davis Gary Anderson Huang Tang Jim Stacer Dan Zulkoski Gary Senior Luc Huyse Jing Ma Fang Yuan Gaurav Maniyar Honggang Zhou Juan José Trujillo Tadeo Ehsan Shahidi Gaute Gruben Iain Colquhoun Jeffrey Kobs Ehsan Shahidi Gustavo H. B. Donato Ian Turnbull Jeremiah Konell Elke Muthmann Geoffrey N. Eichhorn Deanna Burgart Juan Martinez Emils Muehlenbachs Geoff Foreman Ingrid Pederson Jason Reier Emma Perez Gerald Ferris Ian Stallman Joanna Nicholas Enrique Assis Giancarlo Milano Iain Richardson Joe Paviglianiti Eric Pozniak Gianni Larice Ivan Mykula Joel Lavers Eric Willett Gildasio Santos Junji Shimamura Joel Prochaska Erin Doerffer Geoff Leach James Ferguson Joel Falk Erling Ostby Gordon Meyer Jan Hayes John Beavers Ernest Kwok Guillaume Michal Jane Dawson John Bomba P.E.

- 7 - Reviewers

12TH INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE CONFERENCE IPC 2018

REVIEWERS (continued)

John Godfrey Kimberly Hauer Marion Erdelen-Peppler Miaad Safari Robin Gordon Jong Hyoung Kim Maher Nessim Chengliang Miao John Masakhwe Keijo Kinnari Mark Neuert Mike Acton John Munro Kjell Magne Askvik Mark Stephens Michael Chen John Yurchevich Katherine Johnston Michael Turnquist Michael Rosenfeld John van Pol Bin Xu Alan Murray Michael Snow Jonathan Wharf Knud Lunde Madhumanti Mandal Michael Whitehouse Jonathan Burgart Konstantinos Dimitriadis Markram Sabbagh Michael Martens Joseph Bratton Kristoffer Aronsen Marcus LeRoy Michelle Havlock Joseph Hlady Kristoffer Karvinen Marc Maes Michiel P. Brongers Joshua Spencer Kunio Hasegawa Maria Araujo Mike Kirkwood Josh Arnold Lars Magne Haldorsen Marie Quintana Mike Paulin Joshua Duell Lance Shepherd Marieli Romero Mike Reed Joshua Houghton Lane Robbins Mario Macia Mike Thorne Joshua Johnson Larry Heise Mark Fuglem Milan Saric Jean Pascal Iannacone Lawrence Matta Mark Graves Millan Sen Jerry Rau Laurie Collins MARK MCDOUGALL Minh Ho Jason Skow Leif Collberg Mark Twyver Matthew Lato Julia Race Leigh Gendron Mark Nixon Mark Leir Jullian Hallai Leijun Li Mark Sadowski Ming Liu Junaid Zafar Len LeBlanc Martin Di Blasi Modusser Tufail Junfang Lu Leo Yang Martin Suen Moe Meschian Justin Collyer Les Miskolzie Martin Belanger Mohamed Chebaro Justin Gossard Lesley Matthews Mary Banack Mohammad Al-Amin Justin Monroe Lichun Zhang Marzie Derakhshesh Mona Abdolrazaghi Justin Sauers Lindsay Howell Marziyeh Keshavarz Monica Porter Jack van schenck Renwei Liu Matt Smith Morris Burch Kamal Botros Shengli liu Matthew Yackulic Mark Piazza Karl Blank Weidong Li Matt Yarmuch Michael Plishka Mohammad Katebi Liz Rutherford Matthew Ellinger Markus Dann Kathy Zhang Lorena Cala-Phillips Matthew Henderson Mitchell Grams Kerry Checkwitch Lorenzo Reese Maury Porter Matthew Krieg Ken Chrisman Lydia Ruiz Max Kieba Michael Smith Kendra Nichol Lucinda Smart Marc-Andre Brideau Majid Tanbakuei Kashani Kenneth Lee Luis Torres Melissa Miller Mo Uddin Kent Wirth Luke Ludwig Martin Devonald Muhammad Arafin Khajornkai Kitisiri Lyndon Lamborn Melissa Gould Muhammad Rashid Kieran Kavanagh Massimo Di Biagio Matthew Green Munendra Tomar

- 8 - Reviewers

12TH INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE CONFERENCE IPC 2018

REVIEWERS (continued)

Michelle Unger Peter Hayward Richard Ung Sabrin Zayed Muntaseer Kainat Peter Song Richard Kania Samah Hasan Martin Zaleski Peter Tanchak Richard McGregor Satya Mokamati Nabin Sharma Peter Chan Rick Barlow Stuart Saulters Nader Noroozi Patrick Grace Rick Wang Stefan Balatchev Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi Prakash Gunasekaran Dmitrii Ringinen Sheri Baucom Natasha Foy Philip Beck Moness Rizkalla Don Scott Nathan Maron Philip Hopkins Richard Mark Sean Keane Nathan Weigl Philip Martin Richard McNealy Sean Lepine Negar van Schalkwyk Philippa Moore Bob Huntley Sepideh Rajaeirad Neil Bates Phillip Nidd Robert MacKenzie Sergio Limon Neil Bolger Pedro Jaya Robert Zmud Simon Fung Neil Jacksomn Prabhu Mishra Robert Gordon Sadana Dilrukshi Neil Popplewell Perry Sisk Robert Thom Shahani Kariyawasam Neil Stewart Philip Stemler Robert Lazor Shane Finneran Nelson Tonui Peter Veloo Robin Clysdale Shane P. Siebenaler Nikki Nguyen Qishi Chen Rod Trefanenko Shane Tulik Nang Hun Qingbin Li Rod McConnell Shane Kelly Nicholas Roberts R. Philip Cleaver Rodney Clayton Shannon Krochenski Nikki Nguyen Felipe B. De F. Rachid Rodrigo Patricio Shannon Phillips Nima Tajallipour Rafael Rengifo Roger Lim Shanshan Wu Nitin Bhat Rajanpaul Lalli Te-Chun (Roger) Wu Shawn Kenny Noman Rasool Ray Philipenko Rolf Matsson Shawn Learn Noorallah Rostamy Ron Burdylo Ronald Koers Shenwei Zhang Norense Okungbowa Rick Desaulniers Ron Peters Sherif Hassanien Nicole-Lee Robertson Rhett Dotson Rory Belanger Shiva Eslami Owen Burdek Chowdhury Mohammed Rory Guicheteau Shree Krishna Pamela Moreno Refaul Ferdous Brian Rothwell Sylvester Agbo Patricia Brost Robert Eiber Rick Rodman SIHAM HJIEJ Paul Baril Reina Hasumi Rodney S. Read Simon Gant Paul Beeler Renan Baptista Ryan Louie Simon Hsu Paul Spielbauer Reza Dehghan Ryan Louie Sladjana Popovic Paul Woollin Richard Gailing Ryan Phillips Sue Longo Paul Ferguson Rob Griffith Ryan Dolan Soheila Karimi Pete Barlow Richard Carter Satoshi Igi Sondre Loken Peter Boothby Richard Espiner Smitha Koduru Sudarshan Singh Pablo Cazenave Richard Fletcher Steven Palkovic Sandro Ramos Peter Han Richard Guthrie Susannah Turner Scott Riccardella

- 9 - Reviewers

12TH INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE CONFERENCE IPC 2018

REVIEWERS (continued)

Steve Parker Tom Zimmerman Yunior Hioe Stephen Westwood Tommy Mikalson Yingchun Chen Stephen Wood Wes Tonkins Yogin Gajjar Steve Cao Anthony Payoe Yoshikazu Tanaka Steve Adam Tran Mah-Paulson Yoko Nakazato Stephen Gromack Trent Brown Qing Yuan Steven Bott Trevor Place Yue Cheng Steven Cooreman Trevor Pollock Yvanna Ireland Steven Polasik Anthony Rice Yong-Yi Wang Steven Roach Terence Thorn Zaida Rojas Steven Textor V. B. Rajan Jun Zhang Stijn Hertelé Valery Lacroix Yixiang Zhang Sanjay Tiku Vicky Chan Zhan Li Stuart Guest Victor Cabrejo Zhenjin Zhu Su Xu Vignesh Shankar Zhigang (Will) Tian Syed J. Haider Vincent Keim Lili Zuo Shaye Zhang Vishnu Pooviah Xingyuan Zhou Tetsuya Tagawa Ramani Gidugu Tom Jones Vlado Semiga Tamara Serediak Wuchang Wang Tamara Bews Yufei WAN Tara McMahan Bohong Wang Thomas Beuker Weixing Chen Te Ma Will Hansen Terry DeLong Willem Vos Terry Huang Brian Holtsbaum Terry Mueller Wei Xiang Thamar Mora Wenxing Zhou Tom Bubenik Xin Wang Thomas Hennig Xin Zhang Tim Gurr Xian-Kui Zhu Tim Li Yannick Beauregard Timothy Weeks Yanping Li Ting Yu Yasuhito Imai Timur Ismagilov Jing Gong Tod Barker Yemi Oluwadimu

- 10 - Contents

WELCOME LETTER...... 5

REVIEWERS...... 6

AWARDS...... 12

TECHNICAL TRACKS...... 14

SPECIAL SESSIONS...... 122

- 11 - Award

CALGARY BEST PAPER

TRACK 3 PIPELINE AND FACILITIES INTEGRITY 3-2 3-2-1B Corrosion and Environmental Cracking I (includes 2017 Rio Best Paper)

Technical Session 25 Sep 2018 15:30:00 17:00:00 MacLeod Hall C Telus

IBP2374_17 EVALUATION OF NON-INTRUSIVE SYSTEMS FOR INTERNAL CORROSION MONITORING Victor G. Silva1, Gustavo L. Vaz2, Pedro A. Ferreira3, Anna Ramus 4, Neusvaldo L. de Almeida5

Abstract:

Internal corrosion is one of the major problems affecting the integrity of pipelines and process equipment. For this reason, the internal corrosion monitoring becomes essential to anticipate eventual problems and select the most appropriate strategy to mitigate the corrosive process. Due to the problems related to the cost, logistics and safety inherent to coupon and electric resistance (ER) probe retrieving, it is very important to seek alternatives to the current methods, in order to optimize the monitoring tasks. The use of non-intrusive equipment (NIE) to monitor internal corrosion is an alternative that aims to optimize this step, as well as NIE has easy installation and maintenance, higher data reliability and faster results. These systems consist of estimating the trend of the corrosion rate through devices installed on the external side of pipelines without the need of access fittings, unlike conventional techniques. The great advantage of using this technique is the absence of interventions for components retrieving, minimizing operational risks. To evaluate such equipment, tests were carried out under dynamic conditions, varying the fluid characteristics in order to verify the speed of response of some commercial devices, always comparing them to conventional methods (coupon and ER probe). The results showed that the trend of measured corrosion rate obtained by NIE converged with corrosion coupons and ER probe data

- 12 - Award

ASME PIPELINE SYSTEMS DIVISION BEST PAPER AWARD

(The Rio Pipeline Award) The IPC 2018 will carry the tradition started in 2002, when the Pipeline Systems Division (PSD) introduced the Rio Pipeline Award to honour the best paper presented at the International Pipeline Conference (IPC). Selected from among all papers presented during the IPC 2016 technical Sessions, the winner shall receive the Rio Pipeline Award at the final luncheon of the Conference on Friday September 28, 2018.

Apart from gaining recognition of having authored the best paper, the PSD has agreed to provide airfare and expenses for the winning author to present his/her paper at the Rio Pipeline Conference & Exposition sponsored by the Brazilian Petroleum Institute (IBP) in Rio de Janeiro in Fall 2017.

THE CALGARY PIPELINE AWARD

IBP and IPC have a reciprocal arrangement and the best paper (and winner of the Calgary Award) at IBP 2015 in Rio was authored by Daniella R. Pissanti, Filipe Kroeff, Luciano M. Santana, Alter D. da Costa, Luis F. Kanan, Fabiano Mattei, Giovani Dalpiaz, Telmo R. Strohaecker, and Mariana Chludzinski.

Their paper, entitled “Development of a Friction Welding Machine for Pipes with Rotatory Ring and Evaluation of a Stainless Steel Duplex UNS32205 Pipe Weld Joint” will be presented by Daniela R. Pissanti at 1:30 PM on Thursday September 27, 2018.

Abstract The Oil and Gas industry needs efficient and economical transportation of their products. In this context, transport through pipeline is a viable and effective alternative. A concern for the pipeline construction is the union of the pipe segments by arc welding, because it may decrease mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Friction welding is a method of joining metals in which there is no fusion of them, providing less microstructural modification and better mechanical and corrosion properties. A type of friction welding of pipes is performed by rotating an intermediate ring between two pipes which are forced against the ring. This friction generated by the contact is responsible for generation of heat, which together with the pressure of the pipe against the ring, promotes the joining of components. In the present study, friction welding of Duplex Stainless Steel UNS 32205 pipes was performed. Three welds were executed to analyze the quality of the weld and the repeatability of the process. Tensile and hardness tests, phases proportion and the presence of intermetallic compounds were analyzed. All tests performed attended the international standards and were not observed any feature could compromise the weld quality. Thus, it is possible to imply that the friction welding is a viable alternative for pipeline construction with advanced materials such as Duplex Stainless Steel.

- 13 - Technical Tracks

TRACK 1 PIPELINE SAFETY system practitioners, including outlining The choice between a prescriptive and a MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS example behaviours at target level performance performance-based competency standard is and proficiency, and supported by a defined discussed, and it is shown that the choice is body of knowledge. affected by the level of the competence, the TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 25 complexity of the competence, the This paper describes the Management System homogeneity of the industry, and the 1-1 Competency Model, including how it can be government regulator’s resources and COMPETENCY used to create a position-specific development capabilities to police the standard. 1-1-1 program for application within various COMPETENCY organizations. This research establishes a basis The paper explains that qualifications must be Telus, Telus MacLeod E1 10:30am - 12:00pm for the creation of a practical, systematic and ‘portable’: as individuals move jobs, the Session Chair: Phillip Nidd, Dynamic Risk USA, easy to use development road map for qualifications they obtain need to be Inc., The Woodlands, TX, United States individuals and organizations who use or recognized by all companies. Portability is 10:30am Management System Competency leverage a management system. achieved by having the qualification ‘certified.’ This certification is conducted by an Model and Development Program 11:00am Competency Standards For The independent body, which certifies that the Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78148 Pipeline Industry processes followed (including any assessments) Lynn Sikorski, Kaleidoscope Performance Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78477 meet the requirements of the competency Consulting Ltd, Calgary, AB, Canada, Laura Michelle Unger, ROSEN, Newcastle, United standard, and that the assessment and the Zaleschuk, Mark Jean, Applied4sight Ltd, Kingdom, Philip Hopkins, Phil Hopkins Ltd, award of the qualification have been audited Calgary, AB, Canada Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom and verified. Hence, a qualification is a two-step The pipeline industry continues to look for ways Pipeline standards and regulations explicitly process: award and certification. to improve its compliance and performance. require personnel to be both competent and 11:30am Achieving and demonstrating Management systems have increased qualified to work on pipelines, but they neither pipeline engineering capability ‘ the role of prevalence in the pipeline industry, with define competent or qualified, nor provide competency standards, and their use for recognition that carefully designed and methods or processes to demonstrate qualifications and registration. well-implemented management systems are competence and qualifications. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78321 the fundamental method that should be used to keep people safe, protect the environment and This paper defines competence and Chris Harvey, Chris Harvey Consulting, NSW, align organizational activities. qualification and introduces and describes NSWQ, Australia ‘competency standards.’ These standards are There is increasing pressure on the pipeline Experience has shown significantly better used to assess the competence of an individual industry to be able to demonstrate that its asset success rates with management system and are an integral part of the process to qualify management and engineering capability implementation, both in terms of the quality and individuals as being competent. Individuals are management are at a satisfactory level. This is speed, when the person responsible for the proven to be qualified in a competency if they needed to give policymakers, regulators and design, implementation and sustainment of the are successfully assessed against these industry stakeholders confidence about the management system has an integrated set of standards. safety and environmental sustainability of technical and enabling competencies. However, petroleum pipelines. there is currently no standardized competency The paper recommends the contents of a model that can be used to support a competency standard: the standard should Regulators, in particular, are seeking assurance Management Systems Professional’s clearly state its purpose and outcomes, and from pipeline owner/operators that they have specialized knowledge and skills. The paper detail the knowledge, training, mentoring, and capable pipeline engineers designing, outlines the competencies needed by experience requirements, as well as an constructing, operating and maintaining individuals to be effective in the design, assessment method. Examples of these petroleum pipelines. At present, there are no implementation, measurement and evaluation standards are presented, showing how generally accepted approaches to recognising of management systems. competency standards provide a common and developing pipeline engineering capability. definition of a competence and showing how Applying a ‘whole-person’ perspective, the competencies can be assessed against these The paper will discuss three levels of capability model includes business, relational and standards. A case study of an assessment of an recognition as: (1) registration ‘ as pipeline technical competencies that contribute to individual is also detailed. engineers (not just in mechanical, civil or performance excellence for management chemical engineers (overall standing level) ‘ (2)

- 14 - Technical Tracks

qualification (sub-discipline/job level) and (3) and be used to design in-house training and and provincial levels. competency (task level). The most granular and development plans. useful of these is competency. This is because Despite historical commitments to conceptual it is at the level that is most immediate: the task 1-2 models fostering cooperation between at hand. REGULATORY regulators and regulated entities, recent trends 1-2-1 in the United States signify a departure from Competency, the combination of knowledge REGULATORY performance or outcome-based regulation and experience that leads to expertise, is toward a more prescriptive approach. Pipelines Telus, Telus MacLeod E1 1:30pm - 5:00pm increasingly seen as the best practice basis for remain the safest method of transporting oil Session Chair: Iain Colquhoun, National learning, particularly for professionals. and natural gas.1 However, when pipeline Energy Board, Calgary, AB, Canada Significantly, once competencies have been incidents do occur, the consequences can be defined in competency standards, they can 1:30pm Special Permits, Waivers, and Other catastrophic and are often well publicized. become the building blocks used to define the Technology Requests - A Review of Requests Federal and state regulators are under requirements for both registration and that Fall Outside of Codified Rules increased pressure in the aftermath of qualification. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78549 high-profile incidents to assuage the concerns Kenneth Lee, USDOT PHMSA, Vienna, VA, of legislators and the public at large. The Australian Pipelines and Gas Association United States, Buddy Secor, USDOT PHMSA, (APGA) has developed a comprehensive This paper generally compares various Stafford, VA, United States competency system for both onshore and regulatory models and the relative benefits and offshore sectors. There are 226 onshore The United States Department of drawbacks of each. A more in-depth review of competency standards and 57 offshore Transportation (USDOT), Pipeline and regulatory changes in the United States is competency standards describing, in a succinct Hazardous Materials Safety Administration examined, to analyze the potential intended format, what is required to be competent. (PHMSA), Office of Pipeline Safety recognizes and unintended consequences of the move there may be technologies and advancements towards more prescriptive pipeline safety The succinct format of the competency not currently allowed by the federal regulations regulations. standards avoids the pitfalls of many other that can improve safety, and has processes to 2:30pm Is Public Safety Impacted by the systems of competency description, providing allow such technologies and advancements. Multiple Regulatory Regimes for Gas enough information to be clear about what is These processes include Special Permits, State Pipelines and Networks’ required without unnecessary complexity. In Waivers, and Other Technology Notifications. IPC2018-78160 addition to the detailed competency standards, This paper describes observations and trends Technical Paper Publication. the competency system has tools, resources related to PHMSA’s accumulated data from the Jan Hayes, RMIT University, Melbourne, and a progressive rating scale that make last few decades, and includes a summary of Victoria, Australia, Lynne Chester, Dolruedee competency standards accessible and easily new technologies and innovative solutions that Kramnaimuang King, University of Sydney, used. The competency system is characterized are not currently covered in codified standards Sydney, NSW, Australia by such flexibility that to date APGA has or regulations. Gas pipelines and networks are subject to identified 15 applications, all of which will add 2:00pm Is the Push for More Prescriptive multiple regulatory governance arrangements. value to engineers and companies that employ Regulation Making Us Less Safe’ One regime is economic regulation which is them. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78151 designed to ensure fair access to gas markets and emulate the price pressures of competition The paper will explain, in detail, APGA’s Charlene Wright, Wright & Associates PLLC, in a sector dominated by a few companies. Pipeline Engineer Competency System, how it Houston, TX, United States, Mark Jean, Another regime is technical regulation which is works and how it can provide the building Applied4sight Ltd, Calgary, AB, Canada blocks for a wide range of tasks that support designed to ensure pipeline system integrity is the training, development and recognition of Current pipeline regulations in North America sufficient for the purposes of public safety, pipeline engineers’ capabilities, including have changed significantly over the past environmental protection and physical security defining the requirements for registration and several decades and will continue to change as of supply. As was highlighted in analysis of the qualification. public and regulatory scrutiny intensifies and San Bruno pipeline failure, these two regulatory new industry standards are developed (i.e., API regimes have substantially different orientations The paper will provide case studies, based RP 1173). As regulators assess the approach to towards expenditure on things such as around the APGA Competency System, take, they are increasingly looking at what other maintenance and inspection which ultimately showing how it can be used to create regulators are doing in their respective impact public safety. requirements for qualifications and registration jurisdictions, including those at federal, state

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Drawing on more than 50 interviews, document Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78240 Number (RPN), which is a product of severity, review and case studies of specific price Bushra Waheed, BC Oil and Gas Commission, occurrence and action. An effective integrity determinations, we have investigated the Kelowna, BC, Canada, Brodie Couch, Hassan management program requires a strong safety extent to which these two regulatory regimes Iqbal, The University of British Columbia, culture, therefore, safety culture aspects are as enacted in Australia may conflict, and Kelowna, BC, Canada, Eddie Lee, The incorporated into the risk based auditing tool, particularly whether economic regulation University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, IMPAKT. This risk based evaluation process influences long-term public safety outcomes. Canada, Gouri Bhuyan, BC Oil and Gas also allows the Commission to develop a We also draw on a comparison with how similar Commission, Kelowna, BC, Canada compliance benchmark to make comparison regulatory requirements are enacted in the between different operators’ IMP results for United Kingdom (UK). Integrity Management Program (IMP) is a continuous performance improvement. systematic and documented program for This paper presents the innovative approach Analysis shows that the overall orientation assuring asset integrity throughout the full life developed and implemented by the towards risk varies between the two regimes. cycle of an asset. To ensure safe and reliable Commission for the IMP compliance The technical regulatory regime is a typical operation, the British Columbia Oil and Gas oversight (auditing) process and implication of goal-setting style of risk governance with an Commission (Commission) has been requiring such changes. overarching requirement that ‘reasonably its licensed pipeline operators through its

practicable’ measures are put in place to regulations to develop and implement pipeline minimize risk to the public. In contrast, the integrity management programs (IMPs) in WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 26 incentive-based economic regulatory regime accordance with Canadian Industry Standard 1-3 requires that expenditure should be ‘efficient’ to CSA Z662. The auditing process, the collated RISK-BASED/INFORMED DECISION MAKING warrant inclusion in the determination of results and findings from the IMP audit years 1-3-1 acceptable charges to customers. How safety is (2011-15) were published in IPC 2016-64161[1]. RISK-BASED/INFORMED DECISION MAKING considered within this remains an open Telus, Telus MacLeod E1 8:30am - 10:00am question. Since 2016, the Commission has enhanced its IMP compliance assurance process, and Session Chair: Erin Doerffer, Det Norske Best practice in performance-based safety aligned it with the management system Veritas ( Canada ) Ltd., Calgary, AB, Canada regimes such as those used in the UK and approach using Deming’s model of plan-do- 8:30am Integrity Risk-Informed Decision Australia require that regulators adopt an check-act (PDCA) for IMP components and Making attitude towards companies based on the incorporated a lifecycle approach that spans Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78149 principle of ‘trust but verify’ as, generally the entire lifecycle of a pipeline system from Sherif Hassanien, Enbridge, Liquids Pipelines, speaking, all parties aim for the common goal planning to abandonment. In addition, the Edmonton, AB, Canada, Douglas Langer, of no accidents. Equally, in jurisdictions that Commission has adopted a multi-criteria Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Mona favor prescriptive safety requirements such as decision-making approach when prioritizing Abdolrazaghi, Enbridge Pipelines Inc., the United States (US) the common goal which operators to audit. This method utilizes Edmonton, AB, Canada remains. In contrast, stakeholders in the weighted rank approach and takes into account economic regulatory regime have significantly multiple factors, such as, previous IMP audit Over the last three decades, safety-critical diverse interests; companies seek to maximize results, pipeline length and product, class industries (e.g. Nuclear, Aviation) have their individual financial returns and regulators location, incident frequency, and asset age. witnessed an evolution from risk-based to seek to exert downward price pressures. We Through collaborative efforts with the risk-informed safety management approaches, argue that these differences in the two University of British Columbia (Okanagan), an in which quantitative risk assessment is only regulatory regimes are significant for the innovative risk based audit tool ‘ Integrity one component of the decision making management of public safety risk and Management Program Audit and Knowledge process. While the oil and gas pipeline industry conclude that minimizing risk to the public Tool (IMPAKT) has been developed to help has recently made several advancements from a major pipeline failure would be better evaluate the compliance of operators’ IMP in towards safety management processes, their served by the economic regulatory regime’s terms of the management system approach and safety performance may still be seen to fall separate consideration of safety-related from its associated risk. This tool conducts three- below the expected level achieved by other other expenditure and informed by the dimensional analysis of IMP performance using safety-critical industries. The intent of this technical regulator’s view of safety. the failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) paper is to focus on the safety decision making technique and allows the Commission to 3:00pm Compliance Oversight Of Operators process within pipeline integrity management generate a risk profile for each IMP component Imp Program For Pipelines ‘ A Risk Based systems. Pipeline integrity rules, routines, and to determine which components are most Evaluation Approach Incorporating Safety procedures are commonly based on regulatory critical, requiring immediate attention. The final Culture requirements, industry best practices, and audit results are presented as a Risk Priority

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engineering experience; where they form compliance and improved reputation. In reality, Quality Is Improving’ ‘programmed’ decisions. Non-programmed such processes are interpreted differently all Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78407 safety and business decisions are unique and over the world, and the workflows that make up Justin R. Papp, Enbridge, Edmonton, Alberta, ‘usually’ unstructured, where solutions are these processes are often defined by individual AB, Canada, William H. Forbes, Matthew A. R. worked out as problems arise. Non- engineers and experts. An excellent example of Yarmuch, Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, Canada programmed decision making requires more this is Risk Assessment, where significant local activities towards defining decision alternatives variations in data sources, threat sources and We have all dealt with performance metrics in and mutual adjustment by stakeholders in order other data elements, require the business to the pipeline industry. How do we measure to reach an optimal decision. Theoretically, tailor its activities and models used. operational excellence’ Are we prioritizing the operators are expected to be at a maturity level right corrective actions’ Are our existing metrics where programmed decisions are ready for Successful risk management is about enabling fair and driving the right behaviors’ Will they most, if not all, of their operational problems. transparent decision-making through clearly recognize success and actually show us and However, such expectations might only cover defined process-steps, but in practice it our clients that we are improving’ certain types of threats and integrity situations. requires maintaining a degree of flexibility to This paper describes how Enbridge Major Herein, a formal framework for non- tailor the process to the specific organizational Projects measures and knows our Quality is programmed integrity decisions is introduced. needs. In this paper, we introduce common improving; how we prioritize, focus, and monitor Two common decision making frameworks; building blocks that have been identified to Quality improvement. namely, risk-based and risk-informed are briefly make up a Risk Assessment process and discussed. In addition, the paper reviews the further examine how these blocks can be Using our roadmap, your organization can recent advances in nuclear industry in terms of connected to fulfill the needs of multiple transform existing data streams from decision making, introduces a combined stakeholders, including data administrators, anecdotal to well established facts that technical and management decision making integrity engineers and regulators. Moving produce actionable results and drive process called integrity risk-informed decision from a broader Business Process view to a business objectives. making (IRIDM), and presents a guideline for more focused Integrity Management view, this paper will demonstrate how to formalize Risk making integrity decisions. To reach this outcome, Enbridge Major Projects Assessment processes by describing the 9:00am Formalizing Integrity Management quickly matured our Quality Culture by activities, steps and deliverables of each using Workflows: Towards Integrity Process leveraging our strong Safety Culture and habits. Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) Modelling On our journey to meaningful overall Quality as the standard modeling technique and metrics, Enbridge built a foundation through Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78512 extending it with an integrity-specific notation non-punitive incident reporting using incident Alejandro Reyes, Otto Huisman, ROSEN we have called Integrity Modelling Language resolution tools and a Cost of Quality model. Group, Lingen, Ems, Germany or IML. Cost of Quality models can be designed and Workflows are the fundamental building blocks It is shown that flexible modelling of integrity executed in a variety of ways. This paper will of business processes in any organization processes based on existing standards and focus on applying a model specifically suited today. These workflows have attributes and best practices is possible within a structured for pipeline construction and operational outputs that make up various Operational, approach; one which guides users and provides activities. Key topics to be addressed include: Management and Supporting processes, which a transparent and auditable process inside the in turn produce a specific outcome in the form organization and beyond, based on ‘ basic common principles of an overall Cost of of business value. Risk Assessment and Direct commonalities defined by best practice Quality model, Assessment are examples of such processes; guidelines, such as ISO 55000. they define the individual tasks integrity ‘ various data collection methods to suit the engineers should carry out. model’s design, and THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER, 27 According to ISO 55000, achieving excellence ‘ how a Documented Defects Quality cost 1-4 in Asset Management requires clearly defined model allows Enbridge to identify, prioritize, INDUSTRY/PIPELINE PERFORMANCE objectives, transparent and consistent decision and monitor Quality improvements focused on 1-4-1A making, as well as a long-term strategic view. preventing recurrence and occurrence of INDUSTRY/PIPELINE PERFORMANCE Specifically, it recommends well-defined Quality issues. policies and procedures (processes) to bring Telus, Telus MacLeod E3 8:30am - 10:00am about performance and cost improvements, Session Chair: Danielle Demers, Danielle Examples will be provided for common improved risk management, business growth Demers Consulting, Calagry, AB, Canada pipeline applications, including valves, pipe, and other commodities and services. This and enhanced stakeholder confidence through 8:30am How Do We (Actually) Know Our

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approach has enabled Enbridge Major This paper describes a comprehensive Safety In August of 2015, CEPA established a Projects to prioritize improvement actions and Culture Maturity Model created to review an partnership with SPAN Consulting (SPAN) to meet business objectives. organization’s management system and address these challenges through its software existing safety culture assessment approaches as a service (SaaS) offering called Octane’. Applying a Cost of Quality model will enhance to aid in the development of a suite of safety your operational excellence and greater culture indictors. These indicators facilitate This paper will review how CEPA designed and adoption would provide the foundation for organizational implementation of an continuous implemented a technical, web-based solution industry-wide Quality performance metrics that monitoring approach for ongoing safety culture to enable an efficient, effective and transparent will recognize success and validate that Quality assessment and continual improvement. Integrity First with transformative impact. is improving in the pipeline industry. Specifically, through the use of this technology, 9:30am Accelerating Industry Performance there are now stronger communities of practice 9:00am Safety Culture Assessment & through Collaborative Continual across industry with increased focus and effort Continuous Monitoring Approach Improvement on the opportunities to improve through Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78150 Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78285 real-time self-serve access to industry’s overall Laura Zaleschuk, Mark Jean, Applied4sight Coral Lukaniuk, Canadian Energy Pipeline benchmarked performance, leadership and Ltd, Calgary, AB, Canada Association (CEPA), Calgary, AB, Canada, leading practices. CEPA’s commitment to Safety culture is not a new concept, with origins Christopher Coupal, Span Consulting, Calgary, enabling Integrity First is resulting in better dating back to 1986, and the Chernobyl nuclear AB, Canada adoption and improved performance.

disaster. The recognition of Safety Culture CEPA Integrity First® (Integrity First), led by the 1-4 influence on incidents has been growing, with Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA) INDUSTRY/PIPELINE PERFORMANCE gaps in safety culture having been cited as a and a condition of membership, acts as a 1-4-1B major contributory factor to recent failures in foundation for continual improvement, bringing INDUSTRY/PIPELINE PERFORMANCE the oil and gas industry including Piper Alpha our members together to share and implement event nearly a quarter of a century ago, and leading practices in the areas of safety, Telus, Telus MacLeod E3 10:30am - 12:00pm was most recently identified as a causal factor environment and socio-economics. Integrity 10:30am Asset Integrity Management in the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster. First includes three principles and ten priority System Audits For The National Gas areas (such as emergency management, Company Of Trinidad and Tobago Many different approaches have been pipeline integrity and water protection) where developed to measure and assess Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78632 members collaborate, share leading practices organizational attitudes and behaviours, Michiel P. Brongers, Steven J. Weichel, DNV and hold each other accountable. with the goal of improving safety culture. GL USA, Inc., Dublin, OH, United States, Rafer Mohammed, National Gas Company of Traditional approaches for measurement have Integrity First is a management systems Trinidad and Tobago, Ltd., Port-of-Spain, focussed on: questionnaires/surveys; approach designed by CEPA members for Trinidad And Tobago, Amanda Kissoon, interviews; observations; focus groups; and industry to achieve collaborative continual Ministry of Energy & Energy Industries, San document analysis. improvement. It supports the collective setting Fernando, Trinidad And Tobago of priorities, plans, assessments and While these approaches have provided, improvements. valuable information regarding safety culture, In 2015 and 2017, Asset Integrity Management (AIM) System Audits were performed of a more progressive approaches are being While spreadsheets enabled the first rounds of natural gas transmission and distribution considered by leading companies. The assessments, CEPA required a solution that company. The AIM systems were evaluated as establishment of Safety Culture Indicators and engaged multiple stakeholders over a complex part of a National Facilities Audit (NFA) for the continuous monitoring is becoming more timeline, coordinated activities clearly and T&T Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries prevalent, leveraging the management systems precisely, while keeping the process (MEEI) and for the company directly. To allow that companies have in place to help manage transparent and efficient. The information comparison with the NFA performed for the their increasingly complex operating generated is sensitive, so it must be kept MEEI, the audit protocol and methodology used environments. Regulators have recognized this secure while still being available for the same scoring system and benchmarking in too, and are beginning to reference continuous aggregation, reporting and reference. It needed both cases. This paper presents the results, monitoring as an additional approach to be to house communication tools so members divided as Notable Mentions and Opportunities included in a company’s toolbox for assessing could easily pull information and lastly, it for Improvement for the company. The findings safety culture. needed to be easy to use. are discussed in light of the national oil & gas

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industry in Trinidad and Tobago, and the required to have key performance indicators; allowable operating pressures, temperature long-term vision and efforts of the company to setting and exceeding risk targets would and pressure cycling. The OCA acts as a check improve their AIM performance. appear to be a good indicator of their success. by considering the hazards and risks associated The paper concludes by examining whether with the proposed change to operational 11:00am Are Pipelines Being Held to an such programs twenty years after their formal parameters, and then identifies whether or not Unreasonably High Standard of introduction into the North American pipeline the current integrity plan for that asset is Performance’ regulations are in fact reducing risk to a sufficient for the proposed operation, and if Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78744 satisfactory level ‘ whatever that level may be. ALARP is still achieved based on the Safety Alan Murray, Principia Consulting Inc., Calgary, Case assessment. Where the integrity plan is AB, Canada 1-5 not sufficient, actions are identified and put into PIPELINE SAFETY/INTEGRITY The media and sections of the public have place as required. The assessment also considers alignment to set integrity shown recently an acute interest in Pipeline 1-5-1 performance metrics including reliability targets operational performance, incident statistics in PIPELINE SAFETY/INTEGRITY particular. Published data for North America such as probability of failure, and deterministic Telus, Telus MacLeod E3 1:30pm - 3:00pm shows that 99.999% of crude oil and petroleum targets which are used to confirm the Safety products shipped by pipelines reach their Session Chair: Max Kieba, US DOT PHMSA, Case status. destination safely. Some pipeline operators Washington, DC, United States This paper details the operational change claim even better performance, 99.9996 % 1:30pm Operational Change Assessments - assessment process, and discusses the being one example. However, should failing to A Proactive Approach to Managing benefits where the process was used. deliver 4 barrels of product for every million Pipeline Integrity shipped be a legitimate cause for concern’ If Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78585 2:00pm Are Integrity Management Programs Making A Difference’ not how about the more general case of 1 per Kelsey Fernuik, Sean Keane, Saheed Akonko, one hundred thousand’ Omer Jomha, Wayne Limming, Enbridge Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78597 Pipelines Inc, Edmonton, AB, Canada Joe Paviglianiti, Tijani Elabor, National Energy Is pipeline performance being singled out Board, Calgary, AB, Canada, Alan Murray, unreasonably when compared to other threats This paper presents an operational change Principia Consulting Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada to public and environmental well being such as assessment (OCA) approach used by Enbridge medical malpractice’ Evidence from Canada to assess proposed changes to operational As a result of numerous stress corrosion and elsewhere, indicates that, during their parameters. This approach identifies risks cracking incidents in the 1980s and early 1990 hospital stay, an appreciable number of associated with a proposed change, and the National Energy Board (NEB) held an patients, one in every 18, experience adverse ensures the safety of the system is not Inquiry1 in 1995 on the SCC failure mechanism events, such as medication error, injurious falls, compromised by following a plan-do-check-act and how to prevent failures. One of the nosocomial infection, and other “medical methodology. recommendations of the Inquiry was misadventures’. Errors in fulfilling Companies were to develop a SCC pharmaceutical prescriptions show an even Enbridge integrity management uses a management program to proactively identify higher error rate - 1 in 4 in one recent study. Yet plan-do-check-act system. A key aspect of this and mitigate SCC. Based on the apparent the public appears to be unperturbed. is the integrity plan which is developed for each success of the SCC programs in significantly asset to balance integrity requirements (fitness reducing SCC failures, the NEB revised its A common thread is determining what for service) with business drivers (risk and asset Onshore Pipeline Regulations in 1999 (OPR- constitutes an acceptable level of risk whether plan). Completion of a Safety Case provides an 99)2 to require companies to develop an individual or societal, voluntary or involuntary. independent check for each pipeline segment integrity management program (IMP) for all Besides providing a broader context for within the system, ensuring identified risks are hazards. pipeline risk the paper explores the origin and managed to as low as reasonably practicable intent of the myth of 1 in 10-6 , as well as the (ALARP). Additional mitigation actions are This paper discusses the evolution of integrity concept of setting risk tolerance to be as low as identified and implemented in the event that management program (IMP) requirements and reasonably practicable -ALARP . Why is there a ALARP is not met. evaluates incident rates and other performance reticence for many Pipeline Regulators to set, metrics to determine if there is evidence that as other industries have, a prescriptive value for Operational parameters are a key consideration IMPs have contributed to the improvement of ALARP’ in the development of the integrity plan and safety of pipelines. The paper highlights the include variables such as flow rate, injection challenges associated with gathering incident Pipeline Integrity Management Programs are and delivery locations, service, maximum and IMP performance metrics and evaluating

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the data to determine if there is a correlation Audit Program and Peer-to-Peer sharing completion, irrespective as to how work between the implementation of IMP and process. progressed on the schedule (ahead or behind pipeline safety. In addition, the analysis plan) at completion, the schedule performance discusses the challenges associated with This presentation will explain the maturity index will always be 1.0. comparing data between different countries model and the various tools and programs and regulatory jurisdictions. Suggestions for which energy pipeline operators may wish to Earned Schedule overcomes this drawback, future improvement are identified. use when developing and implementing their providing useful tools to report on schedule PSMS programs. performance, and providing visibility to the 2:30pm Implementing API RP 1173, Pipeline project state from which to base informed Safety Management Systems TRACK 2 Project Management, decisions. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78656 Design, Construction and To perform the analysis, Earned Schedule David Murk, Aaron Duke, Stuart Saulters, Environmental Issues American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, analysis incorporates detail from the baseline United States, William Byrd, Rcp Inc, Houston, and forecast schedules as well as the TX, United States TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 25 integrated project management cost report (earned versus planned). In addition to looking Since the publication of API Recommended at Earned Schedule metrics, other key metrics Practice (RP) 1173: Pipeline Safety Management 2-1 are factored into this approach to assess overall Systems, in July 2015, the energy pipeline trade PROJECT MANAGEMENT schedule performance. groups in North America (API, AOPL, AGA, INGAA, APGA, and CEPA) have worked 2-1-1 Key metrics derived from the schedule and collaboratively to develop tools and programs PROJECT MANAGEMENT highlighted in this approach include: to assist energy pipeline operators with the Telus, Telus Glen 205 10:30am - 12:00pm ‘ Critical Path Length Index (CPLI) development and implementation of Session Chair: David Burns, Enbridge, Calgary, appropriate programs and procedures. These AB, Canada ‘ Baseline Execution Index (BEI) resources include a Planning Tool, 10:30am Earned Schedule and the use of Implementation Tool, Conformance Tool, and Schedule Execution Reporting Metrics ‘ Total Float Consumption Index (TFCI) Effectiveness Tool, as well as a high-level Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78067 Maturity Model that describes various ‘ To Complete Schedule Performance Index implementation levels. The Planning Tool is Philip Beck, Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, Canada, (TSPI) used to compare an operator’s existing system Dennis G Kovacs, Enbridge Inc, Edmonton, AB, to the RP requirements and develop action Canada ‘ Predicted Forecast Finish Date (PFFD) plans and assign responsibilities to close gaps. The traditional approach of managing project ‘ Schedule Performance Index (time) (SPIt) It is intended to help operators achieve Level 1 performance is with the use of Earned Value maturity (develop a plan, and begin work). The Management. There is a recent trend towards ‘ Independent Estimate At Complete (time) Implementation Tool is used to evaluate and the expansion of traditional Earned Value (IEACt) summarize implementation status by question, Management practices to include the concept The intent of these metrics is to identify trends element, and overall, and helps track of Earned Schedule. development of implementation programs to and assist in predicting project outcomes Level 3 maturity. The Conformance Tool is Whereas Earned Value provides insight as to based on past performance. Since this used to assess and report the operator’s how the project is trending in relation to the approach is highly dependent on the schedule conformance to API RP 1173 by ‘shall’ statement, plan by assessing cost and schedule variances, data, the more compliant a schedule is to element, and overall to help ensure Earned Schedule focuses on the time element industry best practices the better the quality of conformance with all these ‘shall’ statements of schedule performance throughout the the results. The metrics are negatively and possible Level 4 maturity. Finally, the project execution phase. impacted by recent re-baselining as this causes Effectiveness Tool is used to appraise the us to lose historical performance detail. effectiveness of an operator’s programs in Earned Value, although very effective at achieving the objectives of the RP, asking, ‘Is it providing visibility to cost performance, is not Frequent analysis of the schedule execution helping” These resources can be as transparent when it comes to schedule reporting metrics defined above provides supplemented by API’s Voluntary Third-Party performance over time. Case in point, at transparency of project performance and brings

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visibility to early risk triggers in support of a stage. Our approach to the various elements of companies can manage cost, schedule and proactive approach to project execution a value study will be discussed, including regulatory risks to their projects and enhance monitoring and control. pre-workshop activities, the VM workshop, and project and corporate social acceptance post-workshop activities. through building and maintaining respectful This paper will present a case study relationships and creating opportunities for demonstrating how additional transparency Enbridge has seen significant benefits from the Indigenous participation in projects. through this approach highlighted a potential VM studies completed on projects to-date. 2:00pm Using 2D and 3D Oil Spill Trajectory schedule risk. This increased visibility allowed Given the broad applicability of the value and Fate Models to Assess the Risk of the project team to reprioritize and implement methodology, it is believed that our approach Accidental Crude Oil Releases Along the proactive corrective actions to mitigate any can also be successfully applied in other areas Enbridge Line 3 Replacement Program potential impact to the project In Service Date (e.g. improving business processes). Pipeline (ISD). 2-4 Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78372 11:00am Utilizing Value Management to ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Matt Horn, Jeremy Fontenault, RPS, South Increase Project Competiveness 2-4-1 Kingstown, RI, United States Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78230 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Michael Tozer, Enbridge Pipelines Inc, Calgary, The proposed Enbridge Line 3 Replacement Telus, Telus Glen 205 1:30pm - 3:00pm AB, Canada, Debra Tetteh-Wayoe, Enbridge Program would replace the aging pipeline from Pipelines Inc, Edmonton, AB, Canada Session Chair: Matt Mosher, CH2M, TBD, TX, Hardisty, AB, Canada to Superior, WI, USA. For Canada the Canadian route, an Ecological and Human With the current economic pressures being 1:30pm Evolving Standards of Indigenous Health Risk Assessment (EHHRA) was prepared faced by the oil and gas sector, organizations Peoples Engagement and Managing for the Canadian National Energy Board (NEB). are increasingly required to become more Project Risk In the United States, an Assessment of competitive on their capital projects. Enbridge Accidental Releases (AAR) and the Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78319 has implemented the practice of value Supplemental Release Report were part of an Bruce Vincent, Wood Environment & management (VM) to help achieve the needs Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) prepared Infrastructure Solutions, Calgary, AB, Canada, and expectations of stakeholders with the least for the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission Indra Maharaj, Prima Regulatory Consulting possible resources. (PUC) and Minnesota Department of Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada Commerce, Energy Environmental Review and VM is a systematic approach that is used by a The standards for Indigenous engagement are Analysis (DOC-EERA). multi-disciplinary team to improve the value of a evolving rapidly in Canada. The risks to project project (and its components) through the Computational oil spill modeling was used to approvals and schedules, based on whether analysis of its functions, and is most effective assess the predicted trajectory (movement), consultation has been complete, have been when applied at the planning and development fate (behavior and weathering), and potential recently demonstrated by the denial of project stages. A value study enables the expected effects (impacts) associated with accidental permits and protests against projects. performance and desired functions of a project releases of crude oil along the proposed Indigenous rights and the duty to consult with to be clearly identified at the onset, and pipeline. This modeling included the affected Indigenous groups is based on the assesses a range of possible solutions / 2-dimensional OILMAPLand and 3-dimensional Constitution Act, 1982 and has been, and is alternatives against the functions required by SIMAP models. A total of 64 hypothetical being, better defined through case law. At the the owner. release scenarios were investigated to same time, international standards, including understand the range of potential trajectories, While VM is commonly used in the the International Finance Corporation fates, and effects that may be possible from manufacturing industry, as well as on Performance Standards and the United Nations multiple product types, released at any transportation and municipal projects, few Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous location, under varying environmental examples of its application in the oil and gas Peoples, are influencing government and conditions. sector were found. Enbridge researched a corporate policies regarding consultation. The Government of Canada is revising policies and variety of VM best practices and created a Trajectory and fate modeling was used to project application review processes, to framework that compliments existing company predict the downstream movement and timing incorporate the recommendations of the Truth practices. of oil, as well as the expected surface oil and Reconciliation Commission of Canada; that thickness, water column contamination, This paper outlines how value methodology Commission specifically called for industry to shoreline and sediment oiling, and proportion was applied to a capacity expansion project at take an active role in reconciliation with evaporated to the atmosphere. These results the Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) Canada’s Indigenous peoples. Pipeline were then used to assess the potential

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environmental effects to demonstrate the WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 26 the response ductility factor and the maximum variability of outcomes following a release ground strain on the strain coordinate. A under different release conditions. 2-2 segment is defined between the elastic solution PROJECT DESIGN and the pivot strain. Superposing the stress- 2:30pm CSA Z663: Land use planning in the strain curve on the segment, the inelastic strain vicinity of pipeline systems 2-2-1A of the pipeline is obtained at the intersection of Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78808 PROJECT DESIGN I the segment and the stress-strain curve. Ed Plant, T.E.P. R-O-W Co-ordination Inc, Telus, Telus Glen 205 8:30am - 10:00am Edmonton, AB, Canada, Sue Capper, CSA When the stress-strain curve obtained by Session Chair: Thomas H. Greaves, Associated Group, Acton, ON, Canada tensile tests using rectangular specimens is laid Engineering, Calgary, AB, Canada on the segment, the transformed strain There are few standards or regulations to help 8:30am Inelastic Deformation of Pipelines distribution expresses the inelastic strain stakeholders consider land use and Induced by Temporary Ground Deformations distribution of the unpressurized pipeline. development in the vicinity of existing pipeline Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78205 However, when the stress-strain curve systems. Land use planning that considers the Nobuhisa Suzuki, JFE Steel Corporation, considering the effect of pressure is plotted on existence of pipeline systems can support the Yokohama, Japan, Takekazu Arakawa, JFE the segment, the transformed strain distribution planning for and provision of emergency Steel Corporation, Tokyo, Japan becomes the inelastic strain distribution of the services and pipeline integrity. This approach pressurized pipeline. The roundhouse type, can also promote public safety and awareness A seismic design method for pipelines is yield-plateau type, and trilinear stress-strain through consistent and collaborative proposed in this paper to predict the inelastic curves can be superimposed on the segment to stakeholder engagement early in the land use strain distribution induced by temporary ground predict the inelastic strain distribution of the planning process. deformations (TGD). The proposed design unpressurized or pressurized pipeline. method consists of two solution procedures, In 2016 a CSA workshop was held with a variety the first procedure provides an elastic solution The proposed seismic design method was of stakeholders impacted by land use planning to calculate the elastic strain distribution of an validated as the inelastic strain distributions of around pipeline systems. The workshop unpressurized pipeline, and the second the unpressurized and pressurized pipelines identified that there was a need for consistency procedure holds a strain conversion procedure coincided closely with those obtained by finite across the jurisdictions in the form of a national to transform the elastic strain distribution into element analyses. standard. the inelastic strain distribution of an 9:00am Integrity Assessment of Pipelines unpressurized or pressurized pipeline. The main goal of the new CSA Z663 standard is with Ovality to provide guidance and best practices for land The elastic solution is obtained assuming an Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78281 use planning and development. It also elastic and unpressurized pipeline and Fan Zhang, Kiefner & Associates, Columbus, addresses roles, responsibilities and elastic-perfect plastic bilinear soil springs. OH, United States, Michael Rosenfeld, Kiefner/ engagement of all stakeholders to help Therefore the elastic solution gives an elastic Applus ‘ RTD, Columbus, OH, United States establish a consistent approach to land use strain distribution of the elastic and planning. unpressurized pipeline induced by TGD. The Ovality in a pipe results in a stress critical maximum ground displacement when concentration and may present a pipeline A review of CSA Z663 will illustrate how this the soil springs begin to yield shall be integrity concern. If ovalization is generated document provides information, guidance and calculated by the elastic solution. The response during manufacturing or transportation and tools that are inclusive to all stakeholders. ductility factor of the pipeline is defined by found during the girth welding process before the pipe is buried, replacement of the oval This paper will also highlight the history and key dividing the maximum ground displacement by segment is usually the solution. However, drivers behind the new CSA Z663 standard and the critical maximum ground displacement, ovalization is sometimes also found in buried provide an overview of the current scope and which ductility factor is adopted in the pipelines via in-line-inspection (ILI) either content. subsequent strain conversion procedure. before the pipeline is put into service or during Finally, the paper will describe future The strain conversion procedure is regular pipeline maintenance. The mitigation considerations and additions to the standard. developed to transform the elastic strain and/or replacement of oval pipes after burial distribution into the inelastic strain distribution, can be expensive. It is vital to identify what which strain conversion procedure is explained constitutes an unacceptable ovality level and to using the stress-strain rectangular coordinates. remediate only those that pose a threat of The pivot strain shall be determined in terms of failure during the service life of the pipeline.

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The existing assessment approaches for oval limitations, strategic drivers and cost. Such a evaluation was completed in far less time and pipes, such as that in API 579, generally require process must be analytically robust and able to more cost-effectively than otherwise possible knowledge of the amount of ovality at zero adapt to new information and priorities with traditional methods. pressure. However, the ovality of buried pipes emerging throughout the development phase. usually is only available from ILI runs carried out Particularly in the case of large-scale pipeline 2-2 at a non-zero internal pressure. The internal projects, traditional routing methods may prove PROJECT DESIGN pressure tends to push the pipe back toward a too costly and time-consuming to undertake 2-2-1B circular shape, a phenomenon known as this analysis in a practical manner. PROJECT DESIGN I re-rounding. As a result, the ILI-reported ovality Consequently, proponents may be left with is smaller than that under zero pressure. fewer and less defensible route options. Telus, Telus Glen 205 10:30am - 12:00pm Described in this paper is a new approach 10:30am Evaluation of Hydraulic Fracturing which can be used to assess the integrity of Recently, the Aurora Pipeline team sought to Models and their Limitations to Predict oval pipe segments based on ovality either as advance preliminary routing under a paradigm No-Drill Zones for Horizontal Directional measured with no pressure in the pipe or as of maximum optionality and defensibility in Drilling evaluating pipeline routes across northern reported by ILI conducted at an elevated level Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78304 of pressure. The approach considers both burst British Columbia, inclusive of strategic Saeed Delara, Kendra MacKay, Fluor, Calgary, failure and fatigue damage. The accuracy of the interconnections. Implementing Golder AB, Canada approach was verified by finite element analysis Associates Ltd. automated routing decision (FEA). With the help of this new approach, a support system the team was able to rapidly Horizontal directional drilling has become the general discussion about the threat of perform a robust corridor options analysis preferred method for trenchless pipeline ovalization to the integrity of a pipeline is covering over 400,000 km². This systematic, installations. For HDD’s to be successful, drilling provided. The analysis indicates that ovalization data-driven process involved subject matter pressures must be limited and a ‘no-drill zone’ in amounts usually observed does not reduce expert assessment of the level of constraint or determined to avoid exceeding the strength of the burst pressure in most pipelines, but opportunity associated with individual data surrounding soil and rock. Hydraulic fracturing fatigue damage could be a concern. The layers in consideration of multiple, thematic may occur if induced stresses by drilling exceed fatigue damage due to ovalization is sensitive scenarios. Having consolidated and mapped soil and rock strength, resulting in a loss of to pipe geometry, amplitude of pressure the aggregated level of constraint across drilling fluids into the surrounding formations. If variation, and the minimum pressure level northern BC, routes were generated along hydraulic fracturing occurs, it can be difficult to within the pressure cycles. paths of least constraint with segments tested manage drilling pressures, and the for agreement across multiple scenarios. In inadvertently returned drilling fluids may be lost 9:30am Combining Expert Knowledge and total, 68 routes comprising more than 50,000 to surface resulting in soil or water Automation to Maximize Pipeline Route km were developed and evaluated for contamination. The currently accepted industry Optionality and Defensibility ‘ A Case Study feasibility. This refinement process ultimately method of calculating hydraulic fracturing of the Aurora Pipeline resulted in an interconnected network of limiting pressure with application of an arbitrary Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78289 approximately 600 pre-screened route safety factor contains several assumptions that Kevin Seel, Golder Associates, Calagry, AB, segments totaling nearly 10,000 km of are often not applicable to specific ground Canada, Adam Phillips, Nexen, Calagry, potential routes. conditions. These assumptions include AB, Canada isotropic ground stress conditions and a failure The advantage provided in subsequent stages criterion at a state of shear. There is also no It has become increasingly difficult to of the project was the ability to recognize, standard procedure for safety factor successfully develop pipeline projects in North quantify and evaluate the tradeoffs between determination, resulting in detrimental impacts America. This stems from complex matters segments, and adapt the route as fatal flaws on drilling operations. This paper provides an including environmental opposition, Indigenous were encountered. During ensuing, analysis of the standard methods and proposes rights, regulatory uncertainty, investor constructability-focused phases of the routing two alternative analytical models to more indecision and evolving policy. To manage process, optionality had been pre-established, accurately determine the hydraulic fracture these challenges, developers are advised to and route changes were able to be made point and acceptable drilling pressure. These consider a route development methodology quickly where required. The automated alternative methods for determining the that provides both optionality and defensibility. process, in companion to subject matter expert hydraulic fracture limiting pressure and no-drill This can be achieved through a process that participation, also provided a clear and zone provide greater understanding of the characterizes the landscape based on level of defensible rationale as to why routes were interaction between the drilling pressures and constraint related to environmental and social considered optimal, and how potential impacts the surrounding ground strength properties. factors, construction and operational to sensitive features were addressed. The

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This allows for more accurate determination of people impacted. or equipment while reducing various risks horizontal directional drilling limitations. These identified during life cycle management. It has additional models contain differing assumptions This paper discusses possible measures that been found that collectively, the digital twin such as the potential for anisotropic ground can be implemented in the next edition of Z662 concept improves the overall net present value stress conditions surrounding the drill path and that, beyond requiring thicker pipe for certain of an asset. The oil and gas industry has slowly possible differing failure criterion. A comparison products, will strengthen the class location been adopting the digital twin model of asset is presented to determine the differences in designation system by considering the potential life cycle management over the past two characteristics and assumptions for each impact radius of an ignited gas pipeline rupture, decades with the focus on facilities. Recently, model. The impact of specific soil properties as well as the occupancy and nature of field trials were completed to test and evaluate and factors is investigated by means of a buildings within assessment areas. The paper workflows and sensor platforms for the creation sensitivity analysis to determine the most also discusses possible changes to improve of a digital twin for pipelines. The trials resulted critical soil information for each model. This environmental protection by introducing the in highly accurate pipeline centerlines, weld directly advises the borehole drilling program concept of a designated geographical area locations, depth to cover and ditch geometry of the rock and soil tests required to obtain the (DGA) and associated requirements, capture in digital formats. This paper describes most accurate results. By obtaining more enhancements to valve spacing requirements, the methodologies used, and the results of an accurate results for the critical rock and soil and the handling of changes to class location actual construction field trial with a comparison properties, greater confidence in the analytical designations for existing pipelines through to traditional data collection methods for these hydraulic fracturing limiting pressure may be interim measures and retroactivity. attributes. The value of creating a pipeline obtained. digital twin during pipeline construction in near-real-time is discussed with an emphasis on 11:00am Strengthening the Current Class THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER, 27 the potential benefits to life cycle management Location Designation System 2-3 and pipeline integrity. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78672 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION 9:00am Post-Construction ILI Execution Diana Willson, Iain Colquhoun, National Planning Guidelines for Pipeline Quality Energy Board, Calgary, AB, Canada, Dean 2-3-1A Verification Carnes, Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., PROJECT CONSTRUCTION Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78358 Calgary, AB, Canada Telus, Telus Glen 205 8:30am - 10:00am Brian Brooks, ROSEN Canada, Calgary, AB, CSA Z662, Oil and gas pipeline systems, Session Chair: Neil Bolger, FortisBC, Surrey, Canada, Hubert Lindner, ROSEN Technology defines class location as ‘a geographical area BC, Canada and Research Centre GmbH, Lingen (Ems), classified according to its approximate 8:30am Automated Creation of the Pipeline Germany population density and other characteristics Digital Twin During Construction ‘ that are considered when designing and Improvement to Construction Quality and Inline inspections following new pipeline pressure testing piping to be located in the Pipeline Integrity. construction completion as a means of ensuring area.’ In other words, the purpose of class Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78146 specific quality requirements are fulfilled poses location designations is to identify areas where unique challenges when compared with inline Joseph Hlady, INFRASTRUCTURE MAPPING specific measures are considered necessary to inspections in operating pipelines. AND AUTONOMY, CALGARY, AB, Canada, enhance public safety. Designations range Construction contractors are often responsible Lance Fugate, Matt Glanzer, Lux Modus, from Class 1 (rural) to Class 4 (urban with for conducting a post-construction inline CALGARY, AB, Canada high-rise buildings). inspection as part of construction quality The concept of the digital twin dates all the way verification; however, construction contractors The current class location framework relies back to the 1950’s and 60’s when NASA, GE often lack expertise in planning and conducting mainly on a location factor (L) to represent and other industrial manufacturers started inline inspections. Schedule constraints for reliability. Higher reliability is achieved by using creating abstract digital models of equipment to conducting inline inspections, often introduced more resistant pipe ‘ that is thicker and/or model their performance in simulations and because of other prior construction delays, can stronger ‘to reduce the probability of failure maintain a record of the asset throughout its life contribute to poor planning and execution. The from operational hazards, such as corrosion and span. Over the years more and more industries consequent undesirable outcome may be failed mechanical damage caused by line strikes. have adopted the digital twin model to improve inspections further delaying pipeline Currently, the need for a particular level of traceability, maintenance, and analytics construction completion, turnover to the Client, reliability is driven principally by the number of allowing for improved sustainment of the asset and final payments.

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It is in the interest of all stakeholders to ensure scenario where knowledge gleaned through 2-3 inline inspections be completed in a timely experience is critical. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION manner and in a way that maximizes the 2-3-1B likelihood that the needed pipeline data will be An important aspect of meeting this challenge PROJECT CONSTRUCTION successfully acquired. It is crucial for post- is to take a more systematic and thoughtful Telus, Telus Glen 205 10:30am - 12:00pm construction inline inspection success, that all approach to knowledge transfer. As part of its 10:30am A Canadian Operator Based stakeholders poses basic knowledge of fundamental approach to developing training Framework for Pipeline Pressure Tests: operational requirements and inspection and alternative methods for knowledge Lessons Learned proceedings. Additionally, adequate planning transfer, the company launched an initiative to of the inline inspection proceedings can greatly review the literature as well as current industry Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78666 mitigate the risks associated with the inline approaches. This was done as a key input to Nicole-Lee Robertson, Pembina Pipelines inspection. developing a ‘Knowledge Taxonomy ‘; that is, a Corporation, Calgary, AB, Canada, Bob tool to simplify the process for selecting the Campbell, In-Line Pigging Solutions Ltd, To ensure necessary considerations and the optimal method for effectively transferring key Calgary, AB, Canada division of responsibilities is clear and technical knowledge based on the desired understood among all stakeholders; a outcome (e.g., awareness building vs., mastery). Commissioning pressure tests are a critical Post-Construction ILI Execution Plan is life-of-asset record. Successfully achieving an prepared. The Inline Inspection Contractor is In particular, the team identified a number of acceptable pressure test can be challenging responsible for completion of the Post- consistent themes, and, upon combining them both at an execution and documentation Construction ILI Execution Plan in consultation with both sound educational theory and perspective. This paper aims to assist in with other stakeholders. The contents of the industry experience, has developed a tool in streamlining the approach to pipeline Post-Construction ILI Execution Plan include the form of a practical framework. This commissioning pressure tests between project information, run conditions, and framework was then applied to a specific operators to increase efficiency and drive stakeholder contact information. Moreover, it knowledge gap in the industry as a case study. consistency across the pipeline industry. Key defines the assignment of stakeholder This paper will: lessons learned from the planning stages responsibilities and involvement for all through to the quality control turnover are 1. Summarize, at a high level, the results from inspection planning and execution aspects. highlighted. Lessons learned, respective to reviewing literature and the current approaches pressure tests, include: road map of Canadian 9:30am The Application of a Knowledge regulations, tabulated equipment requirements, 2. Describe the framework (i.e., Knowledge Transfer Taxonomy to Pipeline Construction suggested instrumentation setup, template Taxonomy) developed by the team Inspection Best Practices Learning checklist for test plans, outlined company to Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78523 3. Discuss a case study on how this framework contractor responsibilities, as well as a Ritch Rappel, Rappel Inspections Ltd., was applied to a specific and real challenge proposed internal process to manage and Edmonton, AB, Canada, Julian Dorscht, accept completed tests. Reena Sahney, PBOK Consulting, Calgary, 4. Use initial learner feedback in the context of 11:00am How dry is dry? AB, Canada determining whether application of the Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78580 framework was effective in the case study The pipeline sector is facing a multi-faceted Colin Hartloper, Kamal Botros, NOVA challenge regarding its workforce. As technical Through this work, the team has been able to Chemicals Centre for Applied Research, experts and long term employees exit the identify and develop specific strategies and Calgary, AB, Canada, Vivian Liu, Gerard industry (due to retirement) and new individuals tactics that are effective in overcoming some of Lalonde, Jason Lu, Yuri Saud de Puche, enter, valuable knowledge and experience is the barriers to effective knowledge transfer. TransCanada Pipelines Ltd., Calgary, AB, being lost. This comes during a time when the These experiences will be shared in light of a Canada public spotlight has been placed on the specific situation which typifies the current Air drying is used after dewatering to dry a pipeline industry and robust construction of challenges industry is facing in effective pipeline or piping facility before commissioning new pipelines and maintaining aging knowledge transfer. it with natural gas. This process typically infrastructure has become increasingly important. There is also increased emphasis on involves blowing dehydrated air through the the competency of individuals in industry ‘ a pipe sections until they are determined to be

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suitably dry. The question addressed in this CREATING A ‘DIGITAL PIPELINE’ DURING ‘ hazard response and root cause analyses paper is: how dry is dry’ A common metric PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION used to judge the pipe section’s dryness is the ‘ hazard avoidance and integrity programs that drying air’s outlet water dew point. Typically, Recent tragic events in US midstream industry extend the life of infrastructure air drying continues until a suitably dry low highlight the significant cost in actual dollars, in ‘ enable better prediction of failures and timely water dew point, such as -40°C, is measured at man-hours, in reputation and political capital, as replacement/maintenance the outlet of the pipeline or facility. However, well as in environmental damage and human safety that result when failures occur. there is currently a lack of understanding of ‘ support of rework or reclassification how this final outlet water dew point relates to A recent INGAA foundation report cites the acceptance the remaining water and thus the subsequent following benefits of a quality management start up of the pipeline or facility. If the outlet Industry pipeline operators have the people system (QMS): water dew point is higher than required, issues with the right skills and knowledge, but these may arise upon start up; e.g., hydrates could ‘ Process Improvement and a Factual Approach people don’t have the necessary data in readily form along the pipeline or at downstream to Decision Making leverageable/actionable format. This paper facilities. Conversely, if the outlet water dew looks at a method and technology to unlock the point is lower than required, unnecessary time ‘ Enhanced Stakeholder Satisfaction power or your organization by delivering would have been spent in drying, and hence complete and accurate data to those that need higher cost. ‘ Increased Efficiency it, when they need it, which will improve worker efficiency and avoid loss of reputation, fines, Implementation of Quality Management System This paper advocates an approach to lawsuits, saleable product, and other ill effects. determine when air drying is complete that practices are often the most challenging piece, considers the start-up phase. The approach however, are essential to the realization of 2-2 consists of two parts. In the first part, the air these benefits. While this concept of QMS is PROJECT DESIGN drying parameters (drying air flow rate, inlet not news, what is news is the way that holistic water dew point, etc.) and the final outlet water pipeline management can be achieved in 2-2-2 dew point are used to quantify the volume and practice, through creation of a digital pipeline. PROJECT DESIGN II surface area of water remaining after the Telus, Telus Glen 205 1:30pm - 3:00pm A case study from recent large diameter North drying process is completed. In the second American pipeline project illustrates benefits of Session Chair: Thomas H. Greaves, Associated part, the evaporation of this water into the gas creating a digital pipeline at the time of Engineering, Calgary, AB, Canada flowing through the pipeline/facility after construction. This pragmatic/practical 1:30pm Well-Integrated Design of Surge commissioning and start up is modeled as a approach to leverage technological Relief Systems in Oil Storage Facilities function of the gas flow rate, temperature, advancements in a way that reduces the ‘G&A IPC2018-78682 pressure and inlet water content. Then, the Technical Paper Publication. burden’ of enabling effective and efficient water content of the gas at the delivery points Emma Perez, Ashishkumar Mehta, Enbridge analyses that can reduce the number of failures is calculated. This increase can then be Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, Canada by capturing and organizing pipeline evaluated in reference to the water content construction data, in digital format, in the field, Oil Storage facilities (terminals) that receive specifications at the delivery points. The at the time of construction. This results in fluids from pipelines or inject fluid into them, are approach is exemplified by a 31 km NPS 48 reduced duplication of effort and thereby usually designed with a lower pressure rating pipeline over a mountainous terrain. decreases the potential for introducing than the actual pipeline between these 11:30am Creating a Digital Pipeline During erroneous data and errors during facilities. This is mostly due to the fact that the Pipeline Construction documentation, as well as man-power and pressure expected in the terminal is much lower Technical Presentation. IPC2018-78658 other costs required to store and catalog the than the pressure required to transport the oil. However, these terminals are still subject to Martin Fingerhut, Technical Toolboxes Ltd., mountains of paperwork collected during unexpected pressure surges caused by Houston, TX, United States, Bill Amend, traditional construction projects. The cost abnormal transient events during normal Technical Toolboxes, Yorba Linda, CA, United associated with data mining and QA/QC’ing the operations. In cases where the surge pressures States, Drew Lafleur, Technical Toolboxes, necessary data to perform root cause analyses exceed the allowed operating pressure of the Houston, TX, United States, Brad Raabis, years later is significantly greater than ‘storing Metegrity Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada properly’ at the time of construction, as equipment, a relief system can be installed to discussed in this paper. It is now practical to mitigate these surges to acceptable levels. ensure traceable, accurate, and complete records are readily available for:

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When constructing a new terminal or altering an optimum depth of a pipeline is of great geological layers to be mapped between existing one, the hydraulic calculations of these importance to pipeline companies to ensure the geotechnical boreholes and they can help terminals are generally based on design values minimum damage to pipelines in case of a identify potential geohazards, like voids, of the project, such as maximum and minimum temperature change and ground displacement. coarse-grained deposits, and boulders, which flow rates. The hydraulic studies and Thermal stress is estimated from a heat transfer may impact the effectiveness of a planned HDD simulations that are normally done by analysis considering the phase change in the bore path. However, for most geophysical companies are based on steady state soil using COMSOL. Soil-pipeline interaction investigations the water body itself presents an conditions, however, to design intrinsically safe based on 1984 ASCE Guidelines is used for insurmountable terrain obstacle and, rather facilities, the system’s entire operating considering the effects of ground movements. than providing continuous coverage along the envelope should be considered at the design The combined stress on the pipeline is HDD alignment, there is often a significant ‘data stage of the project. Once transient analysis estimated as a function of burial depth and is gap’ beneath the water. In this presentation we results show the need to install a pressure relief presented in a curve for design purposes. A show some novel examples of how continuous, device, the proper location of this equipment is numerical analysis by ABAQUS shows the or semi-continuous coverage can be achieved critical for the effectiveness of the surge relief adequacy of the presented curve. across water bodies for most HDD alignments, system to mitigate overpressures properly. The thus allowing for invaluable, continuous 2:30pm What Lies Beneath - Geophysical effect of flow rate, piping configuration, and subsurface information to be provided along Approaches for Assessing Trenchless Water initial pressure profiles were simulated and the entire HDD path. Crossings compared to determine their impact on Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78782 pressure surges and on the critical devices Alastair McClymont, Advisian Worleyparsons, TRACK 3 PIPELINE AND FACILITIES along the flow path. Secondly, simulations were INTEGRITY done with the relief system installed in different Calagry, AB, Canada, Paul Bauman, Dan locations along the terminal pipe and the Parker, Advisian (WorleyParsons), Calgary, AB, resulting changes in maximum pressure surges. Canada, Erin Ernst, Advisian, Calgary, AB, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 25 Canada The objective of this paper is to show the As per most industry regulations, trenchless importance of a detailed transient analysis 3-1 water crossing techniques for pipelines require based not only on design parameters but also INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT PLAN (IMP) limited or no construction within streams and on operational scenarios to mitigate surge ADMINISTRATION lakes, so as to limit disturbance to the overpressures in a more cohesive manner. The watercourse bed and banks. Horizontal secondary objective of the paper is to discuss 3-1-5 direction drilling (HDD) is the most preferred key parameters that need to be considered for INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT OPERATIONAL trenchless crossing method because it can be selecting the location of the surge relief valve CONSIDERATIONS used to avoid disturbing environmentally to ensure critical devices are safe during the Telus, MacLeod Hall B 10:30am - 12:00pm sensitive areas. However, a planned HDD upset conditions. The analysis presented in Session Chair: Tara McMahan, DNV GL, crossing is not without risks that can include: this paper is applicable across a broad Dublin, OH, United States lost circulation by drilling through voids or configuration of oil facilities. highly fractured rock, obstructions that can 10:30am Do We Need a Safe Excavation 2:00pm Numerical analysis of buried cause the bore to fail, and borehole collapse in Pressure for Dented Pipelines: How Should it pipelines subject to slope failure and soft soils. All of these risks can be mitigated if Be Defined’ seasonal temperature variation the geological and geotechnical conditions Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78376 Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78736 between the borehole entry and exit points are Muntaseer Kainat, Enbridge, Liquids Pipeline, Mohammad Katebi, Hongwei Liu, Pooneh well characterized. Moreover, having a Edmonton, AB, Canada, Douglas Langer, Maghoul, James Blatz, University of Manitoba, complete understanding of the subsurface Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Sherif Winnipeg, MB, Canada conditions allows the HDD design team to Hassanien, Enbridge, Liquids Pipelines, optimize the borehole path, generating Edmonton, AB, Canada Pipeline operators’ Thermal stress induced in a buried pipeline due significant cost savings to a project. Because of utmost priority is to achieve high safety to temperature variation is of great concern in the requirements for minimally invasive measures during the lifecycle of pipelines Canada due to its extreme cold winter and investigations at water crossings, geophysical including effective management of integrity warm summer. Thermal stress decreases by surveys have become a preferred method for threats during excavation and repair processes. increasing the burial depth while the interaction mapping the subsurface along proposed HDD A single incident pertaining to a mechanical forces due to ground displacement increase by alignments. Geophysical surveys enable damage in a gas pipeline has been reported increasing the burial depth. As a result, the

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previously which resulted in one fatality and probability of failure of dents associated with the cyclic pressure severity of each of the time one injury during investigation. Some operators cracks at different levels of operating pressure histories was characterized by the Spectrum have reported leaking cracks while during excavation. The application of the Severity Indicator (SSI). The SSI represents the investigating rock induced dents. Excavation developed approach is demonstrated through number of annual 90MPa hoop stress cycles under full operating pressure can lead to examples within limited scope. Recommended required to accumulate the same fatigue changes in boundary conditions and enhancements and future developments of the damage as the actual pressure spectrums. unexpected loads, resulting in failure, injuries, proposed approach are also discussed. The technique presented in this paper or fatalities. In the meantime, lowering 11:00am Liquid Pipeline Location Specific illustrates how to infer the pressure range operating pressure during excavation can have Cyclic Pressure Determination a significant impact on production and spectra or SSI at intermediate locations. The Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78717 operational availability. The situation poses two technique is shown to be a significant Vlado Semiga, Bmt Fleet Tech Ltd, Kanata, ON, conflicting objectives; namely, maximizing improvement (i.e. higher location specific Canada, Aaron Dinovitzer, BMT Fleet safety and maximizing operational availability. accuracy) than either applying the discharge Technology, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Sanjay Tiku, Current pipeline regulations require that pressure spectrum or applying a linear BMT Fleet Technology Limited, Ottawa, ON, operators have to ensure safe working interpolation between discharge and suction Canada, Geoff Vignal, Enbridge Pipelines Inc, conditions by depressurizing the line to a level conditions in fatigue life assessments. Edmonton, AB, Canada that will not cause a failure during the repair The liquid pipeline cyclic pressure process. However, there are no detailed In the majority of liquid pipelines, the pump characterization technique presented in this guidelines on how an operator should station discharge pressure ranges are much paper will permit integrity assessment or determine a safe excavation pressure (SEP) greater than the pressure ranges experienced severity ranking of features along a pipeline to level, which could lead to engineering at the suction end of the downstream pump be based on an accurate local pressure profile judgment and subjectivity in determining such station. Consequently, the cyclic pressure rather than an upper bound. This understanding safety level. While the pipeline industry relies induced fatigue damage accumulation rate is will help to improve the accuracy of defect on well-defined fitness for purpose analyses for greater at the discharge end than at the suction loading, one of the three main pillars in integrity threats such as crack and corrosion, there is a end of a given pipeline segment. In completing assessment (i.e., loading, geometry, materials) gap in defining a fitness for purpose for dents an integrity assessment of a fatigue susceptible for defects susceptible to cyclic loading (e.g., and dents associated with stress riser features feature, assuming that the pump station cracking, mechanical damage). in order to set an SEP. Stress and strain based discharge cyclic pressure profile applies to all assessment of dents can be used in this matter; features in the line segment is conservative. however, it requires advanced techniques to This conservative assumption can lead to 3-5 account for geometric and material nonlinearity. un-necessary repairs, unintentional damage FACILITY INTEGRITY Additionally, loading and unloading scenarios from over-prescribed maintenance, or inefficient during excavation (e.g. removal of indenter, decisions regarding maintenance action 3-5-1 overburden pressure, etc.) drive a change in the prioritization. INSPECTION boundary conditions of the pipe that could lead Telus, MacLeod Hall C 10:30am - 12:00pm to leakage. Nevertheless, crack initiation or The following paper presents the results of a presence within a dent should be considered, Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA) Session Chair: Alexandra Chenevey, Marathon which requires the incorporation of crack initiative to develop a simple approach to Pipe Line, Findlay, OH, United States geometry and application of fracture mechanics define the cyclic pressure history at any point in Session Co-Chair: Sladjana Popovic, Alliance in assessing a safe excavation pressure. a liquid pipeline segment based on the Pipeline, Calgary, AB, Canada bounding discharge and suction pump station Recently, there have been advancements in 10:30am Microwave Sensor Array for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition stress and strain based finite element analysis Corrosion Prediction in Steel Tank Bottoms (FEA) of dents coupled with structural reliability (SCADA)pressure time history data. The Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78224 analysis that can be utilized to assess SEP. This approach was developed based on collected Sameir Deif, Brent Leier, University of Ablerta, paper presents a reliability-based approach to operating pipeline SCADA pressure time Edmonton, AB, Canada, Michael Snow, determine a safe excavation pressure for history data for line segments with intermediate Enbridge Pipelines Inc, Edmonton, AB, Canada, dented liquid pipelines. The approach employs measurement points which could be used to Mojgan Daneshmand, University of Ablerta, nonlinear FEA to model dents interacting with validate the developed model. The pressure Edmonton, AB, Canada crack features coupled with uncertainties time histories for all the locations were associated with pipe properties and in-line- analyzed using a Rainflow cycle counting Throughout North America there are many inspection information. A fracture mechanics- technique to develop pressure range spectra crude oil storage tank facilities - also called based limit state is formulated to estimate the (i.e. histograms of pressure range events) and

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terminals - serving as hubs, transfer points and monitoring of tank bottoms surface where 11:30am Advancements in Pigging Valve storage. Safety precautions such as pre- visual inspection is impossible while the tank is and Ultrasonic Tool Technologies allow for service integrity testing, cathodic protection, in-service. In-Line Inspections of Formerly Unpiggable primary and secondary containment measures, Lines 11:00am Advanced EMAT Crack Tool for and grounding techniques have been utilized to Unpiggable Pipelines Technical Presentation. IPC2018-78443 assure safety as a top priority. These tanks Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78421 Sanya Singh, Charles N Bartunek, Andeavor undergo an in-service API 653 external Logistics, La Palma, CA, United States, Jeffrey inspection at least every 5 years, and are taken Phillip Bondurant, Quest Integrated, LLC, Kent, H. Ewart, Andeavor Logistics, South Gate, CA, out of service to undergo an API 653 internal/ WA, United States, Khalid Farrag, Gas United States, Brett E. Covey, Quest Integrity, external inspection at least every 30 years [1], Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL, United Kent, WA, United States [2], [3]. For these aboveground storage tanks, States, Maureen Droessler, Operations the bottom plate is the most vulnerable area to Technology Development, Des Plaines, IL, On occasion, the value of multiple technologies corrosion [4] and is also the most challenge United States, Haraprasad Kannajosyula, Tony integrated together can be greater than the area to inspect visually. Both sides (product- Mactutis, Quest Integrated, LLC, Kent, WA, sum of their individual parts. When pigging side and soil-side) of the tank bottom plate are United States valves were first introduced into the pipeline industry, they offered a novel approach to prone to high rates of corrosion in comparison This paper presents the development and improve convenience and safety in to other components such as the roof and shell testing of an Electro-Magnetic Acoustic maintenance pigging programs. Prior to their [5]. Corrosion generally starts with coating Transducer (EMAT) sensor prototype to detect acceptance in the industry, the only permanent defects such as air or water ingress to underling and quantify longitudinal cracks in small solution for a pigging program involved a layers and exposing the steel to uncontrolled diameter and difficult to inspect or unpiggable substantial footprint on launcher and receiver environmental factors. gas pipelines. The development of the system barrels, which themselves became an idle was a collaborative and jointly-funded work Internal inspection can be performed using integrity concern when not in use. Both remote between Quest Integrated, Gas Technology ultrasonic measures to calculate the sheet and densely concentrated areas struggled with Institute, Operations Technology Development, thickness, however, external inspection is the infrastructure required for a traditional and US DOT, PHMSA. impossible without having access to the tank launching barrel; however, pigging valves bottom. This paper will introduce a novel The initial focus for the project is for 8-inch solved this dilemma in an affordable manner. inspection method for external monitoring of diameter pipes with robotic or tethered towing, Due to their compact chamber size, pigging the surface of the tank bottom plate in with the eventual goal of a free-swimming tool. valves could not accommodate traditional real-time. The proposed technique proactively A bench scale lab prototype has been In-Line Inspection (ILI) tools. Pipeline approaches the problem by predicting the successfully completed and tested in Phase-1 of assessments were limited to traditional corrosion before it occurs. In this technique an the project. The prototype demonstrated the methods rather than in-line inspections array of microwave-based sensors operating at basic approach of a EMAT crack tool that could which would collect a complete wall thickness ISM band (2.57 GHz) are introduced for defect be packaged into a single module, had and geometry profile. Without the ILI prediction. The array is composed of equally- reasonable flaw depth sensitivity, was inspection, there was a possibility of leaving distant and identical microwave spiral ring bidirectional, and could negotiate a 1.5 D bend. resonators (SRR) [6] that are electromagnetically anomalies undetected. coupled to a transmission line. All resonances Phase-2 focused on identifying and solving For the past several years, pipeline operators created by the array elements merge in one additional implementation issues, developing have been working to address this challenge band-stop frequency response with very high a more hardened tool for field pull testing, flaw and have partnered with ILI and valve providers isolation. Once the sensors’ environment is sizing improvements, and the necessary to gain new knowledge and develop working altered by any defects such as an air breach, internal electronics and processing algorithms. solutions to overcome pigging valve limitations. liquid ingress [7] or corrosion initiated, a The prototype developed in Phase-2 was This paper will present a case study in which resonance shift will occur indicating coating tested in an extended length of 8-inch modern technologies and technical risks. To prove the concept, an initial prototype diameter steel pipe with pre-set and collaboration led to the execution of a complete for small tanks of 3-5 ft. diameter is controlled longitudinal cracks. The results pigging program on a previously unpiggable investigated. Two-port system data illustrates demonstrated the applicability of the line. This case study will explore the use of that in case of a coating defect, the frequency integrated prototype in locating and sizing custom cleaning pigs and ultrasonic ILI profile accordingly changes and provides a multiple flaws in the axial direction. technologies to successfully launch and receive signature. The obtained data is used to predict through 8’ pigging valves. The combination of possible corrosion in timely manner. The This paper discusses program goals, pigging valves and ILI technology significantly proposed sensor array enables external accomplishments, and results of the laboratory testing program. expands the reach of maintenance and internal

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integrity programs beyond the reach of what adopts detailed geometrical characteristics types and sizes compared to field inspection either technology could achieve alone. resulting from a surface profile scan obtained data will be summarized, as well as how the Technical experts from both the pipeline from stereoscopic digital image correlation. The population and severity of circumferential stress operator and ILI tool provider will partner to numerical model is validated based on the corrosion cracking found compares to the present the inspection methodologies, uniaxial tensile test, in the sense that plastic susceptible slopes found in the geotechnical implementation, and assessment results of this collapse and highly complex strain distributions program completed. Finally, how the unique inspection. are successfully reproduced. Finally, the FE circumferential SCC time-average growth rate model is used to explore axial tensile failure in distributions were calculated and were used to 3-2 presence of internal pressure. set future geohazard inspections, in-line PREVENTION, MONITORING AND GROWTH inspections, or repair dates will be discussed. 2:00pm Development and Experiences of a MODELING Circumferential Stress Corrosion Cracking 2:30pm A More Accurate and Precise

Management Program Method for Large Metal Loss Corrosion 3-2-1A Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78315 Assessment CORROSION AND ENVIRONMENTAL Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78233 CRACKING I Neil Bates, DNV GL Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada, Mark Brimacombe, Pembina, Calgary, Shenwei Zhang, Transcanada Pipeline Ltd, Telus, MacLeod Hall C 1:30pm - 3:00pm AB, Canada, Steven Polasik, DNV GL USA, Inc., Calagry, AB, Canada, Jason Yan, Transcanada Session Chair: Rick Wang, TransCanada Dublin, OH, United States Pipelines Limited, Calagry, AB, Canada, Pipelines Limited, Calgary, AB, Canada Shahani Kariyawasam, Transcanada, Calagry, Due to multiple in-service failures caused by Session Co-Chair: Yvan Hubert, Enbridge AB, Canada, Terry Huang, TransCanada circumferential stress corrosion cracking a Liquids Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, Canada Pipelines Ltd, Calgary, AB, Canada, pipeline operator set out to assess the risk of 1:30pm Experimental-numerical Mohammad Al-Amin, Transcanada this type of cracking on their entire pipeline assessment of vintage pipe and girth weld Corporation, Calgary, AB, Canada system and develop a proactive in-line with a geometrically complex corrosion inspection and repair program. The first step Pipeline integrity decisions are highly sensitive feature was to screen all their pipelines based on pipe to the assessment model. A less accurate and Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78408 properties and environmental factors to less precise model can conservatively trigger Stijn Hertelé, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, develop a susceptibility assessment. When a many unnecessary actions such as excavations Belgium, Timothy Galle, Ghent University, pipeline was found to be susceptible, ultrasonic without providing additional safety. Therefore, Melle, OO, Belgium, Koen Van Minnebruggen, circumferential crack detection in-line a more accurate and precise model will reduce Ghent University, Belsele, Belgium, Wim De inspection and geotechnical analysis of slopes excavations and provide higher assurance of Waele, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde BE9052, was then performed and aligned to the in-line safety. This is akin to using a more precise Belgium, Otto Jan Huising, N.V. Nederlandse inspection data. Next, the operator developed surgical tool such as a laser for cutting out a Gasunie, Groningen, Netherlands a methodology to prioritize the anomalies for brain tumor where you can cut closer to the investigation based on the likelihood of failure edge and be assured of cutting out more of the Standard pipe corrosion assessments are using the provided in-line inspection sizing tumor (safer) and yet cut less of the surrounding based on simplifying assumptions with respect data, crack severity analysis, and correlation to brain tissue (less conservative). to corrosion geometry and focus on pressure potential causes of axial or bending stress, based loading. Moreover, when corrosion combined with a consequence assessment. This paper presents a novel model for patches traverse girth welds, validity criteria to Excavation programs were then developed to assessing large metal-loss corrosion based on their assessment become impractically vague. target the anomalies that posed the greatest in-line inspection (ILI) or field measurement. The integrity of girth welds is additionally threat to the pipeline system or environment. The model described in this paper utilized an influenced by axial stresses, which may act in unconventional approach, namely multiple combination with hoop stress resulting from This paper summarizes the experiences to date plausible profiles (P2), to idealize the shape of pressure. In an attempt to address these issues, from the operator’s circumferential stress the corrosion, and therefore is referred to as P2 the authors conducted a detailed assessment corrosion cracking program and describes how model. In contrast, all existing models use one on a significant, highly irregular corrosion patch the pipeline properties, geotechnical program, single profile for characterizing corrosion traversing a 12’ natural gas pipeline girth weld. and/or in-line inspection programs were profile, e.g. RSTRENG utilizes a single worst- The investigation comprises a full scale uniaxial combined to determine the susceptibility of case river bottom profile to characterize the tensile test and supporting detailed finite each pipeline and develop excavation shape of corrosion. element (FE) analyses. Hereby, the model mesh programs. In-line inspection reported crack

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The P2 model has been initially validated using 3-3 Toughness Values on Fatigue Crack Growth fourteen (14) full scale specimen-based ASSESSMENT Analysis of Just-Survived Flaws Following a hydrostatic tests on pipes containing real large Pressure Test corrosion features. Validation results showed 3-3-5A Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78554 that the P2 model is safe, but less conservative ESTABLISHED ILI TECHNOLOGIES III Matthew Ellinger, Tom Bubenik, DNV GL, and more precise than RSTRENG. The Telus, MacLeod Hall D 1:30pm - 3:00pm Dublin, OH, United States, Andrew Lutz, DNV magnitude of reduction in conservatism Session Chair: Jake Haase, Enterprise GL, Katy, TX, United States, Tara McMahan, depends on the corrosion morphology. On Products, Houston, TX, United States DNV GL, Dublin, OH, United States average, the P2 model achieves 15% reduction in model bias and 44% reduction in standard 1:30pm EMAT’ a Basis for a Comprehensive The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety deviation of model error. Further validation was System-Wide Crack Management Administration (PHMSA) issued a Notice of provided using the testing data published by ProgramTechnical Paper Publication. Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) on April 8, 2016 PRCI and PETROBRAS. Another set of burst IPC2018-78346 that is expected to have an impact on the tests are being conducted by TransCanada as David Katz, Williams Companies, Salt Lake City, pipeline industry’s approach to crack growth part of the continuous validation of P2 model. UT, United States, Steve Potts, Williams analyses. Specifically, the NPRM defines values Companies, Houston, TX, United States, for pipe toughness that should be used in The effectiveness of the P2 model was Thomas Beuker, ROSEN Germany GmbH, analyzing crack anomalies that are subjected to demonstrated through two case studies Lingen, Germany, Joerg Grillenberger, ROSEN fatigue growth for instances in which known or (denoted by Case study 1 and 2). Case Study 1 Germany GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany, Ralf measured pipe toughness values are not included 170 external metal-loss corrosion Weber, ILI Consulting, Karlsruhe, Germany available. Pipeline Operators conduct these features that were excavated from different types of analyses to derive remaining life values The integrity of aging assets like gas pipelines pipeline sections, and have field-measurements which can in turn be utilized to establish is managed using a variety of inspection and using laser scan tool. Case Study 2 included pipeline integrity reassessment intervals. Thus, assessment methods. In the particular case of 154 ILI-reported external metal-loss corrosion the impacts of this NPRM are felt by all pipeline gas pipelines and their susceptibility to features with RSTRENG calculated rupture- operators who own assets in which cracking is cracking, an ultrasonic in-line inspection pressure-ratio (RPR) of less than or equal to 1.25 considered a threat. The goal of this paper is to methodology has been introduced over the last (i.e. RPR ‘ 1.25); hence, these features were quantify the effects of using the NPRM defined decade, which is based on an electromagnetic classified as immediate features. The Case toughness values in pressure test assessments acoustic transducer (EMAT). Meanwhile, a Studies showed that the use of the P2 model for scenarios where pipe toughness values are high-resolution implementation of the resulted in 80% less number of ILI-reported unavailable. features requiring immediate action (i.e., RPR ‘ technology has been utilized on in-line 1.25) and 89% less number of excavated inspection tools from 10’ to 48’ tool size. 3-1 features requiring repair (e.g., sleeve or cut-out) Williams Gas Pipelines has utilized this INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT PLAN (IMP) compared to the respective number of features inspection technology successfully on several ADMINISTRATION identified by RSTRENG-based assessment. pipelines. This paper will provide an overview The reduction in the number of features of the experience gained so far. In addition, a 3-1-1 requiring excavation or repair is highly case study will be presented in which a ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS - morphology-dependent with the highest post-hydrostatic test ILI service was used to DEVELOPMENT AND COMPETENCY gain additional safety- and integrity-relevant reduction achievable for pipeline containing Telus, MacLeod Hall B 1:30pm - 5:00pm information from the ILI inspection and to better long and wide corrosion clusters (e.g., Session Chair: Sheri Baucom, RCP, Houston, understand the actual capabilities of a tape-coated pipeline). However, the P2 model TX, United States is applicable to all clusters regardless of the hydrostatic test. The approach taken was in Session Co-Chair: Stuart Saulters, number of individual corrosion anomalies accordance with API 1163 and consideration of American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, associated with the cluster. API 1176. As part of this approach, the United States performance of the ILI tool was confirmed based on a set of full-scale tests conducted at 1:30pm Condition Assessment For the PRCI ILI test facility. The results were used Optimizing Gasunie’s Network Improvement to increase the statistical confidence in the Program capabilities of the technology. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78116

2:00pm A Sensitivity Study ‘ Effects of Martin Hommes, DNV GL Oil&Gas, Groningen,

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Groningen, Netherlands, Karen van 2:00pm Evaluation of Burst Pressures of pipeline integrity management practice. Bloemendaal, DNV GL Oil & Gas, Groningen, Corroded Pipe Segments Using Three- 2:30pm Reactivating a Legacy Pipeline ‘ Groningen, Netherlands, Roelof Coster, DNV dimensional Finite Element Analyses Simulating ILI Run Behaviour, Operation GL, Groningen, Netherlands, Maurice Gielisse, Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78130 Optimization, and Project Challenges DNV GL Oil & Gas, Groningen, Groningen, Ji Bao, Shulong Zhang, The University of Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78158 Netherlands, Martin H. van Agteren, Eric E. R. Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Jager, N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie, Groningen, Andrew Greig, Kinder Morgan Canada, Wenxing Zhou, University of Western Ontario, Groningen, Netherlands Calgary, AB, Canada, Dan Bonner, Kinder London, ON, Canada, Shenwei Zhang, Morgan, Langley, BC, Canada, Johannes Transcanada Pipeline Ltd, Calagry, AB, Canada The 40 bar regional gas transmission network Becker, ROSEN Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada, of Gasunie Transport Services in the Metal-loss corrosion is a major threat to the Barret Roulston, ROSEN Canada Ltd., Calagry, Netherlands consists of roughly 3000 km structural integrity of oil and gas pipelines. The AB, Canada, Hubert Lindner, ROSEN pipelines, 3000 valve stations, 75 pressure accurate prediction of the burst pressures of Technology and Research Centre GmbH, regulating and metering stations and 1100 gas corroded pipelines is central to the pipeline Lingen (Ems), Germany Andrew Greig ‘ Kinder receiving stations. The majority of these corrosion management practice. Recently, Morgan Canada, Dan Bonner ‘ Kinder Morgan stations have been built in the period TransCanada commissioned full-scale burst Canada, Jeff Fleming ‘ ROSEN Canada, 1960-1980. This raises questions on the tests of 14 corroded pipe segments removed Johannes Becker ‘ ROSEN Canada remaining technical life-time of these stations from in-service pipelines. Each of the pipe related to extended network use and on As part of a major pipeline expansion, two specimens contains multiple naturally-occurring adequate measures to comply with safety and deactivated 24’ diameter pipeline segments external metal-loss corrosion clusters, the transport standards in the future. In the with a combined length of 192 kilometres will be geometry of which was captured by laser Gasunie Network Improvement Program assessed and upgraded to operational status. scanning devices. Three-dimensional finite (GNIP), these assets are replaced, prioritized These line segments include a 42 kilometre element analyses (FEA) are carried out to on their expected condition. section within the North Thompson valley of predict the burst pressures of these pipe British Columbia, and a 150 kilometre segment specimens based on the pipe material Gasunie uses the Deming or the ‘Plan-Do- through the Rocky Mountains of Alberta and properties determined from the tensile coupon Check-Act’ circle in order to identify lessons British Columbia. tests conducted as part of the burst test and learned from executing the GNIP and laser-scanned defect geometry. Both the von verification thereof in the GNIP Verification Reactivating the lines to operational condition Mises and Tresca yield criteria are employed in Project (GVP). In the GVP, life-time critical parts is a multi-staged process, which will be FEA. For the latter criterion, the corresponding of the replaced stations are inspected by partially guided by a National Energy Board constitutive model subroutine is developed and specialized companies, in situ as well as in their Condition requiring the issuance of a incorporated in the FEA. The accuracy of FEA laboratories, in order to assess their actual certificate from an independent certifying is investigated by comparing the burst condition. The lessons learned and results from body that the system is fit for service and pressures observed in the tests and the GVP have led to adjustments in the meets all applicable requirements of CSA corresponding burst pressures predicted using replacement program in terms of scope and Z662, Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems. This FEA. The implications of using the von Mises pace. DNV GL has supported Gasunie with certificate must be unconditional and remain in and Tresca criteria for the accuracy of the developing the GVP, has analyzed all GVP effect for a period of 5 years. predicted burst pressure are investigated. results and recommended adjustments both for Sensitivity analyses are also carried out to The need for unconditional certification of the GNIP and the GVP. investigate the impact on the predicted burst fitness for service drives the need for a This paper gives first, as an introduction, a pressure due to the mesh density in the comprehensive assessment of the pipeline general overview of the GNIP and the GVP. corroded region, characterization of the condition using a broad slate of inline Secondly, the results of the GVP will be geometry of the corrosion cluster and different inspection technologies. Tools were selected presented with a focus on the condition of gas types of element (e.g. solid and shell elements) for the assessment of deformations, metal loss, delivery stations and more specifically the used in FEA. This study will demonstrate the manufacturing anomalies and cracking. The condition of poorly accessible components, feasibility of using high-fidelity FEA to simulate lines were maintained with a low pressure such as headers and wall crossings. Thirdly, the full-scale burst tests of corroded pipes and nitrogen blanket for between 9 and 13 years actions taken by Gasunie to adjust the GNIP therefore establish a large database of burst prior to the start of the reactivation work and it based on the GVP outcomes will be discussed. pressure capacities of corroded pipes that can was therefore not possible to run the tools be used to develop an accurate, practical burst using service fluid. pressure capacity model amenable to the

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Several options were considered for propelling T2P 5J2 and ultimate tensile strength, UTS) and the inline inspection tools including nitrogen, Email: [email protected] chemical composition. The proposed compressed air and water slugs in compressed regulations include an independent third-party Phone: 1-403-514-6530 nitrogen or air. Each method has advantages validation for non-destructive testing (NDT) Dan Bonner and disadvantages and modelling was carried methods to determine material strength and out to simulate the transport of the tools Kinder Morgan Canada require an accuracy of within +/-10% of an actual through each segment. The modelling needed 8099 Shellmont St strength value. to account for pipe elevation changes, wall Burnaby, BC V5A 4S9 Among the NDT technologies currently thickness changes, valves, tool drive friction, Email: [email protected] acceptable tool velocity, and the pressure of available to pipeline operators to estimate Phone: 604-268-3026 the drive medium in the pipeline. material strength is instrumented indentation Jeff Fleming testing (IIT). IIT is based on the principal that The modelling focused on the following ROSEN Canada there exists a relationship between the constraints: 5020 12A St SE indentation response of a material and its stress-strain curve. The indentation response is Calgary, AB T2G 5K9 i. Ensure ILI data quality measured during the IIT process whereby an Email: [email protected] indenter is sequentially forced into the material ii. Ensure safety considering the potential Phone: +1 (403) 806-8726 during testing. The link between the indentation presence of defects in the lines Johannes Becker response and the material stress-strain curve is iii. Minimize risk ROSEN Canada established often through the use of iterative 5020 12A St SE Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The IIT vendor’s iv. Minimize overall cost proprietary software performs this calculation, Calgary, AB T2G 5K9 converting force-displacement measurements Email: [email protected] These constraints guided a flow modelling/ into an estimate of YS and UTS. feasibility study for inspecting the lines with Phone: +1 (403) 441-8235 the 4 tools. The objective of the study was to 3:00pm Uncertainty Quantification of In this study we extracted force-displacement determine the optimum configuration of Nondestructive Techniques to Verify data from IIT performed using FEA on an propellant, inspection tools, and line Pipeline Material Strength idealized steel. This data was then coupled with segmentation while ensuring a safe, literature algorithms developed at Seoul Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78159 economical operation resulting in optimal National University (Kwon et al.). Parametric Jeffrey Kornuta, Exponent, Inc., Houston, TX, data collection. sensitivity analysis was then performed on United States, Nicoli Ames, Exponent, Inc., estimated YS with respect to the algorithm Denver, CO, United States, Mary Louie, The paper will provide some background on parameters. Preliminary results indicate that Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States, the line segments being reactivated and while variations in the indenter constant, ‘, used Peter Veloo, Troy Rovella, Pacific Gas and pressure limitations that were adopted for ILI to estimate surface deformation do not Electric Company, Walnut Creek, CA, runs. The majority of the content will focus on significantly alter the predicted UTS or YS, the United States the determination of tool drive technique, how sensitivity to deviations in the empirical simulation occurred and how the actual The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety constant, ‘, relating normal load to execution of the runs compared. Details Administration (PHMSA) Notice of Proposed representative stress was more pronounced regarding the challenges and troubleshooting Rulemaking (NPRM), with Docket No. PHMSA- due to an effect on the calculated power-law required to successfully complete the integrity 2011-0023, substantially revises 49 CFR Part 191 constant, K. surveys will also be discussed in depth. and 192. Notable among these changes was PHMSA’s NPRM accuracy requirements for NDT the addition of §192.607, verification of pipeline to establish yield and tensile strength should be Contact authors: material. This section calls for the verification of driven by a rigorous understanding of material Andrew Greig material properties of pipe and fittings located inho-mogeneities, uncertainties in actual tensile in either high consequence areas, class 3, or Kinder Morgan Canada strength determination, experimental class 4 locations where traceable, verifiable, Suite 2700, 300 5th Ave SW uncertainty, and modeling uncertainties. The and complete records do not exist. Material Calgary, Alberta, Canada analysis performed in this paper provides part properties include grade (yield strength, YS,

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of this rigorous framework to establish realistic confirm the tools capabilities before their first establishes and develops an inline inspection accuracy requirements for NDT that must drive use in a live gas transmission pipeline, pump (ILI) program. The ECA must analyze cracks or federal rulemaking. In addition, this research testing in water as-well-as in compressed air crack-like defects remaining or that could highlights the need for pipeline operators to was performed. Use of these tools in late 2017 remain in the pipe, and must perform both establish controls on the algorithms adopted by allowed PG&E to inspect two of their most predicted failure pressure (PFP) and crack commercial NDT vendors. challenging 12’x16’ low pressure pipelines growth calculations using established fracture successfully which were attempted mechanics techniques. For assets that cannot 3:30pm Overcoming Difficult to Inspect unsuccessfully previously. be assessed by ILI, however, the Multi-diameter, Low Pressure Gas implementation of an ECA is hindered by the Transmission Pipeline Challenges The paper will discuss the process of lack of defect size information. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78427 developing these tools. In particular the test Frank Dauby, PG&E, San Ramon, CA, United program will be reviewed with the learnings This work documents a statistical approach to States, Stefan Vages, Rosen Group, Houston, from pump testing in water and compressed air determine the most probable PFP and TX, United States and how the test results can be compared to remaining life for assets that cannot be the run behavior in the live pipelines. assessed by ILI. The first step is to infer a Pacific Gas and Electric Company owns and Furthermore an assessment will be provided on distribution of initial defect size accumulated operates an extensive network of over 6,700 operating conditions that are deemed feasible through multiple ILI and in-ditch programs. The miles of gas transmission pipelines, much of for inspection allowing the tool to gather a initial defect size distribution is established which is under 16’ diameter and operates at less good quality data set. according to the as-identified seam type, e.g. than 400 psig, making them difficult to inspect low-frequency electric resistance weld with free swimming in-line inspection tools. 4:00pm An Approach to Engineering (LF-ERW), high-frequency electric resistance Additionally, many piggable pipeline sections Critical Assessment of Assets that cannot be weld (HF-ERW), flash weld (FW), single are multi-diameter and have numerous 1.5D Inline Inspected submerged arc weld (SSAW), or seamless fittings, some of these in back to back Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78132 (SMLS). The second step is to perform fracture configuration, requiring tools that are not Jing Ma, Kiefner & Associates, Inc., Columbus, mechanics assessment to generate a currently available. Following several failed OH, United States, Michael Rosenfeld, Kiefner/ probabilistic distribution of PFPs for the asset. attempts at inspecting 12’x16’ pipelines in 2015 Applus ‘ RTD, Columbus, OH, United States, In conjunction with the defect size distribution, using existing ILI tools as well as working with Peter Veloo, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, inputs into the calculation also include the our ILI Vendor, ROSEN Group, to modify their Walnut Creek, CA, United States, Peter Martin, variations of mechanical strength and 12’x18’ tool for lower pressure service in 2016, it Pacific Gas & Electric,San Ramon, CA, United toughness properties informed by the was mutually determined that to be successful, States, Troy Rovella, Pacific Gas and Electric operator’s materials verification program. new specially designed 12’x16’ Geometry and Company, Walnut Creek, CA, United States Corresponding to a target reliability level, a Axial MFL tools would be required. Hydrostatic pressure testing is the most widely nominal PFP is selected through its statistical The goal of this project was to develop tools accepted approach to verify the integrity of distribution. Subsequently applying the that could meet both the PG&E pipeline assets used for the transportation of natural appropriate class location factor to the nominal passage requirements as well as allow for an gas. It is required by Federal Regulations 49 PFP gives the operator a basis to verify their acceptable speed profile, given the operating CFR §192 to substantiate the intended maximum current MAOP. The last step is to perform conditions and thus produce a successful allowable operating pressure (MAOP) of new probabilistic fatigue life calculations to derive inspection. With the need to inspect a total of gas transmission pipelines. The Pipeline and the remaining life distribution, which drives 16 pipeline sections in the long term ILI Hazardous Materials Safety Administration reassessment intervals and integrity Upgrade Plan in this size range, ROSEN and (PHMSA) Notice of Proposed Rulemaking management decisions for the asset. This PG&E were able to justify the investment in (NPRM) with Docket No. PHMSA-2011-0023, paper will present some case studies as a these new tools. ROSEN embarked on a new proposes an additional requirement for MAOP demonstration of the methodology developed ILI tool design process including conceptual verification of existing pipelines that: i) do not and details of calculation and establishment of design, detailed design, manufacturing, have reliable, traceable, verifiable, or complete database. fabrication and testing at their facilities in records of a pressure test; or ii) were Germany. Through this process, a number of grandfathered into present service via 49 CFR unique ILI tool design features to lower tool §192.619(c). To meet this requirement, the drag and improve ease of collapsibility were NPRM proposes that an Engineering Critical implemented, resulting in a tool that far Assessment (ECA) can be considered as an exceeds existing industry capabilities. To alternative to pressure testing if the operator

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3-2 In 2016 NDT Global was approached by Plains describes the application of the LSD corrosion PREVENTION, MONITORING AND GROWTH Midstream Canada to complete inspections criteria to real pipeline cases and evaluation of MODELING utilizing the 10” Ultrasonic Circumferential crack the results. inspection technology. The pipeline system 3-2-1B spans 188km within Canada and consists of 2 The performance of the LSD criteria, as CORROSION AND ENVIRONMENTAL segments. The pipeline traverses several determined by the number of corrosion repairs CRACKING I elevation changes and crosses several creeks required, was compared to that of the CSA Z662 deterministic assessment criteria and the Telus, MacLeod Hall C 3:30pm - 5:00pm and roads. Circumferential cracking was full probabilistic criteria used by TransCanada 3:30pm Complex Circumferential Stress identified during dig campaigns performed for Pipelines Ltd. (TCPL) to determine if the criteria corrosion Cracking - Identification, Sizing other threats, therefore the need to inspect lead to practical solutions for real cases. The and Consequences for the Integrity each pipeline segment with the Ultrasonic CSA criteria use safety factors that are not Management ProgramTechnical Paper circumferential technology was identified. directly based on the risk level associated with Publication. IPC2018-78564 Plains Midstream Canada and NDT Global the pipeline, while the TCPL criteria utilize Thomas Hennig, NDT Global Corporate Ltd., formed a close collaboration to assess the pipeline-specific reliability targets. The Dublin, Ireland, Brett Johnson, Plains severity of circumferential crack features in this comparison was conducted using a Midstream Canada, Calagry, AB, Canada, line. This paper will discuss integrity aspects comprehensive set of TCPL pipeline cases that Bereket Tesfaye, Plains Midstream Canada, from an Operator and Vendor perspective. covered a wide range of diameters (NPS 6 to Calgary, AB, Canada, Ernesto Suarez, NDT Challenges identified due to the morphology of 42), hoop stress-to-SMYS ratios (0.4 to 0.8) Global ILLC, Houston, TX, United States, cory the circumferential crack like indications and and corrosion densities (0.625 to 6508 Wargacki, NDT Global Inc., Leduc, AB, Canada derived analysis rules and interpretation features per km). The results show that the Since the late 1980’s Ultrasonic tools have been methodologies to optimize characterization and LSD criteria perform similarly to the TCPL used for the detection and sizing of crack like sizing are presented. Finally, potential reliability-based criteria, and that both are indications. ILI service providers developed opportunities to maintain the integrity of similar generally less conservative than the CSA inspection technologies for liquid and gas lines assets by applying some of the findings and deterministic criteria. that are widely used nowadays. In comparison enhance the management and decision making The results demonstrate that the LSD criteria to axial cracking, circumferential cracking is not process are suggested. provide a simple and deterministic procedure a prevalent risk to most pipelines and therefore 4:00pm Implementation of Reliability- that capitalizes on the benefits of more complex is not as well understood. Nevertheless, based Criteria for Corrosion Assessment reliability analyses in eliminating unnecessary pipeline Operators observe from time to time Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78608 conservatism and focusing on the repairs circumferentially oriented defects, often in Riski Adianto, Maher Nessim, C-FER required to achieve consistent safety levels for combination with circumferential welds or local Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Shahani all cases. Thus, these criteria will enable stress/strain accumulations. These are often Kariyawasam, Transcanada, Calagry, AB, operators to maximize risk reduction for the caused by pipeline movement, which may Canada, Terry Huang, TransCanada Pipelines dollar spent. especially occur in mountain areas. Ltd, Calgary, AB, Canada 3-3 With the introduction of Ultrasonic In an era where pipeline safety is of paramount ASSESSMENT circumferential crack inspection tools in the late interest, vintage pipelines with corrosion have

2000’s the knowledge has steadily increased to be managed responsibly. Optimization of 3-3-5B over time. Using extensive data collected from corrosion mitigation for these pipelines has a ESTABLISHED ILI TECHNOLOGIES III in-ditch NDE validations has provided NDT significant effect on the industry’s management Global with an increased knowledge of the systems and related costs. To help optimize the Telus, MacLeod Hall D 3:30pm - 5:00pm morphology of single cracking and stress corrosion management process, reliability- 3:30pm In-Line Inspection in Lieu of corrosion cracking defects both in the axial and based limit state design (LSD) corrosion Hydrostatic Testing for Low Frequency circumferential orientations. Field verifications assessment criteria have been developed for Electric Resistance Welded Pipe have shown that not all features have the same onshore pipeline as part of a joint industry Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78522 morphology. Some of the challenges with project. The LSD approach is a simplified form Matthew Krieg, Marathon Pipe Line LLC, circumferential cracking are for features that fall of the reliability-based approach. It achieves Findlay, OH, United States, J Bruce Nestleroth, outside of the industry standard specifications. risk or safety consistency within a certain Kiefner and Associates, Inc., Columbus, OH, These types of features can exhibit tolerance, while utilizing a deterministic United States, Thomas Hennig, NDT Global characteristics such as being sloped, skewed procedure that is easier to apply. The overall Corporate Ltd., Dublin, Ireland, Harvey Haines, or tilted. methodology and development of the criteria ApplusRTD, Vienna, VA, United States are described in a companion paper. This paper

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Hydrostatic testing is a costly, operationally- Global ILLC, Houston, TX, United States, Victor development and the analysis procedure. impactful method of verifying seam integrity in Haro, Peter Haberl, NDT Global GmbH, Finally, the authors will present the application low frequency electric resistance welded Stutensee, Germany of the enhanced service in a customer pipeline, (LF-ERW) line pipe. Pipeline operators seek an including ILI preparation, execution, analysis, Globally, ultrasonic crack inspection services alternative seam assessment method that and in-the-ditch verifications. have become a standard solution in pipeline provides a sufficiently conservative integrity integrity programs within the last 2 decades, assessment without the potentially negative The structured and systematic approach allows especially for liquid pipelines. ILI tools provide impacts of hydrostatic testing. As in-line NDT Global to perform successful and reliable reliable and accurate data for assessment of inspection (ILI) and field nondestructive crack detection inspections in LNG lines. This axial and circumferential cracking defects to evaluation (NDE) improve, pipelines that have includes axial and circumferential cracking derive educated decisions on the integrity and been historically hydrostatic tested can now threats. maintenance of the asset. The technology is use ILI to ensure operational integrity. The capable to inspect common media such as improved ILI technology assessed in this work crude and light oils, water, diesel, benzene, or WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 26 is an enhanced ultrasonic crack ILI tool with similar. Running the tools in the medium used higher circumferential resolution and finer axial for commercial operations does almost not sample intervals. Magnetic ILI data from 3-3 affect the throughput of the line The above previous assessments is used to assist in ASSESSMENT mentioned media have relatively constant anomaly identification. In addition to utilizing ultrasonic characteristics with varying 3-3-2 NDE technologies such as phased array, the pressures and temperatures and are therefore ESTABLISHED ILI TECHNOLOGIES I emerging full matrix capture (FMC) imaging very suitable for ultrasonic inspections. method that quantifies the size, position, and Telus, MacLeod Hall D 8:30am - 10:00am orientation of seam weld anomalies was The situation significantly changes as soon as Session Chair: Jake Haase, Enterprise examined. This paper discusses the work the medium in the pipeline does not fall within Products, Houston, TX, United States performed to ensure the efficacy of the the common media as described. Especially for 8:30am Development of Pinhole Corrosion improved ILI and NDE methods to accurately liquefied natural gases (LNG) or liquefied Management using MFL detect and quantify all anomalies that could petroleum gases (LPG) where temperature and Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78642 possibly fail a hydrostatic test. An early step in pressure have a significant impact on the Guy Desjardins, Desjardins Integrity Ltd, the process was removing three sections of ultrasonic characteristics of speed of sound, Calgary, AB, Canada, Vitaly Vorontsov, pipe from service for technology calibration and density, and attenuation. LNGs and LPGs Enbridge Liquids Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, assessment. Each spool was examined with ILI typically contain high amounts of propane, Canada, Joel Falk, Desjardins Integrity, Ltd., technology in a pump-through facility, butane, and some other higher order alkanes. Calgary, AB, Canada inspected using many NDE methods and then Due to the high variability of these components destructively tested. These results were to external boundary conditions, inline While In-line Inspection Magnetic Flux Leakage communicated to ILI analysts and used to inspections in these type of pipelines are (MFL) tools have been used for many years to calibrate and improve the interpretation of the typically performed by replacing the medium successfully manage corrosion related threats, inspection results. Then the pipeline was with a more feasible one, e.g. water or diesel. small pinhole-sized metal-loss anomalies inspected as part of the scheduled integrity This causes significant impact to productivity remain a significant concern to pipeline assessment. Using field evaluation of and throughput and increases costs and efforts. operators. These anomalies can grow anomalies detected by ILI, pipes were selected undetected to develop leaks and cause for removal from service to examine The authors will present the work performed to significant consequences. The physical destructively. This paper presents the overcome and solve this workaround and run dimensions of these anomalies, their proximity inspection and destructive testing results in UC tool in LNG. This paper will focus on the to and/or interaction with other nearby addition to prognosis for the use of the ILI in challenges and aspects that have to be anomalies can challenge MFL’s both detection lieu of hydrostatic testing for LF-ERW pipe. considered to perform successful inline and sizing capabilities. The other factors such inspections in LNGs. We will present a 4:00pm Exceeding Limitations - Ultrasonic as tool’s speed, cleanliness of the line have an standardized and systematic approach to Crack inspections become feasible for Liquid impact as well. For pipeline operators to overcome limitations of the technology in such Natural Gases develop effective and efficient mitigation media. Starting with the challenges and ideas Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78573 programs and to estimate risks to an asset the for enhancement of the service, the paper will underlying uncertainties in detection and sizing Thomas Hennig, NDT Global Corporate Ltd., discuss the design of the experiment, the of pinhole need to be well understood. Dublin, Ireland, Rogelio Guajardo, NDT Global, experiment itself, the results, and present the Stutensee, Germany, Ernesto Suarez, NDT conclusions that resulted in the tool

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By using MFL modeling software, the response development of accurate defect sizing While approaches to feature depth growth of metal-loss anomalies can be determined. algorithms. have been well-established, there has been The modeling is used to determine the effect of less investigation into the growth of feature a number of factors such as radial position, tool T.D. Williamson (TDW) utilizes dynamic lengths. A literature review was performed on speed and pipe cleanliness on MFL response computer simulation modeling, paired with the methodologies applicable to length and reporting accuracy. This paper investigates laboratory testing, to develop the complex growth, and their performance was compared a number of factors to determine the leading parametric relationships between metal loss to those that only account for depth growth cause of uncertainties involved in the detection geometry, pipeline material and ILI tool speed. using a sample analysis. and sizing of pinhole corrosion. The The blend of simulation and physical test understanding of these uncertainties leads to results allow for TDW to iterate more quickly For pipelines with multiple in-line inspection the improvements in integrity management of across multiple physics variables with (ILI) runs, feature or signal matching can be pinhole for pipeline operators. simulation models, while maintaining a firm used to estimate the change in feature size. footing in reality with physical test validation. These rates can be used directly on individual This paper first investigates the physical Accurately simulating magnetic field responses features, averaged across pipe joints, or measurement method to understand the of metal loss under dynamic conditions compiled into a statistical distribution. limitations of the ILI technology. Then, produces the data necessary to identify optimal Alternatively, only one ILI measurement can be comparisons of actual ILI data with field magnetizer design, including optimizing sensor used and an assumption made on the age of excavation results are studied, with the spacing and placement for metal-loss defect the defect. These approaches are more limitations of the specific ILI technology in mind. sizing and characterization. commonly applied to depth growth but could Finally, the paper recommends on how to better be used to predict length growth as well. use and assess MFL results. These This paper will provide an overview of recommendations include improvements to the advances in the use of computer simulation To compare the growth methodologies, the Analysis of ILI results, Identification of modeling for predicting dynamic flux leakage study used historical ILI measurements of a secondary features, and improvements to the field response. Besides increasing accuracy, liquid pipeline to predict feature sizes and ILI tools themselves. results from this work will extend specifications estimated burst pressures determined at the beyond optimal speed time of the latest ILI. The number of defects 9:00am Modeling Pipeline Metal Loss correctly predicted to have an insufficient burst Defects at Tool Speed ranges and provide the basis for general pressure safety factor for safe operation was corrosion profilometry predictions from compared to the number of defects that were Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78014 decomposition of the full MFL signal. erroneously predicted to not meet this criterion, Matthew Romney, T.D. Williamson, Salt Lake and those that were predicted to be safe but City, UT, United States, Adrian Belanger, T.D. 9:30am Evaluation Of Corrosion Growth later found to not meet the safety factor Williamson, Houston, TX, United States Prediction Methodologies Using Burst requirement. The number of erroneously Pressure Comparisons From Repeated Accurate defect sizing is crucial for maintaining flagged defects was found to vary the most In-line Inspections effective pipeline safety and operation. Under between methodologies. For the assessed data growing pressure from local, national and world Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78294 set, using the joint average rate based on organizations, pipeline operators demand Chance Wright, Thomas Dessein, C-FER feature box-matching was non-conservative on improved magnetic flux leakage (MFL) Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada, average. It was also found that incorporating metal-loss sizing accuracy and classification Yanping Li, Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, Canada, length growth did not significantly affect the from in-line inspection (ILI) tools. Suzanne Ward, Enbridge Pipelines Inc, accuracy of the burst pressure predictions. Edmonton, AB, Canada The axial MFL field response in pipeline steel near a metal-loss defect is a very complex At the forefront of the effort to understand and phenomenon. Although critical for proper sizing mitigate pipeline corrosion is the prediction of model development, the effects of tool speed corrosion growth rates. It is important to due to product flow is very difficult to model understand the effect of corrosion growth during finite element analysis (FEA) and estimates on integrity management decisions. therefore is often overlooked. However, An overly conservative approach results in understanding the dynamic MFL response is unnecessary digs, while removing crucial for proper ILI tool design and the conservatism increases the potential for a missed feature to grow to a threatening size.

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3-5 avoid such issues, or if they occur, how to include limited or no ILI or NDE information are FACILITY INTEGRITY identify and mitigate them. used to demonstrate the application of semi-quantitative and quantitative reliability 9:00am Risk’Based Integrity Decision 3-5-2A assessment of laterals along with the Making for Lateral Piping INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT exploration of challenges in calibrating the two Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78379 assessment methods to provide an example of Telus, MacLeod Hall C 8:30am - 10:00am Amanda Kulhawy, Enbridge Pipelines Inc., how reliability science can be applied to laterals Session Chair: Sladjana Popovic, Alliance Edmonton, AB, Canada, Alex Nemeth, Garry and how this can be used in effective decision Pipeline, Calgary, AB, Canada Sommer, Enbridge Pipelines Inc, Edmonton, AB, making given such limitations. Session Co-Chair: Alexandra Chenevey, Canada, Sherif Hassanien, Enbridge, Liquids Marathon Pipe Line, Findlay, OH, United States Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, Canada 3-3 8:30am Vibration and Fatigue Failures at ASSESSMENT Integrity reliability science plays a major role in Pipeline Facilities the integrity management of transmission 3-3-1 Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78176 piping, which is piping that traverses long NEW ILI TECHNOLOGIES I Lawrence Matta, Stress Engineering Services, distances across the continent, at high Telus, MacLeod Hall B 8:30am - 12:00pm Houston, TX, United States, Gyorgy Szasz, pressures, and can experience high pressure Stress Engineering Services, Inc., Metairie, LA, cycling. This science can be applied to Session Chair: John Godfrey, DNV GL, Dublin, United States non-transmission piping such as lateral piping, OH, United States which traverses between a transmission line Session Co-Chair: Justin Harkrader, Colonial Vibration related issues can be a challenging and a facility, or between two facilities, at lower Pipeline Company, Alpharetta, GA, United part of pipeline integrity management, because pressures and with lower pressure cycling. States they are frequently difficult to predict, diagnose, Laterals are susceptible to the same threats as 8:30am Operational Experiences with Axial and remediate. Often, vibrational issues are not transmission lines (internal corrosion, external Strain Inline Inspection Tools even considered until pipe movement is corrosion, cracking, etc.). However, due to their observed or failures occur. A wide variety of Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78466 operation, laterals are only highly susceptible to vibration problems are associated with pumps Doug Dewar, Enbridge, Prince George, BC, internal and external corrosion. On transmission and compressors, and piping at pumping Canada, Gregory VanBoven, Enbridge, piping, corrosion is generally managed with stations are often susceptible to vibration Calgary, AB, Canada, Mohamed ElSeify, Baker In-Line Inspection (ILI), Non-Destructive related issues. Excessive piping vibration may Hughes, a GE company, Calgary, AB, Canada, Examination (NDE), and corresponding repairs result in leaks at connections and flanges, and Paul Bjorn, McElhanney Consulting Services (e.g. sleeving) to assess and mitigate. With fatigue failures can occur, leading to leaks that Ltd., Prince George, BC, Canada, Nicolas laterals, there can be limited In-Line Inspection present safety and environmental concerns. Bruce, McElhanney Consulting Services Ltd., (ILI) and Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) Terrace, BC, Canada The energy responsible for pipeline vibration is data. As such, the data used in the quantitative usually provided by rotating or reciprocating reliability framework for these threats is not Axial Strain Inline Inspection has transitioned pumping equipment, and is transmitted to the available and this creates a gap in the process. from an experimental to commercial technology piping either by direct mechanical contact, This paper addresses this gap through the that will develop significantly as the industry pressure pulsations, or turbulence in the application of semi-quantitative reliability requires. Axial strain tool measures total elastic pumped fluid. Vibration problems usually occur analysis for internal and external corrosion on longitudinal strain on a pipeline including: when a mechanical natural frequency of the laterals along with a risk-based integrity imposed strains due to manufacturing; piping system, an acoustic natural frequency of decision making framework. The proposed construction/cold bending; backfilling; and the contained fluid, or both, is excited by the approach is designed to enable pipeline and loading associated with abnormal forces such driving force. facility operators to make effective decisions as ground movement and settlement. The around lateral integrity programs given the technology is based on magnetostriction, which In this paper, a brief overview of vibration available data, and to better understand the measures the permeability and magnetic issues that occur in pipeline facilities is limitations of integrity decision making. induction of ferromagnetic materials. presented. Next, a selection of case studies is Moreover, the paper expands the discussion Magnetostriction is well understood, but the provided to illustrate some of the types of around the difference between risk-informed application of the technology to active vibration induced failures that have been and risk-based integrity decision making in pipelines is relatively recent. Currently, Inertial observed at pipeline facilities, and how they order to provide a guideline for optimal and Measurement Unit (IMU) inline inspections (ILI) were addressed and resolved. These examples safe integrity management programs effectively identify areas of localized bending provide some insight into how to potentially considering different criteria. Case studies that strains and can be used for monitoring of

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pipeline movements run to run, but they do not knowledge on estimation of strains found in 9:30am Breathing New Life to Aging detect axial strain associated with either tensile dent and gouge defects in modern and vintage Pipeline Infrastructure Using Unique or compressive loading. Currently, axial strain pipes would allow operators to better Wireline Inspection Techniques and modules are mounted behind Magnetic Flux characterize and assess the severity of these Pipe-Lining Technology Leakage (MFL) platforms and have either 4 or 8 defects. Moreover, a current testing procedure Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78594 probes that provide circumferential readings is used to evaluate plastic deformations which Alex Gutierrez, United Pipeline de Mexico, S.A. typically at 0.5 to 1 m intervals. Data is either is based on tensile test specimens to calibrate de C.V., El Marques, Queretaro, Mexico, Clay considered ‘trend’ or ‘calibrated’ depending on the micro-hardness-strain relationship. Goudy, Q-Inline, Houston, TX, United States whether representative test samples are However, only low levels of strains can be available. Interpretations are provided by the achieved. Mexico’s Energy Reform has opened up various vendor in the form of Axial Strain Variation interesting and unique opportunities for energy which is the averaged value of a set of readings In this study, the use of notched specimens is infrastructure. A CO2 pipeline project that is with the hoop strain component removed. suggested to perform additional advanced underway in southern Mexico provides a Additionally, data from each probe is analyzed material characterization to address these perfect example of how to breathe new life to to establish the maximum and minimal issues. It is proposed to establish a more deteriorated pipeline infrastructure ‘ longitudinal strains (‘max/’min) with locations accurate micro-hardness- strain correlation infrastructure that would have typically been around the circumference of the pipeline. Given based on larger strain levels achievable with written off. By coupling a unique pipeline the potential complexity of locked-in strains, interrupted tensile tests on notched specimens. inspection method with a novel lining system, simple calculations using sinusoidal bending Four different API materials are studied: X52 two 28-kilometer pipelines were rehabilitated in relationships do not apply. Therefore, curve vintage and modern, X63 vintage and X70 record time and in a cost effective manner. The fitting analysis is required to determine the modern. Specimens are extracted from pipes of project consisted of two 12 and 18 inch CO2 circumferential strains. This paper includes the current gas network and are tested along transport pipelines that were out of service for operational learnings from the analyses of data longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) directions of 22 years and that are a central component of a from eight (8) Axial Strain ILI runs within variable the pipe. The mechanical behavior of each high-profile fertilizer project. terrain on some natural gas transmission and material is characterized and micro-hardness To put this aging infrastructure back in service, gathering pipelines in British Columbia by filiations are performed at the minimum it was essential to assess the condition of the verifying strains due to known abnormal cross-section of each deformed specimen after pipelines with a high level of accuracy and loading as well as identifying previously several interrupted tests. Then, the precision which would allow for the installation unknown features (landslides, in particular). In accumulated plastic strain at the minimum of a structural liner to extend the system’s addition, sources of error, data anomalies, cross-section is determined numerically by serviceable life. The challenge, however, was current limitations and potential improvements finite element calculation and linked to that these pipelines were un-piggable by of the technology are discussed. experimental hardness. The isotropic or anisotropic behavior is taken into account in the traditional methods. By using a tethered MFL 9:00am Implementation of a new Tool for analysis to better evaluate plastic strains inside and Caliper ILI solution, the pipelines were Pipelines Integrity Evaluation: A Correlation the samples. Finally, a master curve is inspected in 13 separate sections with the level between Local Strains and Hardness. highlighted which allows to propose a new of detail necessary to assess the condition and Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78547 relationship between strain and suitability of the rehabilitation strategy selected Clément Soret, RICE - GRTgaz, Saint Denis, micro-hardness. for the project. Fast-track scheduling France, Joseph Marae Djouda, Ermess constraints required 24-hour data analysis EPF-Ecole d’Ingenieur, Sceaux, France, This new relationship is used to reinterpret the turn-around of reports identifying and Melissandre Bonnaudet, RICE - GRTgaz, Saint micro-hardness measurements already discriminating areas of modest and significant Denis La Plaine Cedex, France, Murès Zarea, performed in terms of more accurate strain corrosion as well as deformations including ENGIE SA - CRIGEN, Saint Denis La Plaine estimations, which in turn are a critical areas of significant weld slag, which could Cedex, Select State/Province, France, Yazid contribution to the issue of determining strains prohibit the insertion of the liners. Madi, Centre des matériaux / EPF Ecole in actual dent and gouge defects. Overall, the d’ingénieur-e-s, Corbeil-Essonnes, France main benefits of this work are related to Once high quality data was available, pinpoint improve screening capacities for dent and repairs were possible and the pipelines were Evaluation of strains encountered in dent and gouge features and also more realistic then internally lined with a patented process gouge defects that can occur in service assessment criteria. that effectively provides a double containment remains an important issue for the operators, system. A grooved liner and the host steel inspection service providers and modeling pipe create an annular space that is teams. Improvement of experimental pressurized with air and remotely monitored.

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The system is able to detect even a small stress only without residual plastic stress. mitigated. Several case studies will be pressure drop in the annulus that would occur presented to show how recent advancements 10:30am Identifying Stress Concentrations in case the steel pipe’s integrity is ever have helped to identify and prioritize regions on Buried Steel Pipelines using Large breached. In case a pinhole develops in the with Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), Cracks, Standoff Magnetometry Technology steel pipe, a repair can be conducted while Unknown Buried Feature, Dents, and Buckles. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78162 the line continues to operate without interrupting CO2 service to the plant. Vignesh Shankar, PureHM Inc, Edmonton, AB, Keywords - SCC, ILI, MFL, EMAT, LSM, Pipe Wall Canada, Chukwuma Candidus Onuoha, Assessment, Cathodic Protection Survey, By applying these novel solutions, the PureHM, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Eric Pozniak, ACVG, DCVG, Casing, Crack, Leak, Buckle, rehabilitated pipelines will transport carbon Shamus McDonnell, PureHM Inc, Edmonton, Stress Con-centration. dioxide to a revitalized fertilizer plant for the AB, Canada 11:00am Bi-Directional Caliper Tool next 25 years in a safe and efficient manner. Buried steel pipelines are subjected to Development 10:00am Understanding Quantitative mechanical stress, by internal or external Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78242 Performance of Large Standoff forces, resulting from geo-hazards, shear or Dylan Davis, TransCanada Pipelines, Calgary, Magnetometry in Locating Live Gas Pipeline external loading, and hoop stress. These AB, Canada, Robert Zazuliak, On-Stream Anomalies with Stress Estimation conditions are key factors that can be Pipeline Inspection, Calgary, AB, Canada, detrimental to the integrity of the pipeline and Stephen Westwood, OnStream Pipeline Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78655 lead to possible failures such as: coating Inspection, Calgary, AB, Canada Tianzong (David) Xu, Pacific Gas and Electric damage, dents, buckles, cracks, and leaks. Company, San Ramon, CA, United States TransCanada owns and operates more than Identifying stress concentration regions, in 91,500km of natural gas pipelines in North Large standoff magnetometry (LSM) is an difficult to pig pipelines, is challenging, America and since 2014 they’ve been emerging non-intrusive, above-ground, especially when compared to piggable aggressively pursuing the assessment of the passive geo-magnetization flux leakage pipelines. Using the Large Standoff unpigged portion of their system. In order to measurement technology to detect pipeline Magnetometry (LSM) technology, an innovative expand the In-Line Inspection coverage in the features or anomalies associated with screening tool, we can identify stress system TransCanada identified the need to elevated stresses. Although many promising concentration by performing an indirect develop a bi-directional caliper tool. This field trial results have been reported in the inspection. LSM technology detects inverse development allowed TransCanada to attain past, its overall performance still has not magnetostriction (also known as the Villari more MFL and Caliper data while reducing the reached sufficient consistency and reliability. effect) ‘which is the change of the magnetic overall cost of its multi-year baseline This paper presents PG&E’s effort in gaining susceptibility of a material when subjected to assessment program. some fundamental understanding of the mechanical stress’. Using this technology we current LSM technology and its qualitative & can detect changes in the magnetic field of the This paper will discuss the technical features of quantitative performance. Specifically location pipeline which can indicate the presence of the bi-directional caliper tool and an overview accuracy of girth weld, casing end, dent and stress on the pipe wall. of the model used by TransCanada which drove landslide damage is analyzed with references the development of the bi-directional calliper to inline inspection (ILI) and excavation data. In LSM technology has shown significant results technology and to demonstrate the advantages addition, basic physics of LSM stress when correlated with additional data. For of utilizing unconventional ILI technology in quantification is examined using references of instance, LSM technology correlated with Inline order to obtain MFL and Calliper data. a full-scale finite element stress analysis on Inspection (ILI) or As-Built drawings have aided selected plain dents. The outcomes indicate in the accurate selection of digs to mitigate 3-1 advanced global navigation satellite system failures due to stress concentration. INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT PLAN (IMP) (GNSS) tool plus capability of identifying girth Successfully identifying digs to mitigate stress ADMINISTRATION weld is important to good anomaly location concentration is vital as it substantially reduces accuracy especially as LSM tends to report cost due to potential failures and avoiding 3-1-2 more indications than other inspection unnecessary digs. SYSTEMS AND DATA technologies in current practices. The LSM Telus, MacLeod Hall D 10:30am - 12:00pm stress estimation and comparison to pipe’s This paper will show the benefits of an specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) are integrated approach and how the correlation of Session Chair: Joseph Bratton, Det Norske only good quantitatively within magneto- inline and aboveground pipeline integrity data Veritas, Dublin, OH, United States elastic regime where localized stress ensures that threats due to stress 10:30am A Strength Test Analysis Model concentration zones (SCZs) are under elastic concentrations are confidently identified and and Its Practical Applications in PG&E Gas

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Transmission Pipeline Strength Test Projects procedure of PG&E pipeline strength test comparison). There is therefore great value in Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78255 jobs today. understanding how box matching CGRs could be improved in order to more closely resemble Chunlei He, Edward Stracke, Pacific Gas Authors also will also discuss potential future those from signal matching. and Electric Company, San Ramon, CA, applications and model improvements. United States Given their relative accuracy, signal matching 11:00am Pipeline Data Analytics ‘ Enhanced CGRs can be utilized as a ‘ground truth’ against The article will present a model for evaluating Corrosion Growth Assessment through which box matching results can be validated. the success of an in-situ gas transmission Machine Learning pipeline strength test (closed system), This is analogous to the ILI verification process, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78364 including a complete set of calculations on the where in-field measurements (e.g. with laser Michael Smith, ROSEN GROUP, Newcastle, change ofcorrected volume, pressure and scan) are used to validate feature depths United Kingdom, Stefan Cronjaeger, Microsoft temperature, and how the data is used in the reported by an ILI. By extension, a model to Deutschland GmbH, München, Germany, Navid evaluation process. The primary focus of the estimate CGRs following a box matching Ershad, Inter Pipeline, Calgary, AB, Canada, article will be the strength testing using water analysis can be trained with CGRs from a signal Randy Nickle, Inter Pipeline, Calagry, AB, as the test medium, and will also include the matching analysis, using supervised machine Canada, Matthias Peussner, ROSEN Group, discussion related to the use of inert gas as learning. The outcome is an enhanced output Lingen (Ems), Germany the test medium as well. The article will from box matching, which more closely include test conclusions and practical Effective integrity management of a corroded resembles the true state of corrosion growth in application of model from more than 50 pipeline requires a significant quantity of data. a pipeline. strength tests performed in 2017. The model Common data sources include in-line Through testing on real pipeline data, it is makes it possible that test engineers can inspection (ILI), process monitoring, or external shown that this new technique has the potential monitor analysis and direct field strength tests surveys. The key challenge for an integrity to improve pipeline integrity management using real-time test data, as well as evaluation engineer is to leverage the data to understand decisions and support economical, safe and the initial fill process. Additional detail is the level of corrosion activity along the pipeline compliant operation. provided in the proceeding paragraphs. route, and make optimal decisions on future repair, mitigation and monitoring. This practice 11:30am A web map solution designed as This model is built to accommodate different of gaining business insights from historical the data messenger for Colonial Pipeline type of test medium, including water, and datasets is often referred to as ‘data analytics’. Company nitrogen and (nitrogen +helium, When water is used as the test medium, the model calculates In this paper, a single application of data Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78646 corrected volume change from beginning to analytics is investigated ‘ that of improving the Eric James, Colonial Pipeline Company, ending of the static test period and analyses estimation of corrosion growth rates (CGRs) Alpharetta, GA, United States the volume change due to temperature change from ILI data. When two or more sets of ILI data Colonial’s Asset Data Management team and potential leakage. When nitrogen is used are available for the same pipeline, a process maintains a large volume of data. Organizing as the test medium, the model calculates and known as ‘box matching’ is typically used to and packaging this data for employees to easily analyses net mass change (temperature estimate CGRs. Corresponding feature ‘boxes’ consume has been a historical challenge. The corrected) using test two methods; the first are linked between the two ILIs and a solution is an intuitive and efficiently designed considering the nitrogen under an ideal gas population of CGRs is generated based on web map application which provides relevant state and the second considering nitrogen changes in reported depth. While this is a tools, and serves as a self-help product. under an real gas state. The model tracks the well-established technique, there are Colonial Scout has significantly reduced the pressure-temperature and pressure-volume uncertainties related to ILI sizing, detection number of work orders related to data requests. curve from theory calculations over test limitations, and data censoring. Great care is Colonial Scout is an innovative and expandable measurement during the whole test period, required if these uncertain CGRs are used to solution for Colonial’s ever-growing data needs. restrained and unrestrained pipeline lengths, predict future pipeline integrity. along with temperature measurements are critical aspects of the model. The practicality, A superior technique is ‘signal matching’, which accuracy and robustness of this model have involves the direct alignment, normalization and been proven by more than 50 tests performed comparison of magnetic flux leakage (MFL) by PG&E under various locations, weather and signals. This delivers CGRs with a higher soil conditions, temperature changes, static accuracy than box matching. However, signal heads and multi size pipeline configurations. matching is not always possible (e.g. when The model has become the standard core conducting a cross-vendor or cross-technology

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3-5 A comprehensive metallurgical investigation of pipelines have a very good safety record; FACILITY INTEGRITY multiple, externally-initiated, in-service leaks on however, the NEB noticed an increased trend in an above-ground, oil emulsion (multiphase) some types of incidents. Therefore, after 3-5-2B pipeline concluded that the crack-initiating considerable stakeholder consultation, in March INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT mechanism was stress corrosion cracking 2012 the NEB started requiring NEB-regulated (SCC). A technical root cause analysis (RCA) companies to report annually on new pipeline Telus, MacLeod Hall C 10:30am - 12:00pm was performed, utilizing faults trees, to evaluate performance measures. These performance 10:30am Remaining strength in pressure the potential contributors to the SCC from the measures were developed and introduced to vessels with pitting type metal loss: Part 1 time of construction through the identification promote continual improvement in the Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78425 of the first in-service leak. This paper outlines management of pipelines by allowing Juan José Trujillo Tadeo, INSTITUTO the RCA findings and current understating of companies to compare their results with POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL, Mexico, Mexico, the primary contributors given that SCC on industry aggregate numbers. In addition, these Mexico, Jorge Luis González Velázquez, above-ground, insulated carbon steel pipelines metric results allow the NEB to both evaluate E.S.I.Q.I.E. - I.P.N., Mexico D.F., Mexico, Diego has not previously been reported. and demonstrate that pipeline companies are Israel Rivas López, INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO effective in managing pipeline safety and NACIONAL, Mexico, Mexico THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER, 27 protection of the environment. This work proposes an assessment procedure The NEB requires all regulated companies to for the determination of the remaining strength report on incidents, such as releases of 3-1 in pressure vessels with pitting type metal loss, substances and serious injuries. Pipeline INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT PLAN (IMP) trough the developed of integrity diagrams performance measures data provides the Board ADMINISTRATION according to the pitting density, pitting depths additional information such as lagging and and the internal pressure of the component 3-1-3 leading indicators. These lagging indicators using Finite Element Analysis simulations. INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE provide an historical view of company MEASURES performance while the leading indicators The simulations results indicate that the pitting provide forward looking data of potential future density and depths according to the Gumbel Telus, MacLeod Hall B 8:30am - 10:00am events. The NEB is of the view that an Max Distribution, are the main factors that Session Chair: Tara McMahan, DNV GL, Dublin, amalgamation of leading, lagging and determine the mechanical integrity of the OH, United States qualitative measures can provide an overview component; where 45% damaged area by 8:30am Analysis of the National Energy of company effectiveness in meeting pitting generates a stress concentration that Board Pipeline Integrity Performance foundational management system program multiplies at least ten times the stress Measures objectives. compared with components without defects, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78413 since these variables present a synergistic This paper examines four years of reported Joe Paviglianiti, Sarah Shaw, National Energy behavior in the stress state. integrity related performance and integrity Board, Calgary, AB, Canada inspection data to evaluate trends in activities The proposed assessment procedure facilitates taken by companies to maintain safe pipelines. the evaluation of the components that present ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL ENERGY This paper will briefly discuss the challenges pitting corrosion damage, due to the geometric BOARD INTEGRITY PIPELINE encountered when developing the measures, and population effect of the pitting is PERFORMANCE MEASURES obtaining consistent data and evaluation of the considered in the finite element simulation. Joe Paviglianiti data to identify trends. 11:00am Root Cause Analysis of an Sarah, Shaw Above-ground Pipeline with Stress Corrosion This paper will conclude by summarizing select National Energy Board, National Energy Board Cracking results of the integrity performance measures and integrity inspection information data and Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78544 Calgary, Canada, Calgary, Canada discuss any potential future actions related to Kevin Ralston, Barbara Nicole (Nikki) Padgett, the pipeline performance integrity measures. Dave Norfleet, Liu Cao, DNV GL, Dublin, OH, ABSTRACT United States, Burke Delanty, DNV GL, Calgary, 9:00am A method to analyze the impact of The National Energy Board’s (NEB or the Board) AB, Canada, Mark Klages, DNV GL, Calagry, inline inspection accuracy on integrity top priorities are the safety of people and AB, Canada, John Beavers, TJ Prewitt, DNV management program planning of pipelines protection of the environment. NEB-regulated GL, Dublin, OH, United States

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Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78423 maintenance and inspection planning and a were derived. All of the failures have been Mingjiang Xie, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ‘total cost rate’ for different situations. The examined (as allowed by the data available) to AB, Canada, Jeff Sutherland, Bingyan Fang, proposed method can support integrity find approaches which would have proactively Bill Gu, Baker Hughes, a GE company, Calgary, management program planning by linking risks identified these events, so that similar events AB, Canada, Zhigang (Will) Tian, University Of with integrity plan costs associated with ILI can be avoided in the future. Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada accuracies, and optimal re-assessment intervals. ILI tools generate a wealth of information and A pipeline integrity management program is appropriate use of this information has shown 9:30am An ILI Based Program That greatly affected by integrity planning methods to be effective in managing pipelines. However, Prevents Reoccurrence of Post ILI Failures and inline inspection (ILI) tool performance. In it is also important to understand the limitations Seen in Industry integrity management program planning, of technologies, learn from the failures, and inspection and maintenance activities are in Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78604 acknowledge uncertainties so that undesirable common practice, determined from risk and Shahani Kariyawasam, Transcanada, Calagry, events can be avoided. integrity assessment practices with the AB, Canada, Terry Huang, TransCanada objective to reduce risk and effectively exceed Pipelines Ltd, Calgary, AB, Canada 3-2 a reliability target for the safe operation of the PREVENTION, MONITORING AND GROWTH The pipeline industry has been using Inline pipeline. An efficient and effective integrity MODELING Inspection (ILI) since the 1970s. High resolution planning method can address the most tools have been available for inspecting significant risk and optimize the operational and 3-2-3A corrosion from about the 1980s and related maintenance costs. OUTSIDE FORCE DAMAGE ILI-based programs have been evolving. Telus, MacLeod Hall C 8:30am - 10:00am In this paper, a method is presented for In this study incident rate data from the last analyzing the impact of ILI tool accuracy on 30 to 40 years of experience was examined Session Chair: Aaron Dinovitzer, BMT Fleet integrity planning for pipelines for fatigue and trended. Technology, Ottawa, ON, Canada cracks. Crack inspection and threat of fatigue Session Co-Chair: Sanjay Tiku, BMT Fleet Corrosion related incident rates have reduced cracking was used as the working case for the Technology Limited, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Ian where ILI programs have been implemented. analysis although the approach could Stallman, Marathon Petroleum Company, Significant changes in programs have shown potentially be used for any pipeline threat type. Findlay, OH, United States related incident reductions or positive trends. The proposed method is based on the use of a 8:30am Full Scale Testing of Dent and Throughout this time there have been a few Monte Carlo simulation framework, where initial Gouge Defects Under Axial Loading post-ILI incidents and by taking a closer look at crack defect size and ILI measurement errors Performed with a Four-Point Bending Test these incidents and learning from the findings are considered as key random variables. Device the ILI-based assessments and programs were Technical Presentation. IPC2018-78385 The integrity (severity) assessment of the crack further improved. population scenarios used the CorLASTM burst Charles Fernandez, GRTgaz - RICE, Saint- In this study, all of the post-ILI corrosion related pressure model and the Paris’ law crack growth Denis, France, Murès Zarea, ENGIE SA ruptures on the TransCanada system have been model. The subsequent pipeline reliability - CRIGEN, Saint Denis La Plaine Cedex, Select closely examined and trended. The effects of assessments also considered single and State/Province, France, Maxime Bertin, program changes and related changes to multiple cracks scenarios. Using a reliability / Research and Innovation Center for Energy of performance indicators have been examined. probability of failure (PoF) approach, the impact GRTgaz, ENGIE, saint-denis, France, Adrien Some significant industry failures, where data is of ILI tool accuracy and initial crack size on Lebrun, GRTgaz, saint-denis, Select State/ publicly available, have also been examined. when to set reinspection and reassessment Province, France These failures have been analyzed and trended intervals was investigated. to understand significant commonalities This paper presents work completed by GRTgaz-RICE (ex-ENGIE CRIGEN), BMT Fleet Furthermore, integrity program cost scenarios between these failures. managed by Electricore under US Department for pipeline integrity programs with multiple Data was analyzed with the intention of learning of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous cracks was also evaluated with respect to from them and applying this learning to avoid Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) different (crack) populations, pipe conditions similar failures in the future. By understanding funded research project, ‘Full Scale Testing of and ILI accuracies. A sensitivity analysis was the uncertainties, technology limitations, and Interactive Features for Improved Models’. The performed considering different inspection limits of applicability as well as the types of project was implemented to develop an costs, maintenance costs and relative crack programs used and where these have not experimental database on how pipelines severity for pipelines with financial metrics. identified probable failures practical solutions respond when affected by mechanical damage, Various scenarios were discussed regarding

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caused by both external interference and rock prepared by Finite Elements Analysis, in order pressure criterion and compared against FEA dents. This full-scale testing program produced to place the defects at the most severe results. In this paper, all above components are detailed experimental data to support the location with respect to the axial deformation presented with summary of findings and development and validation of improved burst due to the bending moment. recommendations for future research. and fatigue strength models to assess (1) Dents and gouges interacting with other threats e.g. The detailed test reports will be made available 9:30am Determining Pipeline Depth of close similar defects interacting with each via PRCI’s server. Cover at River Crossings by Data Integration other, or exposed to cathodic overprotection, 9:00am Study of Safe Dig Pressure Level Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78731 or submitted to secondary loads (e.g. to for Rock Dents in Gas Pipelines Peter Chan, Jin Wei, Kinder Morgan Canada, simulate a quasi-static ground movement) and Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78616 Calgary, AB, Canada (2) Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) defects. Ming Gao, Blade Energy Partners, Houston, TX, Having sufficient depth of cover ensures United States, Udayasankar Arumugam, Blade Work presented in this paper included the pipeline protection and is a regulatory Energy Partners Ltd, Houston, TX, United creation and full-scale testing of realistic Dent requirement. Confirming the pipeline depth of States, Ravi Krishnamurthy, Blade Energy and Gouge defects interacting with other cover on dry land is generally easy and Partners, Frisco, TX, United States, Rick Wang, threats. The test samples fabricated for the produces accurate results. However, TransCanada Pipelines Limited, Calgary, AB, full-scale testing program were created to determining the pipeline depth of cover at Canada, Richard Kania, TransCanada represent the types of damage encountered in a river crossing can be problematic because Pipelines, Calgary, AB, Canada the field on operating pipelines based on of accessibility difficulties and the available data from previous PHMSA and Pipelines passing through hilly-terrain increased measurement errors from Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. potentially have numerous rock dents. Some of aboveground surveys. (PRCI) research projects that compiled an them require further in-ditch investigation. The difficulty of determining the pipeline depth inventory of data on dent and gouge defects. However, in-ditch experience revealed elastic of cover at river crossings can be resolved by re-bounding and re-rounding due to internal The part presented in this paper consisted in integrating both the aboveground survey pressure that could cause cracking on dent performing in GRTgaz RICE’s facilities, the data and the inline inspection data. By outside surface when rock is removed even following tests: comparing both sets of data, errors from both after following the commonly used pressure above survey data and inline inspection data (1) Realistic Dent and Gouge defect creation of reduction by industry. Such OD-surface can be detected. several similar defects with a Pipe Aggression cracking in rock dent could pose safety issues Rig, (2) Destructive Characterization of one to excavation crew and immediate integrity This paper describes the tool that Kinder dent and gouge sample, (3) Burst test under threat due to gas release. A preliminary Morgan Canada had developed for easy axial loading with a Full-Scale Four-point research was performed to determine the and quick verification its water crossing depth Bending Test device of another sample, (4) required safe dig pressure level for rock dent of covers. Fatigue test under axial loading with a excavation and address if there is a gap between the common industry practice for Full-Scale Four-point Bending Test device of a 3-2-5A pressure reduction. This research could assist third sample, and (5) Destructive CORROSION AND ENVIRONMENTAL pipeline operators with setting a safe dig characterization of the two defects that failed CRACKING II during the burst test and the fatigue test. pressure level for rock dent excavation. Telus, MacLeod Hall D 8:30am - 10:00am The full-scale tests benefited of a very The research consists of four components. Session Chair: Rick Wang, TransCanada detailed instrumentation to capture the level of First, detail review of rock dents cracking Pipelines Limited, Calgary, AB, Canada detail needed for a range of parameters that experience during excavation has been Session Co-Chair: Yvan Hubert, Enbridge are important to the development and performed and identified relevant parameters Liquids Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, Canada that contributed to OD-cracking. Then, validation of mechanical damage assessment 8:30am Evaluation Of Crack Growth And performed several rock dent case studies with models. These included load and Material Toughness Effects On Probability Of different dent depths, indenter sizes, internal displacement data during defect creation, load Pipeline Failure and displacement for the four-point bending pressures and developed criterion for OD Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78691 tests, together with strain gauges, opening cracking using Finite Element Analysis. Thirdly, Peter Riccardella, Structural Integrity displacement, internal pressure, etc. The data a decision chart was developed for safe rock Associates Inc, Centennial, CO, United States, will be used to develop or improve models that dent excavation and presented. Finally, Scott Riccardella, Structural Integrity will be used by the industry for pipeline full-scale denting tests with internal pressure Associates, Inc., Centennial, CO, United States, integrity management. The tests were was conducted to corroborate the safe dig

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Tyson Manning, Structural Integrity Associates, impacted by the tendency towards brittle or 9:30am Crack Shape Development for Inc., Denver, CO, United States, Dilip Dedhia, ductile behavior that line pipe steels have the Leak-before-Break Analysis in Pipelines Structural Integrity Associates, Inc., San Jose, capacity to exhibit. Vintage and modern low Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78587 CA, United States carbon steels, such as those used to Kathy Zhang, Luyao Xu, James Ferguson, manufacture energy pipelines, exhibit a Probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) analysis Stantec Consulting Ltd., Calgary, AB, Canada, temperature-dependent transition from can provide insights into the relative benefits of Dennis Zadery, Stantec, Calagry, AB, Canada ductile-to-brittle behavior that affects the various pipeline integrity management options fracture behavior. There are numerous Surface cracks in pipelines under service in reducing the probability of a pipeline failure. definitions of fracture toughness in common conditions may grow due to fatigue caused by For example, a prior analysis [1] showed that usage, depending on the stage of the fracture pressure changes. The leak-before-break (LBB) In-Line Inspection (ILI) technology can achieve process and the behavior or fracture mode assessment method is employed to avoid any a greater level of safety, at longer reassessment being evaluated. The most commonly used catastrophic failure prior to a detectable intervals, than other integrity management definitions in engineering fracture analysis of leakage. In the LBB analysis, crack critical techniques such as Hydrostatic Pressure pipelines with cracks or long-seam weld length is an essential element for determining Testing in a line subject to an aggressive Stress defects are related to fracture initiation, stable the pipeline leak or rupture. Corrosion Cracking (SCC) environment in propagation or final fracture. relatively high toughness pipe base material. The common approach regarding to the When choosing fracture toughness test data for evaluation of LBB is to calculate the critical This paper extends that study to evaluate the use in engineering Fracture Mechanics-based crack length and through-wall length under a effects of different crack growth mechanisms, assessments of energy pipelines, it is important given pressure cycling conditions. If the critical such as fatigue in gas and liquid pipelines as to identify the stage of the fracture process and crack length is less than the through-wall well as materials with differing fracture the expected fracture behavior in order to length, LBB could occur and be detected if leak toughness levels (i.e. Seam Welds vs. Base appropriately select test data that represent detection capability is high. This involves Metal). PFM analysis addressing these growth equivalent conditions. A mismatch between the complex calculations in crack fatigue growth mechanisms and toughness distributions can physical fracture event being modeled and the and also a tremendous amount of work if the serve as a valuable tool for weighing the effects chosen experimental fracture toughness data pipeline has many crack features. of different assessment techniques, repair can result in unreliable predictions or overly criteria and reassessment intervals on pipeline This paper presents a simplified approach for conservative results. This paper presents a integrity. The analysis can also be used to assessing the leak-before-break of the flawed description of the physical fracture process, study the effects of probability of detection pipelines. This approach is based on industrial behavior and failure modes that pipelines (POD) of the ILI techniques as well as of varying code API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 Fitness-For- commonly exhibit as they relate to fracture Hydro-test pressures. This paper presents a Service. Both the internal and external toughness testing, and their implications when series of case studies to illustrate the power of behaviors of crack at long seam were when evaluating cracks and cracks-like features the PFM approach for comparing integrity considered. Through the investigation of effects in pipelines. management options for pipelines subject to for different parameters on crack growth, different crack growth mechanisms and fracture Because pipeline operators, and practitioners including crack initial geometry, pipeline toughness properties. of engineering Fracture Mechanics analyses, materials, loading conditions, pipeline diameter, 9:00am Fracture Toughness Testing and Its are often faced with the challenge of only and wall thickness, it was determined that the Implications to Engineering Fracture having Charpy fracture toughness available, crack initial aspect is a major factor influencing Mechanics Analysis of Energy Pipelines this paper also presents a review of the various crack growth and geometry evolution. Based correlations of Charpy data to fracture on it, crack fatigue growth map was developed. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78723 toughness data expressed in terms of KIC or By comparing the behaviors of different cases, Sergio Limon, ELEVARA Partners, Salt Lke City, JIC. Considerations with the selection of an it was confirmed that the proposed method is a UT, United States, Peter Martin, Pacific Gas & appropriate correlation for determining the valid approach for the pipeline LBB analysis. Electric, San Ramon, CA, United States, Mike failure pressure of pipelines in the presence of Barnum, PG&E, San Ramon, CA, United States, cracks and long-seam weld anomalies will be Robert Pilarczyk, Hill Engineering, Rancho discussed. Cordova, CA, United States

The fracture process of energy pipelines can be described in terms of fracture initiation, stable fracture propagation and final fracture or fracture arrest. Each of these stages, and the final fracture mode (leak or rupture), are directly

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3-4 microstructure and mechanical properties in and convenient approach to elicit the EVALUATION AND REPAIR the as bent condition is dependent on the probabilistic information from ILI and field chemistry, steel cleanliness and microstructural measurement data. The above advantages will 3-4-2A uniformity. It was observed that small localized facilitate the application of the model in the FITNESS FOR SERVICE brittle zone with traces of upper Bainite and practice of corrosion management in pipeline Martensite islands could be transformed in the industry. Telus, Telus MacLeod E1 8:30am - 10:00am microstructure with rich chemistry containing Session Chair: Alasdair Clyne, ROSEN Canada 9:30am An Investigation of the Load non-homogenous central segregation. It is Ltd., Calagry, AB, Canada Carrying Capacity of Pipelines Under concluded that factual verification of proper Accidental and Longitudinal Moving (Sliding) Session Co-Chair: Michael Palmer, ROSEN microstructure with no localized hard zone is Loads GROUP, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom required prior to waving PBHT. Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78316 8:30am An Investigation on Microstructural 9:00am Corrosion Growth Modeling by Evolution and Potential Risk Waiving Post farhad davaripour, Bruce Quinton, Memorial Learning A Dynamic Bayesian Network from Bend Heat Treatment during Hot Induction University of Newfoundland, St john’s, NL, Multiple In-line Inspection Data Bending of X70 Steel Pipe Canada Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78118 Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78018 In accidental scenarios on subsea pipeline Wei Xiang, The University of Western Ontario, Moe Meschian, Fred Myschuk, Enbridge Inc., systems, like the collision of two adjacent London, ON, Canada, Wenxing Zhou, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Matthew A. R. subsea risers, accidental loads are commonly University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Yarmuch, Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, Canada, considered as stationary loads; stationary loads Canada Andy Duncan, Enbridge, Inc., Edmonton, refer to loads that act only normal to the pipe at AB, Canada This paper establishes a dynamic Bayesian one location. Hence, the potential considerable network to model the growth of corrosion effects of moving (sliding) accidental loads are It is generally accepted that hot induction defects on energy pipelines. The integrated neglected; the term moving load refers to the bending (HIB) results in a decrease in strength model characterizes the growth of defect depth location with respect to time. Accordingly, and an increase in fracture toughness in bend by a homogeneous gamma process and recent works for ship hull structures show that area, heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal considers the biases and random errors the structural resistance mobilized against the (WM). As the result, Post bend heat treatment associated with the in-line inspection (ILI) tools. moving loads is significantly lower than against (PBHT) is not considered to be a requirement The distributions of the mean value and the stationary loads of similar magnitude; when and could be waived for saving money and coefficient of variation of the annual growth of the loads incite plastic damage. As such, it is time. This research work raises the concern that defect depth are learned from multiple ILI data reasonable to study the effects of lateral motion factual verification of proper microstructure and using the parameter learning technique of of accidental loads on the response of subsea no localized brittle zone is vitally necessary Bayesian networks. With the same technique, pipelines. This paper implements finite element prior to waving PBHT. the distributions of the biases and standard analyses to investigate the load carrying Evaluation of the steel microstructure and deviation of random errors associated with ILI capacity of a cylindrical shell subject to moving mechanical properties as the result of various tools are learned from ILI data and their loads; LS-Dyna software package with explicit pipe chemistries during pipe bending has been corresponding field measurements. An example time-integration scheme is employed in verified in this experimental work. It is with real corrosion management data is used to numerical simulations; only crumpling emphasized that knowledge and control of prior illustrate the process of developing the model deformation of the cylinders are studied. This steel pipe chemistry, control of temperature, structure, learning model parameters and research demonstrates that the capacity of a cooling rate and bending speed assures the predicting the corrosion growth and time- cylindrical shell subject to a moving load, reliability and repeatability of induction bends, dependent failure probability. The results causing plastic damage, is considerably less especially in critical environments such as low indicate that the model can in general predict than its capacity under a stationary load of temperature application. the growth of corrosion defects with reasonable similar magnitude. accuracy and the ILI-reported and field- In the present work, qualitative and quantitative measured depth can be used to update the microstructural analysis, hardness and impact time-dependent failure probability in a test performed and evaluated on samples from near-real-time manner. In comparison with X70 line pipe with 3 different steel chemistries. existing growth models, the graphical feature of The samples prepared from different locations Bayesian networks makes it more intuitive and on body, weld and HAZ in the as received and transparent to users. The employment of as bent condition. It was found that the final parameter learning provides a semi-automated

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3-1 features reported by MFL. Initial excavations constructed as part of this project based on INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT PLAN (IMP) demonstrated a unique pattern of blended industry state-of-the-art and opportunities for ADMINISTRATION circumferential-, oblique- and axial-orientated capability improvement. The major ILI cracks along the entire extent of the 42-mile technology providers, together with pipeline 3-1-4 pipeline, requiring advanced methods of data operator team members, reviewed the TDC ILI PERFORMANCE VALIDATION integration and analysis. Applying individual sample inventory and developed a series of ILI Telus, MacLeod Hall B 10:30am - 12:00pm technologies and their analysis approaches performance tests illustrating one of multiple Session Chair: Tara McMahan, DNV GL, Dublin, showed limitations in performance for possible research objectives, culminating in OH, United States identification and characterization of these 16-inch and 24-inch nominal diameter test blended features. The outcome of the study strings. The ILI technology providers proposed 10:30am Integration of Data from Multiple was the development of a feature classification appropriate inspection tools based on the In-line Inspection Systems to Improve Crack approach to classify the cracks with respect to types of the integrity threats in the test strings, Detection and Characterization their orientation, and rank them based on the a series of pull tests of the provided ILI tools IPC2018-78770 Technical Paper Publication. depth sizing by using multiple datasets. were performed, and the technology providers Mark Piazza, Colonial Pipeline Company, delivered reports of integrity anomaly location Alpharetta, GA, United States, Rogelio Several sections of the 42-mile pipeline were and dimensions for performance evaluation. Guajardo, NDT Global GmbH & Co. KG, cut-out and subjected to detailed examination Stutensee, Germany, Justin Harkrader, Colonial using multiple non-destructive examination Quantitative measures of detection and sizing Pipeline Company, Alpharetta, GA, United (NDE) methods and destructive testing to performance were confidentially disclosed to States, Miguel Urrea, NDT Global LLC, confirm the crack depths and profiles. These the individual ILI technology providers. For Houston, TX, United States, Thomas Hennig, data were used as the basis for confirming the instances where ILI predictions were outside of NDT Global Corporate Ltd., Dublin, Ireland, Ravi ILI tool performance and providing confirmation claimed performance, the vendors were given a Krishnamurthy, Blade Energy Partners, Frisco, on the improvements made to crack detection limited sample of actual defect data to enable TX, United States, Ming Gao, Blade Energy and sizing through the data integration process. re-analysis, thus demonstrating the potential for improved integrity assessment with validation Partners, Houston, TX, United States, Samarth 11:00am Development of an Industry Test measurements. Tandon, Blade Energy Partners Ltd, Houston, Facility and Qualification Process for ILI TX, United States technology Evaluation and Enhancements In this paper, an evaluation of the ILI data - Performance Evaluation Phase In-line inspection (ILI) systems continue to obtained from repeated pull-through testing on improve in the detection and characterization of Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78635 the 16 and 24-inch pipeline strings at the TDC is cracks in pipelines, and are relied on Pablo Cazenave, Ming Gao, Blade Energy performed. The resulting data was aligned, substantially by pipeline operators to support Partners, Houston, TX, United States, Hans analyzed, and compared to truth data and the Integrity Management Programs for continual Deeb, PRCI Inc, Houston, TX, United States, findings of the evaluation are presented. assessment of conditions on operating Sean Black, PRCI, Meridian, ID, United States 11:30am Threshold Geometrical Dimensions pipelines that are susceptible to cracking as an The project ‘Development of an Industry Test Of Stage Ii Cracks Versus Resolution Of integrity threat. Recent experience for some Facility and Qualification Processes for in-line Crack-Detection Techniques forms of cracking have shown that integration inspection (ILI) technology Evaluation and IPC2018-78751 of data from multiple ILI systems can improve Technical Paper Publication. Enhancements’ aims to expand knowledge of detection and characterization (depth sizing, Weixing Chen, Jiaxi Zhao, Univ Of Alberta, ILI technology performance and identify gaps crack orientation, and crack feature profile) Edmonton, AB, Canada, Karina Chevil, where new technology is needed. Additionally, performance. This paper will describe the Transcanada Pipelines, Calagry, AB, Canada, this project also aims to provide ILI technology approach taken by a liquids pipeline operator to Erwin Gamboa, TransCanada Pipelines developers, researchers and pipeline operators integrate data from multiple ILI systems, namely Limited, Calgary, AB, Canada, Bersi Alvarado, a continuing resource for accessing test Ultrasonic axial (UC) and circumferential (UCc) Enbridge Pipelines Inc, Edmonton, AB, Canada samples with a range of pipeline integrity crack detection and Magnetic Flux Leakage threats and vintages; and in-line technology Environmental-assisted cracks in pipeline (MFL) technologies, to improve detection and test facilities at the Technology Development steels usually undergo the following three characterization of cracks and crack fields on a Center (TDC) of Pipeline Research Council sequential stages prior to the failure: 42 miles long, 12-inch OD liquid pipeline with a International, Inc. (PRCI), a PRCI managed 38-year operating history. ILI data has indicated ‘ Stage I ‘ crack initiation and early facility available for future industry and PHMSA a large number of crack features, including stage crack growth, in which cracks initiate at research projects. 4000+ crack features reported by UC, 1000+ imperfections but grow slowly depth-wise with crack features by UCc, and 2500+ metal loss An ILI pull test facility was designed and time. Crack length may be seen to increase

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either because of merging with new small Calgary, AB, Canada, Rodney Mcaffee, To investigate the effect of residual stress or cracks in the vicinity of an existing crack or C-CORE, St John’s, NL, Canada, Lesley Tan, plastic deformation history on mechanics faster crack growth at the crack tip. Some TransCanada Pipelines, Calgary, AB, Canada, responses and fatigue life of an actual dent, cracks pose little threat to pipeline steel John Barrett, C-CORE, St John’s, NL, Canada three dent models are considered in this paper: integrity if they remain dormant. (a) a true dent with residual stresses and all This paper evaluates field ovalization dent formation history, (b) a purely geometric measurements of NPS 24 pipe using 3D ‘ Stage II ‘ Increased crack growth rate dent having the true dent profile with all stress/ continuum finite element analyses. The where crack growth is dictated by mechanical strain history removed from it, and (c) a purely combination of the soil, backfill weight and driving forces and crack growth rate increases geometric dent having an ILI defined dent loose bedding material beneath the pipe near a with time. profile with all stress/strain history removed tie-in, concentrates stresses at the location from it. Using a three-dimensional FEA model, ‘ Stage III ‘ The final stage of crack where native undisturbed soil transitions to those three dents are simulated in the growth where crack growth rate is very high. loose backfill along the trench bottom, elastic-plastic conditions. The FEA results Typical crack management programs mitigate increases the ovality in the pipe cross section. showed that the two geometric dents cracks prior to entering Stage III. The analysis indicated that at burial depth, determine significantly different stresses and transient surface loading had little influence on strains in comparison to those in the true dent, It is of great importance that pipeline steels with the peak ovality of the pipe once unloaded. and overpredict the fatigue life or burst Stage II cracks are detected, monitored and The internal pressure reduces the elastic pipe pressure of the true dent. On this basis, managed to ensure operational pipeline ovality. This analysis method can be useful for a suggestions are made on how to use the ILI integrity. Although a range of crack in-line cost benefit analysis between using thicker data to predict the dent fatigue life. inspection and detection techniques with pipe, versus the additional costs, such as

varied detection limits are available, it is not intervention and/or padding/compacting of soil 3-2-5B clear how their detection limits match the around the pipe (with inspections). threshold geometrical dimensions of Stage CORROSION AND ENVIRONMENTAL II-cracks. This investigation is aimed to define 11:00am Effect of Residual Stress or Plastic CRACKING II Deformation History on Fatigue Life critical geometrical dimensions of cracks that Telus, MacLeod Hall D 10:30am - 12:00pm Simulation of Pipeline Dents are considered to be Stage II cracks. The 10:30am Modification Of Crack Assessment Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78805 determination of critical geometrical Model Inputs For Application On Spiral dimensions of Stage II cracks was made with a Xian-Kui Zhu, EWI - Structural Integrity, Welded Pipe consideration of a wide range of situations Columbus, OH, United States, Rick Wang, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78293 including pipeline operating conditions, TransCanada Pipelines Limited, Calgary, Mark Neuert, Thomas Dessein, C-FER susceptible environments for crack growth, AB, Canada Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Millan metallurgical, fabrication and construction Mechanical dents often occur in transmission Sen, Enbridge Pipelines Inc., Edmonton, AB, conditions of pipeline steels. A comparison of pipelines, and are recognized as one of major Canada the threshold geometrical dimensions of Stage threats to pipeline integrity because of the II cracks with the crack detection limits of Spiral welded pipes can make up significant potential fatigue failure due to cyclic pressures. modern crack inspection and detection portions of pipeline transmission systems. With matured in-line-inspection (ILI) technology, techniques are made at the end of the paper. When calculating the failure pressure of cracks mechanical dents can be identified from the ILI oriented along the spiral seams of these pipes, runs. Based on ILI determined dent profiles, 3-2 modifications to the inputs of crack assessment finite element analysis (FEA) is commonly used PREVENTION, MONITORING AND GROWTH models are required to account for the angle to simulate stresses and strains in the dents, MODELING these cracks make with respect to the and to predict fatigue life of the dented longitudinal pipe axis, in consideration that pipeline. However, the dent profile defined by 3-2-3B crack assessment models were developed to ILI data is a purely geometric shape without OUTSIDE FORCE DAMAGE assess cracks oriented longitudinally. Two such residual stresses nor plastic deformation modifications to the inputs of the CorLAS crack Telus, MacLeod Hall C 10:30am - 12:00pm history, and is different from its actual dent that failure model are investigated in this study. 10:30am Buried Pipe Span Ovality contains residual stresses /strains due to dent Assessment creation and re-rounding. As a result, the FEA One approach used the normal stress results of an ILI dent may not represent those of Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78771 component perpendicular to the angled crack the actual dent, and may lead to inaccurate or Ryan Phillips, C-CORE, St John’s, NL, Canada, to calculate the toughness-based critical stress incorrect results. Michael Martens, TransCanada PipeLines, as opposed to the full pipe hoop stress. For this

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option, a calculator was developed to transform Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Karina of crack tip materials is insignificant, regardless the hoop and longitudinal stresses in axially Chevil, Transcanada Pipelines, Calagry, AB, of pipeline operating conditions. A much higher constrained, pressurized pipe into stresses Canada, Erwin Gamboa, TransCanada Pipelines crack growth rate, attributed to hydrogen perpendicular to the spiral weld using Mohr’s Limited, Calgary, AB, Canada, Weixing Chen, embrittlement, was found under gas Circle. This methodology is described within Univ Of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada transmission conditions, while a higher this paper. corrosion fatigue crack growth was found under Oil pipelines and gas pipelines operations oil transmission conditions. Based on these Another approach, adapted from the API 579 result in very different pressure fluctuation findings, strategies on crack growth mitigation, and BS 7910 standards, used the projected schemes due to different compressive characteristic to each type of pipeline operation length of the angled crack onto the longitudinal properties of liquids and gases. Liquid fluids are also proposed. pipe axis as an effective crack length. such as oil are less compressible and pressure 3-4 fluctuations during oil pipelines operations are EVALUATION AND REPAIR Failure pressures calculated using these more frequent and vary over a wide range of approaches were compared to values magnitudes and frequencies, compared with 3-4-2B calculated using validated finite element (FE) those during gas pipelines operations. Despite FITNESS FOR SERVICE models of the same. It was found that in both the differences in operating conditions Telus, Telus MacLeod E1 10:30am - 12:00pm cases, the pressure capacity increased for an indicated above, the service life of oil pipelines angled crack compared to a longitudinal crack, and gas pipelines susceptible to stress 10:30am Understanding Pipeline Strain as the component of normal stress acting corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue is Conditions ‘ Case Studies between ILI Axial perpendicular to the angled crack was less than seen to be quite similar. This investigation was and ILI Bending Measurement Techniques the full hoop stress, and projecting the crack initiated to understand the different crack Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78577 onto the longitudinal axis decreased the crack growth mechanisms of pipeline steels Jeremie J. Choquette, Baker Hughes a GE length. However, the transformed normal stress characteristic to the type of pressure fluctuation Company, Calgary, AB, Canada, Mohamed approach resulted in non-conservative failure schemes in near-neutral pH environment, that ElSeify, Baker Hughes, a GE company, Calgary, pressure predictions with respect to the FE is, oil pipelines vs. gas pipelines. It was AB, Canada, Sylvain Cornu, Raymond Kare, models, whereas using the modified crack suspected that the similar range of service life TSC - Eddyfi Technologies, Milton Keynes, length was conservative with respect to the FE between oil pipeline steels and gas pipeline United Kingdom models. steels could be attributed to a higher rate of direct dissolution at the tip of a crack during gas In-Line inspection (ILI) tools consisting of Additionally, the extended finite element pipeline operation because of much higher combined sensor technologies provide a method (XFEM) was used to investigate the mean pressures, despite their lower crack unique opportunity for operators to understand propagation behavior of angled cracks in axially growth caused by corrosion fatigue. This study the conditions of pipelines. There is also an constrained pressurized pipe subject to was performed using specimens with surface additional opportunity to contrast and validate residual stresses and material discontinuities in cracks, which simulated the following two individual sensing techniques against each the vicinity of seam welds. It was found that the environmental conditions: 1) fully exposed to other when their functionalities and purposes general tendency of angled cracks in the environment, 2) shielded from the overlap. pressurized pipe is to propagate parallel to the environment, exposed to hydrogen only. In longitudinal pipe axis, perpendicular to the By using multi-technologies of ILI Case 1), the specimen surface, on which the hoop stress (i.e. maximum principal stress), measurements for strain, a pipeline operator surface cracks were made, was fully exposed to however weld residual stresses have a can gain further insight into the pipeline strain a near-neutral pH solution, allowing the tendency to drive the crack propagation along behaviour at any point along the length of the occurrence of corrosion at the crack tip. In Case the spiral seam. inspection. This paper establishes the 2), a narrow strip of coating was applied to relationship between recent ILI axial strain 11:15am Differences In Near-Neutral Ph prevent the cracks from direct contact with the measurement tool developments and Crack Growth Behavior Between Oil corrosive solution; however, the cracks were conventional geometric strain data obtained Pipelines And Gas Pipelines And affected by diffusible hydrogen which had been from calipers and inertial measurement unit Corresponding Crack Growth Mitigation generated as a by-product of corrosion on the (IMU) based on data collected during in-service Strategies adjacent steel surface free of coatings. These pipeline inspection of a 12 inch liquid line. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78392 specimens were mechanically loaded under different pressure schemes typical of both oil Within any pipeline section, the tool ZHEZHU XU, University of Alberta, Edmonton, and gas pipeline operations. It has been found configuration with circumferentially spaced AB, Canada, Andrea Daniel, Enbridge Liquids that crack growth caused by direct dissolution strain sensors allows the use of appropriate

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analysis techniques to decompose the conditions, either through empirical stress. However, the failure of metal loss due to longitudinal strain into its primary components formulations or more detailed analysis, in order its circumferential extent under longitudinal (axial, bending or ovalisation). to aid the operator in determining a corrective stress is possible if significant longitudinal action plan. These empirical formulations are stress exists in the pipe or the metal loss has The axial strain measurement tool sensing generally applicable to assess a singular defect considerable circumferential extent and depth. system provides an indirect measurement of but require a more detailed assessment to If such circumstances exist, it is prudent to bending strain that can be compared to the evaluate combined defects (i.e. dent in a bend). conduct a complementary analysis of pipe geometric measurement of bending strain These detailed assessments typically require a integrity to assess the potential for determined from the pipeline trajectory as higher level numerical simulation, such as Finite circumferential as well longitudinal failure. Most determined from the IMU analysis. Flexural Element Analysis (FEA). This detailed FEA can existing approaches for assessing bending strain resulting from horizontal be quite costly and time consuming to evaluate circumferential metal loss, such as Miller’s directional drilling or buoyancy effects each set of combined features in a given ILI run. equations, were derived by assuming the metal encountered by most pipelines is investigated Thus, engineering judgement is critical in loss to be centered at the extreme stress in this paper. Convergences and divergences determining a worst-case scenario of a given position around the pipe circumference, i.e., the between the measurement techniques are feature set in order to prioritize assessment and center of the metal loss is centered at the presented. corrective action. location of the maximum bending stress in the pipe. The assessment may be over- Data available from different strain technologies This study aims to assess dent features (many conservative if the metal loss area deviates mounted on ILI tools offers an opportunity to associated with metal loss) occurring in a pipe from the extreme position related to the conduct a comparative study and to provide a bend to determine a worst-case scenario for bending plane. Described in this paper is a better understanding of a pipeline’s strain prioritization of a given feature listing. FEA was new approach to assess the potential for condition. This paper will present the used to simulate a field bend of a given radius circumferential failure of metal loss centered at framework for understanding the different strain and angle in order to account for residual an arbitrary angle from the location of maximum measurement technologies and an stresses in the pipe bend. A rigid indenter was bending stress. The approach results in the investigation into the pipeline prior strain used to form a dent of the approximate length, same failure stress as existing models when history (effects from fabrication, hydrostatic width, and depth from the ILI data. Separate the metal loss is centered at the location of testing and external loads) and their models were evaluated considering the dent maximum bending stress. The failure stress corresponding impact on the material state at occurring in the intrados, extrados, and neutral increases when the metal loss deviates from the time of inspection. axis of the pipe bend to evaluate the worst- the location of maximum bending stress and 11:00am Using Finite Element Analysis to case scenario for further assessment. The reaches the maximum value when the metal Prioritize ILI Calls for Combined Features: resulting stresses in the pipe bend-dent loss is centered at the neutral axis. The Dents in Bends geometry, under proper loading were equations of the model developed in this Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78636 compared to the same dent scenario in a paper can be easily implemented into a straight pipe segment to develop a stress David Kemp, DNV GL, Dublin, OH, United spreadsheet tool for routine integrity concentration factor (SCF). This SCF was used States, Joseph Bratton, Det Norske Veritas, assessment. Other considerations related to in the API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 Fitness for Service Dublin, OH, United States, Justin Gossard, the assessment of circumferential metal loss (API 579) methodology to determine the impact Shane Finneran, DNV GL, Dublin, OH, United are also discussed, including non-uniform on the remaining life of the combined features. States corrosion, negligible corrosion, and the 11:30am Fitness for Service Analysis of the interaction of multiple corrosion areas in the Pipeline in-line-inspections (ILI) are used to Circumferential Extent of Corrosion in same pipe cross section. The model assess and track the integrity of pipelines, Pipelines developed in this paper can also be used to aiding in identifying a variety of features such Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78338 determine the cutoff line for plastic collapse in as: metal loss, dents, out-of-roundness, cracks, a failure assessment diagram (FAD) based Fan Zhang, Kiefner & Associates, Columbus, etc. The presence of these features can approach for assessing circumferential cracks, OH, United States, Michael Rosenfeld, Kiefner/ negatively affect the operation, integrity, and such as API 1104 Appendix A and API 579. Applus ‘ RTD, Columbus, OH, United States, remaining life of a pipeline. Proper interpretation of the impacts these features may Jeremy Gustafson, Alyeska Pipeline Service have on a pipeline are crucial to maintaining the Company, Anchorage, AK, United States integrity of a pipeline. Several codes and The failure of a corroded pipe is generally publications exist to assess the severity of controlled by the depth and the longitudinal these features under known operating extent of the metal loss area subjected to hoop

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3-4 In Phase II a need for reduced sizing error led to Recommendations for interaction guidelines EVALUATION AND REPAIR improved calibration and more advanced have been determined by either empirical or processing. To compensate for the non-perfect analytical approaches. The empirical 3-4-1A nature of real pipe, a new adaptive IWEX approaches may be limited when an insufficient In the Ditch NDE technique was developed to improve focusing number and variety of pipes can be burst and alignment of the various modes using the tested. Many analytical approaches are based Telus, MacLeod Hall D 1:30pm - 3:00pm actual geometry to construct better focusing upon relationships of remaining wall and simple Session Chair: Bala Ganapathy, Plains laws. First the OD and ID surfaces are imaged corrosion morphologies which may not be Midstream, Calgary, AB, Canada and the resulting surfaces are used to construct applicable to real world corrosion. The source Session Co-Chair: Raymond Kare, TSC - Eddyfi focusing laws which adapt to changes in the OD of the corrosion anomaly data is an important Technologies, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom and ID surfaces. Results are better aligned UT variable when selecting and applying 1:30pm Adaptive Ultrasonic Imaging of images with the ability to image complex flaws interaction rules. In-line inspections (ILI) are the Electric Resistance Welded Pipeline Seams with changes in orientation, and the ability to most common methods by which to obtain Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78189 discriminate complex flaws from multiple small corrosion anomaly data, but each technology Harvey Haines, ApplusRTD, Vienna, VA, United flaws in the pipe. Results show improvements has an inherent measurement error and bias States, Lars Hörchens, Applus RTD - in pipe with the greatest improvements in pipe which should be considered. This paper will go Technological Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands, with the largest deviations from a cylindrical into detail on each of the items discussed, Jasper Schouten, Applus RTD - Technological shape. present the current state of research into this subject in the industry, and will present a Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands 2:00pm Interaction Rule Guidance for general recommendation for selection of an Corrosion Features Reported by ILI Imaging techniques using full matrix capture interaction criterion for corrosion features Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78284 (FMC) ultrasonic NDE are well suited for reported by ILI. in-service examination of electric resistance Lucinda Smart, Kiefner and Associates, Ames, 2:30pm Application of Wide-Band welded (ERW) pipe seams. We have been IA, United States, Yanping Li, Enbridge, Ultrasound for the Detection of Oblique involved in developing an imagine technique Edmonton, AB, Canada, J Bruce Nestleroth, Crack Features in Oil and Gas Pipelines since 2013 and presented results from Phase I Kiefner and Associates, Inc., Columbus, OH, at IPC in 2016 showing the system capable of United States, Suzanne Ward, Enbridge Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78521 detecting seam weld and SCC flaws and Pipelines Inc, Edmonton, AB, Canada Willem Vos, Halfwave AS, Ovre Ervik, Norway, determining their orientation. The advantages Petter Norli, Emilie Vallee, Halfwave AS, Høvik, Corrosion anomalies which reduce the strength over other methods such as phased array (PA) Norway of the pipeline must be mitigated appropriately. is the ability to image the flaw surface in When corrosion defects have varying The authors will describe a novel technique for addition to the flaw tip and corners where the morphologies it is not always simple to the detection of cracks in pipelines. The flaw intersects the pipeline surface. This determine the point at which the corrosion proposed in-line inspection technique has the improves the ability to determine flaw region becomes a safety concern, particularly ability to detect crack features at random orientation for discrimination of different types for complex corrosion areas where multiple angles in the pipeline, such as axial, or crack-like features. The system produces UT corrosion anomalies may interact with one circumferential, and any angle in between. images by overlaying multiple modes using another. Therefore, understanding how various This ability is novel to the current ILI reflections off the ID and OD pipe surface for anomalies may interact is important to technology offering and will also add value by ultrasonic illumination of the weld area from determining the overall remaining strength of a detecting cracks in deformed pipes (i.e. in different directions. Using multiple modes pipeline under pressure. Many criteria for this dents), and cracks associated with the girth produces a reflection off features regardless of spacing and how to apply the rules are weld (mid weld cracks, rapid cooling cracks, flaw orientation. Complementary modes can recommended in the literature and have been and cracks parallel to the weld). Furthermore, be used to size the features by detecting the studied either as the focus or periphery by the technology is suitable for detection of tips of cracks from lower amplitude diffraction several more, but no single criterion is cracks in spiral welded pipes, both parallel to signals. Phase I used a model which assumed a provided as regulation. The task is left to the the spiral weld as well as perpendicular to the cylindrical pipe shape. Real world use of this pipeline operator to choose the interaction weld. Integrity issues around most features technique found limitations when pipe deviated rule for what is defined as ‘closely spaced described above are not addressed with ILI from the assumed cylindrical shape such as corrosion.’ The method by which the failure tools, often forcing operators to perform severe offset plate edges, flat spots which can pressure is calculated should be considered hydrostatic tests to ensure pipeline safety. be the result of poor crimping adjacent the as varying levels of conservatism are inherent seam weld, or thickening of the seam caused in these assessments. by post weld heat treatment.

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The described technology is based on the use pipeline industry to predict the burst capacity signals of pipeline defects, a method based on of wide-band ultrasound inline inspection for pipelines containing longitudinally-oriented empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and tools, already in operation today, specifically surface cracks. These models have different magnetic gradient tensor was studied. In order for the inspection of challenging offshore level of conservatism, accuracy, and precision to filter random noise, EMD was performed to pipelines. Adjustments to the front-end analog which significantly impacts pipeline operators’ self-adaptively decompose magnetic field system and data collection from a grid of integrity mitigation decisions such as pressure signals into a series of intrinsic mode functions transducers allow the tools to detect cracks in restriction, excavation, and repair, and also lead (IMFs), and then Hurst exponent was any orientation in the line. The authors will to different level of safety. implemented to exclude false modes; The provide details on the changes to the setup, as calculation method of magnetic gradient tensor well as the theoretical background behind the This paper compares the accuracy and modulus (MGTM) was proposed to obtain crack detection. precision of the most commonly used crack precise defect locations according to tensor assessment models, i.e. Modified Ln-Sec, symmetry; Subsequently, the remote pipeline Historical development of the technology will CorLAS, API 579 Level 2 and the recent- defect model was built based on the magnetic be presented, such as early laboratory testing published PRCI MAT-8 model using in-service dipole theory, and the relationship between and proof of concept. The proof of concept data and hydrostatic testing failure data. A total detection orientation and MGTM was will be compared to the theoretical predictions. number of 12 in-service and 63 hydrostatic test discussed. The experimental results showed The authors will also include detailed results pipe ruptures due to stress corrosion cracking that the proposed method could realize high from testing performed on SCC features (SCC) with actual burst pressure, material precision and reliable non-contact excavated in North America and Europe. property, and detailed crack size geomagnetic localization of pipeline defects. Results from ongoing testing will be presented, measurements are collected, and used to 2:30pm An Investigation Into the Benefits which involved large-scale testing on SCC derive the probabilistic characteristics of the of Employing Multiple Assessments Methods features in gas-filled pipe spools. model errors associated with each model. for High Risk Pipelines Compared to the burst tests conducted in the 3-3 laboratory and investigated in other previous Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78314 ASSESSMENT studies, the results obtained from in-service Tara McMahan, Eric Graf, Tom Bubenik, DNV and hydrostatic test ruptures are more GL, Dublin, OH, United States 3-3-3 representative of the real boundary conditions The three most common assessment methods Non ILI Assessments in pipeline operation. All the assumptions and used to manage pipeline integrity today consist empirical correlations associated with each of in-line inspection, hydrostatic pressure model are discussed in details. The analysis testing, and direct assessment. Selecting the Telus, MacLeod Hall B 1:30pm - 5:00pm result suggests that CorLAS is the most appropriate assessment method for a pipeline accurate model with the least uncertainty (or Session Chair: Vlado Semiga, Bmt Fleet Tech system requires an understanding of the highest precision). Mitigation activities can be Ltd, Kanata, ON, Canada pipeline segment, the potential threats to the optimized without compromising safety by Session Co-Chair: Vignesh Shankar, PureHM pipeline segment, and the various assessment using the most accurate and precise model. Inc, Edmonton, AB, Canada methods and technologies available along with 1:30pm Validate Crack Assessment Models 2:00pm Non-contact Geomagnetic their performance capabilities. Each With In-service and Hydrotest Failures Localization of Pipeline Defects Using assessment method has its own set of Empirical Mode Decomposition and Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78251 advantages and disadvantages depending on Magnetic Gradient Tensor the pipeline and threat being assessed. In-line Jason Yan, Transcanada Pipelines Limited, Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78258 inspection provides the most information about Calagry, AB, Canada, Shenwei Zhang, the condition of a pipeline segment, but is Transcanada Pipeline Ltd, Calagry, AB, Tao Zhang, Xinhua Wang, Yingchun Chen, Zia limited by its probability of detection, Canada, Shahani Kariyawasam, Transcanada, Ullah, Yizhen Zhao, Beijing University of probability of correct identification, and sizing Calagry, AB, Canada, Maria Pino, Taojun Liu, Technology, Beijing, Beijing, China capabilities and requires the pipeline segment TransCanada Pipelines Limited, Calgary, Non-contact geomagnetic anomaly detection, to be piggable. Hydrostatic pressure testing AB, Canada as one of passive non-destructive testing (NDT) provides for a proof of service for a pipeline Crack or crack-like anomaly is one of the major techniques, can be used to locate pipeline segment but offers no additional information threats to the safety and structural integrity of defects, while its accuracy is affected by and has its own limitations related to the ability oil and gas pipelines. Various assessment random noise and detection orientation. In of short flaws to survive the test pressure, models have been developed and used within order to extract effective geomagnetic anomaly among others. Direct assessment is a forward

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looking assessment method, but its reliability is We introduce a method for evaluating uniaxial Bellemare, Massachusetts Materials heavily dependent on the availability and tensile properties using a representative stress Technologies, Cambridge, MA, United States quality of data. and strain approach. The approach directly In-ditch/in-service characterization of pipelines correlates the stress and strain under the using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) can In most cases, the assessment of a pipeline indenter to the true stress and strain of uniaxial provide valuable data for confirming operating segment using one method is sufficient for the tensile test by taking into account the plastic pressure and qualifying pipelines for management of that threat or threats. However, constraint effect. And we successfully transporting natural gas of different quality or for high risk pipelines (driven by likelihood, estimated the yield strength and ultimate gas mixture, as well as for determining repair consequence, or both), this paper explores the tensile strength of materials, which has an error criteria for integrity management programs. potential benefits of leveraging one or more within 10% when compared to the reference This is especially relevant for vintage pipelines assessment methods by examining a number of value, by analyzing the elastic/plastic that may not have material test reports (MTR) scenarios with a specific focus on the indentation factors. management of cracks within a pipeline available, and for aging infrastructure that have segment. It looks at the benefits of multiple Also, we found some indentation factors which been subjected to suspected or unknown assessment methods employed at the same closely related to toughness. Based on a integrity threats. However, measurement of intervals but in varying order. relationship between toughness and the material fracture toughness currently requires indentation factors such as slope of indentation the removal of large samples for laboratory 3:00pm Structure assessment using curve and integrated area under indentation testing, such as compact tension (CT) fracture Instrumented Indentation Technique in curve, we propose algorithm for evaluating testing or Charpy impact testing. The present terms of Strength, Toughness and Residual toughness. Finally, we are able to distinguish work introduces a new concept, the stress ductility of material using indentation factors. NonDestructive Toughness Tester (NDTT), that Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78465 provides a NDE solution for measuring the Dongil Kwon, Jong Hyoung Kim, Ohmin Kwon, For estimating residual stress, we can obtain fracture toughness of pipeline steel in a Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea the load difference at same depth by analyzing superficial layer of material (~0.005 inches). The (Republic), Kwang-Ho Kim, FRONTICS, Inc., the stress-free and stress state indentation NDTT uses a specially designed wedge- Seoul, Korea (Republic), Dongseong Ro, curves. From the result, we are able to evaluate shaped stylus to generate a Mode I tensile FRONTICS AMERICA, Inc., Mount Prospect, IL, the quantative residual stress of the target loading that results in a ductile fracture United States, Sungki Choi, Woojoo Kim, region. Recently, we suggest a novel way to response. NDTT tests are performed in multiple Seunghun Choi, Seoul National University, estimate the indentation load-depth curve of orientations on 8 different pipeline steel Seoul, Korea (Republic) stress-free state from stressed state using the samples covering 3 different grades to compare indentation parameters that are invariant to the the NDTT material response with the fracture The reliability assessment of industrial residual stress. toughness measurements from laboratory CT structures and structural components has been specimens. Analysis of these results indicate studied by many researchers, since unexpected 3-4 that the height of a fractured ligament that failure can cause extensive damage. The EVALUATION AND REPAIR remains on the sample surface after NDTT mechanical properties of the materials is testing exhibits a linear relationship with fundamental parameters in evaluating the 3-4-1B traditional CT J-integral measurements reliability. Conventional techniques for IN THE DITCH NDE normalized by its yield strength. This type of measuring these parameters cannot be used in behavior is analogous to the crack-tip-opening- in-field because of some limitations like Telus, MacLeod Hall D 3:30pm - 5:00pm displacement (CTOD) calculated through time-consuming procedures, destructive 3:30pm Calibration of a Nondestructive elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. Tests sample preparation. Toughness Tester (NDTT) for Measuring conducted on the pipe outer diameter and in Fracture Toughness of Pipeline Steel For this reason, Instrumented Indentation the longitudinal direction near the pipe mid-wall Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78538 Technique (IIT) can be a reasonable method for indicate that the NDTT can measure differences Steven Palkovic, Massachusetts Materials evaluating the mechanical properties of in-field in fracture toughness for different crack Technologies, Cambridge, MA, United States, facilities because it requires neither specific orientations. Furthermore, the results show that Kamal Botros, NOVA Chemicals Centre for sample dimensions nor fracture of the outer diameter tests provide a conservative Applied Research, Calgary, AB, Canada, specimen. By using IIT, an effort to evaluate estimate of the overall steel fracture toughness. Xiande (Derek) Chen, Transcanada, Calgary, mechanical properties such as strength, These observations indicate that the NDTT is a AB, Canada, Richard Kania, TransCanada toughness and residual stress state, has viable method for assessing toughness Pipelines, Calgary, AB, Canada, Simon C. been made. properties of steel materials. Additional

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research is required to further refine the different vendors were used to assess the A full characterization of the mechanical implementation of the NDTT concept and condition of the long seam weld. The long seam properties of material has been performed understand the relationship with laboratory test welds were assessed using conventional using several samples extracted along the results on pipe cutouts, but the progress is Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Phased Array Ultrasonic longitudinal direction of a X42 grade pipeline already a significant step towards obtaining Testing (PAUT), Time of Flight Diffraction steel with a diameter of 114mm (4 in). Tensile and additional material toughness data for integrity (TOFD), and variations of Full Matrix Capture low cycle fatigue specimens were used to management. Ultrasonic Testing (FMCUT). Computed characterize the monotonic and the fatigue tomography (CT) scans were performed on behavior. The Compact Tension (CT) specimens 4:00pm Ultrasonic NDE Technology select sections of the long seam to evaluate the were used to determine the Paris law constants Comparison for Measurement of Long Seam aforementioned NDE technologies. It was for the estimation of fatigue crack growth life. Weld Anomalies in Low Frequency Electric shown that newer NDE assessment The Potential drop (PD) method was applied to Resistance Welded Pipe methodologies have a more consistent ability monitor crack growth during the experiments Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78704 to correctly characterize long seam features and compared with FE Simulations results. Luis Torres, Enbridge, Liquids Pipeline, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Matthew Fowler, Fatigue tests on full-scale pipeline tubes (5 Enbridge Liquids Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER, 28 inch) under pressure loading were performed Canada, Jason Bergman, C-FER Technologies, for two sizes of defects oriented in the Edmonton, AB, Canada 3-2 longitudinal direction of the pipe. The PD PREVENTION, MONITORING AND GROWTH method was adapted for this tubular geometry, In the pipeline industry, a widely accepted MODELING in addition to that the calibration curve was methodology for crack management relies calculated using FEA by and electrical-thermal heavily on ultrasonic In-Line Inspection (ILI) 3-2-2A analogy for each machined defect size. It was technology performance. Risk based MANUFACTURING DEFECTS, shown that the PD method applied to assessments using ILI data allow operators to CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS, AND FATIGUE pressurized pipes makes it possible to monitor optimize a dig program targeting high priority MODELING I and quantify both crack initiation and crack defects. These digs provide the operator the Telus, MacLeod Hall C 8:30am - 10:00am propagation. These tests served as a basis for opportunity to validate the performance of the numerical comparison. ILI tool. Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Evaluation Session Chair: Clifford Maier, DNV GL USA, Inc., Dublin, OH, United States (NDE) techniques are used in the field to Crack propagation of the full-scale pipeline characterize and measure seam weld Session Co-Chair: Steven Polasik, DNV GL steel was simulated by finit element analysis indication. These in-the-ditch (ITD) USA, Inc., Dublin, OH, United States (FEA) using an adaptive re-meshing approach measurements are compared back to ILI results 8:30am Evaluation of the fatigue crack implemented as part of the Z-set software. This in order to validate tool performance and drive growth behavior by experiments and approach is based on the following steps: first, continuous technology improvements. Since numerical simulations on full-scale pipeline a 3D crack is inserted into the mesh, then the validation of the ILI tool relies on NDE steels stress intensity factors are is accurately measurements, acquiring accurate and Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78495 calculated using G-theta method, and finally, representative data in the field is a critical step SIHAM HJIEJ, GRTGAZ, compiègne, France, the Paris law is applied to propagate the crack in this crack management approach. Achieving NIKOLAY OSIPOV, transvalor, Corbeil- in 3 dimensions and perform lifetime evaluation. an accurate field inspection comes with its Essonnes, France, Adrien Lebrun, GRTgaz, The predicted fatigue life and final front shape challenges, some of which relate to complex saint-denis, Select State/Province, France, are in a good agreement with experimental long seam weld conditions present in older Clément Soret, RICE - GRTgaz, Saint Denis, observations. vintage pipelines including: weld misalignment, France, Yazid Madi, Centre des matériaux / EPF 9:00am An Authoritative Comparison of weld trim issues, and dense populations of Ecole d’ingénieur-e-s, Corbeil-Essonnes, Remaining Life Assessments for Pipeline manufacturing anomalies. In order to better France Dents understand the challenges associated with complex long seam weld conditions, an The safety of gas transportation pipelines Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78247 evaluation and comparison of the performance under fatigue loading caused by gas pressure Rhett Dotson, ROSEN USA, Houston, TX, of NDE technologies was conducted. variation remains an important issue. The United States, Chris Holliday, ROSEN UK, purpose of the present study is to better Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United In this study, a portion of a Canadian pipeline evaluate the fatigue crack growth behavior by Kingdom, Luis Torres, Enbridge, Liquids with complex long seam weld conditions was carrying out experiments and numerical Pipeline, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Damien cut-out and removed from service. Multiple simulations on full-scale pipeline steels. Hagan, ROSEN Newcastle, Newcastle Upon NDE crack inspection technologies from three Tyne, United Kingdom

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A significant amount of effort has been and remaining life methodologies and also in an insulated liquid pipeline. Strain-based expended in the area of advancing pipeline between the various remaining life assessment, supported by in-field dent remaining life assessment methods assessments. The paper also provides a investigations, was used to investigate the beginning in the late 1980s and extending to comparison of the restraint parameter from the likelihood of associated cracking. the current day. Initial research efforts were PRCI model with calculated stress primarily empirical in nature while more recent concentration factors from finite element Utilizing the high resolution caliper ILI tool data, research efforts have incorporated finite models. The paper provides a first of its kind three-dimensional profiles of the wrinkles were element modelling. Coupled with comparison of the various methods and generated. Previous work that compared advancements in assessment techniques, the discusses how the work may be extended to ‘tool-measured’ with ‘field-measured’ profiles capabilities of advanced in-line inspection (ILI) other pipe diameters and wall thicknesses. identified that caliper tool measurements can tools have increased to a point where they can underestimate the true depth and profile of provide consistent, reliable information that is 3-3 wrinkles, this effect is more pronounced for suitable for dent assessments. As a result of ASSESSMENT particularly sharp wrinkles. The wrinkle profiles these advancements in assessment models were therefore adjusted based on the historical and ILI tools, operators can now perform 3-3-4 field-tool correlation. Strain profiles were then remaining life assessments using ILI data, and a ESTABLISHED ILI TECHNOLOGIES II calculated using the guidance within ASME multitude of remaining life assessment models B31.8 Appendix R. It was identified that the Telus, MacLeod Hall B 8:30am - 10:00am are available, including solutions from the majority of the wrinkles exceeded the 6% strain Session Chair: Jake Haase, Enterprise European Pipeline Research Group (EPRG), limit commonly applied to dents. Products, Houston, TX, United States Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI), One field bend containing multiple wrinkles was American Petroleum Institute (API), and finite 8:30am Do You Have Wrinkles’ A Strain and subsequently excavated in order to gather element based approaches. In addition to these Stress-Based Approach for the Assessment detailed profile information and to inspect for remaining life assessments, many operators of Wrinkles Reported by In-Line Inspection cracking. Upon excavation, the wrinkles were routinely perform strain based assessments Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78488 not visually apparent, but their presence was based on guidance from ASME B31.8. To date, Chris Holliday, Dominic Wynne, ROSEN UK, confirmed following removal of the insulating there have been few studies comparing the Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United coating. Profile information was subsequently various assessment methods on large numbers Kingdom, Alasdair Clyne, ROSEN Canada Ltd., recorded using laser scanning technology. In of dents and as a result, significant questions Calagry, AB, Canada, Andrew Wilde, ROSEN addition, NDE confirmed the absence of persist as to the conservatism inherent in each UK, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, cracking, despite the fact that the majority of method. In addition, the EPRG and PRCI United Kingdom wrinkles were associated with strain levels that methods are largely based on full-scale testing Improvements in in-line inspection (ILI) exceeded the CSA limiting value, 6%. The laser and finite element models performed with technology have led to an increase in the scan data were then compared with the idealized indenter shapes while actual pipeline probability of detection and ability to adjusted ‘tool-measured’ profiles. It was dents typically exhibit complex shapes and characterize geometric features such as observed that the adjusted measurements interactions between multiple dents. Each wrinkles, the assessment of which was based on the ILI tool data were conservative, model also has limitations and advantages that introduced into CSA Z662, ‘Oil & Gas Pipeline and in some cases excessively so. The caliper are discussed in this paper, such as ease of Systems’, in the 2015 version. measurements were optimized by identifying a use, and how pipeline geometry and weld factor that could be systematically applied to association are considered. This paper The CSA wrinkle acceptance limits are based the ‘tool-measured’ wrinkle profiles, which provides a robust comparison of selected dent predominantly on fatigue assessment criteria; provided consistency with the profiles assessment methodologies on 220 actual part of the assessment procedure is measured by the laser scan, thereby improving dents from a 24-inch pipeline with depths confirmation that wrinkles are free from the accuracy of the dimensions and strain ranging from 0.6-4.5% OD, and 32 dents from a associated cracking. In practice, this often estimation of the remaining (non-excavated) 30-inch line with depths ranging from 1-2.5% restricts the assessment to wrinkles that have wrinkles. OD. The assessment includes both top and already been investigated in-field and where bottom of line dents and investigates the the absence of cracking has been confirmed by Finally, a S-N based fatigue assessment was influence of restraint on remaining life. The non-destructive examination (NDE). performed using operational cyclic pressure results presented in the paper are based on data and estimates of the stress concentration high-resolution ILI caliper data collected during This paper describes the assessment of a factors associated with the wrinkles. The two in-line inspections. Furthermore, the paper series of wrinkles that exceeded the CSA calculated fatigue lives exceeded the expected provides statistical comparisons between strain height criteria, reported by ILI within field bends operational life of the pipeline.

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9:00am Critical Level Assessment from ILI The options for the inline inspection (ILI) were 3-2 Data multiple segments which would cause an PREVENTION, MONITORING AND GROWTH Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78750 increased cost with new pigging facilities MODELING required and a delay to the ILI schedule or Pedro Jaya, OCP Ecuador S.A., Quito, attempt to pig the longest natural gas pipeline 3-2-4A Pichincha, Ecuador, Rodolfo Kock, CADETECH section in North America. The extraordinary MANUFACTURING DEFECTS, S.A., Concepcion, Chile proposal would require a massive 48’ CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS, AND FATIGUE In the last 10 years, technical and economical combination Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) tool MODELING II efforts have been made to improve pipeline to traverse a high-speed gas pipeline 941km Telus, MacLeod Hall B 10:30am - 12:00pm integrity management. Those efforts focus on from Burstall, Saskatchewan to Ile des Chenes, Session Chair: Clifford Maier, DNV GL USA, developing ‘searching tools’, capable of Manitoba, Canada. Given the alternative of the Inc., Dublin, OH, United States identifying pipe mechanical damage due to installation of 3 additional launcher and receiver slow landslides. stations and the risk to overall project schedule 10:30am Influence of Mean Load Pressure from extended inspection operations, Fluctuations on Crack Growth Behavior in We identified two main tools: geohazard TransCanada took the bold decision to perform Steel Pipelines mapping and inline inspection (OCP is using an MFL inspection in a single pass. However, as Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78720 caliper with inertial navigation system INS). The expected, this option created a new set of Olayinka Tehinse, University of Alberta, INS system generates a substantial amount of challenges to guarantee first run success in one Edmonton, AB, Canada, Karina Chevil, information about pipe’s geometry and of the harshest environments for an ILI tool and Transcanada Pipelines, Calagry, AB, Canada, deformation, reported as pitch, yaw and in a line where the cleanliness condition was Lyndon Lamborn, Enbridge Pipelines Inc., distance cover for each run. Since the caliper unknown. This last factor, was a critical concern Edmonton, AB, Canada, Weixing Chen, has been used for years, the pipeline´s path of as the volumes of debris that could be collected University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, evolution over the years is already available. with the highly aggressive MFL tool brushes, Erwin Gamboa, TransCanada Pipelines could easily and very quickly have led to very The INS data was merged with pipeline field Limited, Calgary, AB, Canada significant debris build up during inspection inspections to develop an assessment tool Internal pressure fluctuations during pipeline that at best would likely cause degraded data based on Machine Learning Technology. operations could contribute to crack growth in leading to an unwanted re-run and at worst the steel pipelines. These pressure fluctuations This tool was applied to the complete path of possibility of a stuck pig and subsequent create a variable amplitude loading condition the pipeline, analyzing each girth weld, thus retrieval program. From a project perspective with large amplitude cycles at near-zero stress obtaining a so called ‘criticality level’ for each either occurance was considered to be mission ratio, R (minimum stress / maximum stress) and weld. Two models were evaluated, which differ critical ‘ if either occurred there was no easy small amplitude cycles (minor cycles) at near +1 on the size of the vicinity considered for each solution to collecting the much needed R ratio which can both affect crack girth weld: 250m and 500m. The highest condition data of the pipeline. In July 2017, a propagation. Mean stresses fluctuate with precision model was found with 250m, which successful VECTRA HD GEMINI inspection was pressure due to fluid friction losses already has allowed improvements in field completed. This paper discusses the main proportional to the distance from the pump/ inspections. program risks, mitigation steps taken over and compressor station. A deeper understanding above a standard ILI run. Key considerations of mean stress sensitivity on crack growth rate This paper will describe this technique, capable and actions taken relating to additional in steel pipelines is sought. The aim of this of improving OCP´s pipeline integrity engineering and tool modifications to various research is to retard crack growth in pipelines management. components of the inspection vehicle itself will by prescribing pressure fluctuations, thus 9:30am Achieving North American Record be discussed. Lastly, insight will be given into controlling mean stress effects on For Longest Intelligent Inspection Of A an extensive smart cleaning program imperfection growth in steel pipelines under a Natural Gas Pipeline developed with the ILI vendor, using a near neutral pH environment. This study combination of mechanical cleaning associated Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78601 shows that prescriptive mean load pressure and debris level assessment, specifically Aaron Schartner, TransCanada PipeLines, fluctuations can be used to reduce crack designed and tailored for the project to ensure Calagry, AB, Canada, Sheshi Epur, growth rates in steel pipelines, thus expanding that the pipeline was both ready for ILI and that TransCanada PipeLines, Calgary, AB, Canada, pipeline integrity management methods. cleaning had reached optimum for ILI so that Frank Sander, Baker Hughes, a GE company, full, high quality MFL data would be collected 11:00am Improving the Accuracy of Calgary, AB, Canada the first time. Traditional Dent Fatigue Analysis: A Method TransCanada was faced with a significant for Quantifying the Initial Damage Caused challenge to inspect a 941 km NPS 48 pipeline. By Dent Formation

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Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78684 applicability and accuracy of such methods A series of test specimens were designed to Michael Turnquist, Quest Integrity Group, contains a great amount of uncertainty and is preserve the external pipe surface and allowed Boulder, CO, United States, thus expensive (both from a cost and time shallow 0.05 mm root radius surface notches Adam Parsons, Quest Integrity, Brisbane, standpoint) for an operator to validate. with depths from 0.1, 0.2 and0.3mm to be Queensland, Australia machined and tested. All specimens were This paper will identify a new and innovative machined in the hoop (transverse) direction The pipeline industry is currently taking several approach for using FEA to determine the from a 1067 mm diameter, 12.5 mm thick X80 approaches to evaluate the integrity of dents, amount of damage accumulated during the pipe. The specimens were subjected to a ovalities, or other geometric anomalies initial dent formation process and subsequent constant load of 95% of the specified minimum identified from inline inspection (ILI). The shakedown of the dent. This approach uses yield strength (SMYS) (equivalent to 80% of the primary threat associated with these features state-of-the-art FEA modelling techniques actual pipe hoop yield strength) using proof that operators should be concerned with is coupled with industry knowledge and rings for extended durations, e.g., 110, 220, 440 failure due to fatigue. However, in order to carry experience to develop an accurate and efficient or 660 days. Specimens were immersed in an out a more accurate dent fatigue analysis, it is method for quantifying this damage. The aqueous soil solution mixture consisting of two important to be able to quantify the amount of knowledge gained during this analysis can be parts of NS4 solution and one part soil damage accumulated during the initial dent used in conjunction with a traditional rapid dent (obtained from a pipe failure site that was formation process and subsequent shakedown assessment methodology. susceptible to NNpHSCC). The pH of the of the dent. solution was maintained between 6.5 and 6.8 A case study will be presented which by bubbling a gas mixture consisting of 5% CO2 Dents result from permanent deformation of the demonstrate the impact that a direct calculation and 95% N2 during testing. The results show pipeline which leads to accumulation of plastic of this initial damage has on representative that there was no apparent SCC developed on strain. Whether this permanent deformation pipeline dent assessment projects. By the smooth specimens with the original surface was caused during initial construction (a undertaking this additional analysis, operators even after being tested for up to 660 days. In backhoe striking the pipeline) or in-service will have the potential to eliminate unnecessary contrast, SCC were found to have initiated at (changing underground soil conditions), the digs. Additionally, operators can be more the machined notches, irrespective of their plastic strains that are observed will result in a confident that their resources are being applied depth after testing for 220 days. In this regard, decrease in the pipeline’s fatigue life. to the highest priority features. the introduction of shallow notches much like Continued pressure cycling has the potential to 11:30am Some Factors Affecting Initiation the pits formed by corrosion can served as accumulate additional plastic stain, thus of Stress Corrosion Cracking of an X80 Pipe stress risers that promoted SCC initiation. To accumulating more fatigue damage. Eventually Steel in Near-Neutral pH Environment provide further understanding of specimen as the pipeline continues to be cycled, no Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78540 design, the same SCC testing conditions were additional deformation or accumulation of applied to smooth round-bar test specimens plastic strain will occur; this behavior is referred Jidong Kang, Darren Bibby, Canmetmaterials, machined in the hoop direction of this same to as ‘shakedown.’ Natural Resources Canada, Hamilton, ON, Canada, Jim Gianetto, Government of pipe close to the external surface and the Finite element analysis (FEA) can be utilized to Canada-Natural Resources, Hamilton, ON, mid-wall location. While minor SCC initiation quantify how much fatigue damage has been Canada, Mark Gesing, CanmetMATERIALS, was found in the near surface specimens, accumulated during the initial dent formation NRCan, Hamilton, ON, Canada, Muhammad significant SCC was observed in the specimens process and subsequent shakedown of the Arafin,Canmetmaterials, Nrcan, Calagry, taken from the mid-wall location. This finding dent. When analyzing pipeline dents using FEA, AB, Canada suggests that the heterogeneous or variable importance should be placed on accurately microstructure through the pipe wall thickness Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking simulating the dent forming process so that plays a critical role in SCC initiation for the X80 (NNpHSCC) continues to be a concern for realistic plasticity effects can be captured. The pipe investigated. It also suggests that careful existing high pressure pipelines used to process of calculating plastic stresses and attention must be paid to the design of test transport oil and gas in Canada. Several studies strains during the dent forming process can be specimens as well as the location that they are in literature have focused on the role of pipe computationally expensive and result in removed from a test pipe in order realistically steel microstructure on the initiation and growth numerical instabilities within the analysis. assess the SCC susceptibility of pipe steels. of NNpHSCC. However, most of the studies As a result, methods for simulating the used specimens machined from sub-surface formation and shakedown of a pipeline dent are locations that did not preserve the original pipe continuously being refined. However, since it is surface, which is the material that ultimately difficult to determine exactly how these exposed. geometric pipeline anomalies were formed, the

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3-2-2B has not been well developed. In this research management strategies. MANUFACTURING DEFECTS, work, a cathodically protected X65 steel 11:30am Algorithms for the Strain Based CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS, AND FATIGUE specimen in the developed high pH solution, Analysis of Dented Pipelines MODELING I composed of 1N Na2CO3 and 1N NaHCO3, was Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78433 subjected to different loading conditions. These Telus, MacLeod Hall C 10:30am - 12:00pm Chike Okoloekwe, University of Alberta, loading waveforms simulate underload cycles 10:30am High Ph Crack Growth Sensitivity Saskatoon, SK, Canada, Muntaseer Kainat, (R =0.5), minor cycles (R=0.9) and variable To Underload-Type Of Pressure Fluctuations Enbridge, Liquids Pipeline, Edmonton, AB, amplitudes consisting of both underload and Canada, Douglas Langer, Enbridge, Edmonton, Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78394 minor cycles, respectively. The HpHSCC test AB, Canada, Sherif Hassanien, Enbridge, Hamid Niazi, Hao Zhang, University of Alberta, results showed that the highest and lowest Liquids Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Kaitlyn Korol, crack growth rates were obtained in high and Samer Adeeb, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Weixing low R ratio constant amplitude loading AB, Canada Chen, Univ Of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada conditions, respectively. Furthermore, an intermediate crack growth rate was obtained Pipeline integrity management commonly High pH Stress Corrosion Cracking (HpHSCC) is under variable amplitude loading condition. leverages nondestructive inspection of pipeline a significant threat to the buried pipelines, These results indicate that the underload cycles defects via inline inspection (ILI) and which are protected through simultaneous retard crack growth rate in high pH assessment of the resultant data. Key coating and cathodic protection strategies. In environments. parameters for dent analysis include the feature the past decades, extensive research has been geometry measured by caliper tools and the devoted to assessing the influence of 11:00am Study On Transition Of Stress presence/severity of any interacting features environmental and metallurgical factors on the Corrosion Cracking To Sharp Edge Corrosion (such as cracks or areas of corrosion) which can susceptibility to HpHSCC. With reference to For A Liquids Pipeline be measured with a variety of technologies mechanical factors, previous studies employed Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78405 (such as magnetic flux leakage or ultrasonic either slow strain rate or constant amplitude Jiajun (Jeff) Liang, Enbridge Employee tools). Dent profile measurements can be testing methods. However, the pressure Services Canada Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada, especially susceptible to noise due to the fluctuation data extracted from pipeline Ziqiang (Alex) Dong, Mengshan Yu, Mariko measurement techniques employed, signal operations has indicated that pipelines Dela Rosa, Stantec Consulting Ltd., Calgary, quality, and overall tool performance. Analytical experience highly variable amplitude loading AB, Canada, Gurwinder Nagra, Enbridge methods for strain assessment of dents can conditions during their service. Accordingly, an Employee Services Canada Inc., Edmonton, employ curve/surface fitting techniques to important consideration in managing HpHSCC AB, Canada estimate the curvature and calculate the strain is load interaction. Statistics show a higher Although stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of the dent based on the fitted curve/surface. probability of HpHSCC failures within the 30 km growth is attributed to the synergistic effects of Noise in the measured profile can result in local downstream from pump/compressor stations stress and corrosion, these two factors can just areas of high perceived strain, which could lead where the pipeline steels experience elevated as easily become competing mechanisms, with to misinterpretation of a dent’s true severity, service temperatures, with incipient higher stress cycles driving growth (hydrogen, the especially when using automated or purely susceptibility to HpHSCC. However, the by-product of corrosion, may facilitate the analytical assessment methods. pipeline sections within the 30 km downstream growth), and corrosion working to blunt the from pump/compressor stations also crack tip and arrest growth. It follows that A deterministic strain-based approach for experience the underload-type of pressure reducing the maximum pressure and cycling evaluating the severity of dented pipelines has fluctuations that feature a maximum pressure severity can slow down the crack growth or been presented previously which leverages close to the design limit, frequent and large even stop it, and aggressive corrosion can multi-dimensional B-spline functions to more amplitudes of depressurization, resulting in low further blunt the sharp crack tip. The Authors accurately apply the non-mandatory ASME stress ratio, R (minimum stress/maximum stress), have observed, on a particular Polyethylene B31.8 equations for dent assessment. The and many smaller pressure fluctuations (minor (PE) tape coated pipeline, instances where SCC approach presented previously requires cycles) with R ratio closer to +1.0. It has been has exhibited a propensity to corrode and relatively smooth dent profile information to well characterized that the underload-minor- convert into sharp edge corrosion. This is minimize the effects of signal noise. While low cycle-type of pressure fluctuations has the attributed to the combined effects of limited pass filters can effectively eliminate noise in the significant acceleration effect on crack growth corrosion protection and low stresses. The signal, they may also lead to loss of accuracy rates in near-neutral pH (NNpH) environments. focus of the paper is to assist operators in (e.g. excessive smoothing can reduce the depth However, the effect of the underload-type of recognizing this phenomenon and integrate and sharpness of a measured dent’s profile). pressure schemes on HpHSCC crack growth lessons learned into pipeline integrity This paper discusses how low pass filters can

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be optimally used to smooth the raw ILI signals A case study with a gas and natural gas liquid A primary goal for pipeline operators is to to allow for analytical representation of the dent (NGL) operator, ONEOK Inc. (ONEOK) develop field-ready methods for full volumetric shape without underestimating its severity. demonstrates the effectiveness of using EMAT characterization of pipeline anomalies. The ILI to evaluate the potential threat of crack and inability of traditional NDE methods to The conclusion of this venture is a detailed crack-like defects on a 48 mile (77.2 km), liquid accurately provide a three-dimensional (3D) workflow for the analytical assessment of butane pipeline. By utilizing both 10-inch (254 image of a pipe wall features in the field leads dented pipelines for the rapid characterization mm) multiple datasets (MDS) to critical decisions being made based on of the severity of deformation in pipelines with imprecise tools, with layers of conservatism limited computational demand. This type of technology and 10-inch (254 mm) EMAT ILI being included in the analysis for both NDE and assessment allows for initial ranking and tools, ONEOK proved the effectiveness of ILI to ILI measurements. The lack of precision often assessment of large and complex pipeline identify critical and subcritical crack and leads to conservative and therefore excessive systems to select features requiring more crack-like defects on their pipeline. repair digs, unnecessary pipe replacements, detailed assessment or mitigation. and in some cases hydrostatic pressure testing This paper will present on the findings from the of the pipeline to verify the system integrity. 3-3 two technologies and illustrate the approaches ASSESSMENT taken by the operator to mitigate crack type This paper presents the results of a research defects on this pipeline. project that includes comparative analysis of 3-3-6 11:00am Validation of Computed data from an ILI system, traditional NDE NEW ILI TECHNOLOGIES II Tomography Technology for Pipeline inspection, Computed Tomography (CT), and metallurgical results. To date, CT is the only Telus,Telus Glen 201/202 10:30am - 12:00pm Inspection current method that has shown consistency in Session Chair: John Godfrey, DNV GL, Dublin, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78722 providing accurate 3D profile measurements of OH, United States Mark Piazza, Colonial Pipeline Company, an anomaly when compared to destructive Alpharetta, GA, United States, James Medford, Session Co-Chair: Justin Harkrader, testing and direct measurement of anomaly Inspection Associates Inc, Cypress, TX, United Colonial Pipeline Company, Alpharetta, GA, characteristics. The CT results presented in this States, Timothy H. Burns, Shell Pipeline Co., United States paper represent the potential for field ready Houston, TX, United States, Taylor Shie, Shell 10:30am A Case Study on SCC Management inspection capabilities as the data were Pipeline Company, LP, Houston, TX, United Using 10-inch EMAT ILI obtained from full circumference measurement States Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78762 of pipe samples rather than plate samples, Mike Kirkwood, T D Williamson ME FZE, Dubai, Pipeline operators rely extensively on in-line which have typically been studied in prior United Arab Emir., Scott Henderson, ONEOK, inspection (ILI) systems and other forms of analysis of CT methods. Obtaining accurate Tulsa, OK, United States, Jeff Ector, ONEOK Inc., non-destructive examination (NDE) as the basis data on anomaly dimensions is critical to Tulsa, OK, United States for meeting the continual assessment understanding and improving the application of requirements to evaluate pipeline integrity. The ILI data to drive integrity decisions. Improved Environmentally assisted cracking (EAC), more process involves correlating ILI data to direct results in the field will lead to improved specifically, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has assessment information using traditional NDE decision-making to protect the environment been a pipeline integrity concern since the methods such as Ultrasonic Testing (UT), and public safety. 1960s. However, there were not many options Phased Array (PAUT) and Electromagnetic for pipeline operators to effectively manage this Testing (ET). Substantial effort has been taken 11:30am The Future of In-Line Inspection threat on gas and liquid pipelines. SCC and to establish measurement tolerances for ILI - Free-floating smart sensors other crack type defects have become a threat systems, but not as much attention has been Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78662 which is more widely understood and can be placed on understanding the tolerances of NDE Anouk van Pol, John van Pol, Ingu Solutions appropriately managed through in-line technologies. Through studies conducted by Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada, Richard McNealy, inspection (ILI). The two primary technologies Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. Chevron Energy Technology Company, for crack detection, developed in the 1990s and (PRCI) these NDE methods have been shown to Houston, TX, United States, Clay Goudy, early 2000s respectively, are ultrasonic (UT) have inconsistencies and inaccuracies in sizing Q-Inline, Houston, TX, United States and electromagnetic acoustic transducer and characterizing pipe wall and weld seam (EMAT). Although EMAT was originally anomalies. Effectively managing the uncertainty Advances in micro-electronics and machine developed to find SCC on gas pipelines, it has in NDE measurements and selection of the learning open the door to a new method of proven equally valuable for crack inspections appropriate technologies for anomaly in-line pipe inspection: small free-floating smart on liquid pipelines. inspection is as important to continuous sensors moving in the flow, capturing critical improvement in pipeline integrity management data and enabling operators to optimize programs as ILI tool tolerance. pipeline performance, detect anomalies, and

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flag changes in pipeline condition. including the angle and radius of curvature will technologies. Because of the continuous also be demonstrated. advance in both composite technology and The free-floating nature of these smart sensors research programs to evaluate their allows for full length pipeline inspection without effectiveness, it is essential that updated TRACK 4 OPERATIONS, interrupting the operation. This makes frequent information be provided to industry to minimize MONITORING, AND MAINTENANCE inspection possible turning it into a cost- the likelihood for conducting research efforts efficient data driven solution. The alternative that have already been addressed. To provide requires significant capital to modify the TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 25 readers with useful information, the authors will pipeline system to accommodate traditional ILI. include multiple case studies that include the

Furthermore, traditional ILI methods are a one reinforcement of large diameter elbows, 4-1 off costly and labor extensive measurement reinforcement of cracks, and repair of dents OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE executed once every 5 to 10 years, where with interacting threats including corrosion and

these free-floating sensors allow for high welds. frequency, low cost measurements. 4-1-1 PIPELINE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR 11:00am Effect of Room Temperature Creep Frequent inspection allows for early detection on Hydrostatic Leak Test Telus, Telus MacLeod E2 10:30am - 12:00pm of changes in the pipeline condition such as Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78360 Session Chair: Tran Mah-Paulson, T.D. deposit formation and metal loss as well as Benjamin Zand, Kiefner & Associates, Williamson Canada ULC, Edmonton, AB, timely detection and localization of leaks or Columbus, OH, United States, Adam Steiner, Canada similar hazardous conditions. The free-floating Kiefner and Associates, Inc., Columbus, OH, Session Co-Chair: Stuart Saulters, American nature, combined with the capability to detect United States pipeline elements such as flanges and welds, Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, United permits accurate localization without the need States Because of the stochastic nature of line pipe for external markers. 10:30am State-of-the-Art Assessment of characteristics a small percentage of the pipe Today’s Composite Repair Technologies joints in a given pipeline may possess actual An alternative to the free-floating deployment, yield strengths below the specified minimum Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78016 the sensor device can also be attached to an yield strength. During a hydrostatic test these Chris Alexander, ADV Integrity, Inc., Magnolia, off-the-shelf cleaning pig. This solution is segments may experience some plastic TX, United States, Richard Kania, TransCanada especially suited for gas lines and allows for deformation as the hoop stress approaches the Pipelines, Calgary, AB, Canada screening of the pipeline condition while yield point. It is well known that the effect of cleaning the pipeline with limited extra effort For almost 30 years composite repair room temperature creep near the yield from the operator. technologies have been used to reinforce high becomes notable and therefore it can affect pressure gas and liquid pipeline transmission pressure trending during the hold period (leak The paper will demonstrate the outcome of systems around the world. The backbone of test). In this work a numerical model is over ten validation projects that have been this research has been full-scale testing, aimed developed for the analysis of creep conducted during the course of 2017 using an at evaluating the reinforcement of anomalies deformation. A conceptual study is carried out implementation of this technology in a golf including, corrosion, dents, vintage girth welds, to demonstrate potential effects of creep on ball-sized (1.5 inch diameter), robust and and wrinkle bends. Also included have been hydrostatic test pressure trending during a leak chemically inert integrated sensor system the assessment of reinforced pipe geometries test. This analysis can help operators called Piper’. The Piper’ is equipped with a including welded branch connections, elbows, understand the potential effects of creep and comprehensive set of sensors, consisting of a and tees. Organizations sponsoring these distinguish it from other factors such as 3-axial accelerometer, gyroscope and research efforts have included the Pipeline temperature changes or leakage and can help magnetometer, a combined pressure and Research Council International, regulatory identify, or rule out, the occurrence of pipe temperature sensor, and an advanced system agencies, pipeline operators, and composite yielding during hydrostatic tests. for acoustic leak detection. repair manufacturers. Many of these efforts have involved Joint Industry Programs; to date 4-2 Topics that will be addressed include the more than 15 different industry-sponsored AUTOMATION AND MEASUREMENT advantage of using a free-floating integrated programs and independent research efforts device, the capability of reconstructing have been conducted involving more than 4-2-1 positioning, the ability to locate and quantify 1,000 destructive full-scale tests. PIPELINE MONITORING & CONTROL I leaks, and the ability to locate pipeline elements such as welds and flanges, and Telus, Telus MacLeod E2 1:30pm - 5:00pm The aim of this paper is to provide for the changes in wall thickness. In the Piper’ pig pipeline industry and updated perspective on Session Chair: Aaron Jansma, Enbridge combination, the detectability of bends research associated with composite repair Pipelines Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada

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Session Co-Chair: Jeffrey De Wit, Enbridge Zhang, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban oil and inspection time, verifying the rationality and Pipelines Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada Gas Distribution Technology, Beijing, China, advantage of the model. Wan Zhang, China University of Petroleum- 1:30pm Use of Fiber Optic Technology in 2:30pm Pipeline operations improvement Beijing,, Beijing, China, Bohong Wang, China Monitoring Steel Sleeves and Composite with Ultrasonic Meters Diagnostics Wrap Reinforcements University of Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing, China, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78266 Qi Liao, National Engineering Laboratory for Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78037 Pipeline Safety, Beijing, China, Yongtu Liang, Noman Rasool, Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, Chris Alexander, ADV Integrity, Inc., Magnolia, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban oil and Gas Canada, waqas unnabi, TechnipFMC, TX, United States, Ryan Lavergne, Western Distribution Technology, Beijing, China Edmonton, AB, Canada Specialties LLC, Avon, NY, United States, Alan Turner, Lloyd’s Register, Houston, TX, Currently, the oil and gas pipeline network is a Ultrasonic Flow meters are widely accepted as United States key link in the coordinated development of oil being robust, reliable, and having the ability to and gas upstream and downstream cohesion. provide custody transfer accuracy over varied The rehabilitation of damaged pipelines plays a To ensure the reliability and safety of oil and application ranges. Because of these critically-important role in maintaining the gas pipeline network operation, it is necessary characteristics and their inherent advanced integrity management of pipeline systems. The to inspect the pipeline periodically to minimize signal processing and non-intrusive design, the repair techniques employed by pipeline the risk of leakage, spill and theft, as well as meters have the capabilities to deliver unique operator typically include welded Type A and documenting actual incidents and the effects performance and diagnostic information that Type B sleeves, as well as composite repairs. produced on the environment. Traditional can use to improve Pipeline operations and Once the repairs are made, operators must manpower inspection is extremely labor- Leak Detection applications. trust the integrity and soundness of the repairs intensive and inefficient. It can increase greatly based on various monitoring and inspection This paper presents real time data from liquid the efficiency of inspection and save the techniques; however, there are no current ultrasonic meters. The data helps to improve manpower and material resource by using UAV widely-accepted techniques for monitoring pipeline operations including dual DRA (unmanned aerial vehicle) inspection. either the reinforcement or the pipe itself. injection, batch detection, commodity tracking The integrated optimization for UAV inspection movement etc. Diagnostic data can also identify A research program was conducted that path of oil and gas pipeline network, including upstream instrumentation anomalies and involved the embedding of fiber optics in a physical feasibility, performance of mission, illustrate the abilities of the utilization of steel sleeve and E-glass / epoxy composite cooperation, real-time implementation, diagnostics within the liquid ultrasonic meters repair systems. Measurements from the fiber three-dimensional (3-D) space, et al, is one of to further improve current leak detection real optic sensors included temperature, hoop the most strategic problems due to its time transient models (RTTM) and pipeline strain, and axial strain, which allowed engineers large-scale, complexity as well as efficient. operational procedures. The paper discusses to monitor conditions in both the repair and the Aiming at improving inspection efficiency and considerations addressed while evaluating data pipe sample. The implications of embedded maximize economic benefits, on the basis of and understanding the importance of accuracy technologies in pipeline repairs are far- evolutionary genetic algorithm, this paper within the metering equipment utilized. It also reaching, including the ability to monitor not proposed a novel mix-integer linear elaborates on significant benefits associated only the reinforcement itself, but also serve as a programming model which could be used route with the utilization of the ultrasonic meter’s resource for monitoring pipeline activity planning. Minimizing the total inspection time is capabilities and the importance of diagnosing including third party damage and land the object of this model. The constrains of the other pipeline issues and uncertainties outside movement. This paper presents results from the mission scenario and the safety performance of of measurement errors. test program, but also concepts for continued UAV are taken into account. By using 3:00pm Real-Time Continuous Pipeline use of pipeline repair embedded technologies evolutionary genetic algorithm, each candidate Integrity Monitoring Utilising and their impact on the generation of large- route can be measured through the evaluation Telecommunications Optical Fibre Cables scale data and enhancement of integrity function that takes account of the cost of the management efforts. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78499 route and the mission scenario, the cooperative Peter Hayward, Tom Fryer, Fotech Solutions 2:00pm An Optimization Model for UAV and coordinative requirements among the Ltd, Church Crookham, United Kingdom Inspection Path of Oil and Gas Pipeline unmanned aerial vehicles constraints. Network A recent trend in the field of pipeline monitoring Finally, the proposed approach is applied to Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78171 has been the utilisation of an optical fibre based one virtual oil and gas pipeline network. Yamin Yan, National Engineering Laboratory distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology, Compared with the traditional inspection for Pipeline Safety/Beijing Key China University for the purpose of security monitoring of buried approach, the proposed method is 66.48% less of Petroleum-Beijin, Beijing, China, Haoran pipelines. The technology comprises of an in inspection cost and 22.07% shorter in total interrogator, that connects to a single-mode

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optical fibre cable and interrogates the optical developed software algorithms. Results are movement) at known landslide locations, fibre to acquire coherent Rayleigh backscatter. provided relating to gas leaks where product extending the interpretive power of a specialist Localised environmental vibration and acoustic was emitted at operational pressures of and the understanding of event magnitude, and perturbations may result in a proportional strain >>=20.0bar, and fluid leaks, where product was potentially affecting the mitigation options. of the fibre. Such strain will result in a localised emitted at flow rates ranging from 5.0l/minute Further, L-Band InSAR can be used in a optical path length variation, which will result in to 20.0l/minute, with corresponding operational supporting role to pre-screen areas for active a phase distortion in the measured signals. pressures of the order of 10.0bar to 20.0bar. landslides along the right of way (ROW), Advanced signal processing techniques are however, data gaps, a lack of explanatory subsequently applied to infer the characteristic 4-3 power, and considerable noise in the results of the originating stimulus, and thus identify, GEOHAZARDS mean that a user step that further considers the locate, and inform an end-user of acoustic terrain, other sources of data, and the identified activity of interest. Such activity may (for 4-3-2 magnitude, is essential. X-Band InSAR example) arise as a result of ground excavation, GEOHAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND appeared impractical for ROW monitoring vehicular movement, or tapping activity in the CHARACTERIZATION where vegetation prevented coherence near vicinity of the pipeline. The technology between images, however, X-Band InSAR was Telus, Telus Glen 203/204 3:30pm - 5:00pm provides a measurement resolution of the order able to detect small displacements at above Session Chair: Ashton Friesen, TransCanada, of 1.0m, a spatial resolution of the order of ground infrastructures. Calgary, AB, Canada 10.0m, will operate of optical fibre lengths of up 4:00pm Satellite Data Analytics for Natural to 100km, with an acoustic bandwidth of up to 3:30pm InSAR and the Pipeline Geohazards Disaster Assessment & Application to 1kHz (for the stated fibre length). Toolbox: Instructions for Use as of 2018 Pipeline Safety Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78571 DAS developers are now researching the Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78695 Richard Guthrie, Stantec, Calgary, AB, Canada, possibility of developing the application of this Mark Piazza, Colonial Pipeline Company, Emma Reid, Stantec, Burnaby, BC, Canada, technology further, for the purpose of Alpharetta, GA, United States, Gillian Robert, John Richmond, Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, real-time pipeline leak detection monitoring. MDA Geospatial Services Inc., Ottawa, ON, Canada, Parwant Ghuman, 3vGeomatics, This paper provides a review of one such Canada, Lesley Gamble, MacDonald, Dettwiler Vancouver, BC, Canada, Yves Cormier, Stantec, programme of work. and Associates, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Nic Edmonton, AB, Canada Svacina, MDA Geospatial Services Inc., Ottawa, Recent laboratory test results are presented Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ON, Canada, Karineh Gregorian, SoCalGas, where DAS data was acquired from optical fibre (InSAR) is a type of active remote sensing Los Angeles, CA, United States cables, which were commissioned in suitable whereby a satellite transmits electromagnetic Understanding where, when, and how apparatus incorporating a buried length of radiation (microwaves) at the ground and conditions are changing along the extent of an pipeline. This length of pipeline was configured measures the differential phase of the reflected energy pipeline system, which can be vast, is a in such a way that it may be utilised to mimic signal over multiple images (or multiple challenging task. The challenge can be even gas and fluid leaks. Data was acquired for a antennas on a single satellite). InSAR has the greater when natural disasters create a number of leak parameters, which were varied potential to provide centimeter and even condition where access to affected pipelines, in a controlled manner, in an effort to better millimeter-scale measurements of displacement qualified personnel, and equipment is limited. understand applicability and limitations of the over time, but is sensitive to vegetation, technology. Results are presented from topography, and atmospheric effects. We To address these challenges, pipeline detailed analysis of the data that identify that consider herein, the application of InSAR at two operators are working directly with experts in the technology may potentially be utilised for known landslides on the Enbridge pipeline satellite technology to develop innovative leak detection of such pipelines. Specifically, system, and discuss the strengths, weaknesses, applications incorporating the use of satellite for fluid based products being transited at values, and limitations of its application in the technology and analytical processes to improve operational pressures of >>=4.5bar, and Geohazard Management of landslides natural disaster monitoring and response. gas based products being transited at impacting pipeline ROW’s. We compare Through recent experiences following operational pressures of >>=1.2bar, with a information provided at each site by InSAR Hurricane Harvey in the Gulf Coast region of cable that is perpendicularly positioned at an (both L-band and X-band) to data derived by the United States in August-September 2017 offset of <=1.5m. mapping using LiDAR or air photographs, to and the wildfires and mudslides in Southern differential LiDAR techniques, and to data Additional results are presented, acquired California that occurred in December 2017 to derived from subsurface measurements (slope during subsequent field trials, where leaks were January 2018, space-borne Synthetic Aperture inclinometers). In doing so we find that L-Band successfully identified, and autonomously Radar (SAR) satellite data was shown to be a data can be an effective tool to establish the located in the DAS data with suitably useful tool for wide-area monitoring. extent or footprint of movement (or lack of

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Satellite-based SAR imagery has the unique WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 26 the National Energy Board (NEB) Damage advantage of penetrating through cloud cover Prevention Regulations (DPRs), published in and smoke and is capable of providing an early July 2016, requires Canadian pipeline view of the extent of damage in both 4-1 operators to provide written consent to cross conditions. OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE for applicants (with the exception of farmers) within 10 business days and allows agricultural Satellite data and continuous improvements to 4-1-5 equipment crossings without written consent. their derived analytical products have resulted THIRD PARTY DAMAGE/PREVENTION As such, operators need to be proactive to in significant benefits for pipeline operators Telus, Telus MacLeod E2 8:30am - 10:00am ensure agricultural areas have sufficient cover preparing for and responding to the effects of in place to ensure the surface loads imposed Session Chair: Bryan Balmer, Fortisbc Energy potentially damaging natural processes, Inc., Surrey, BC, Canada by agricultural equipment is acceptable. including river scour, erosion, avulsion, mudslides, and other threats to pipeline 8:30am Practical Improvements to Surface The current CEPA tool works well for the integrity and public safety. SAR change Loading Assessment- Building Efficiency and majority of vehicle crossing scenarios, however, detection algorithms and processes can Accuracy a few aspects were identified for further provide effective results in identifying areas Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78633 improvement on the current version to address affected by natural disasters that are not readily Jennifer Klementis, TransCanada Pipelines complex crossings and the high volume available by other means. These methods also Ltd., Calgary, AB, Canada, Shenwei Zhang, demand. To address the regulatory provide timely information for allocating and Transcanada Pipeline Ltd, Calagry, AB, requirements, TransCanada has developed an directing resources to the most critical locations Canada, Jonathan Law, Transcanada Pipelines in-house surface loading stress analysis tool, in support of post-disaster assessment and Ltd., Calagry, AB, Canada, Maria Pino, which uses consistent fundamentals of the analysis. SAR satellite data and Amplitude TransCanada Pipelines Limited, Calgary, AB, CEPA tool with the addition of useful Change Detection (ACD) algorithms provided Canada, Jason Yan, Transcanada Pipelines functionalities. Further, TransCanada has the basis for confirming where flooding near Limited, Calagry, AB, Canada leveraged off of recent published PRCI research pipeline infrastructure was most substantial (ENV 6-1) on surface loading on buried following Hurricane Harvey. In the case of the TransCanada has developed an in-house tool pipelines. The paper describes the new Southern Californian forest fires and mudslides to improve efficiency and accuracy of vehicle TransCanada surface loading tool validation in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, recent surface loading stress analysis to consider (comparison to CEPA tool and Kiefner tool) and investigations into ACD and Coherence Change vehicle crossings at multiple angles applying describes how the new functionalities improve Detection (CCD) algorithms showed promising industry accepted and validated models that user flexibility and efficiency including the batch results, providing a detailed view of damaged are consistent with the Kiefner Surface analysis, multiple angle analysis, report stress areas in near-real time. Loading Tool. With this tool over 15000 distributions for refined assessment, user- surface loading cases can be completed defined impact factor and automated reporting This paper describes the process of collecting, within only a few minutes where previously this for documentation of surface loading analyzing, and applying satellite data for equivalent work would take an engineer over calculations. The new functionalities improve assessing the impacts of natural disasters on a year to complete each analysis manually on surface loading analysis turnaround time to pipeline infrastructure, and the methods a case-by-case basis. meet regulatory requirements. applied, consisting primarily of multiple change 9:00am Challenges To Repair A Damaged detection algorithms, that are used to process TransCanada receives approximately 4000 NGL Pipeline By Third Parties In The Andean the large volume of satellite archive images to (1st, 2nd and 3rd party) vehicle crossings Mountains Without Pumping Stopped extract relevant changes. This paper also including trails, temporary crossings and describes how these tools and products were permanent crossings annually. These Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78307 practically applied to support decisions by crossings cover a broad range of scenarios in Sandro Ramos, Compañia Operadora de Gas pipeline operators to protect and ensure the terms of input parameters such as crossing del Amazonas, Lima, Lima, Peru integrity and safety of pipelines in the affected angle, vehicle type and loading conditions One of the challenges of transporting Natural areas. (e.g. one lane vs multiple lanes). Regulations in Canada, i.e. CSA Z662-15, requires Gas Liquids (NGL) is to ensure that the flow operators to analyze the surface loading of all should be delivered with standards of safety, crossings over existing pipelines in reliability, and efficiency while conducting accordance with the guidance within CSA repairs on the pipeline. This paper discusses Z662-15 which makes reference to the CEPA the difficulties that had to be overcome to repair surface loading calculator developed by a damaged NGL pipeline by third parties Kiefner and Associates Inc. (KAI). In addition, performed in the Andean Mountains in

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Ayacucho, Perú, on NGL pipeline operated by Session Co-Chair: Ulli Pietsch, TAU pipelines associated with 5 refineries, 3 depots Compañía Operadora de Gas del Amazonas Engineering Solutions Inc, Edmonton, and 6 final clients. The results demonstrate that (COGA). This pipeline and a parallel one also AB, Canada the proposed approach can provide a guideline operated by (COGA) are the main source of 8:30am Integrated scheduling for a for long-term pipeline network scheduling with supply of NGL and Natural Gas (NG) to the city multi-product pipeline network with delivery delivery due dates. of Lima, capital of Perú. due dates 9:00am Numerical simulation of pig motion Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78057 in two-phase flow pipelines in the presence To repair the Third-Party damage, an of a leak emergency committee COLE by its acronym in Ning Xu, Qi Liao, Beijing Key Laboratory of Spanish (Local Emergency Operative Urban oil and Gas Distribution Technology, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78093 Committee) was formed with the purpose to Beijing, China, Zhengbing Li, China University Rodrigo Patricio, Carina N. Sondermann, coordinate the actions for the execution of the of Petroleum, Beijing, China, Haoran Zhang, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Rio De repair and meet the standards of Quality, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing, Janeiro, Brazil, Aline Figueiredo, Federal Safety, Social and Environment. The China, Yongtu Liang, Beijing Key Laboratory of University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ/COPPE), Rio committee had an important tool, the Urban oil and Gas Distribution Technology, de Janeiro, Brazil, Raphael Viggiano, Gustavo Operational Contingency Plan, which provided Beijing, China C. R. Bodstein, Federal University of Rio de guidelines for dealing with an emergency. The Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Currently, pipeline is the most effective way to job required isolating a section of 14-inch NGL Felipe B. De F. Rachid, Fluminense Federal transport large-volume products over long transportation pipeline and a bypass to keep University (PGMEC/UFF), Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, distance. To effectively satisfy market demands Renan Baptista, Petrobras R&D Centre, Ilha do the pipeline operational. The work had a tight for multiple refined products by delivery due Fundão, Brazil schedule that needed to be repaired to dates, the multi-product pipeline network reduce the risk of increasing NGL leakage usually transports several refined products in In the oil and gas industries, it is important to with environmental and safety consequences sequence from refineries to certain keep pipelines operating at the highest level of as well as it was important to keep the pipeline destinations. The integrated scheduling of efficiency. This means that a pipeline should not in service. multi-product pipeline network, including undergo events that may reduce the amount of inventory management, transport routes The situation presented several challenges, the pumped product at the end of the line. planning, batch sequence, batch volume, et al., use of double barriers to safeguard personnel Examples of these events are the existence of is one of the most strategic problems due to its debris moving along with the flow, or wax and facility equipment during the pipeline large-scale, complexity as well as economic deposited on the pipe wall or the development repair, this double block methodology had to significance. This subject has been widely of a crack or hole on the wall that may lead to be applied to meet environmental and safety studied during the last decade. However, most the occurrence of a leak. The use of pigs concerns. The damage was located at 4,495 researches focus on large-size scheduling (Pipeline Inspection Gauge) is one of the most meters above sea level (masl). It is found a models whose computational efficiency greatly common tools for inspection and cleaning of permanent NGL leak forced the installation of decreases for a complex pipeline network or a the pipe to restore the optimum pipe operation, an NGL containment and storage system. The long time horizon. Aiming at this problem, the despite the uncertainties and risks associated place lacked the logistical facilities for the paper develops an efficient decomposition with its passage inside a long duct. For this attention of a pipe repair operation, adverse approach, which is composed of two mixed reason, it is important to follow the pig motion conditions of cold climate, desolate land and integer linear programming (MILP) models. The inside the pipeline using numerical simulations. other conditions that had to be overcome. This first model divides the entire time horizon into The velocity of the pig depends on the flow paper discusses how social, safety, several intervals according to delivery due dynamics and the pig’s flowing characteristics. environment and logistical challenges were dates and optimizes the transport routes and This paper presents a mechanical model for the overcome to repair a damaged caused by third total transport volume during each interval with pig motion, along with a numerical scheme, to parties in an NGL pipeline, which resulted in considering market demand, production obtain approximate solutions for the resulting timely repair completion and uninterrupted flow campaigns and inventory limits. Then the initial-boundary-value problem that describes of NGL. solved results are used by the second model the pig motion in a transient gas/liquid-flow

which sets the objective function as the inside the pipeline in the presence of a leak. 4-2 membership function based on fuzzy delivery The model is formulated as an initial-boundary- AUTOMATION AND MEASUREMENT due dates. Besides, a series of operational value problem of hyperbolic nature. The system

constraints are also considered in the second of non-linear partial differential equations is 4-2-2A model to obtain the optimal batch sequence, discretized within the finite-volume framework PIPELINE SIMULATIONS & SCHEDULING batch volume, delivery volume and delivery and solved using the flux corrected-transport Telus, Telus Glen 201/202 8:30am - 10:00am time in each station. Finally, the proposed (FCT) method, which is second-order in space. Session Chair: Douglas Robertson, approach is applied to a Chinese real-world A situation involving a leakage of 10% of total TransCanada, Calgary, AB, Canada pipeline network that includes 13 multi-product inlet mass flow was simulated and the results 64 Copyright © 2018 by ASME

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are presented for the pig velocity history and mass flow is adopted after gaining each pipe’s operations. The test section can be for the distribution of flow pressure, velocity outlet temperature. Combining hydraulic and conveniently detached from the flow loop and/ and liquid volume fraction along the pipe. In thermal algorithms, a complete set of solution or mounted onto the wax removal apparatus for order to validate our results, the commercial program for steady-state of multiphase pipe a quick conversion between wax deposition software OLGA®, well known in the oil and gas network is compiled. In the end, two cases are and pigging operation. The results indicate that industry, is used for comparison. performed to check the accuracy of the a higher bulk flow temperature decreases the program. In the first case, a pipe network is wax deposit mass and increases the wax 9:30am A New Hydraulic and Thermal created by using the data collected from a content of deposit. Additionally, the Steady-state Calculation Program for condensate gas gathering network in the South distributions of wax content and wax layer Multiphase Pipe Network China Sea. The result indicates that the thickness suggest that gravity settling plays no Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78279 program has a good agreement with the actual role in wax deposition. Moreover, the wax Di Fan, Qi Kang, Ruochen Zhang, Jing Gong, data. In the second case, the program is resistive force profile of naturally deposited wax Changchun Wu, China University of Petroleum- applied in a single-phase network and gains presents four distinct stages, i.e., the build-up Beijing, Beijing, China almost the same result calculated by PipePhase phase, the pre-plug phase, the plug phase and and PipeSim. the production phase. To the best of the With the continuous development of offshore authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on oil and gas resources, calculation software for wax removal with real wax deposits. It paves multiphase flowing pipe network has become 4-1 the way for the application of previous an important tool for the design and daily OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE artificial-wax-based researches to real wax operation of multiphase flowing pipe network. 4-1-2 deposit scenarios. Improved accuracy of hydraulic and thermal EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS AND calculation is an engineering requirement for 11:00am Investigation Of Heavy Sludge TESTING economic and efficient production. Therefore, a Formation In A Chemically Inhibited Sour new program is developed for multiphase pipe Telus, Telus MacLeod E2 10:30am - 12:00pm Gas Pipe-Line: How Far Do We Have To Go’ network in this paper. This program contains a Session Chair: Anita Le, CH2M, Burnaby, BC, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78123 general data structure to describe the complex Canada Nima Tajallipour, Mike Cundall, Enbridge, connection of a pipe network. The structure is 10:30am Experimental Study on Wax Calgary, AB, Canada, Andy Tong, Enbridge Inc., based on the conception of the incidence Removal with Real Wax DepositsTechnical Calgary, AB, Canada, Terry DeLong, Gregory matrix and the adjacency matrix in graph Paper Publication. IPC2018-78121 VanBoven, ENBRIDGE, Calgary, AB, Canada theory. Two processes, hydraulic equilibrium Weidong Li, Qiyu Huang, Xue Dong, Xuedong calculation and thermodynamic equilibrium In this paper a summary of the investigation Gao, Lei Hou, China University of Petroleum- calculation are successively taken in this performed to identify the root causes for the Beijing, Beijing, China program to gain the steady-state for a heavy sludge formation in a sour gas pipeline multiphase pipe network. For the hydraulic Pipeline pigging is one of the most widely used downstream of a gas process plant is provided. equilibrium calculation, applying flow equation wax remediation techniques in field practice. The investigation included reviews of historical to each pipe in the network gains a pipe flow However, it still depends heavily on ‘rule-of- and current gas and heavy hydrocarbon vector. A nonlinear system of equations, which thumb’ due to the limited understanding of wax analyses, particle size analysis, field represent flow balance of each node, is deposit properties and wax removal investigations, operational records, records of obtained by multiplying the incidence matrix mechanisms. By far, laboratory studies on cleaning pig runs, and analysis of chemicals and the pipe flow vector. To solve these pipeline pigging generally suffer a gross defect used in the upstream process plant and in the equations, the Newton-Raphson iterative in test materials, i.e., the big discrepancy pipeline. The strategy undertaken by the operator to manage and mitigate the issue of algorithm is used and afterwards, the hydraulic between the experimental wax samples and heavy sludge formation based on the parameters of the pipe network are obtained. real wax deposits. To this end, this paper aims investigation results is also discussed. In the For thermal equilibrium calculation, since all the to explore the wax removal in pigging with first phase of the investigation, the operational temperature of source nodes is known, the key naturally deposited wax, using a self-designed conditions which resulted in sludge formation step is to find the solution order of other node experimental facility. Wax deposit mass and were investigated but the detailed chemical temperature. The program obtains the order by wax content, two decisive indexes affecting analysis to determine the mechanism of sludge transforming the adjacency matrix. Deng wax removal, were also investigated. The formation will be performed in the next phase temperature drop formula is used to calculate experimental apparatus consists of two parts: a of the investigation, and therefore is not the end temperature of each pipe. When a flow loop equipped with a detachable test included in this paper. node has more than one inflow, an average section to achieve real wax deposits and a wax temperature based on the heat capacity and removal apparatus to perform pigging

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11:30am Predicting Drag Reduction in State/Province, China, Song Liu, Yong Jiang, stations and delivered to respective delivery Turbulent Pipe Flow with Relaxation Time of Beijing Oil and Gas Pipeline Control Center of stations. The integrate detailed scheduling Polymer Additives CNPC, Beijing, China, Xiaorui Zhang, China optimization is a sophisticated problem due to Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78701 University of Petroleum(Beijing), Beijing, the characteristics of multi-product pipelines, OO, China such as market-oriented, fluctuated demand, Xin Zhang, Xili Duan, Yuri Muzychka, Memorial various processing technique and complicated University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Based on process principles and the hydraulic calculation during batch migration. Canada, Zongming Wang, China University of operational features of crude oil pipelines, this The integrate detailed scheduling optimization Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China research developed mathematical models to has been widely studied during the last optimize steady-state pipeline operation, to In this paper, we study the drag reduction decade, however, most of them studied apportion monthly flow into daily or hourly flow induced by PEO (Polyethylene oxide) with 3 pipeline scheduling and pump scheduling rates, and to predict monthly energy molecular weights in a fully turbulent pipe flow. separately. Besides, the proposed methods are consumption. Corresponding algorithms were The aim of this work is to use the relaxation mathematical models, whose computational also developed. Because these models and time of polymers in the dilute polymer solution, efficiency greatly decreases in large-scale corresponding algorithms are process-based, where the concentration is less than the pipeline scheduling, let alone in the problems they are suitable for predicting monthly energy overlap concertation to predict the drag coupling with pump scheduling. consumption of existing isothermal and hot reduction quantitatively. For this aim, we crude oil pipelines. The predicted monthly explain the meaning of relaxation time of Aiming at this problem, this paper presents a energy consumption of crude oil pipelines polymers, a useful parameter in the prediction novel depth-first searching approach based on depends on which flow distribution method is of the drag reduction and why a dimensionless flowrate ratio to deal with the detailed used, which pumping operation scheme is number, Wiesenberger number related to the scheduling of operations in a multi-product used and which heating operation scheme is relaxation time and shear rate is dependent on pipeline with multiple pump stations. As for used, with different flow distributions, different the concentration in the dilute solution. A each single time interval, the proposed method pumping and heating operation scheme correlation based on the Weisenberger number decides an ideal flowrate ratio according to yielding a range of monthly energy and concentration is established and a good current status, then solves out the optimal consumption predictions for a given agreement is shown between the drag flowrate that mostly conforms to the ideal ratio transportation volume. The minimum monthly reduction in the experimental data and by this and satisfies all operational constraints, and energy consumption can be determined from correlation. Besides, this paper contributes to finally updates information for next time interval. these predictions, and the interval of the the scale-up liquid transportation system in However, during the computational procedure, predictions can indicate the extent to which industries. Unlike previous studies using the backtracking method would be adopted to the flow rate fluctuation affects pipeline Reynolds number to predict the drag reduction modify the previous flowrate ratios and energy consumption. Both of these findings from lab-scale experimental data, which may recalculate new flowrate when the actual can be used by pipeline operators to reduce involve high velocity, extra cost in devices and delivered products are insufficient. Finally, a the amount of energy needed to operate safety issues, we can use the Wiesenberger case tested on a Chinese real-world pipeline crude oil pipelines. number to predict the drag reduction in a with 6 delivery stations is given to demonstrate relatively low velocity to avoid the problem 11:00am A novel depth-first searching the veracity and practicability of the proposed mentioned above. approach for detailed scheduling of method. From the results, computing time of the operations in multi-product pipelines with case is within 1 minute, and the solved detailed 4-2 multiple pump stations scheduling plans can fulfill demand with stable pump operations. Besides, the proposed AUTOMATION AND MEASUREMENT Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78341 approach is scarcely influenced by the scale of Qi Liao, Bohong Wang, China University of 4-2-2B pipeline structure and time horizon, so it is also Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing, China, Jun Liang, PIPELINE SIMULATIONS & SCHEDULING applicable to the long-term scheduling of a PetroChina Southwest Pipeline Company, pipeline with many delivery stations. Telus, Telus Glen 201/20210:30am - 12:00pm Sichuang, China, Zhengbing Li, China 10:30am Predicting monthly energy University of Petroleum, Beijing, China, Haoran consumption of crude oil pipelines using Zhang, Yongtu Liang, China University of process simulation and optimization Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing, China

Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78326 Considering market’s diversified demand and Lili Zuo, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), transport economy, large volumes of various Beijing, China, Changchun Wu, China refined products commonly move down the University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, Select pipeline in batches, which are pumped at pump

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11:30am Numberiacl Simulation of Acoustic The modal response characterization of 9:00am Optimizing Electrical Protection for Resonance in Closed Side Branch with structures is a proven and reliable technique Medium Voltage Controller Lineup to Different Cross-section Shapes used to monitor system behavior and change, Improve Liquids Pipelines Operation Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78459 providing unique information for condition Reliability and Safety assessment and damage identification. In Jiang LiuYi, China University of Petroleum, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78117 traditional modal response characterization Beijing, Beijing, China, Hong Zhang, China Ting Yu, Tushar Chaitanya, Enbridge Inc., procedures, an external mass excitation source University Of Petroleum, Beijing, China, Duan Edmonton, AB, Canada is used to excite the system, and this is QingQuan, China University of Petroleum modeled as an impact function. This provides MV (Medium Voltage) controller lineup (Beijing), Beijing, China system forcing across a broad range of electrical protection is crucial in protecting the There are many closed side branches in the frequencies. In this investigation, an in-situ equipment from large scale damage upon the gas conveying pipeline system. When the gas method of system excitation is explored. The occurrence of an electrical fault, reducing the passes through the closed side branch, the modal characteristics of externally-supported time to restore power, thereby minimizing the shear layer will arouse the acoustic resonance pipe structures are investigated by varying the impact to liquids pipelines operation. The paper in the closed side branch, which is harmful to flow Reynolds number (Red). Given the discusses typical electrical failure modes that the safe operation of the pipeline. The increase in flow turbulence with Reynolds may occur in MV controller lineups, and research work is insufficient about the number, hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations on demonstrates practical relaying engineering influence of the cross-section shape of the the pipe wall provide a varying excitation techniques that enable fast and effective fault closed side branch on acoustic resonance. source. This removes the requirement for an clearing. Electrical faults in the MV controller Using the Detached-Eddy Simulation (DES) external excitation source. lineup are often arcing type, commonly involve model, the acoustic resonance characteristics ground. Mitigating arc hazards in MV Class E2 caused by the side branch pipe with different Experiments are performed on pipe sections controller lineups has traditionally been square cross-sections are simulated at the with an ID of 38 mm and made of acrylic and challenging without sacrificing the protection inlet boundary conditions of 25 m/s, 30 m/s ABS plastic. Volumetric flow rate is increased in selectivity. As the paper demonstrates, a and 35 m/s. The results show that in the center discrete steps from 1.5 L/s (Red = 5X104) to 4.5 relaying scheme with the combined use of axis of the side branch, a 1/4 wavelength L/s (Red = 1.5X105). During experiments, time high-speed light-sensing and overcurrent standing wave was formed, and the acoustic series records of single-point fluctuating wall detection will effectively mitigate the incident resonance occurs at a higher Strouhal number pressure and multi-point wall vibrations are energy, while maintaining the protection in circular branch. The cross-section shape of collected. Power spectral density functions of selectivity for non-arcing overcurrent events. the side branch does not affect the acoustic both wall pressure fluctuation and wall vibration resonance frequency, but it has a certain are computed at each discrete Reynolds For new MV controller lineups, in addition to the influence on the amplitude of pressure number. Visualization of the computed power ‘high-speed light detection and fault fluctuation and has a significant influence on spectral density functions with flow Reynolds interruption’, zone-selective interlocking (ZSI) the high-order frequency components. number are then used for system can also be a practical solution in improving characterization. relay protection speed, thus reduce the chance of severe arc flash occurrences. ZSI is THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER, 27 A comparative analysis of the data sets particularly effective for fault occurrences on collected for both acrylic and ABS pipe show the line side of the phase CTs, busways or main

that the pressure spectra are similar, while the incoming circuits. The ZSI scheme can be 4-1 vibration spectra change significantly. Pressure implemented on both Class E2 and circuit OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE spectra reveal a character whereby the spectral breaker (VCB) type MV controller lineups,

energy increases with increasing Reynolds however, with slightly different trip logic due to 4-1-3 number. A comparison of in-situ results to those the limited fault clearing capability of the PIPELINE FACILITIES obtained using traditional impact response contactor. Telus, Telus MacLeod E2 8:30am - 10:00am tests show that the vibration spectra collected Session Chair: Peter Tanchak, Enbridge Inc., through Reynolds number variation successfully Although there are multiple contributing Calgary, AB, Canada capture the modal characteristics of the factors, the direct causes of electrical failures in pipe-structure. MV controller lineup are commonly related to 8:30am In-Situ Modal Response improper power cable installation and handling, Characterization of Pipe Structures Through Keywords: Modal characteristics, pressure potentially leading to premature insulation Reynolds Number Variation fluctuation, in-situ characterization breakdown due mainly to the proximity effect Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78409 and/or partial discharge. Inadequate cable Haobin Chen, Ronald Hugo, Simon Park, separation and prolonged fault trip delay can University of Calgary, CALGARY, AB, Canada

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increase the possibility of arcing fault obtained before mitigating actions can be decades. This paper presents a calculation occurrence. This can usually be mitigated taken. These pipelines are usually subject to model based on time-domain analysis solution through appropriate cable spacing, adequate the temperature gradients that exist in the for detecting and locating two leaks in pipeline. conductor insulation, and optimized fault bottom of the ocean, and the resulting heat The model is based on transient event that is detection schemes. The paper provides transfer process may lead to wax formation and generated by fast closure of the valve at the overviews of the mechanisms of proximity deposition. The single-phase flow that occurs in end of a reservoir-pipeline-valve (RPV) system. effect and partial discharge propagation, and this type of offshore pipeline that presents one The present of leak causes continuous drops in the modern relaying approaches for accurate leak point and suffers the effects of an external pressure waves and leak information can be fault type discrimination and facilitating fast temperature gradient is numerically simulated revealed by analyzed the leak transient fault interruption. in this paper. We consider a one-dimensional pressure waves. The time of reflection wave mathematical model that includes conservation represents the leak location and the magnitude Two case studies are provided in the paper as equations of mass, momentum and energy, and of piezometric head represents the leak size. an aid in understanding the electrical fault its associated numerical method to calculate The governing equations for calculating the mechanism originated from cable insulation the transient liquid flow inside the pipeline. We leak size are derived as a system of linear failure, demonstrating the incident energy are particularly interested in testing a leak equations based on Method of Characteristics reduction before and after the implementation localization model based upon the intersection (MOC). The first transient pressure wave was of high-speed light detection and fault of the hydraulic grade lines emanating from the analyzed to obtain the calculation parameters. interruption solutions on an existing MV pipeline ends under the influence of a non-zero Then the applicability of this method is verified controller lineup. temperature distribution. This paper proposes on simulated pressure data. The results indicate to compare the results for a non-isothermal flow that this model can perfectly solve two leaks 4-2 with the corresponding isothermal flow to study problem in a single pipeline. AUTOMATION AND MEASUREMENT the influence of the temperature distribution 9:30am Acoustic Characteristics of Liquid upon the leak localization strategy. The flow 4-2-3A Hydrocarbon Releases from Buried that develops along the entire pipeline, LEAK DETECTION I Pipelines:An Experimental Evaluation upstream and downstream of the leak, strongly Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78244 Telus, Telus Glen 203/204 8:30am - 10:00am affects the pressure gradient and has a Session Chair: Philip Martin, Enbridge, significant influence on the location of the leak. Fernando Castellanos, Mirko van der Baan, Edmonton, AB, Canada Our numerical simulations show results that University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Mathew Bussiere, C-FER Technologies (1999) Session Co-Chair: Richard Fletcher, DNVGL, allow the model sensitivity to be studied by Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada, Mark Stephens, Calgary, AB, Canada changing the leak magnitude, for a given leak position. From this analysis, we may observe C-FER Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada 8:30am Leak localization algorithm applied how these parameters affect the pressure to non-isothermal liquid flow in horizontal Characterizing the acoustic energy associated gradients along the pipeline that develop pipelines with small pipeline leaks is of particular interest upstream and downstream of the leak and the Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78094 to pipeline operators who are considering model’s ability to predict the leak location. deployment of acoustic based External Leak Aline Figueiredo, Federal University of Rio de 9:00am A Calculation Model For Leak Detection (ELD) systems along their pipelines. Janeiro (UFRJ/COPPE), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Detection And Location Of Single Pipeline Small leaks are defined here as product leaks Carina N. Sondermann, Rodrigo Patricio, With Two Leaks having release rates and/or release volumes Raphael Viggiano, Gustavo C. R. Bodstein, that fall below the detection threshold currently Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Rio De Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78169 associated with conventional or traditional leak Janeiro, Brazil, Felipe B. De F. Rachid, Xu Diao, Juncheng Jiang, Lei Ni, Nanjing Tech detection technologies, including but not Fluminense Federal University (PGMEC/UFF), University, Nanjing, China, Yong Pan, Nanjing limited to Computation Pipeline Monitoring Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, Renan Baptista, Tech Univeristy, Nanjing, China, Qiang Chen, (CPM) systems. Characterization of such Petrobras R&D Centre, Ilha do Fundão, Brazil Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China acoustic energy could be used to predict and In the oil industry liquid pipelines are very Pipeline, as one of the transportation modes, is evaluate the performance of acoustic based important for the transport of liquids, playing an increasingly important role in ELD systems in a variety of candidate particularly in long offshore pipelines. The national economy. But leakages in pipelines deployment locations. It could also be used to operation of these oil pipelines is susceptible to may cause severe problems, such as optimize system performance of existing or the occurrence of leaks in the system. environment damage and economic loss. future deployed acoustic based ELD systems. Localizing a leak in a very long oil pipeline is an Therefore, how to calculate the leak location important piece of information that needs to be and leak size has been investigated for last

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This study focuses on investigating the resources is a major concern. Every Natural Gas Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) and transmission of acoustic energy caused by Pipeline Operator’s primary objective is to the Gas Technology Institute (GTI) have pressurized fluid releases through two different operate and maintain pipeline network in such developed a system to reduce damage from soil mediums (a dry soil and a saturated soil). a way that it would continuously provide excavation activity. The system utilizes Specifically, signal attenuation and frequency un-interrupted services to customers without real-time geographic information systems (GIS) content as a function of sensor location from any accidents which can adversely impact on technology and cellular-connected location and the release source was investigated. To the environment and reputation of the motion sensors placed on construction accomplish this, geophones were placed within organization. Various surveillance methods are equipment. Using machine learning algorithms, a large soil filled tank to listen passively to being used in Natural Gas Pipelines as a part of the construction equipment is tracked and its controlled releases of hydrocarbon liquids from direct integrity assessment. Traditionally, activity characterized in real-time. The result is a buried pipe segment. These releases were surveillance is conducted by line walking and an alarm and indication to the equipment driven through circular shaped orifices ranging supplemented by vehicular over the linear operator warning of a gas main in the vicinity. In in diameter from 0.79 to 4 mm and by pressures corridor. This process involves various addition, the utility stakeholder also has access ranging from 50 to 500 psi. shortcomings in terms of efficacy, accuracy, to the real-time activity of excavation and cost, and safety. This method purely depend construction equipment within the utility’s Signal attenuation was observed in both the upon Inspector’s ability for detecting service territory. The Excavation Encroachment axial and radial directions however the effect anomalies. It is in the interest of any operator to Notification (EEN) system was funded by the was more significant in the radial direction. This maintain the value of its pipelines and to protect Operations Technology Development (OTD) does not necessarily imply that anisotropic them effectively against damage caused by collaborative, California Energy Commission, effects exist, but rather a possible explanation third parties. As a result of global progress in and the United State Department of is that the acoustic waves traveling along the high-resolution remote sensing and image Transportation. The EEN project leverages pipe walls (i.e. in the axial direction) are less processing technology, it is possible to use cutting-edge technology and computing attenuated and can therefore carry the acoustic digital surveillance method for monitoring of platforms to stream immense amounts of data. energy further in that direction. In addition, it pipeline Right of Use (RoU). Digital Surveillance Excavation damage is one of the top causes of was found that the dominant bandwidth of the is done using Remote Sensing and incidents in both the transmission and leak signals (which is approximately 600 Hz but Geographical Information System (GIS) distribution sectors. Damage caused from it can be as high as 1200 Hz) is inversely techniques. Remote sensing based pipeline insufficient notification of one-call centers or proportional to orifice diameter and surveillance refers to the monitoring and careless digging near the gas system can proportional to the release pressure. Also, the detection of changes on RoU and around potentially result in significant loss of life and/or dominant frequency was found to be slightly pipeline networks. This paper elaborates on the property damage. The technology developed higher in the saturated soil environment. development and implementation of a digital in this project provides a framework to greatly solution that uses images from satellites and reduce the risk associated with damage that This study provides insights into expected Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to detect might occur from excavation activities. The EEN acoustics characteristics of small liquid leaks, instances of encroachments and third-party system makes operators and utilities aware of which can help in the selection and placement activities on Pipeline RoU. Such a solution sub-surface activity in their service territory, of appropriate acoustic based ELD systems. provides capability of running advance ultimately reducing the occurrence of

analytics on captured images, and will enable excavation damage. The real-time data streams 4-2 to automate detection of anomalies which may improve transparency on excavation activities AUTOMATION AND MEASUREMENT often go un-noticed during manual inspection. in the field, reducing risk and improving safety.

In addition, the project offers historical data 4-2-4 11:00am Reducing Excavation Damage in archiving for data analysis and trend GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS the Natural Gas Industry Using Real-Time identification. The EEN platform was developed GIS and Sensors Telus, Telus MacLeod E2 10:30am - 12:00pm using cutting-edge GIS and open-source Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78615 Session Chair: Jessie Passi, Enbridge Pipelines technology built on a cloud-computing Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada Aaron Rezendez, Pacific Gas and Electric platform. Controlled and field-based testing Company, San Ramon, CA, United States, 10:30am Monitoring of Pipeline RoU using and training of machine learning algorithms Robert J. Marros, Khalid Farrag, Saurav Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques were conducted to aid in characterization of Acharya, Gas Technology Institute, Des construction equipment. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78125 Plaines, IL, United States Yogin Gajjar, GSPL India Transco Limited, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

Safe Pipeline transportation of energy

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4-2-3B protect and monitor natural gas pipelines. locating and quantifying the pipeline loss and LEAK DETECTION I its cause. Having this detailed knowledge AUTHORS: enables determination of the best method for Telus, Telus Glen 203/204 10:30am - 12:00pm Cuiwei Liu, College of Pipeline and Civil dealing with possible issues while helping 10:30am Three new leak localization Engineering in China University of Petroleum minimize remediation costs, pipeline approaches for gas pipelines using (East China), Qingdao 266580, chuyun_ downtime, and the impact of the work on acoustic waves [email protected], +8613468286715; surrounding infrastructure. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78327 Yuxing Li, College of Pipeline and Civil Cuiwei Liu, China University of Petroleum(East Currently, most systems for pipeline leak Engineering in China University of Petroleum China), Qingdao, China, yuxing li, College of detection are limited to either listening (East China), Qingdao 266580, Pipeline and Civil Engineering in China methods, which require being online and [email protected], +8613370809333; University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, monitoring both pipeline ends at the moment Qihui Hu, College of Pipeline and Civil China, Qihui Hu, China University of the leak occurs, or intrusive methods that Engineering in China University of Petroleum Petroleum(East China), Qingdao, Shandong, require the insertion of a pig into the pipeline. (East China), Qingdao 266580, huqihui_ China, Wuchang Wang, China University of Both of these techniques are restricted in [email protected], +8618366269061; Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China, usage because access should be available to yazhen wang, xuejie li, minghai xu, College of Wuchang Wang, College of Pipeline and Civil both ends of the pipeline. Additionally, for the Pipeline and Civil Engineering in China Engineering in China University of Petroleum intrusive method, the pipeline should be University of Petroleum (East China), (East China), Qingdao 266580, wangwuchang@ piggable and, for the listening method, the Qingdao, China upc.edu.cn, +8618561675036; instrumentation should be able to communicate Yazhen Wang, College of Pipeline and Civil with a central data processing point placed at Abstract:Natural gas is a vital energy carrier Engineering in China University of Petroleum both pipeline ends as they rely on travel time which can serve as an energy source, which is (East China), Qingdao 266580, detlis@foxmail. difference between signals received at either extremely vulnerable to leakages from pipeline com, +8618806489190 end of the pipeline. transportation systems. The required ignition Xuejie Li, College of Pipeline and Civil energy is low. Although the safety of natural The method this paper describes is a proven, Engineering in China University of Petroleum gas pipelines has been improved, the average nonintrusive technology that can be used by (East China), Qingdao 266580, 490512077@ economic loss of natural gas accidents, pipeline operators to identify losses quickly and qq.com, +8615554209610 including leaks, is large. To solve these safely with a repeatable and verified high level problems, an acoustic leak localization system Minghai Xu, College of Pipeline and Civil of accuracy. It monitors the signature response is designed and researched for gas pipelines Engineering in China University of Petroleum of a generated fluid hammer and resulting using experiments with methods proposed (East China), Qingdao 266580, 329264498@ pressure wave transiting within the pipeline and according to different application situations. qq.com, +8618562692332 analyzes the reflected signature wave and The traditional method with two sensors 11:00am A Nonintrusive Pipeline Leak pressure data to extrapolate both the location installed at both ends can be improved by a Detection Service Using Pressure Wave and magnitude of the loss with all pipeline newly proposed combined signal-processing Analysis parameters taken into account. The method method, which is applied for the case that it is Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78343 enables operators to detect, locate, and necessary to calculate the time differences with Srinivasan Jagannathan, Halliburton, Houston, quantify the loss of pipeline inventory in a safe data synchronicity. When the time differences TX, United States, Graham Jack, Halliburton and cost-effective manner without having to cannot be calculated accurately, a new method Pipeline & Process Services, Aberdeen, stop production, beyond the temporary closing based on the amplitude attenuation model is Aberdeenshire, United Kingdom, Neil Stewart, of a mainline valve, or risk tools or personnel, proposed. Using these methods, the system Halliburton Pipeline and Process Services, due to exposure to pressurized fluids, before can be applied to most situations. Next, an Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, United Kingdom performing any intervention at the leak site. experimental facility at the laboratory scale is 11:30am Pipeline Rupture Detection Using established, and experiments are carried out. Product losses from pipelines, whether Real-Time Transient Modelling and Finally, the methods are verified and applied for attributed to acts of man or nature, amount to Convolutional Neural Networks leak localization. The results show that this operator losses of approximately USD 133 Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78426 research can provide a foundation for the billion annually [1], not even considering costs proposed methods. The maximum experimental associated with remediation, environmental Joel Smith, Jaehee Chae, University of Calgary, leak localization errors for the methods are damage, and reputational harm. When an Calgary, AB, Canada, Shawn Learn, -0.592%, and -7.62%. It is concluded that the incident occurs, pipeline operators need to TransCanada PipeLines, Calgary, AB, Canada, system with the new methods can be applied to minimize the event by quickly and accurately Ronald Hugo, Simon Park, University Of

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Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada 1:30pm Tracking Batches Accurately in a This paper discusses an empirical approach Multi-Product Pipeline with large Elevation developed to calculate the volume contained Demonstrating the ability to reliably detect Changes and Prominent Slack Flow within a pipeline region by tracking the volume pipeline ruptures is critical for pipeline Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78715 entering and leaving the region. operators as they seek to maintain the social Giancarlo Milano, Atmos International, San license necessary to construct and upgrade Estimated and Actual Times of Arrival are within Antonio, TX, United States, Nitesh Goyal, their pipeline systems. Current leak detection a 15-minute time window after a batch has Kinder Morgan Canada Inc., Sherwood Park, systems range from very simple mass balances traveled a total distance of 1,200km with drastic AB, Canada, David Basnett, Atmos to highly complex models with real-time elevation changes along the route. simulation and advanced statistical processing International, Manchester, United Kingdom with the goal of detecting small leaks around 1% This method has proven that batch tracking can When transporting multiple products in a of the nominal flow rate. No matter how be highly accurate and reliable with less of the pipeline, it is important to always understand finely-tuned these systems are, however, they theoretical assumptions used in a hydraulic the location of the head and tail of each batch. are invariably affected by noise and simulation package, with no need to model The operator will know where batch interfaces uncertainties in a pipeline system, resulting in every single characteristic of the pipeline in are in real-time and be ready to swing the valve false alarms that reduce system confidence. detail. This removed the uncertainties that at the exact time a batch arrives at a station to This study aims to develop a leak detection attend those assumptions and allowed this deliver product to the right storage tank or an system that can detect leaks with high reliability system to perform well on a pipeline with end-customer with minimal contamination. by focusing on sudden-onset leaks of various severe slack flow and draining/filling sizes (ruptures), as opposed to slow leaks that It is relatively easy to track multiple batches in a operations. develop over time. The expected outcome is pipeline with no elevation changes, and a fixed 2:00pm Economic And Operational that not only will pipeline operators avoid the internal diameter. However, it is far more Evaluation Of The Use Of Drag Reducing costs associated with false-alarm shut downs, complex to track multiple batches in a pipeline Agents In A Pipeline but more importantly, they will be able to with drastic elevation changes and different Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78619 respond faster and more confidently in the sizes in diameter. event of an actual rupture. To accomplish these Bruno Amorim, Puc-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de goals, leaks of various sizes are simulated using Column separation of the liquid, also known as Janeiro, Brazil, Luis F. G. Pires, Pontificia a real-time transient model based on the slack, occurs when the pipeline pressure drops Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio method of characteristics. A novel leak below the vapor pressure calculated at the de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Fábio Limeira, detection model is presented that fuses liquid temperature in a specific area of the Transpetro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, António together several different preprocessing pipeline. This effect reduces the amount of Montalvão, Petrobras Transportes SA, Rio de techniques, including convolution neural liquid volume contained within the pipeline Janeiro, Brazil, Ivan Menezes, Puc-Rio, Rio De networks. This leak detection system is region, changing the actual physical position of Janeiro, Brazil the batch head and tail interfaces, and reducing expected to increase operator confidence in The use of drag reduction agents (DRA) can be the accuracy of the volume within the region leak alarms, when they occur, and therefore a decisive factor in determining the technical and the corresponding Estimated Times of decrease the amount of time between leak and economic feasibility of new pipelines Arrival at stations. Draining or filling a pipeline detection and pipeline shutdown. projects, meeting the demands not foreseen section by delivering product at a different rate and seasonality accommodation without large from what injected causes the same effect. 4-2 investments in infrastructure. Knowing the AUTOMATION AND MEASUREMENT friction reduction mechanism and its impact on A scientific approach to calculate the areas of the operating procedure of existing products is 4-2-6 slack and volume contained within a pipeline essential in order to have the guarantee of the PIPELINE MONITORING & CONTROL II should provide sufficient information to track benefit for your application. batches with a high degree of accuracy. Telus, Telus MacLeod E2 1:30pm - 3:00pm However, it is neither simple nor straightforward Most of the works published report field Session Chair: Aaron Jansma, Enbridge to simulate this phenomenon offline, and it is experiences obtained from its application, Pipelines Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada much more challenging in an online, real-time seeking to determine the influence that internal Session Co-Chair: Jeffrey De Wit, Enbridge environment. Online, additional complexities and external factors have on the polymer. Pipelines Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada affect how batches and their interfaces are Knowing these effects is essential for better tracked, causing a big discrepancy between application performance. However, few authors Estimated and Actual Time of Arrivals. have sought to identify the best way to operate an existing pipeline with DRA, with either an increase in capacity or an energy reduction.

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Operationally, the use of drag reducing agents Vilmar Souza, Petrobras Transporte SA, Reliability and sensitivity are two main may decrease the currently used arrangement Senador Canedo, Outside USA & Canada, performance metrics of leak detection systems of pumps, or even the complete shutdown of a Brazil as defined by API 1130. Proper thresholding pumping station. In this context, the use of drag scheme is one of the primary factors in having a The master-slave topology, based on reducers may be a suitable solution for sensitive and reliable leak detection system programmable logic controllers and their decreasing power consumption in fluid with timely detection. In RTTM leak detection, if respective controlled equipment are often transport pipelines of petroleum and not dealt with properly, severe pipeline characterized by the use of intermediate derivatives. pressure transients can degrade the devices that perform the interface between performance of the leak detection system. One data processing and triggering unit, and are This paper presents a case study of the of the common basic methods of reducing the responsible for protocol conversion, data application of drag reducing agents in a effect of pressure transients is using moving acquisition, priority setting, and management of Brazilian high energy pipeline. It features five averaging windows; having looser thresholds slave devices. For the most part, intermediate intermediate pumping stations and three on the shorter averaging windows, while control devices, called “Master Stations”, are withdrawal points along its nearly one thousand maintaining tighter thresholds on the longer systems developed by manufacturers and mile stretch. With the aid of a computer ones. The thresholds are typically set to meet process equipment suppliers themselves, more simulation software, it is proposed a the API 1149 curve for the pipeline. While the specifically in the control of large quantities of methodology to evaluate the best application post-processing of filtered data and alarm motorized valves in industrial plants. As a result, condition, minimizing pump costs, polymer assessment has been explored via different a project was implemented to implement volume and meeting the scheduled demand of methods such as sequential probability ratio control and supervision information exchange the month. test, to the authors’ knowledge, there is routines of the motorized valve system directly currently no systematic way of selecting the This methodology first sought to validate the through the PLC / Supervisory System, averaging windows to minimize false alarms computational model of the pipeline. It was eliminating the need for the use of intermediate prior to the post-processing of the average- made a historical survey and inserted into the control devices. The results show high filtered data. Moreover, to be able to maintain simulator, in order to reproduce faithfully a simplification in the architecture by removing tight thresholds, especially in shorter averaging monthly operation. A sensitivity analysis is the Master Station and changing the network windows, one of the common methods is to performed to determine which pump stations topology, attaining an overall cost reduction, apply dynamic thresholds, i.e. temporarily are most relevant. It was established an initial and a great improvement on performance, by expanding thresholds when transients occur. concentration of polymer to be injected in the the higher communication speed levels, While effective in some scenarios, the main sending refinery, aiming the reduction of especially for decreasing the latency delays; at disadvantage of this method is that the arrangement or total shutdown of the last, the control centralization into a more imbalance caused by a transient may not clear subsequent station and keeping volume robust equipment, making possible the until the entire averaging window period is delivered on all points. The other bases remain Network segregation of the valve system, passed. This causes either extended periods of working according to the operation of the turned it easier to diagnose failures and ensure degraded performance, or more false positives. month. This procedure is then repeated for the operational continuity, reduced the statistic of This paper utilizes an alarming hold time (also other bases, resulting in a combined and failures, increasing the reliability of the process. referred to as alarm persistence) to remedy this continuous injection, minimizing the operating problem where the averaging window length is costs. 4-2-7A LEAK DETECTION II reduced while maintaining detection time and An economic evaluation is finally performed to sensitivity. To find the optimal set of threshold Telus, Telus Glen 203/204 1:30pm - 3:00pm quantify the benefits of this application. A values, hold times, and averaging window Session Chair: Philip Martin, Enbridge, reduction in energy consumption of 49% was lengths, a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is Edmonton, AB, Canada noticed, and considering the costs with DRA, performed. The ‘fitness function’ of the the monthly movement had a 35% drop in the Session Co-Chair: Richard Fletcher, DNVGL, optimization algorithm is designed to minimize total costs of operation. Calgary, AB, Canada total spill volume for leak scenarios and have 1:30pm Optimization of Averaging Window minimum false alarms for no-leak scenarios. 2:30pm Motorized Valve Control System Length and Alarming Hold Time in Volume The former is achieved via setting the objective Centralization: How Does It Impact On Balance RTTM Leak Detection to Minimize function to the spill volume and the latter is Reliability, Costs And Performance’ False Alarms and Spill Volume enforced via applying constraints to the Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78534 optimization algorithm. For no-leak scenarios, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78791 Alessandro M. Fonseca, Petrobras Transporte the historical operational data of a pipeline Ehsan Shahidi, Shawn Learn, TransCanada SA - TRANSPETRO, Senador Canedo, GOIAS, system is used. For leak scenarios, the Pipelines, Calgary, AB, Canada Brazil, Valdivino Lima, Fernando Fernandes, historical data is modified by introducing a bias

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in the inlet volume of the section to simulate a However, this segment-specific tuning can those pipeline segments. The approach leak. The result of the PSO provides a set of require a significant amount of resources and presented in this paper supplements the typical alarming parameters, threshold value, time. Additionally, this configuration exercise approach but focuses on what to do, and where averaging window length, alarm hold time, and may have to be repeated as pipeline and to do it, just after an earthquake happens. In clearing threshold that provide the minimum environmental conditions change over time. other words, we ask and answer: ‘Is the false alarm rate and spill volume for different Thus, there is a significant need and interest in earthquake we just had important”, ‘What detectability ranges. The optimization method advancing existing DTS processing techniques pipeline is and what sites might it be important proposed in this paper can be applied to any to enable the detection of leaks that today go for”, and ‘What should we do” mass or volume balance-based leak detection undetected by DTS due to their signal response system that utilizes moving averaging being too close to the noise floor and/or require In general, modern, high-pressure oil and gas windows. However, the leak detection significant resources to achieve positive results. pipelines resist the direct effects of strong parameters found with this method depend on shaking, but are vulnerable to large co-seismic the pipeline system. This paper discusses the recent work focused differential permanent ground displacement on using machine learning (ML) techniques for (PGD) produced by surface fault rupture, 2:00pm Application of Machine Learning to which classifiers were trained to detect leak landslides, soil liquefaction, or lateral Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) signatures. Initial proof-of-concept results spreading. The approach used in this paper Systems provide a more robust methodology for employs empirical relationships between Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78640 detecting leaks and also allow for the detection earthquake magnitude, distance, and the Maria Araujo, Shane P. Siebenaler, Heath of smaller leaks than are currently detectable occurrence of PGD, derived from co-seismic Spidle, Samantha Blaisdell, David Vickers, by typical DTS systems, with low false alarm PGD case-history data, to prioritize affected Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, rates. A key use of ML approaches is that the pipeline segments for detailed site-specific United States system can ‘learn’ about a given pipeline on its hazard assessments, pre-event resiliency own without the need to utilize resources for upgrades, and post-event response. The timely detection of small leaks from liquid pipeline segment-specific tuning. The potential pipelines poses a significant challenge for to have a self-taught system is a powerful To help pipeline operators prepare for pipeline operations. One technology concept and this paper discusses some key earthquakes, pipeline networks are mapped considered for continual monitoring is initial findings from a test application. with respect to earthquake probability and distributed temperature sensing (DTS), which co-seismic PGD susceptibility. Geological and utilizes a fiber-optic cable to provide distributed 4-3 terrain analyses identify pipeline segments that temperature measurements along a pipeline GEOHAZARDS cross PGD-susceptible ground. Probabilistic segment. This measurement technique allows seismic models and deterministic scenarios are for a high accuracy of temperature 4-3-1 considered in estimating the frequency of determination over long distances. Unexpected GEOHAZARD TRIGGERS: SEISMIC AND sufficiently large and close causative deviations in temperature at any given location FLOODING earthquakes. Pipeline segments are prioritized can indicate various physical changes in the where strong earthquakes are frequent and Telus, MacLeod Hall C 1:30pm - 3:00pm environment, including contact with a heated ground is susceptible to co-seismic PGD. These Session Chair: John Richmond, Enbridge, hydrocarbon due to a pipeline leak. may be short-listed for mitigation that either Edmonton, AB, Canada reduces the pipeline’s vulnerability to damage The signals stemming from pipeline leaks may 1:30pm Near-Real-Time Seismic Monitoring or limits failure consequences. not be significantly greater than the noise in the for Pipelines DTS measurements, so care must be taken to Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78013 When an earthquake occurs, pipeline configure the system in a manner that can segments with credible PGD potential are Martin Zaleski, BGC Engineering Inc., detect small leaks while rejecting non-leak highlighted within minutes of an earthquake’s Vancouver, BC, Canada, Gerald Ferris, BGC temperature anomalies. There are many factors occurrence. These assessments occur in Engineering Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada, Alex that influence the frequency and intensity of the near-real-time as part of an online geohazard Baumgard, BGC Engineering Inc., Vancouver, backscattered optical signal. This can result in management database. The system collects BC, Canada noise in the fine-grained temperature sensing magnitude and location data from online data. Thus, the DTS system must be tuned to Earthquake hazard management for oil and gas earthquake data feeds and intersects them the nominal temperature profile along the pipe pipelines should include both preparedness against pipeline network and terrain hazard segment. This customization allows for and response. The typical approach for map data. Pipeline operators can quickly significant sensitivity and can utilize different management of seismic hazards for pipelines is mobilize inspection and response resources to leak detection thresholds at various locations to determine where large ground motions are a focused area of concern. based on normal temperature patterns. frequently expected, and apply mitigation to

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2:00pm Development of a Pipeline Post Flood monitoring is one method currently being most susceptible watercourse crossings may Seismic Response Screening Process used by the pipeline industry to provide alerts be too low to be practical; at crossings where Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78422 when flooding is approaching, or has more than 48 hours of response time is exceeded, levels that could create required flood monitoring may not significantly David Warman, David Kendrick, Enterprise hydrotechnical conditions that threaten pipeline reduce hazard consequence as the action Products, Houston, TX, United States, John integrity. Flood monitoring does not provide response plan may not be fully executed prior Mackenzie, Kiefner & Associates, Inc., protection from hydrotechnical hazards or to pipeline failure. Bellingham, WA, United States reduce the probability of failure, but can lower US pipeline operators may receive USGS risk by providing advanced warning, allowing Pipeline failures are rare and flood monitoring automated earthquake notifications. In most of operators to initiate actions that reduce the provides a useful monitoring approach for these cases, the seismic event poses little consequences of failure in the rare event that short-term management in many watercourses. threat to pipeline assets. However, until an pipeline integrity is threatened by However, these results demonstrate the analysis is performed there can be uncertainty hydrotechnical forces. Pipeline pressure importance of evaluating the required action as to when and what actions should be taken. reduction, shut-in, purge, and spill response response time relative to the available warning mobilization are all examples of actions time for each watercourse crossing to confirm The paper describes the development and commonly used to reduce failure consequence. that flood monitoring will achieve the risk implementation of a simplified screening However, these actions require time to execute, reduction expected by the operator. If flood process to assess the effects of seismic events ranging from a number of hours to a number of monitoring is determined to be impractical on buried pipelines. A design basis was days depending on factors such as site because the action initiation flood is too low, established based on a literature review of location, valve spacing, and product type. The it may provide justification for initiating other seismic models, seismic-pipeline interactions, effectiveness of flood monitoring as a management actions (e.g., flood forecasting, von Mises equivalent pipeline stress limits, consequence reduction strategy is contingent purging prior to the flood season, or standards, regulations, and practices that are on having sufficient time to implement the flood elevating such sites on the priority list for currently used to assess seismic effects on response action. In designing a flood physical repairs). buried pipelines. This design basis was used to monitoring program, it is necessary to ask: can develop a screening tool that provides a simple flood monitoring provide sufficient advanced 4-2 ‘pass/no pass’ determination and is based on warning for an action plan to be fully executed AUTOMATION AND MEASUREMENT the readily obtained attributes (seismic before pipeline integrity is compromised’ magnitude and pipeline distance from the 4-2-5 earthquake epicenter). The present study evaluated 35 high priority PIPELINE COLUMN SEPARATION pipeline watercourse crossings, to estimate the ‘No Pass’ scenarios are sub-divided into Telus, Telus MacLeod E2 3:30pm - 5:00pm flood return periods at which actions could be medium or high threat categories, with the latter Session Chair: Clarice Ng, Enbridge Pipelines taken that correspond to warning times of 12, likely needing to be evaluated on a more Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada 24, 48, and 72 hours before the critical flood detailed basis. (i.e., a conservative estimate of the flow at 3:30pm Validating a Single-Phase Flow which fatigue failure is considered possible) Pipeline Simulation Model Against Real Data General guidelines and charts have been and to evaluate the feasibility of flood From a Vapor Collapse Event developed and incorporated into a general monitoring as a short-term risk management Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78235 procedure to assess when and what actions strategy prior to mitigation. The 35 crossings should be taken. Hanna Sieben, Tau Engineering Solutions Inc., are currently scheduled for mitigation and rely Edmonton, AB, Canada, Ulli Pietsch, TAU 2:30am Flood Monitoring: Evaluating on flood monitoring as an interim risk Engineering Solutions Inc, Edmonton, Action Response Time Relative To Warning management tool. AB, Canada Time Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78740 The rate of increase in flood discharge during Transient hydraulic conditions during a all previously recorded flood events at each shutdown and subsequent start-up of a Sarah Davidson, BGC Engineering Inc., real-time monitoring gauge was first obtained segment of a pipeline that runs through a Vancouver, BC, Canada, Gerald Ferris, BGC to estimate the rate of flow increase during the mountainous region were simulated using Engineering Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada, Joel critical flood event. Of the 35 crossings, 33 had commercially available hydraulic simulation Van Hove, BGC Engineering Inc., Vancouver, a maximum warning time of less than 48 hours. software and a model of the relevant portion of BC, Canada, Joel Babcock, Pembina Pipeline Using a 24-hour warning time, 10 of the 35 the pipeline facilities. The segment of interest Corporation, Calagry, AB, Canada, Jan Bracic, crossings have a warning flow of less than a 1 in is located in an area where the pipeline is Pembina Pipeline Corporation, Calgary, AB, 5-year flood. The results show that the ‘action normally operated with vapor present (slack line Canada initiation flood level’ for more than 90% of the flow conditions) due to the large change in

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elevation. Pressure data that was recorded by New methods of approach to address the were placed in outdoor location in Ontario, the pipeline’s data acquisition system indicated hydraulics are necessary when dealing with a Canada for long-term testing of reliability in a pressure surge occurred when the line was pipeline during shut-in period. Particularly a freezing conditions. The sensors were restarted. The suspected cause of this shut-in pipeline has no longitudinal motion of connected to cellular modem for generating pressure surge was the collapse of the vapor in fluid, however phase change occurrence alerts. Another battery of three sensors of same this pipeline segment. Beginning with an attempts to set the stationary fluid inside a pipe lengths was installed in outdoor testing facility estimate of the flow, pressure and temperature into motion and overcoming this difficulty was near Ottawa, ON, Canada and connected to data for the pipeline segment at steady state not available in the literature perhaps due to real-time data acquisition equipment. A conditions prior to the shutdown, the simulation lack of encumberment with similar problems. preliminary series of leak tests performed in was tuned to reasonably match the measured This paper explains mechanism of column October/November 2017 confirmed the initial data. The resulting simulated data closely separation and its transients in pipelines during assumptions of excellent sensitivity of the replicated the surge event. Examination of the extended shut-in period. The results for a 100 hydrocarbon oil-on-water detection based on simulated data provides insights into the Km long-pipeline shut-in over a 78-hour period polymer absorption. The average power hydraulic conditions in the pipeline at locations will be presented to show the evolution of flow consumption of the sensor excitation and its where pressure data is not measured, as well as field and column separation (vapor phase measurement frontend during the first two during the time intervals between data change) prediction and hydrodynamic pressure months of testing were found to be extremely acquisition scans. It also reveals impact of the in the whole pipeline over the shut-in period. low, a fraction of the power needed for the timing of the mainline valve opening sequence. This paper will also critically review the current wireless modem itself. The leak tests were Further, since the simulated data does approaches available in the literature to predict extended to oil under ice detection performed accurately replicate the actual measured data, the column separation. with 5 North-American crude oils and with 3 the model can be used to evaluate how refined products from Mid-December 2017 to changes to facilities or operating conditions 4-2-7B Mid-February 2018. The sensitivity, the sensor impact the formation and the collapse of vapor LEAK DETECTION II excitation / measurement front end power in this pipeline segment. consumption, and the reliability of the sensors Telus, Telus Glen 203/204 3:30pm - 5:00pm were assessed at freezing temperatures, with 4:00pm Column Separation In A Shut-in 3:30pm Testing of an oil-on-water sensing thickness of the ice comprised between 80 and Liquid Hydrocarbon Transmission Pipeline technology for detecting pipeline leaks in 100 mm. The paper also presents the Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78743 remote locations subject to freezing availability of stand-alone communication conditions Hamed Ghasvari Jahromi, Michael Roxas, equipment suitable for integrating oil-on-water Vanmok Consulting Services Inc., Edmonton, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78624 sensors, as well the energy harvesting or AB, Canada, Satya Mokamati, Vanmok, Stefan Balatchev, Valbatech Inc., Ottawa, energy storage technologies for different Edmonton, AB, Canada ON, Canada climatic conditions.

Crude oil transportation pipelines depend on This paper presents the results of the testing of 4:00pm Strategies for Isothermal, Real- Computational Pipeline Monitoring (CPM) an oil-on-water leak detection technology for Time, Transient Pipeline Models in Shut-in systems for leak detection. Accurate prediction isolated locations without power or Conditions of the volume of vapor phase in the pipeline is communications infrastructure. A special Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78548 very challenging when crude oil goes though attention was paid to the ability of the sensors Norense Okungbowa, ENBRIDGE PIPELINES phase change (column separation) in the to detect hydrocarbon leaks under freezing INC, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Trent Brown, pipeline. It is also challenging to accurately conditions, with thick ice formed on the surface PhaseIQ, Houston, TX, United States predict the vapor phase volume when the of the water. A viable solution for remote pipeline is started from extended shut-in period locations and large water crossings needs ultra Onshore, liquid pipelines are often modeled during which thermal cooling or heating can low-power solution and/or cyclic operation. The with isothermal models. Ignoring thermal occur depending on the season of the year. technology evaluated was a fully passive effects is justified because thermal effects are Pipeline operators rely on the accuracy of impedance polymer-absorption sensor (PAS) of secondary importance and because the CPMs to make decisions on column separation featuring ‘zero-power’ consumption. This data, such as burial depth, soil thermal and to avoid the masking of a leak during technology also provides an additional conductivity, soil heat capacity, and soil density, column separation. The column separation can advantage, ‘an event memory’, and is perfectly required to accurately predict thermal behavior happen due to heating and/or cooling during suitable for cyclic operation for detecting in buried pipelines is not known accurately. In extended pipeline shut-in, or due to elevation moving oil stains. In October 2017 three addition, run speeds are faster for isothermal changes or due to flow transients. polymer-absorption sensors of different lengths models than for rigorous thermal models, which is particularly important in real-time models.

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One condition where thermal effects become solve these challenges. Optical fiber based of assessments have inherently different important is when a pipeline is shut-in. Pumps geotechnical and structural monitoring use objectives and outputs, there is some overlap increase the temperature of the fluid, so the distributed measurement of strain and in the results between the two and they tend to fluid temperature is, on average, greater than temperature thanks to the sensitivity of Brillouin complement each other; thus, there are ambient temperature. When a pipeline is scattering to mechanical and thermal effects. benefits to conducting the two assessments in shut-in, the temperature decreases causing a The analysis of scattering combined with a time parallel, and integrating the results. Likewise, corresponding decrease in pressure. Since an domain technique allows the measurement of situations may arise where information from isothermal model does not account for this strain and temperature profiles. Temperature both assessments may simultaneously prove behavior, the decreasing pressure can be measurement is carried out to monitor soil useful in driving decision-making. misinterpreted as a leak. This paper discusses erosion or dune migration through event a strategy for correcting the model to properly quantification and spatial location. Direct Terrain analyses seek to identify homogenous account for the behavior in shut-in conditions. measurement of strain in the soil also improves terrain units based on material types, surface The strategy is applied to real-time pipeline the detection of environmental hazards. As an expression, depth to bedrock, slope, drainage, models using Synergi Pipeline Simulator (SPS), example, the technology can pinpoint the early and geomorphological processes. Information although the method is applicable to any signs of landslides. In some cases, actual pipe compiled during a terrain analysis helps to isothermal model. deformation must be monitored such as in the develop a detailed understanding of the local case of an active tectonic fault crossing. Pipe terrain, which can be used to estimate deformation monitoring operation is achieved geotechnical soil properties, provide cost 4-3 by the measurement of distributed strain along savings, and formulate sound decision-making GEOHAZARDS fiber sensors attached to the structure. This throughout the life of a pipeline. paper comprehensively reviews over 15 years Geologic hazards assessments generally seek 4-3-3 of continuous development of pipeline to individually identify, map, characterize, and DETAILED GEOHAZARD ASSESSMENTS geohazard risk monitoring with optical fiber ultimately allow for mitigation /monitoring of Telus, MacLeod Hall C 3:30pm - 5:00pm distributed sensors from technology potential geologic hazards, through qualification and validation to its Session Chair: Jan Bracic, Pembina Pipeline increasingly detailed geomorphic/geologic implementation in real cases as well as its Corporation, Calgary, AB, Canada assessments. Some typical geologic hazards successful continuous operation. Case studies 3:30pm Pipeline Geohazard Risk that are evaluated include landslide, seismic, presented include pipeline monitoring in Arctic Monitoring with Optical Fiber Distributed subsidence, and hydrotechnical hazards. Once and Siberian environment as well as in the Sensors: Experience with Andean and Arctic identified, a qualitative hazard classification Andes which illustrate how the technology is Routes (e.g., low, moderate, high) is generally assigned used and demonstrate proof of early detection IPC2018-78047 to each possible hazard, based on several Technical Paper Publication. and location of geohazard events such as criteria such as the activity level of the geologic Fabien Ravet, Fabien Briffod, Sang Hoon erosion, landslide, settlement and pipe process, rate and magnitude of movement of Chin, Etienne Rochat, Jean-Grégoire Martinez, deformation. the hazard, the areal extent and proximity of the Omnisens, Morges, Vaud, Switzerland 4:00pm Terrain Analysis and Geologic hazard, the estimated likelihood that the hazard Many pipelines are built in regions affected by Hazards Assessment: A Comparison of the would affect or engage a pipeline during its harsh environmental conditions where changes Objectives and Methods of Each, and the service life. The hazard classifications are often in soil texture between winter and summer Benefits of Completing Both in Parallel then tied to recommendations for additional increase the likelihood of hazards. Pipeline Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78129 assessment and/or response and mitigation. routes also cross mountains that are Bailey Theriault, Golder Associates, characterized by steep slopes and unstable The identification of a landslide will be used as Manchester, NH, United States, Dennis soils as in the Andes and along the coastal an example to highlight how the two O’Leary, Golder Associates, Edmonton, AB, range of Brazil. In other cases, these pipelines assessments can overlap and complement one Canada, Donald West, Golder Associates, are laid in remote areas with significant seismic another, but still provide unique information, Redmond, WA, United States, Mark Nixon, and how the two assessments can be used in activity or exposure to permafrost. Depending Golder Associates, Calgary, AB, Canada on weather conditions and location, visual conjunction to inform better decision-making. inspection is difficult or even impossible and Terrain analyses and geologic hazards Both assessments may identify the location of therefore remote sensing solutions for pipes assessments are recognized as important the same landslide or potentially unstable offer significant advantages over conventional components for pipeline planning, permitting, slope. The geologic hazards assessment would inspection techniques. Optical fibers can help and asset management. Although the two types further characterize the landslide’s spatial

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relationship to the pipe both laterally and to be within these expectations. These savings using 12.75-inch x 0.219-inch, Gr. X65 pipe that vertically, its activity level, etc., in order to can be taken in either a risk reduction benefit or had been removed from service. The systems evaluate the potential hazard the landslide completely in cost savings. Through included a Type B steel sleeve, an epoxy-filled, poses to the pipeline. If mitigation was deemed development of a valve failure risk model interference fit, Type A steel sleeve, a hybrid necessary, information from both the terrain (which independently considers loss of function steel sleeve-fiberglass based composite repair mapping and geologic hazards assessment and loss of containment failures) and an system, epoxy-filled oversized Type A steel could be used to evaluate the specific inspection cost model, a set of the optimum sleeves, and a rigid coil, pre-cured, fiberglass- characteristics of the landslide, as well as the risk-cost combinations is developed. Use of the based composite repair system. Each system surrounding terrain, in order to select the most JANA Optimized Inspection Curve to establish was used to reinforce a simulated 50% wall loss suitable form of mitigation. inspection frequencies is demonstrated, anomaly and was installed with the pipe including the impact on OPEX expenditures. samples maintained at an internal pressure As demonstrated via the presented case equal to 33% of the pipe’s specified minimum FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER, 28 studies, the general framework is suitable for yield strength (SMYS). The samples underwent optimization of any gas pipeline inspection or pressure cycling and hydrostatic testing while maintenance activity. strains in the simulated wall loss region were 4-1 continually monitored. As a final step, the 9:00am Thin-wall pipeline repair: OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE samples were burst tested. Monitoring of strain evaluation of reinforcement systems and gages installed in the simulated wall loss 4-1-4 internal temperature monitoring during anomaly allowed for comparisons to be made MAINTENANCE PLANNING AND maintenance procedures between the tested repair systems. It was RELIABILITY Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78647 observed that the recorded strain magnitudes Telus, Telus MacLeod E2 8:30am - 10:00am Colton Sheets, Stress Engineering Services and strain ranges were higher in some samples Inc., Houston, TX, United States, Taylor Shie, Session Chair: Nelson Tonui, Kinder Morgan than others during testing. This allowed the Adam Crawford, Shell Pipeline Company, LP, Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada systems to be ranked according to the Houston, TX, United States recorded strains. Although differences were 8:30am Risk-Based Inspection observed in the recorded strains, burst testing Optimization for Valve Inspections There are many options available to pipeline showed that all reinforcement systems were Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78216 operators when addressing anomalies or integrity threats. Repairing integrity threats able to force failure to the base pipe outside of Patrick Vibien, Ken Oliphant, David Joyal, requires an understanding of both the anomaly the simulated wall loss region. William Luff, JANA Corporation, Aurora, to be repaired, and the repair system itself. This ON, Canada Maintenance procedures were also evaluated can be challenging as pipeline repair systems to identify those that could produce Many different inspections are conducted on come in a wide variety of materials, application unacceptable temperatures on the inside gas transmission and gas distribution pipelines ‘ techniques, and designs. Operators have surface of the thin-wall pipe. The maintenance valve inspections, CP system inspections, similar challenges when performing procedures included installation of Type A steel in-line inspection, odorant monitoring, etc. ‘ maintenance activities on operating pipelines. sleeves (non-pressure containing), Type B steel demanding significant resources and Maintenance activities can take many different sleeves (pressure containing), cad welds, and operational expenditures from pipeline forms and often involve welding or other high pin brazing cathodic protection (CP) test leads. operators. Risk-based optimization relating to temperature processes on the outside pipe Temperatures were monitored on the internal this kind of operational activities has been surface. These processes can result in elevated pipe surface using thermocouples and an applied in analogous industries. The result has temperatures on the inside surface of the infrared (IR) camera while the maintenance been measurable savings consistently ranging pipeline and must be seriously considered procedures were being performed. An internal at a level between 20 ‘ 40%. Significantly, this before undertaking to ensure the safety of surface temperature of 500 °F (260 °C) was set explicitly means that 20 ‘ 40% of many personnel performing the tasks and to protect as the threshold for suitability. Monitoring of the operational activities have been proven not to the integrity of the pipeline. This study aimed to Type B steel sleeve installation showed bring a benefit. In the pipeline industry, provide a greater understanding of pipeline temperatures on the inside surface of the pipe however, there has not been a basis to reinforcement systems and maintenance that exceeded 1,200 °F (648 °C) when determine which activities bring no value in activities as they relate specifically to thin- performing the circumferential weld at each end terms of risk reduction. In this paper, a detailed walled pipelines. of the steel sleeve. A maximum temperature of example is provided for risk-based optimization 280 °F (137 °C) was recorded when making the of valve inspections and the savings are found To evaluate systems reinforcing thin-wall pipes, five different repair systems were investigated longitudinal welds that included a backing strip.

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For the application being considered, this pipeline as-build condition and the current experiments. Each test segment contained two indicated that Type A steel sleeves (longitudinal market commodity price. vintage bell-bell chill ring girth welds (GW) and welds only) could be installed within the were pressurized to operating conditions of the required temperature limits. A maximum internal A optimization concept based on J-curve vintage pipeline for the duration of all blasting. temperature of 936 °F (502 °C) was recorded analysis in pipeline system design can be Groups of eight resistive strain gages were during cad-welding. Pin-brazing was slightly borrowed and used in the quantitative bonded around the exterior surface of three lower, but also exceeded the 500 °F threshold. evaluation on pipeline operation and distinct locations on each test segment. The This testing confirmed that the installation of maintenance decisions. The method includes three locations include one pipe body location Type B steel sleeves, cad welding, or pin the influence of three aspects: creation of the and each of the two welds on each segment. brazing should receive scrutiny before being J-curve (total Capex and Opex per unit volume performed on operating thin-wall pipelines. versus the pipeline flow rate) of the as build Four separate experiments were conducted system without maintenance, the improvement with each experiment focusing on a unique 9:30am Instructive value of flow assurance or changing of the J-curve after maintenance combination of trench backfill material, assessment based j-curve analysis on goal is achieved, and the return of expenditure compaction level and separation distance from pipeline maintainence and operation curve of the maintenance at different flow rate the test pipe segments and the explosive Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78660 based on the current commodity market price. charges. The primary objective throughout David Cheng, Fluor, Sugar Land, TX, The J-curve improvement and the return of these four experiments was to monitor and United States expenditure curve will show the efficiency of record the behavior of buried test pipe sections the maintenance activities as basis for their due to nearby blasting activities. Long range The commodity demand and price have priority and necessity. The return curve also 3-dimentional (3D) laser scanning equipment tremendous influence on the pipeline help to set up the range of optimized flow rate was used to track movement of each test operator’s revenue. However the revenue that the pipeline need to be operated at given segment from test to test. High-speed video increase may not necessarily bring up the net the market price status. The creation of J-curve equipment was also employed to capture each income. The growth of net income relies on is based on the pipeline performance blast. The high-speed video provided continuous effort in reducing the delivery cost hydraulics model bench marked with pipeline additional details on the blast energy transfer, and maintaining the pipeline transport measurement data. verification of individual charge initiation as well efficiency on operation expenditures. Data as pipeline test segment movement where shows continuous increase in O&M 4-3 each pipeline segment was exposed. Peak expenditure but the net income increases in GEOHAZARDS particle velocity measurements were taken gas pipeline and decreases in oil pipeline during each test blast. Strain data collected operations. There is the need in developing a 4-3-4 during each test was used to assess potential quantities and instructive method in evaluating GEOHAZARD MITIGATION damage to the vintage pipeline test segments the necessity and effectiveness of pipeline Telus, Telus MacLeod E2 10:30am - 12:00pm as a result of blasting. operation and maintenance. Session Chair: Martin Zaleski, BGC The combined information collected from the A newly commissioned pipeline is likely to Engineering Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada in-field testing showed that elevated strains and achieve the best design efficiency and 10:30am Experimental Evaluation of stresses may be observed during blasting minimum deliver cost per unit volume of Blasting Near Pipelines activities near pipelines. commodity at the design flow rate. However, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78630 11:00am Pipeline Geohazard Assessment ‘ the optimized flow rate and the corresponding Justin Gossard, Shane Finneran, Steven Bridging the Gap between Integrity best efficiency may change after years into Waters, DNV GL, Dublin, OH, United States service due to maintenance needs such as Management and Construction Safety pigging and cleaning. Maintenance may help to Construction blasting was proposed as a Contexts improve the pipeline transport performance in technique to create a trench for a new pipeline Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78225 within the right-of-way (ROW) of an existing reducing fuel consumption and increase the Rodney S. Read, RSRead Consultng Inc., flow capacity. However, the economic benefit vintage pipeline where soil conditions Okotoks, AB, Canada and expenditure need to be evaluated consisted primarily of rock. Several field quantitatively to provide criteria in making the experiments were conducted to assess the Geohazards are threats of a geotechnical, decision on the necessity, timing, and priority of potential loading conditions that the vintage hydrological, or seismic/tectonic nature that the maintenance activities. On operation, it is pipeline could experience due to various may negatively affect people, infrastructure also vital to have instructive guidelines on what blasting configurations as part of the nearby and/or the environment. In a pipeline integrity is the right flow rate for the pipeline operation construction process. Two test pipe segments management context, geohazards are to minimize the cost revenue ratio given the were constructed from segments removed from considered under the time-independent threat the vintage pipeline for use in these category of Weather-related and Outside Force

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in the American standard ASME B31.8S. geohazards ‘ the role of engineering judgment. which comprised earthworks, drainage and Geotechnical failure of pipelines due to ground Proceedings of the 2nd ASME International watercourse improvements, and slope movement is addressed in Annex H and Pipeline Geotechnical Conference IPG2015, stabilization using stone columns. elsewhere in the Canadian standard CSA-Z662. July 15-17, 2015, Bogotá, Colombia, Paper Both of these standards allow flexibility in terms IPG2015-8523. While the use of stone columns to stabilize embankments is not new, it is not commonly of geohazard assessment as part of pipeline Read, R.S., J. E. Malpartida Moya, and G. used in the pipeline industry and represents integrity management. As a result of this Massucco de la Sota. 2017. Framing uncertainty another option for geohazard stabilization in the flexibility, many systems for identifying, in pipeline geohazard assessment for integrity right situations. This paper presents the slope characterizing, analyzing and managing management and iterative risk assessment. stabilization techniques employed and geohazards have been developed by operators Proceedings of the ASME 2017 International discusses the challenges of working on an and geotechnical engineering practitioners Pipeline Geotechnical Conference, IPG2017, active moving slope confined by a watercourse (e.g., Rizkalla et al. 2008; Read and Rizkalla July 25-26, 2017, Lima, Peru. Paper and live pipeline assets. The positive benefits 2015). The evolution of these systems, and IPG2017-2505 general expectations regarding geohazard of the stabilization measures are illustrated 11:30am Preserving Pipeline Integrity with assessment, toward quantitative geohazard through the use of 2D and 3D numerical Large Diameter Stone Columns at Deadhorse frequency assessment is a trend in recent modelling, and confirmed through an ongoing Creek Crossing, southern Manitoba pipeline hearings and regulatory filings in geohazard management program that includes Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78651 Canada. While this trend is intended to frame site inspection and instrumentation monitoring geohazard assessment in an objective and Wing-Keat (Wayne) Wong, Brad Wiebe, Amec which continues to show improvements in slope repeatable manner, partitioning the assessment Foster Wheeler, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, Curtis performance post construction. into a series of conditional probability Treen, Amec Foster Wheeler, Edmonton, AB, Canada, John Richmond, Enbridge, Edmonton, estimates, the reality is that there is always an TRACK 5 MATERIALS AND JOINING element of subjectivity in assigning these AB, Canada conditional probabilities, requiring subject Pipeline integrity has been threatened at the TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 25 matter expertise and expert judgment to make Deadhorse Creek pipeline crossing in southern informed and defensible decisions. Defining a Manitoba by a slow moving slope. The specific risk context (typically loss-of- movement zone extends from the slope crest to 5-1 containment from a pipeline) and the bottom of the creek, a vertical distance of MATERIALS communicating uncertainty are important 25 m and is approximately 100 m wide. The aspects of applying these types of systems slope has degraded over time and is controlled 5-1-1 (Read et al. 2017). Adoption of these by the local geology, which consists of weak MICRO ALLOYED LINE PIPE STEEL approaches for alternate risk contexts, such as colluvium overlying high plastic clay shale, Telus, Telus Glen 201/20210:30am - 12:00pm worker safety during pipeline construction, is combined with creek bank erosion and channel Session Chair: Melissa Gould, DNV GL, Katy, challenging in that the specific geohazards and degradation. Saturated soil conditions, a TX, United States threat scenarios considered for long-term function of poor drainage and elevated pipeline integrity may or may not represent all seasonal precipitation, have exacerbated the 10:30am Transverse Strain Aging Behaviour credible threats during pipeline construction. problem over the years. of Uncoated Thick Walled X70 UOE This paper explores the commonalities and Microalloyed Steel Pipes differences in short- and long-term framing of The slope movements have been monitored on Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78102 geohazard assessment, and offers guidance for a regular basis since 2008 and showed an J. Barry Wiskel, Jun Ma, Doug. G. Ivey, Hani extending geohazard assessment intended for increasing risk to the integrity of multiple Henein, University of Alberta, Edmonton, long-term pipeline integrity to other contexts pipelines located in two rights of way situated AB, Canada such as construction safety. within and immediately adjacent to the failing soil mass. The site is surrounded by various Transverse tensile samples were extracted from REFERENCES infrastructure and recreational areas that are the centreline position of three different Rizkalla, M., R.S. Read, and G. O’Neil. 2008. key to the community, and therefore considered compositions of uncoated thick walled Pipeline Geo-Environmental Design and a high consequence area with respect to microalloyed X70 UOE pipe at a location 180° Geohazard Management. Chapter 6 potential pipeline failures. To manage the risk from the weld. Aging heat treatments of 5, 15, Geohazard Management. ASME, 352 pp. and protect pipeline integrity, various stress and 25 minutes and temperatures of 175, 215, and 255°C were applied. Tensile tests were Read, R.S. and M. Rizkalla. 2015. Bridging the relief and other mitigating measures have been conducted on both the original pipe and on gap between qualitative, semi-quantitative and implemented since 2013, culminating in a major pre-strained samples. Microstructural analysis quantitative risk assessment of pipeline slope rehabilitation project undertaken in 2015, was undertaken using optical microscopy and

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scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The acceptable mechanical property performance 5-3 effects of a combined time and temperature of the linepipe. This is especially true with CRACK PROPAGATION aging parameter, pre-strain, microstructure and regards to longitudinal tensile properties in the tensile work hardening behaviour on the pipe strained and aged condition. Due to the 5-3-1 yield stress and yield to tensile strength ratio, is expected change in data seen throughout CRACK PROPAGATION - FULL SCALE TESTS presented. previous projects, are the tightening Telus, Telus Glen 203/204 10:30am - 12:00pm expectations realistic for the manufacturers and 11:00am Structure formation control of Session Chair: Satoshi Igi, JFE STEEL cost effective for the client’ Methods, microalloyed pipe steels during TMCP for CORPORATION, Kurashiki, Japan Procedures, Process: The current condition that enhance low temperature toughness is widely accepted for the release of pipes 10:30am Verification Of Applicability Of Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78511 suitable for high strain events is straining and Battelle Two-Curve Method To Ultra-High- Dmitrii Ringinen, Andrei Chastukhin, Leonid aging. However is this appropriate given that Pressure Rich-Gas Pipelines Based On A Efron, OMK Vyksa Steel Works, Vyksa, Nizhniy pipes are coated (aged), installed (strained) Full-Scale Burst Test Novgorod, Russia then left over time(aged)’ These questions will Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78447 A continuous demand for plates for X60-X120 be investigated through a series of tests and Yasuhito Imai, Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, pipes with high toughness and cold resistance data analysis. Japan, Masaki Mitsuya, Tokyo Gas Co, Tokyo, requires the development of new methods of Japan, Masao Toyoda, Osaka University, For this project a conventional aging as per the additional grain refinement at all stages of Osaka 565-0871, Japan standard and a coating simulation were used, thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP). An with all test pieces having either 0% or 1% A full-scale gas burst test was conducted to effect of structure formation during slabs applied strain. The test pieces for this project confirm the behavior of unstable ductile crack reheating was studied. Physical models of were tested in one of four conditions; propagation and arrest and to confirm the secondary recrystallization during reheating required toughness value to prevent unstable and austenite recrystallization at roughing ‘ As manufactured ductile fracture under an ultrahigh pressure of rolling of Nb-microalloyed pipeline steels were 18 MPa. A full-scale test was conducted at the developed. Grain refinement in the course of ‘ Aged (at 200°C/5min or 250°C/1hr) Spadeadam test site in the UK for unburied hot deformation was studied through physical pipes. The test pipes used in this test were of modeling. Using the recrystallization model, ‘ Strained and aged (1% strain applied then API 5L Grade L450 with outer diameter of 610 new rolling schedules were introduced. aged at 200°C/5min or 250°C/1hr) mm and thickness of 17.5 mm. The toughness of Industrial trials were conducted; the effect of ‘ Aged and strained (aged at 200°C/5min or the test pipes increased away from the center, reheating and deformation parameters on cold 250°C/1hr then 1% strain applied) where an explosive charge was placed across resistance of steel was investigated. the top of the girth weld for crack initiation. The Implementation of the results of given study Results, Observations, Conclusions: To ensure gas used in the test consisted of ~89% methane into production practice made it possible to a direct comparison in the data the comparable and other heavy hydrocarbon gas components, produce plates with excellent set of properties, test pieces were taken from the same and the test temperature was 0 °C. A gas including strength, toughness, and cold circumferential position on the pipe. All testing circulation loop was constructed to ensure that resistance. for this project was carried out on material of a homogeneous gas mixture and temperature 11:30am Effect of Straining and Aging on similar composition and future development of were achieved throughout the test rig. Material Properties of Linepipe Suitable for this work will comprise of documenting the Deepwater Applications effect on different microstructures, t/D ratios In addition to dynamically measuring the and levels of strain. It was clear from the project ductile crack velocity and decompression Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78815 that changing the conditions used had an behavior of the rich gas, as has often been Melissa Marsay, Graham Alderton, Martin impact on the results. Novel/Additive done in previous burst tests, the Connelly, Liberty Steel, Hartlepool, Durham, Information: This could have implications for the circumferential distribution of the United Kingdom industry in the future and has set up a scheme decompression behavior was measured using ABSTRACT: of development following on from this project to circumferentially placed pressure transducers. gain a greater understanding. Furthermore, the fracture strain near the Objectives/Scope: The offshore oil and gas propagating crack was measured. industry has seen a continual trend of conservatism in design for applications where a The initiated unstable ductile crack was high level of strain is expected during the arrested in the third pipe. From the material installation phase, leading to a tightening of the properties of the test pipes in which the unstable ductile crack was arrested, the

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required Charpy absorbed energy and DWTT 11:30am The EPRG Recommendations for increased, and as the low oil price era has been absorbed energy to prevent unstable ductile Crack Arrest Toughness for Line Pipe Steel prolonged, more economical pipe design and fracture in unburied pipes were obtained. In (Third Edition) construction are required. Especially, ERW pipe addition, the above data can be useful for Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78043 has been expanding its range of applications, validating numerical models that evaluate the which is advantageous in terms of productivity Andrew Cosham, Ninth Planet Engineering propagation/arrest of unstable ductile fracture. and price. ERW pipes are made by passing Limited, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, through continuous rollers, where unintentional Robert M Andrews, ROSEN UK, Newcastle The required Charpy and DWTT absorbed plastic deformation such as the Bauschinger upon Tyne, United Kingdom, Tanja Schmidt, energy values obtained in this test were effect occurs. Since plastic deformation caused Vallourec, Düsseldorf, Germany compared with those predicted by the Battelle by repetitive loading and unloading changes Two-Curve Method (BTCM). As noted in The third edition of the EPRG recommendations the initial properties of steel, it is necessary to previous studies, it was confirmed that the for crack arrest toughness for line pipe steels is precisely predict the final properties of the pipe BTCM underestimates the required Charpy presented. The third edition extends the as well as an accurate understanding of the absorbed energy and requires a certain applicability of the recommendations to manufacturing process. So, this study focused correction factor for precise evaluation, pipelines transporting lean natural gas at on evaluating the effects of manufacturing whereas the DWTT absorbed energy pressures up to 100 barg (1450 psig), in process considering plastic deformation for predicted by BTCM was consistent with the diameters up to 1422.4 mm (56 inch), in grades high performance ERW pipe manufacturing. experimental result. up to Grade L555 (API 5L X80), and design In this paper, three manufacturing process 11:00am Experimental measurement of factors up to 0.8. stages of ERW pipe were simulated as 3D CTOA during ductile crack propagation in A quantitative definition of a lean gas is nonlinear finite element models using ABAQUS: pipeline burst tests included in the third edition. forming stage, sizing stage, and flattening Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78510 stage. And the ABAQUS model was verified by The recommendations are intended to be Kazuki Shibanuma, Hikaru Yamaguchi, comparison with the outer diameter measured applied to new pipelines. The Takahiro Hosoe, Katsuyuki Suzuki, Shuji from full-scale size pipes. In order to maintain recommendations are not intended to be Aihara, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan the continuity of analysis between each applied retrospectively to existing pipelines. Dynamic measurement of drop-weight tear manufacturing process stage, PEEQ, Alpha and test (DWTT) and pipe burst test for 356 mm residual stress were obtained from each 5-1 outer diameter and 9.5 mm wall thickness manufacturing process stage, and then these MATERIALS steel pipe were conducted using high-speed mechanical properties were mapped to the camera. Crack velocity in the DWTT were 10 next manufacturing process stage. And change 5-1-2A m/s during the steady state. Crack Tip of mechanical properties during the each MICROSTRUCTURE-PROPERTY Opening Angle (CTOA) values measured in the manufacturing process stage were examined. RELATIONSHIP DWTT showed the constant value of about Finally, the change of material properties at the 20.1° during steady state propagation. On the Telus, Telus Glen 201/202 1:30pm - 3:00pm flattening stage where reverse bending occurs other hand, crack velocity in the burst test Session Chair: J. Barry Wiskel, University of was evaluated, especially in influence of sizing showed monotonically decreasing during Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada ratio on the flattening stage. Through the developed analytical model, numerical crack propagation from 200 m/s but it was 1:30pm Prediction of mechanical prediction of the mechanical properties of ERW found that CTOA value kept constant value of properties of ERW pipes considering pipe is possible. about 13.2° until crack arrest irrespective of manufacturing process through numerical the crack velocity. These results showed the analysis 2:00pm Effect of initial bainite validation of the CTOA criterion for the Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78491 microstructure on tensile properties after high-pressure gas pipelines. The results also long-term exposure at elevated temperature Seong-Wook Han, Seoul national university, showed that CTOA in a burst test is generally Seoul, Seoul, Korea (Republic), Soo Chang Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78551 different from that in a test using small-scale Kang, POSCO, Incheon, Korea (Republic), Junji Shimamura, JFE Steel Corporation, specimen. Future developments of the Jiwoon Yi, Korean Institute of Bridge and Fukuyama, Japan, Shusaku Ota, JFE Steel experimental procedure using a small-scale Structural Engineers, Seoul, Korea (Republic), Corporation, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, specimen to provide CTOA value Ho-Kyung Kim, Seoul national university, Seoul, Tomoyuki Yokota, Ryuji Muraoka, JFE Steel corresponding with that in a burst test would Korea (Republic) Corporation, Fukuyama, Japan be effective. Along with the development of the energy In the oil sand production field in Canada, steel industry, demand for oil and gas pipelines has pipes are used for injecting steam into the

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sands. Pipes for steam distribution are To guarantee the structural integrity of oil and study, different hardening models were used to subjected to high operating temperature such gas transporting pipelines, a detailed analysis predict the evolution of ovality during reel-lay as 350 degrees C for a long time. In this study, of the pipe’s structural response has to be installation. It was observed that the predictions in order to insure the reliability of high strength performed. This is of particular importance for made with the Levkovitch-Svendsen model pipe for steam distribution, long-term heating offshore applications. As large scale testing is were much closer to the experimental values test was conducted for X80 grade UOE pipe. To costly and time consuming, one often relies on than the results obtained by means of a simulate the long-term operation at 350 FE (Finite Element) modelling to accomplish, at kinematic-isotropic hardening model. degrees C for 40 years, accelerated tests were least, part of this task. Properties that typically conducted at 400 degrees C for up to 4400 need to be evaluated are compressive strain 5-4 hours. The effect of initial bainite microstructure capacity, collapse resistance and ovalization FITTINGS & TESTING METHODS on tensile properties was investigated by using during reel-lay installation. Furthermore, it can two kinds of steel pipes with different bainite be assumed that those properties are 5-4-1 microstructure. One is accelerated cooling influenced by the pipe forming process, as pipe ADVANCEMENTS IN FITTINGS (ACC) type, and the other is heating on-line forming will change the mechanical properties Telus, Telus Glen 203/204 1:30pm - 3:00pm process (HOP) type in plate manufacturing and the level of anisotropy and will modify/ Session Chair: Junfang Lu, Enbridge Inc., process. introduce residual stresses. Therefore, a first Edmonton, AB, Canada logical step is to simulate pipe forming before It was revealed that strength decrease in ACC evaluating the pipe’s structural performance, to 1:30pm Quality Assurance for Quenched type steels produced by only accelerated account for these effects. and Tempered Pipeline Fittings - A cooling was mainly governed by decomposition Regulator’s Perspective and Plan of Action of hard phase MA (Martensite-Austenite The reliability of FE simulations largely depends Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78299 constituent) and recovery of dislocations. On on the capability of the constitutive model to Negar van Schalkwyk, National Energy Board, the other hand, HOP type steels had small accurately describe the mechanical behaviour Calgary, AB, Canada, Hong Wang, National amount of MA and nanometer-sized carbides by of the material being studied. Most commercial Energy Board, Calagry, AB, Canada, Iain applying HOP after accelerated cooling. The FE codes only offer combined kinematic- Colquhoun, Joe Paviglianiti, National Energy HOP type steels had almost the same initial isotropic hardening models. Those models Board, Calgary, AB, Canada strength in spite of small amount of MA. Fine cannot capture the so-called cross-hardening niobium carbides gave enough precipitation effect and can therefore not predict the strengthening. Formation of fine niobium evolution of anisotropy during pipe forming. ABSTRACT carbides was promoted by the addition of The present paper discusses the Heat treated pipeline fittings (principally niobium. The precipitates were stable after implementation and calibration of a more elbows, tees, and reducers) require careful long-term heat treatment at 400 degrees C. It is advanced constitutive model, more specifically process control. For example, furnace confirmed that the fine niobium carbides in HOP the Levkovitch-Svendsen model, which temperature, placement of the fittings in the type steels remained even after long-term heat accounts for isotropic, kinematic and furnace, transfer time to quenching tank, treatment. The suppression of initial MA also distortional hardening. The model was adequacy of quench or tempering time can all lead to minimize the strength decrease by MA implemented in Abaqus/Implicit through a impact the fittings’ mechanical properties if not decomposition. Therefore, HOP type steels UMAT user subroutine. An inverse modelling done properly. tend to have higher resistance to the strength approach was applied to calibrate the decrease after long-term heat treatment. constitutive model, whereby an extensive set of In recent years, the National Energy Board mechanical tests, involving cyclic tension- (NEB) became aware of instances of quenched 2:30pm Advanced constitutive model for compression tests and tests with changing and tempered (Q&T) pipe and fittings having the accurate evaluation of the structural strain paths, was conducted. mechanical properties that did not meet performance of welded pipes in offshore Canadian Standards Association (CSA) or applications To assess the model’s performance, it was used similar standards, being installed on pipeline Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78574 in two case studies. The first study focused on systems under NEB and other regulatory Steven Cooreman, Arcelormittal Global R&D, the evolution of mechanical properties during bodies’ jurisdiction. In 2013, a pipeline rupture Zelzate, Belgium, Dennis Van Hoecke, spiral pipe forming. The results show that the occurred on an NEB-regulated pipeline. ArcelorMittal Global R&D Gent, Zelzate, Levkovitch-Svendsen model allows prediction Although failure to meet mechanical Belgium, Martin Liebeherr, Arcelormittal R&D / of the properties in both the transverse and specifications was not the cause of the incident, OCAS, Zelzate, Belgium, Philippe Thibaux, longitudinal direction on pipe. When applying a the investigations revealed that there were ArcelorMittal Global R&D Gent, Zelzate, kinematic-isotropic hardening law only, the fittings installed on the pipeline with yield Belgium, Herve Luccioni, ArcelorMittal, properties in the longitudinal direction are strength of less than Specified Minimum Yield Fos-sur-Mer, France significantly underestimated. In the second Strength (SMYS). The NEB undertook further

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investigations to determine if this low yield branch connection design and installation testing (NDT) requirements, delay time prior to issue might indicate a systemic problem. In the (welding) procedures depending on the inspection for hydrogen cracking, pressure cases examined, contrary to the recorded application. The objective of a recently- testing prior to tapping, and grouting of larger information in the Material Test Reports (MTRs), completed joint industry project (JIP) was to diameter, larger diameter-ratio branch not all fittings met the specified mechanical develop industry best practices for hot tap connections. This guidance, along with the properties requirements, and this was due to branch connections, including a compendium branch connection design guidance, was used inadequate controls in the Quality Assurance of properly qualified procedures, guidance to develop a generic company specification for Programs (QAPs) of different stakeholders. It is pertaining to specification of branch connection installing hot tap branch connections in the also important to note that MTR results based design for specific applications, and guidance field. The use of this guidance and the on a coupon test may not always reflect the pertaining to related areas of concern for which compendium of properly qualified welding properties of each fitting produced following there was not widespread agreement. procedures that was developed during the JIP that process. will reduce the cost of installing hot tap branch The core group of welding procedures that was connections, increase safety during installation, The NEB has taken several actions in order to developed and qualified for branch groove and increase the reliability of completed address this potential issue including: welds and sleeve fillet welds all involve the use connections. of SMAW and conventional low-hydrogen 2:30pm Coupling Metallurgy and - Issuing industry-wide Safety Advisories electrodes. There are applications for which Manufacturing Parameters of Pipeline other welding processes and consumables - Issuing Orders to all companies under its Fittings to Avoid Substandard Properties have advantages, so procedures for a broader jurisdiction range of applications were also developed and Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78431 - Commissioning a third party to investigate and qualified. All of the procedures were qualified Fateh Fazeli, Colin Scott, James Saragosa, write a technical paper on this issue in accordance with the requirements of a range CanmetMATERIALS, Hamilton, ON, Canada, of relevant industry codes, including the Robert Cicoria, McMaster University, Brantford, - Hosting a technical workshop to facilitate Twenty-first Edition of API Standard 1104. ON, Canada, Jim Fraser, TransCanada, broad dialogue between various stakeholders Calgary, AB, Canada (using the technical paper as a seed document) The various options for branch connection design include integrally-reinforced fittings High strength, butt-welded pipeline fittings are In this paper, the authors first review the (e.g., Weldolets®), fabricated branch critical components for the construction of manufacturing process of heat treated Q&T connections, and full-encirclement pressurized reliable and safe pipeline systems to extract, fittings. Then case studies are discussed tees (e.g., Stopple® fittings). Some designs are gather and transmit oil and gas products. Due involving four instances of nonconforming better suited to some applications than to to stringent safety and environmental fittings. Lastly the authors propose solutions for others. The guidance for specifying branch requirements, fittings manufacturers are different stakeholders to effect improvement in connection designs focused on geometric obliged to adhere to commonly accepted Quality Assurance (QA) of pipeline fittings. The parameters, such as branch diameter, header industry standards (e.g. CSA Z245.11, MSS-SP- authors also recommended enhancement of diameter, and branch-to-header diameter ratio. 75) and adopt supplementary operators’ applicable clauses in related standards and Several antiquated branch connection designs specifications. Nevertheless, there have been initiation of several research and development that should no longer be used were also several recent cases where fittings delivered by (R&D) projects. identified. qualified manufacturers and available through local stock suppliers have not met the specified 2:00pm Industry Best Practices for Hot Tap The related areas of concern for which tensile properties, such that they failed during Branch Connections guidance was developed included the need for hydrostatic pressure tests or in-service Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78306 sleeve end fillet welds, burnthrough prediction operations. The issue has triggered concerns of William Bruce, Brad Etheridge, DNV GL, for in-service welding on thin-wall pipelines, operators and regulators (e.g. NEB SA 2016-01) Dublin, OH, United States, Melissa Gould, DNV pressure limits/pressure reduction warning about the use of substandard fittings. GL, Katy, TX, United States, Matt Boring, Kiefner requirements, flow rate limits, heat-affected Although deficiencies in engineering design or & Associates, Inc., Columbus, OH, United zone (HAZ) hardness limits, welder qualification operation beyond permissible conditions could States, Patrick Fleck, Marathon Pipe Line, LLC, requirements, branch connection location and be contributing factors, the root cause of the Findlay, OH, United States fit-up, pipeline support requirements, branch recent fittings failures was mainly associated connection welding sequence, preheating for with the underlying metallurgy and processing When faced with an opportunity to install a in-service welds, fillet weld size requirements, resulting in critically low yield strength and/or branch connection using the ‘hot tapping’ extent of welding required for integrally- toughness levels. Further, existing standards technique, pipeline operating companies have reinforced fittings, inspection/non-destructive and specifications are not stringent enough to a wide variety of choices when it comes to

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screen out fittings with inadequate steel WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 26 by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for a composition or improper manufacturing given flap geometry determined from a parameters. As such, a comprehensive dynamic FEA model to render a new flap modelling and experimental study has been 5-3 geometry. In this model a cohesive-zone launched to understand the interplay between CRACK PROPAGATION element at the crack tip is employed as a the composition, grade, geometry and representation of the material toughness plant-specific processing parameters of 5-3-2 parameter. The final outcome is the quenched and tempered pipeline components. CRACK PROPAGATION - TESTS AND determination of the cohesive energy in the The experiment entailed plant trials using an SIMULATIONS FEA (as a representation of the material instrumented NPS 36’ 3D elbow to measure the Telus, Telus Glen 203/204 8:30am - 10:00am toughness parameter) to match the measured actual thermal response of the fitting during fracture propagation speed for the specific Session Chair: Su Xu, CanmetMATERIALS, reheating, quenching and tempering cycles. case. A case study was taken from full-scale Hamilton, ON, Canada Data was acquired from 36 different positions rupture test data from one of the pipe joints 8:30am Next Generation Ductile Fracture on the part in order to monitor any deviations from the Japanese Gas Association (JGA) Arrest Analyses for High Energy Pipelines from intended production parameters. Further, unbackfilled pipe burst test data conducted in Based on Detail Coupling of CFD and FEA the metallurgical behaviour of the base steel 2004 on the 762 mm O.D., 17.5 mm wall Techniques plate, in terms of austenite grain growth, thickness, Gr. 555 MPa (API 5L X80) pipe. continuous cooling transformations (CCT) and Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78097 9:00am The effect of material strain temper softening of the as-quenched Kamal Botros, NOVA Chemicals Centre for hardening on the determination of CTOD microstructure, has been established by Applied Research, Calgary, AB, Canada, Eric R-curves using SENB specimens dilatometric tests and microstructural Clavelle, NOVA Chemicals, Calgary, AB, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78278 characterization. The analysis and coupling of Canada, Mo Uddin, Engineering Mechanics these diverse data sets is not trivial and Corporation of Columbus, Upper Arlington, OH, Philippa Moore, TWI Ltd, Cambridge, Cambs, requires scientific-based computational United States, Gery Wilkowski, Engineering United Kingdom, Wee Liam Khor, Brunel modelling. An integrated thermal-structure- Mechanics Corporation of Columbus, University/NSIRC, Cambridge, Cambs, United properties finite element model was developed Columbus, OH, United States, Cindy Guan, Kingdom to predict the temporal and spatial evolution of TransCanada Pipelines Limited, Calgary, In ductile materials the fracture toughness is the microstructure and provide a 3D strength AB, Canada usually characterised by a tearing resistance map for any as-quenched and as-tempered Axial ductile fracture propagation and arrest in curve, or R-curve, plotting the fracture fitting. This predictive engineering tool aids the high energy pipelines has been studied since toughness in terms of J or CTOD against crack selection of adequate steels and suitable heat the early 1970’s with the development of the extension. Recent research has evaluated the treatment parameters such that target gauges empirical Battelle Two-Curve (BTC) model. methods to determine CTOD in engineering and grades can be manufactured by a given Numerous empirical corrections on the backfill, alloys with a wide range of yield to tensile ratios plant to meet the specified requirements and gas decompression models, and fracture for single point CTOD. This work develops the standards. This paper describes the toughness have been proposed over the past investigation into R-curves, and reviews the aforementioned methodology and highlights decades. While this approach has worked in assumptions about SENB specimens deforming the challenges associated with the manufacture most cases, the dynamic interaction between under rigid rotation, the evaluation of CTOD of fittings; in particular thick-wall pipeline the decompression of the fluid in the vicinity of from J for R-curves, and the nature of tearing components. Further, guidelines and existing the crack tip and the behaviour of the pipe initiation in low Y/T ratio stainless steel, from knowledge gaps for improved specifications material as it opens to form flaps behind the comparisons against a series of silicone and standards will be discussed. crack has been very difficult to solve from a replicas cast from the SENB specimen notch

more fundamental approach. The effects of the during fracture toughness tests. 5-1 pressure distribution on the flap inner surface MATERIALS For CTOD R-curves, the methods based on making up the crack-driving force which drives CTOD from J in ISO 12135 and ASTM E1820 the crack propagation speed has been 5-1-2B gave lower and less accurate R-curves than the suggested in the past, but due to intensive MICROSTRUCTURE-PROPERTY rigid rotation methods in BS 7448-4 and JWES. computational effort required, it was never RELATIONSHIP However, the accuracy of the BS 7448-4 realized. The present paper attempts to tackle formula varied for the different strain hardening Telus, Telus Glen 201/202 3:30pm - 5:00pm this problem by employing an iterative solution materials, and was over-estimating the R-curves procedure where the gas pressure field in the in the low tensile ratio stainless steel. vicinity of the crack tip is accurately solved for

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Investigations into the effect of the assumption were compared with different strength X65 machined prior to testing. Although there are about rigid rotation in different strain hardening - X80 grades linepipes and with different initial several published documents regarding materials led to a rotational factor function of notch types. The frequency of the inverse standardized tensile testing, the variability in tensile ratio, rp sh, to be developed from fracture appeared in these DWTTs were the reported TPA tensile properties of the same numerical modelling. When this function was different in each material and eachspecimen material tested within a lab or at different labs substituted into standard equations in place of types, but there were no cases where the has always been an issue. the fixed value of rp an improvement in the inverse fracture did not occurs. accuracy of BS 7448-4 R-curves compared to Several research projects have been replica measurements was seen for the range The purpose of DWTT is to evaluate the brittle conducted at EVRAZ NA to understand the of strain hardening investigated, but it did not crack arrestability of the material in a effect of flatness on the variability of YS from significantly improve the accuracy of the JWES pressurized linepipe. A large scale brittle crack the flattened TPA tensile tests. The overall goal formula, which accounts for strain hardening in arrest test, so called West Jeferson test is of all these efforts is to reduce the variability in other parameters. generally used to reproduce crack propagation the measured tensile propoerties. Factors such and arrest behavior in an actual pipeline as machining, testing methods, and flattening A combination of the elastic CTOD part of the material. A middle scale test so called Crack procedure have been identified as the main JWES formula, with the plastic CTOD Arrest Temperature (CAT) test was also sources of variability. Of these factors, incorporating the modified rotational factor, was proposed to check the shear area fraction flattening procedure is found to be the biggest concluded to offer the optimum method to measured in DWTT with API rating with that the source of variability. The lack of a standard determine CTOD R-curves for a range of strain local shear lip thickness fraction in those tests. procedure for flattening TPA samples is a major hardening materials. CAT test can well reproduce crack propagation obstacle to obtaining consistent results. and arrest behavior under the condition of Different labs flatten the strap sample in 9:30am Effect Of Notch Type In Drop- brittle crack initiation from the initial notch. different ways and to different tolerances for Weight Tear Test Specimen On Crack flatness. The main objective of the current Propagation And Arrest Behavior 5-4 study was to establish a standardized flattening Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78579 FITTINGS & TESTING METHODS procedure for TPA specimens. Satoshi Igi, JFE STEEL CORPORATION, Kurashiki, Japan, Toshihiko Amano, Nippon 5-4-2 Both finite element analysis (FEA) and Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, MATERIAL TESTING METHODS experimental approaches were adopted. Amagasaki, Japan, Takahiro Sakimoto, JFE Various flattening methods and fixtures were Telus, Telus Glen 203/204 10:30am - 12:00pm Steel Corporation, Chiba, Japan, Yasuhiro studied, including 3-point and 4-point bending, Shinohara, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Session Chair: Jing Ma, Kiefner & Associates, flat-on-flat bending, flattening using profiled Corporation, Kimitsu, Chiba, Japan, Tetsuya Inc., Columbus, OH, United States and matching punch and dies and with different Tagawa, JFE Steel Corporation, Chiba, Japan 10:30am Standardization of Flattening control methods. Extensive flattening Procedure for Transverse to Pipe Axis Strap experiments were conducted on TPA samples The drop-weight tear test (DWTT) has been Tensile Samples from different line pipe products. widely used to evaluate the resistance of Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78311 linepipe steels against brittle fracture Results showed that the spring back after Muhammad Rashid, Shaojie Chen, Evraz NA, propagation. However, in the recent years there flattening in a tubular TPA sample is different for Regina, SK, Canada, Laurie Collins, EVRAZ Inc is an ambiguity in its evaluation if inverse pipes with different gauge and grades. NA, Regina, SK, Canada fracture appears on the specimen fracture Consistent flattening can be achieved using surfaces. Although cause of the inverse fracture Tubular products for line pipe and OCTG are appropriate fixtures for differerent ranges of is not fully understood, compressive predefined by the minimum required yield strength tubular products defined by grade, diameter straining near the impact hammer and existing (YS). For example, an API X70 grade line pipe and thickness. Evaluation of the flattening tiny split have been discussed as a requires a minimum ‘yield strength’ of 70 ksi. fixture designs and experimental results are possible cause. Therefore, correctly measuring the yield discussed in this paper. strength through tensile testing is very In this paper, machined notch in brittle weld Keywords: Tensile Testing, Yield Strength important for qualification. DWTT for X65 was performed and compared Variability, Transverse to Pipe Axis, Flattening with various notch types of DWTTs such Tensile testing on large diameter line pipe is Procedure, Line Pipe asconventional DWTT specimen with a pressed generally done using strap samples obtained in notch (PN), a chevron notch (CN) and a static the transverse to pipe axis (TPA) orientation of a pre-cracked (SPC). The fracture appearances pipe. The strap samples are flattened and

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11:00am An Integrated Approach for the and replacements. With more than 25 different for the two steels, and results show that the Verification of Pipeline Material using latest assumed construction dates, the RoMat PGS CTOD-R curves determined using the State of the Art Technologies and service was used to identify the different pipe J-conversion method and the DCG method are Engineering Processes populations and confirm that these align with comparable for X80, but significantly different Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78776 available records. for A36. To study the root cause, elastic-plastic finite element analyses are performed for the Simon Slater, ROSEN, Columbus, OH, United This paper presents the results and subsequent SENT specimens of A36 and X80. With the States, Katrina Dwyer, Xcel Energy, Denver, analysis. It represents a significant marker in the numerical results of J-integral and CTOD, CO, United States, Markus Ginten, ROSEN industry, demonstrating how a cooperative and different CTOD estimation methods are USA, Houston, TX, United States, Thomas integrated approach using state-of-the-art evaluated, and the root causes of their Eiken, ROSEN, Lingen, Emsland, Germany, Ollie technology, engineering processes, and differences are analyzed. On this basis, Burkinshaw, ROSEN, Newcastle Upon Tyne, material verification techniques can be used to discussions are made on how to use the two Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom improve the integrity of operators’ records. The types of CTOD-R curves in the pipeline design Pipeline integrity management systems rely on paper discusses the various stages of the and integrity assessment. process, the significant findings, such as the robust records and data so that the correct THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER, 27 decisions are made. The Pipeline industry types of pipes identified and their properties, and ‘ most importantly ‘ how the results were regulator is intending to ensure operators implemented into a pipeline integrity and risk possess traceable, verifiable and complete 5-3 management system. (TVC) pipeline records as a basis for sound CRACK PROPAGATION integrity and risk management. This is being 11:30am CTOD-RESISTANCE CURVE 5-3-3 driven by PHMSA in the notice of proposed TESTING AND EVALUATION FOR CLAMPED CRACK PROPAGATION - CO2 PIPELINES rulemaking (NPRM) 49 CFR 192. In recent SENT SPECIMENS Telus, Telus Glen 201/202 8:30am - 10:00am years, ROSEN has introduced RoMat PGS, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78806 an inline inspection service that is Session Chair: Andrew Cosham, Ninth Planet Xian-Kui Zhu, EWI - Structural Integrity, capable of determining yield strength and Engineering Limited, Newcastle upon Tyne, Columbus, OH, United States, Tom McGaughy, other information relevant for the United Kingdom EWI, Columbus, OH, United States calculation of maximum allowable operating 8:30am Co2safe-Arrest: A Full-Scale Burst pressure (MAOP). To assess the integrity of pipelines containing Test Research Program For Carbon Dioxide cracks, single edge-notched tension (SENT) Pipelines ‘ Paper 1 Project Overview And The data obtained from multiple ILI services specimens in the clamped end conditions have Outcomes Of Test 1 forms the fundamental basis for an been widely adopted in the oil and gas industry Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78517 engineering assessment that integrates ILI to measure fracture toughness or resistance Valerie Linton, Energy Pipelines CRC, data and other pertinent information to assign curves in terms of the J-integral or crack-tip Wollongong, NSW, Australia, Bente Helen pipe grade for each individual pipe, within opening displacement (CTOD). The CTOD Leinum, DNV GL AS, Oslo, Norway, Robert identified populations, with minimized field toughness is often utilized in the strain-based Newton, Energy Pipelines CRC, Wollongong, verification efforts. design, and thus its measurement is very NSW, Australia, Olav Fyrileiv, Det Norske important to the pipeline industry. Two types of For pipeline sections with incomplete records, Veritas Germanischer Lloyd (DNV GL), CTOD-R curve test methods are available for the addition of strength data to other available Asker, Norway the single SENT specimen tests: J-conversion information allows reliable identification of method and double clip gage (DCG) Transport of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in different populations along a pipeline. This measurement method. However, these CTOD pipelines from capture site to storage site forms permits the operator to better optimize integrity test methods often determine different an important link in the overall Carbon Capture, and material verification strategies. R-curves, leading to a long-running dispute. Transport and Storage (CCTS) scheme. The thermodynamic properties of CO2 are different In early 2017, Xcel Energy and ROSEN To better understand the difference of the two from those of other gases such as natural gas partnered to conduct a materials CTOD test methods as well as the effect of that are transported in pipelines. Recent characterization assessment of a 20’ gas material strain hardening rate on CTOD-R full-scale burst tests from the projects SARCO2 distribution pipeline. This was the second time curves, a set of clamped SENT specimens are and COOLTRANS indicated significant that Xcel had implemented the service. This tested for two ductile steels with a high strain variations in correction factors necessary to pipeline was originally installed in two sections, hardening rate (A36) and a low strain hardening predict the arrest of a running ductile fracture. in 1928 and 1947, and has since been largely rate (X80). Experimental R-curves are analyzed In addition, CO2 can be a potential hazard to replaced over time through a series of reroutes

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human and animal life and the environment. Erling Ostby, DNV GL, Hovik, Hovik, Norway, on either side of the test section. While consequence distances of natural gas Cheng Lu, Univ of Wollongong, Wollongong, Experimental data relevant to fracture pipelines are well established and documented NSW, Australia, Sigbjørn Røneid, DNV GL, velocity, decompression wave speed of the in standards, this is not the case with CO2. Høvik, Norway CO2-N2 mixture and pressure at the crack tip are presented. The research focused CO2SAFE-ARREST joint The CO2SAFE-ARREST joint industry project industry project (JIP) aims to (1) investigate the (JIP) aims to (1) investigate the fracture The discussion is driven from the perspective fracture propagation and arrest characteristics propagation and arrest characteristics of steel of traditional running ductile fracture control of anthropogenic CO2 carrying high strength pipelines carrying anthropogenic CO2 , and (2) technology applied to dense-phase CO2 steel pipelines, and (2) to investigate the to investigate the dispersion of CO2 following carrying pipelines. Emphasis is put on the dispersion of CO2 following its release into the its release into the atmosphere. The project is analysis of the fracture velocity and transient atmosphere. The participants are DNV GL supported by two full-scale burst tests, each pressure data relative to the properties of the (Norway) and Energy Pipelines CRC (Australia). based on a layout of eight X65 grade 24’ line material and CO2 mixture. The limitations of the The project is funded by the Norwegian CLIMIT pipes filled with a dense-phase CO2-N2 Battelle Two-Curve Method (BTCM) traditionally and the Commonwealth Government of mixture. The tests were conducted over the used in the analysis of running ductile fracture Australia. The joint investigation commenced in 2017-2018 period at the DNV GL testing site at are discussed. 2016 and will continue to 2019. Spadeadam, UK. An overview of both the CO2SAFE-ARREST JIP and the first full-scale The design of this test was different from that The experimental part of the project involves burst test is provided in a companion paper used in the three full-scale burst tests two full-scale fracture propagation tests using (IPC2018-78517). conducted as part of the COOLTRANS project. X65, 610mm (24’) pipe and two 6’ shock tube The conclusions drawn here support those from tests, with all tests filled with a dense phase This paper presents the material properties, the the COOLTRANS project and apply to larger D/t CO2/N2 mixture. The full-scale tests were design layout and the results of the first ratios. The first CO2SAFE-ARREST test provides made up of 8 pipe lengths each, with nominal full-scale burst test. Material characterisation of additional evidence that the original Battelle wall thicknesses of 13.5 mm and 14.5mm. The the pipes available to the project and the Two-Curve Model is not applicable to dense- dispersion of the carbon dioxide from the motivation leading to the design of the layout phase CO2 carrying pipelines. A shift in full-scale test sections was measured through are first presented. Six pipes had a nominal wall prediction tool technology is called for. an array of sensors downwind of the test thickness of 13.5 mm and the remaining two 9:30am Simulation of a Full-Scale CO2 location. The tests were conducted in pipes had a nominal wall thickness of 14.5 mm. Fracture Propagation Test 2017/2018 at Spadeadam, UK. Laboratory testing was conducted on the material at the end of each pipe section. The Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78631 Following a short review of the background and testing consisted of Charpy impact and Drop Gaute Gruben, Stephane Dumoulin, SINTEF outcomes of previous CO2 full-scale burst Weight Tear tests, capturing the upper shelf Industry AS, Trondheim, Norway, Haakon tests, this paper provides insight on the aims of fracture energy, load-displacement curves and Nordhagen, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, the overall experimental program along with an assessment of the fracture surfaces. Charpy Norway, Morten Hammer, Svend Tollak summary results from the first full-scale fracture and Drop Weight Tear test energies as well as Munkejord, SINTEF Energy Research AS, propagation test, carried out in September strength data are provided. Trondheim, Select State/Province, Norway 2017. Two companion papers provide further In this study, we present results from a details on the first test. The first companion The layout reflects the research focus of the numerical model of a full-scale fracture paper [IPC2018-78525] discusses the selection project with both conventional and less propagation test where the pipe sections are of pipe material properties for the test and the conventional pipe arrangements. The test was filled with impure, dense liquid-phase carbon detailed fracture propagation test results. The primarily designed around 13.5 mm nominal wall dioxide. All the pipe sections had a 24” outer second companion paper [IPC2018-78530] thickness pipes with a 1m depth backfill, and diameter and a diameter/thickness ratio of ~32. provides information on the dispersion of the laid East-West. The design was telescopic and A near symmetric telescopic set-up with CO2 from the first full-scale test, along with introduced an asymmetry with respect to the increasing toughness in the West and East numerical modelling of the dispersion. mid-point by arranging pipe sections with increasing Charpy toughness on one side and directions was applied. 9:00am Is The Btcm Out Of Touch With increasing yield strength on the opposite side. Dense-Phase Co2’ Reporting On The First Due to the near symmetric conditions in both Co2safe-Arrest Full-Scale Test The fracture was initiated at half-length, across set-up and results, only the East direction is Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78525 the girth weld between the ‘west’ and ‘east’ modelled in the numerical study. The numerical model is built in the framework of the Guillaume Michal, Bradley J. Davis, University initiation pipes. A running ductile fracture commercial finite element (FE) software of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia, ensued, followed by an arrest in the third pipe

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LS-DYNA. The fluid dynamics is solved using an challenges. A key concern is both the strength Aulin, Enbridge Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada, in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and toughness of the heat affected zone (HAZ) Andy Duncan, Enbridge, Inc., Edmonton, solver which is coupled with the FE solver adjacent to both seam and girth welds. In this AB, Canada through a user-defined loading subroutine. As work, a systematic study has been conducted The fracture mechanics based engineering part of the coupling scheme, the FE model on regions of the heat affected zone in the base critical assessment (ECA) method has been sends the crack opening profile to the CFD metal where the first welding pass produces a accepted as a fitness for service (FFS) approach solver which returns the pressure from the fluid. thermal excursion which results in a coarse- to defining weld flaw acceptance criteria for The pipeline is discretized by shell elements, grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ). The pipeline girth welds. Mechanized gas metal arc while the backfill is represented by the subsequent weld pass involves intercritical welding (GMAW) processes are commonly used smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) annealing of this region, i.e. a microstructure in cross country pipeline girth weld welding method. The steel pipe is described by the J2 associated with intercritically reheated coarse because of the advantages in good quality and constitutive model and an energy-based grain heat affected zone (ICCGHAZ). The small high productivity. With the technical fracture criterion, while the Mohr-Coulomb ICCGHAZ region is often identified as being advancements of non-destructive testing (NDT) material model is applied for the backfill particularly susceptible to crack initiation. This techniques, automated ultrasonic testing (AUT) material. The CFD solver applies a one- work was undertaken to understand has greatly improved flaw characterization, dimensional homogeneous equilibrium model microstructure development in this zone and sizing and probability of detection during weld where the thermodynamic properties of the how the ICCGHAZ may affect the overall inspection. Alternative weld flaw acceptance CO2 are represented by the Peng-Robinson performance of the HAZ. criteria are permitted in pipeline construction equation-of-state (EOS). Gleeble thermomechanical simulations have code to assess the acceptability of mechanized The results from the simulations in terms of been conducted to produce bulk samples girth welds using an ECA. The use of an ECA crack velocity and pressure agree well with the representative of different welding scenarios. based weld flaw acceptance criteria can experimental data for the low and medium Charpy impact tests and tensile tests have significantly reduce the construction cost. toughness pipe sections, while a conservative been performed over a range of temperatures. Mechanized girth weld acceptance criteria have prediction is given for the high-toughness It was found that when a continuous necklace been progressively transitioned from section. Further work for strengthening the of martensite-austenite islands form on the workmanship standards into using fitness for reliability of the model to predict the arrest vs. prior austenite grain boundaries (i.e. for a M/A service based ECAs. no-arrest boundary of a running ductile fracture fraction of ‘10%), the Charpy impact toughness To successfully deliver an ECA on a pipeline is addressed energy is dramatically decreased and the project, a multidisciplinary approach must be ductile brittle transition temperature is taken during the welding design and 5-2 significantly raised. Detailed studies on the construction stages. Welding, NDT, mechanical WELDING secondary cracks have been conducted to testing and field control are all integral examine the fracture mechanisms in the elements of pipeline construction. All these four 5-2-2 different microstructures. The results show that elements have to be fully integrated in order to WELD FITNESS-FOR-SERVICE I the lower bainite microstructures obtained after implement the ECA and achieve the overall the 1st thermal treatment, representative of Telus, Telus Glen 201/202 10:30am - 12:00pm integrity of a pipeline. The purpose of this CGHAZ have excellent impact properties. The Session Chair: Cindy Guan, TransCanada paper is to discuss the importance of the impact toughness of the microstructures typical Pipelines Limited, Calgary, AB, Canada integration of these four elements necessary of ICCGHAZ is strongly dependent on the for proper implementation of the ECA weld flaw 10:30am Mechanical behaviour of composition as well as morphology and spatial acceptance criteria. intercritically reheated coarse-grained heat distribution of the resulting martensite- affected zone in high strength line pipe austenite (M/A) islands transformed from 11:30am Integrity of longitudinal welds in steels inter-critically formed austenite. This zone can pipes ‘ bridging scales Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78317 play a significant role in fracture initiation and Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78504 Madhumanti Mandal, Warren J. Poole, thus needs to be considered in alloy and Marion Erdelen-Peppler, Salzgitter Thomas Garcin, Matthias Militzer, The welding process designs. Mannesmann, Duisburg, Germany, Christoph University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, 11:00am Integration of Welding, NDT, Kalwa, EUROPIPE Gmbh, Muelheim an der Canada, Laurie Collins, EVRAZ Inc NA, Regina, Mechanical Testing and Field Control when Ruhr, Germany, Jens Schroeder, Eurpipe SK, Canada Using an ECA Flaw Acceptance Criteria in GMBH, Muelheim An Der Ruhr, Germany Pipeline Construction Multipass welding of high strength steels used Toughness testing of the heat affected zone of for fabrication and joining of transmission Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78416 longitudinal welds is increasingly often required pipelines presents a number of metallurgical Junfang Lu, Bob Huntley, Luke Ludwig, Axel in pipeline standards and specifications. This

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includes simple tests such as the Charpy impact internal pressure. This was confirmed by Wang, Chengjia Shang, University of Science test that was designed to serve as quality test numerical studies in which the constraint- and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China, as well as enhanced methods including crack corrected values corresponded to the Chengliang Miao, shougang research Institute tip opening displacement (CTOD) tests that are experimentally derived failure probabilities. It is of Technology, Beijing, China, Xiaobing Zhang, necessary to conduct an engineering critical therefore proposed to consider the actual Shagang Com. Ltd., Zhangjiagang, China, assessment (ECA). If occasional low toughness constraint within the ECA. In case of doubt, ring Laurie Collins, EVRAZ Inc NA, Regina, values are observed, the question turns expansion tests can provide relevant SK, Canada towards assessing the impact of such numbers experimental results. Microstructural engineering to obtain 100% and how representative they are of the shear area in DWTT at low temperature requires behavior of a pipe in service, which is best 5-4 target parameters to suppress brittle fracture. simulated by vessel burst tests. FITTINGS & TESTING METHODS In-depth characterization of benchmarked The current study summarises an extensive test 5-4-4 steels has confirmed that %age shear area is series to quantify the toughness of submerged CRACK ADVANCEMENT TESTS decreased by high number density of ultra-fine arc welds (SAW) obtained by different test precipitates (<10nm) that contribute to Telus, Telus Glen 201/202 1:30pm - 3:00pm methods. The tested pipes cover a wide range precipitation strengthening, high intensity of Session Chair: Lyndon Lamborn, Enbridge of material including medium strength X70 up rotated cube texture and coarse brittle Pipelines Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada to high strength X100. Their welds are constituents like M/A or carbides. The control of characterized in terms of fracture toughness 1:30pm Quantification of Splitting in X80 these parameters by nano-scale precipitate properties with single edge notch tension and Pipeline Steel engineering of TiN-NbC was covered in a single edge notch bending tests. Different Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78389 previous presentation in IPC 2016. The present constraint levels are obtained within each Alexey Gervasyev, Roumen Petrov, Ghent paper focuses on crystallographic variants series by introducing notches of standard depth University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium, Igor selection that controls the density and as well as shallow notches. The results were Pyshmintsev, R&D Center TMK, Ltd., Moscow, dispersion of high angle boundaries, which highly dependent on the test method, where Russia, Chunyong Huo, CNPC Tubular Goods arrest microcracks to suppress brittle fracture, the lower-constraint specimens yielded Research Institute, Xi’an, China, Frank Barbaro, thereby increasing %age shear area in DWTT at significantly higher toughness in comparison to Barbaro & Associates, Thirroul, Australia low temperature. the standard specimens. Structural behavior is The results of in-depth analysis of Studies on crystallographic variants selection in characterized with burst tests as well as ring microstructure and crystallographic texture of single undeformed austenite grain have expansion tests containing notches in the several industrial batches of line pipes with clarified crystallographic variants configuration longitudinal weld. The effect of different notch known full-scale burst test results are which gives rise to high angle boundaries is radii is investigated alongside the standard presented. Several microstructural features influenced by hardenability parameters, i.e., fatigue notch in CTOD tests. It was promoting splitting are highlighted and alloying, cooling rate and austenite grain size. demonstrated that the results of ring expansion quantified using electron back-scattered The profound effect of carbon and solute tests are in the same scatterband as those of diffraction (EBSD) data. The actual splitting niobium on density and dispersion of high pipe burst tests, thereby providing a less intensity is evaluated by means of Charpy tests angle boundaries in CGHAZ is demonstrated cost- and time- consuming alternative to the in the direction of pipe wall thickness by analyzing EBSD data to reconstruct the latter. (Z-direction) and correlates with the shear transformation of undeformed austenite When it comes to judging the relevance of microstructural parameters determined by using K-S relationship. Moreover, pancaking of toughness measured on laboratory scale, EBSD analysis. This knowledge can be used in austenite influences crystallographic variants dedicated ECA studies have to be conducted. the design of thermo-mechanical controlled through Sv factor and dislocation density. Based on the results achieved, the conclusion processing (TMCP) dedicated to production of Experimental results on nano-scale TiN-NbC can be drawn that the standard route including splitting-free steel. composite precipitate engineered steel confirm that adequate solute niobium (>>0.03wt%) is standard deep-notch CTOD leads to overly 2:00pm Control of %age shear area in retained in the matrix, which is aided by the conservative results concerning the integrity of DWTT at low temperature in niobium suppression of delayed strain induced longitudinal welds exhibiting low toughness in microalloyed line pipe steel such tests. This is attributed to the high level of precipitation of ultra-fine precipitates of NbC. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78100 constraint inherent in these tests, which is not The hardenability from solute niobium is found Sundaresa Subramanian, McMaster University, representative of the constraint of the weld to be adequate to give high density of high Hamilton, ON, Canada, Xiaoping Ma, Algoma exposed to circumferential stress due to angle boundaries to give about 95% shear area Steel Inc., Sault Ste Marie, ON, Canada, Xuelin

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in DWTT at -40°C in 32 mm gage K-60 plate would behave as if it was in a non-backfilled 5-1 and 100% shear area in 16.3 mm X-90 strip. condition. Non-backfilled pipe requires much MATERIALS Both steels were processed by nano-scale higher toughness to arrest a ductile fracture. precipitate engineering of TiN-NbC composite. So perhaps the pipe in this burst test condition 5-1-3 acted somewhere between non-backfilled and MODERN LINE PIPE STEEL 2:30pm Analysis of a Full-Scale Burst Test backfilled conditions ‘ an aspect that might Data Using Fully-Instrumented Standard Telus, Telus Glen 201/202 3:30pm - 5:00pm need a much more comprehensive Pressed-Notch and Modified Backslot DWTT Session Chair: Muhammad Rashid, Evraz NA, computational model to better assess. specimens Regina, SK, Canada

Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78243 Additionally to assess how material toughness 3:30pm New Production Process of High Mo Uddin, Engineering Mechanics Corporation played a role in this burst test, detailed Strength Pipeline Steel Coil with Large of Columbus, Upper Arlington, OH, United instrumented toughness testing was conducted Thickness and Low Internal Stress States, Gery Wilkowski, Engineering Mechanics on material taken from several of the pipe Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78113 Corp. Columbus, Upper Arlington, OH, United lengths in the burst test. The evaluations of the Chengliang Miao, Fei Li, shougang research States, Cindy Guan, TransCanada Pipelines Charpy energy to the DWTT energy suggested Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, Zheng Limited, Calgary, AB, Canada that one of the pipe materials may have Cheng, Shougang Jingtang United Iron & Steel behaved more like an X100 steel than an X80 Co., Ltd., tangshan, China An intensive effort was undertaken to steel. Correction factors on the predicted understand the fracture behavior in a recent With the development of pipeline projects, arrest toughness are well known to be needed TCPL pipe burst test. The 48-inch diameter pipeline steel has been developed to thicker for the Battelle Two Curve method (BTCM) X80 pipe was buried in soil at the Spadeadam wall and higher strength with better toughness. when applied to X80 and X100 pipes. Test Site, but since it was desired to have the Many actual orders of pipeline steel strip have However, even with these corrections on the gas and pipe cooled to the minimum service required to limit specifications, such as, 25.4mm Charpy energy, arrest was predicted with soil conditions of -5°C, a 50-mm thick polyurethane X70 coil, 22mm X80 coil. To obtain high backfill in several cases where in the actual foam (PUF) insulation was sprayed on the entire strength and good low temperature toughness, test, the crack propagated through the pipes. pipe test section. This was a reasonable besides the refinement controlling of austenite Hence toughness corrections by themselves precaution since freezing of a high water grain, it is emphasized that fast cooling and did not explain the test results. content soil around a large-diameter pipe burst proper low coiling temperature should be test can require significant cooling capacity or a Additional calculations were then done applied during cooling stage, as a much longer duration to get to the burst test assuming a non-backfilled condition (as consequence, fine acicular ferrite and diffused conditions. In this burst test, the crack suggested from the PUF property evaluation) MA constituents will be obtained, and the propagated much farther than anticipated by along with the appropriate grade effect pipeline steel strip with large thickness may traditional predictive approaches such as using correction from the DWTT testing, and has high strength (above X70) and good low Charpy energy to predict the minimum ductile propagation was properly predicted in each temperature toughness (DBTT@-60’). This is fracture arrest toughness, assuming that soil case consistently with the burst test. So the also the conventional cooling process for the backfill conditions existed. fracture behavior in this burst test was production of high-strength pipeline steel somewhere between those of backfilled and strip (X70, X80, X90, X100) in China in the past To explore this burst test behavior, two non-backfilled pipe. ten years. aspects were examined. The first was an assessment of the properties of the PUF As a result of this investigation it appears that However, this process brings the other problem insulation relative to the soil properties, and the PUF insulation played an important role in in industry, due to low coiling temperature, high the second was the toughness evaluated by crack arrest behavior, and because of its strength and large thickness, the internal stress instrumented DWTT testing. presence may have required much higher of the steel coil is very strong, and it will lead to toughness than was actually needed for the 1) very poor coiling stability, 2) in the absence of The 50-mm thickness of the PUF insulation actual service conditions of pipe buried in strong constraint of packing strap, it is easy to corresponded to about 8.3% of the pipe actual soil backfill. happen coil loosening, or large spring-back, 3) radius. In past loose-fitting steel sleeve crack uncoiling and coil feeding both are difficult for arrestor burst tests, if the radial clearance was pipe-making company, and there may be a big greater than 5.5% of the pipe, then a ductile security problem, 4) large internal stress may fracture propagated under the arrestor influence pipe quality, even pipe properties. regardless of its length with no change in speed. Hence if the PUF could be easily The reason for this contradiction is that the compressed, then the pipe in this burst test deformation happening in the coiling process

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of high strength strip most is elastic limited to a maximum wall thickness of ~17 mm. 4:30pm Attributes Of Modern Linepipes deformation, which can causes great internal The upgrades have included installation of And Their Implications On Girth Weld Strain stress. Under without restraint or weak vacuum de-gassing to reduce hydrogen and Capacity restraint, there should be coil loosening nitrogen levels, upgrading the caster to improve Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78809 because of the release of internal stress. cast steel quality and allow production of Yong-Yi Wang, Center for Reliable Energy However, this case will be weaker for low thicker (250 mm) slabs, upgrades to the power Systems, Dublin, OH, United States, Jim strength or thin pipeline steel strip. trains on the mill stands to achieve greater Gianetto, CANMET Materials Technology rolling reductions, replacement of the laminar Laboratory, Hamilton, ON, Canada, David In this paper, it is studied that the main flow cooling system after rolling and installation Horsley, Horsley Consulting Ltd., Calgary, AB, influenced factors for strong internal stress in of a downcoiler capable of coiling 25.4 mm X70 Canada, Steve Rapp, Enbridge Energy, high strength pipeline steel coil with large material. As well a new helical DSAW mill has Houston, TX, United States, David Warman, thickness. Based on a large number of lab and been installed capable of producing large Enterprise Products, Houston, TX, United States industrial trial, an novel production process, diameter pipe in gauges up to 25.4 mm. especially cooling process, is presented for the There has been a number of unexpected girth internal stress decreasing during coiling. The installation of the equipment has provided weld failures in newly constructed pipelines. Meanwhile, combining with special chemical both opportunities and challenges. Specific Girth weld failures have also been observed in compositions designing and austenite initiatives have sought to produce X70 line pipe pre-service hydrostatic testing. Post-incident controlling during rolling, the steel coil can still in gauges up to 25.4 mm, improve low investigations indicated that the pipes met the obtain ideal microstructure, and has high temperature toughness and expand the range requirements of industry standards, such as API strength and good low temperature toughness. of sour service grades available. 5L. The welds were qualified per accepted It is a good solution and technology in industry industry standards, such as API 1104. The field This paper will focus on alloy design and rolling to the improvement of this problem, which girth welding was performed, inspected, and strategies to achieve high strength coupled including poor coiling stability, easy to coil accepted per industry standards, such as API with low temperature toughness. The role of loosening, difficult coil feeding, and so on. 1104. Some of the traditional causes of girth improved centerline segregation control will be 4:00pm Development of Heavy Gauge X70 weld failures, such as hydrogen cracks and examined. The use of scrap as a feedstock to Helical Line Pipe high-low misalignment, were not a factor in the EAF process results relatively high nitrogen these incidents. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78763 contents compared to blast furnace (BOF) Laurie Collins, Kendal Dunnett, EVRAZ Inc NA, operations. While nitrogen can be reduced to This paper starts with a review of the recent Regina, SK, Canada, Tim Hylton, EVRAZ Inc some extent by vacuum de-gassing, rolling girth weld incidents. A few key features of a NA, Pueblo, CO, United States, Atish Ray, practices must be designed to accommodate failed weld and their implications are examined. EVRAZ Inc NA, Regina, SK, Canada nitrogen levels of 60 ppm. Greater slab The characteristics of the recent failures is thickness allows greater total reduction, but summarized, and the major contributing factors A decade ago, the pipeline industry was heat removal considerations must be known to date are given. actively exploring the use of high strength addressed in optimization of rolling schedules steels (X80 and greater) for long distance large to achieve suitable microstructures to achieve Some of the options to prevent future failures diameter pipelines operating at high pressures. both strength and toughness. This optimization include (1) changes to the tensile properties of However in recent years the industry has requires definition of the reductions to be the pipes and enhanced hardenability, (2) adopted the more conservative approach of accomplished during roughing (recrystallization welding options aimed at increasing the weld utilizing well established X70 grade pipe in rolling to achieve a fine uniform austenite grain strength and minimizing heat-affected zone heavier wall thicknesses to accommodate the size) and finishing (pancaking to produce (HAZ) softening, and (3) reduction of stresses demand for increased operating pressures. heavily deformed austenite) and specification of on girth welds. This paper focuses on the first two options. In order to meet this demand, EVRAZ has cooling rates and coiling temperatures undertaken a substantial upgrade of its subsequent to rolling to obtain suitable The trends of chemical composition and tensile steelmaking and pipemaking facilities. The transformation microstructures. The properties of linepipe are reviewed. The EVRAZ process is relatively unique employing successful process development will be potential contribution of these trends to the electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking to melt discussed. girth weld incidents is examined. Possible scrap, coupled with Steckel mill rolling for the changes to the linepipe properties and production of coil which is fed into helical necessary updates in the testing and DSAW pipe mills for the production of large qualification requirements of the linepipes are diameter line pipe in lengths up to 80 feet. provided. Prior to the upgrade production had been

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Welding options beneficial to enhanced girth required from the FAD are higher than the secondary cracks frequently propagate parallel weld strain capacity are discussed. Possible specification in CSA Z245.1-18. to {100} and rarely along {110}-planes. It is known revisions to welding procedure qualification from literature that these are preferred 9:00am Crack formation in Charpy tests of requirements, aimed at achieving a minimum cleavage planes in ferritic steels. The SEM the heat-affected zone of large-diameter level of strain tolerance/capacity, are proposed. analysis performed in the HAZ of the linepipe material The application of previously developed tools investigated steel showed that the volume Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78498 in estimating the propensity of HAZ softening is fraction of elongated M/A-particles is elevated reviewed. Lars Schemmann, Charles Stallybrass, close to the fusion line and decreases within Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung GmbH, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER, 28 the first few hundred micrometers distance from Duisburg, Germany, Jens Schroeder, Eurpipe the fusion line. The EBSD measurements GMBH, Muelheim An Der Ruhr, Germany, illustrate that the geometrically necessary Andreas Liessem, Europipe GmbH, Muelheim 5-2 WELDING dislocation density is significantly increased in an der Ruhr, Germany, Stefan Zaefferer, the neighborhood of M/A-particles. This 5-2-3 Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, indicates that the bainitic matrix is work- WELD FITNESS-FOR-SERVICE II Düsseldorf, Germany hardened around the M/A-particles during Telus, MacLeod Hall D 8:30am - 10:00am Double submerged arc welding is an efficient testing and is therefore more prone to the formation of microcracks than other Session Chair: Stuart Guest, Stantec process used during the production of surrounding regions. Consulting Ltd., Calgary, AB, Canada longitudinally-welded large-diameter pipes. It is 8:30am Toughness of ERW Pipe Seam well known that the associated high heat input 9:30am Recommendations For Submerged Welds of Contemporary Steels has a negative influence on the toughness of Arc Spiral Pipe Welding With Optimized Ctod the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The toughness Properties Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78283 drop is related to changes in the HAZ Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78518 Su Xu, Andrew Laver, Jie Liang, microstructure compared to the base metal. CanmetMATERIALS, Hamilton, ON, Canada, Martin Liebeherr, Arcelormittal R&D / OCAS, The austenite grain size increases significantly William R. Tyson, CanmetMATERIALS, Ottawa, Zelzate, Belgium, Özlem E. Güngör, and larger carbon-rich martensite/austenite ON, Canada, SHINYA MATSUNO, Marubeni- Arcelormittal Global R&D Gent / OCAS, particles (M/A-particles) are formed within a Itochu Tubulars Canada Ltd., Calgary, AB, Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium, Nuria Sanchez, coarse bainitic matrix during the phase Canada Arcelormittal Global R&D Gent / OCAS, transformation compared to the as-rolled base Gent- Zwijnaarde, Belgium, Herve Luccioni, material. The exact relationship between the An extensive experimental program to ArcelorMittal, Fos-sur-Mer, France, Nenad Ilic, microstructure, the processing conditions, base characterize the Charpy-V-notch (CVN) impact Arecelormittal Bremen, Bremen, Germany toughness of ten contemporary Electric metal composition and the weld metal are at Resistance Welded (ERW) pipes was recently the focus of attention of materials development Many pipe mills may not be familiar with a Crack completed to establish a database to support efforts at EUROPIPE and Salzgitter Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) requirement the revision of the ERW seam weld Charpy Mannesmann Forschung GmbH (SZMF). on the pipe seam weld, nor will they find easily toughness testing requirements in Canadian relevant information in open literature. In the present study, scanning electron Standards Association (CSA) Z245.1-14. The Influencing ‘ and certainly not independent ‘ microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter toughness in these welds is lowest at or near factors are: welding parameters, base material diffraction (EBSD) were used to investigate the the weld bond line (BL) within a narrow zone and consumable selection. Out of these, the HAZ of X70 large-diameter pipe material as ±’0.5 mm wide. It is feasible and desirable to welding parameters such as heat input and well as tested Charpy specimens from the same position the BL notch to a precision to match cooling rate cannot be varied over a wide range material. Secondary cracks in the direct vicinity this width, i.e. ±0.5 mm from the BL. In this during the pipe production, which means that of the primary fracture surface of tested Charpy paper, typical results of microstructure, the leverage is rather limited at the given specimens from the HAZ were analyzed by micro-hardness, CVN toughness as a function welding process. The properties of the heat EBSD and SEM to investigate the damage of temperature and notch location, and affected zone will be mainly affected by the mechanism in detail. It was found that these fractography will be presented. CVN absorbed base material, while the properties of the weld cracks originate at M/A-particles and that the energy requirements for ERW welds in CSA metal will be affected by both, base material dominant crack path depends on the Z245.1 have been determined using a failure and filler wire selection. In particular with crystallographic orientation of the surrounding assessment diagram (FAD) procedure. The respect to the weld metal properties it will be matrix. The analysis of several EBSD values of required CVN estimated from the FAD difficult to obtain general quantitative measurements and a 3D-analysis of the are close to those specified in CSA Z245.1-14. information. For example, a welding propagation direction of the crack showed that However, all values but one estimated as consumable supplier will readily provide the

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properties of the filler wires but would be (API) Standard X70 steel. A tensile plate model, more accurate description of the fracture unable to predict the changes caused by the simplified from the geometry of a pipe, was speed, these activities should be accompanied dilution from any base material in the weld pool studied using the finite element code ABAQUS by numerical approaches. and specific welding procedures that may have 6.14-2. The cohesive zone model (CZM) was been used. used to simulate crack propagation. The CZM Therefore, different plasticity and fracture parameters were calibrated based on matching models are compared in this paper to simulate To support the pipe mills in the selection of the the crack tip opening angle (CTOA) measured the ductile damage in X100 grade steels to consumables for submerged arc welding, an from a drop-weight tear test (DWTT) finite quantify the influence of plasticity parameters experimental program was launched with the element model to the experimental CTOA of affecting fracture resistance. The varied aim to provide recommendations on how to the material. The CZM parameters were then plasticity parameters include characteristic optimize CTOD toughness of the spiral weld applied to the tensile plate model. The effect of stress/strain parameters, strain hardening and seam. For this, a large number of welds were inertia on the steady-state crack velocity was plastic anisotropy. The Hill’48 quadratic yield produced on 20 mm thick X70 coil samples, systematically assessed by altering the density function in combination with a non-associated with eight different filler wire combinations, of the material used with the plate model. To flow rule enables the incorporation of different using a 2-wire (tandem) set-up for both the isolate the influence of inertia, the effect of R-values without losing the advantages of inside and outside weld. Welding parameters strain rate on the fracture process and material quadratic yield functions. Ductile fracture is were kept constant. The welding program was plasticity was neglected. The results of this simulated by an uncoupled, modified Mohr- applied to two different X70 steels to determine study demonstrate that the steady-state crack Coulomb-Model (MMC) defining ductile failure a potential influence of the micro-alloying velocity was affected by the density of the dependent on stress triaxiality and Lode angle. elements, particularly Nb. material. The steady-state crack velocity was The results are compared to simulations by a reduced with increasing mass density, as micro-mechanical, modified Gurson-Tvergaard- The results show clearly that a careful demonstrated by the effect of backfill. Needleman (GTN) model, which allows for an consumable selection is required for obtaining Furthermore, it was shown that the CTOA accurate but computationally inefficient acceptable CTOD toughness in the weld metal. extracted from the CZ model was not affected description of damage evolution in Ni-Mo and Ti-B additions to the weld metal are by the density of the model. dependence of various load and fracture found to be beneficial with both steel concepts. scenarios. To quantify the effects of plasticity 9:00am Comparison of plasticity and Mo addition alone both to the ID and OD welds parameters and the applicability of different damage models to quantify the effects on was clearly not a suitable selection. types of damage models, the models are used the dynamic, ductile fracture propagation in for the simulation of Battelle Drop-Weight-Tear pipelines 5-3 tests and 3D pressurized pipe sections. The CRACK PROPAGATION Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78366 results of the present work will provide detailed Vincent Keim, Aida Nonn, OTH Regensburg, knowledge of the correlation between plasticity 5-3-4A Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany, Marcelo parameters and dynamic, ductile fracture CRACK PROPAGATION - MICROMECHANICS Paredes, Tomasz Wierzbicki, Massachusetts propagation. SIMULATIONS Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United 9:30am Understanding inverse fracture ‘ a Telus, Telus Glen 203/204 8:30am - 10:00am States comparison of results of Drop Weight Tear Session Chair: Xian-Kui Zhu, EWI - Structural Various numerical approaches have been Tests and Partial Gas Tests Integrity, Columbus, OH, United States published in the last years aimed to simulate Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78686 8:30am Fast Ductile Fracture: Dependence the ductile fracture propagation in pipelines Marion Erdelen-Peppler, Salzgitter of Propagation Resistance on Crack Velocity transporting CO2 or natural gas. Mostly Mannesmann, Duisburg, Germany, Alexander Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78109 concerned with solving problems of the current Voelling, Salzgitter Mannesmann Grobblech, Christopher Bassindale, Xin Wang, Carleton design methods there is a lack in the precise Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany, Christoph University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, William R. quantification of plasticity effects on the Kalwa, EUROPIPE Gmbh, Muelheim an der Tyson, CanmetMATERIALS, Ottawa, ON, fracture resistance. Commonly, the plastic Ruhr, Germany Canada, Su Xu, CanmetMATERIALS, Hamilton, hinge affected by axial through-wall thinning in ON, Canada front of the propagating fracture is known as For a safe operation of gas pipelines, the the fracture speed controlling mechanism. In prevention of propagating brittle facture is one In this paper, the effect of inertia on the consequence, the effects of ductility on the of the most important requirements. To steady-state velocity of a propagating crack in failure resistance was implemented in the evaluate the transition temperature of a a modern high toughness pipeline steel was Battelle Two Curve Method (BTCM) by the propagating fracture, the Drop Weight Tear investigated. The line pipe steel examined in yield-to-tensile strength ratio. Resulting in a (DWT) Test was developed in the 60s. Fracture this work was an American Petroleum Institute surfaces of DWT specimens have been shown

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to correspond well to the fracture surface of a WELDING or less depending on the post-weld heating pipe exposed to a propagating fracture at a temperature and pipeline wall thickness. This certain temperature. Historically, there have 5-2-1 outcome is based on the assumption that no always been observations of the fracture IN-SERVICE WELDING cracking would occur after the time to peak initiating in a ductile manner in the DWT test. hydrogen concentration has passed Telus, MacLeod Hall D 10:30am - 12:00pm Nevertheless, the most widely used test independent of the magnitude of the hydrogen Session Chair: Luke Ludwig, Enbridge Inc., standard rules out such behavior, known as concentration at that location. This reduction in Edmonton, AB, Canada inverse or abnormal fracture. As an option to delay time would significantly increase prevent ductile initiation, an alternative notch is 10:30am Justification for Reducing In- productivity and reduce associated cost while proposed. While this might have served in the service Weld Inspection Delay Times for not increasing the risk to the pipeline integrity earlier days, high toughness steels of today are Liquid Pipelines or the public. known to provide a high resistance against Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78250 11:00am An Alternative Approach to Time crack initiation and are therefore prone to Matt Boring, Kiefner & Associates, Inc., Delay Prior to Inspection for Hydrogen inverse fracture, even when making use of the Columbus, OH, United States, Mike Bongiovi, Cracking suggested alternative notch. Other, non- David Warman, Harold Kleeman, Enterprise Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78305 standard notch types have been investigated Products, Houston, TX, United States and discussed in literature, amongst these the William Bruce, Jared Proegler, Brad Etheridge, It is well understood within the pipeline industry static pre-crack and brittle weld notch. DNV GL, Dublin, OH, United States, Steve that hydrogen cracking is a time-dependent Rapp, Russell Scoles, Enbridge Energy, Observations of the DWT test, especially failure mechanism. In-service welds tend to be Houston, TX, United States comparing material showing non-inverse and more susceptible to hydrogen cracking as a Hydrogen-assisted cracking in welds, which is inverse behaviour, show a large deflection of result of the fast cooling rates experienced by also referred to as ‘delayed cracking,’ often the specimen with delayed crack initiation in the weld which promote the formation of requires time to occur. The reason for this is the latter. This high degree of pre-deformation crack-susceptible microstructures as well as that time is required for the hydrogen to of the material before the crack actually limit hydrogen diffusion through the weld diffuse to areas with crack susceptible reaches the specific zone will have an adverse region. Due to the time-dependent nature and microstructures. Prior to inspection for influence on the material performance. In this susceptibility of in-service welds to hydrogen hydrogen cracking, general good practice case, the appearance of inverse fracture would cracking, it is a common practice to delay the indicates that a sufficient delay time should be be a test effect in the laboratory test, and not final inspection of in-service welds to allow allowed to elapse ‘ to allow any cracks that are an inherent material property, leading to the hydrogen cracks to form prior to inspection. going to form to do so and for the cracks to question if such results still correspond to the However, what is not as clear is what time grow to a detectable size. What is a ‘sufficient’ behavior of pipes transporting gaseous media. duration would be considered sufficient. delay time’ Why does a delay time tend to be If the correlation is shown to be valid, the Different industry documents provide a range required for some applications (e.g., requirement as such becomes questionable. of guidance from no specific time delay to ‘48 installation of a hot tap branch connection) and hours is generally considered a suitable delay not for others (e.g., construction of an offshore This study summarises investigations of time.’ different notch types in DWT tests and West pipeline from a lay barge)’ This paper/ Jefferson tests that have been conducted to Based on inconsistent industry guidance presentation will address these and other verify the correlation to shear area fraction in pertaining to in-service weld inspection delay related questions and present the results of DWT tests. The investigation revealed that times, an analysis was conducted using a recent experimental work on this subject. ductile initiation could not be reliably previously developed two dimensional When determining appropriate delay times prior surpressed. While neither Chevron nor static hydrogen diffusion computer model. The to inspection, it is important to consider not pre-crack specimen lead to any reduction of model predicts the time to peak hydrogen only the time-dependent nature of hydrogen the occurrence of inverse fracture, test series of concentration of several locations in the weld cracking, but the expected susceptibility of the brittle weld specimens did have a higher HAZ region. The time to peak hydrogen weld to cracking as well. From a time- number of valid specimens. Interestingly, the concentration was then considered the dependent nature standpoint, longer delay results of valid, non-inverse specimens and appropriate inspection delay time. As part the times decrease the chance that cracking can invalid, inverse specimens showed no shift in analysis, post-weld heating of the completed occur after inspection has been completed. transitional behavior. Correspondingly, both welds was evaluated with the intent to reduce From a probability standpoint, if measures can valid and invalid specimens showed a good the inspection delay times from those currently be taken to assure that the probability of representation of the pipe specified in some industry documents. The cracking is extremely low, then determining an results of the analysis was shown to justify an appropriate delay time becomes a moot point. 5-2 inspection delay time reduction to 30 minutes

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In other words, if the weld is never going to compared by simulating multi-pass weld Recently high grade linepipes are used in crack, it does not matter when you inspect it. sequences on two configurations: a branch-on- important pipeline projects, to achieve The probability of cracking can be minimized by pipe (BoP) configuration of various dimensions high-pressurized pipeline and make gas using more conservative welding procedures and a configuration using perpendicular plates transportation more efficient. In some cases, (i.e., by designing out the risk of hydrogen (PP) that has been used as an alternative to the pipeline project is planned in hostile cracking during procedure qualification). For branch-on-pipe configuration. The highest LoR, environment like landslide in mountain area, example, if hydrogen levels are closely as measured by transverse tensile stress at the liquefaction in reclaimed land or the frost heave controlled by using low-hydrogen electrodes or fillet weld toe, was the branch-on-pipe near the polar regions. Geohazard brings large a low hydrogen welding process, or if the configuration with the largest branch wall scale ground deformation and effect on the hydrogen in a weld made using cellulosic- thickness, the smallest branch diameter, the varied pipeline to cause large deformation. So coated electrodes is allowed to diffuse away largest run pipe diameter, and the largest run deformability is important for the pipeline and after welding by careful application of pipe wall thickness. FEA modeling revealed that strain based design is also needed to keep gas preheating and slow cooling, or the use of the PP configuration has lower LoR, thus it is not transport project in safe. High grade steel pipe post-weld preheat maintenance, the probability recommended to use for simulating in-service for linepipe tend to have higher yield tensile of cracking is significantly reduced, and branch weld procedures. ratio (Y/T) and it have been investigated that immediate inspection may be justified. This the lower Y/T of the material give the pipe alternative approach to time delay prior to 5-3 deformability in buckling and tensile limit state. inspection for hydrogen cracking, which can CRACK PROPAGATION In onshore pipeline project, pipe usually allow for immediate inspection, will be transported in 12 or 18m each and jointed in the presented. 5-3-4B field or double jointed. Girth weld is CRACK PROPAGATION - MICROMECHANICS indispensable so strength matching of girth 11:30am Simulating In-Service Welding Of SIMULATIONS weld towards pipe body is important. Hot-Tap Branches To Quantify The Effect Of Geometry On Level Of Restraint Telus, Telus Glen 203/204 10:30am - 12:00pm In this study strain capacity of X70 36-inch OD Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78600 and 23mm WT UOE pipe is investigated with Jason Dyck, Stantec, Calgary, AB, Canada, TRACK 6 Strain Based Design two types of experiments. One is a pipe Stuart Guest, Alireza Kohandehghan, Stantec bending test with whole pipe. The length of the Consulting Ltd., Calgary, AB, Canada, Sean TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 25 specimen is about 9m and girth weld in its Lepine, Enbridge Employee Services Inc., center. Fixed internal pressure work during the Edmonton, AB, Canada bending test. Actual pipe situation in work is 6-2 simulated and both circumferential and Economic and environmental incentives STRAIN CAPACITY AND BURST PRESSURE longitudinal stress occur in this test. Test pipes encourage operators to maintain pipeline are cut and welded, GTAW in first two layer and operation during repair and maintenance 6-2-1 then finished by GMAW. In one pipe, YS-TS procedures including hot-tap branch fitting STRAIN CAPACITY AND over-matching girth weld (OVM) joints is installation onto pipelines. Welding onto a BURST PRESSURE - I prepared considering the pipe body grade. For liquid-filled pipeline induces accelerated Telus, Telus Glen 208/209 10:30am - 12:00pm the other pipe, intentionally under-matching cooling of the weld and heat affected zone Session Chair: Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi, Enbridge girth weld (UDM) joints is prepared. After this (HAZ), increasing the propensity for cracking. Pipelines Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada welding, elliptical EDM notch are installed in the In-service welding codes and due diligence GW HAZ as simulated weld defect. The other requires that several key factors be considered Session Co-Chair: Bo WANG, Center for test is curved wide plate test. In this test, pipe is during the design of an in-service welding Reliable Energy Systems, Dublin, OH, United cut to some small sized plate in both procedure specification for its intended States circumference and longitudinal direction. purpose. The level of restraint (LoR) imposed by 10:30am Girth weld strength matching the geometry, material, or dimensional effect on tensile strain capacity of X70 In both pipe bending tests, the buckling occur differences of the branch compared to the run 36-inch OD steel pipe near the GW (+300mm) and after that, pipe has also been shown to be a significant Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78778 deformation concentrate to buckling wrinkle. contributor to cracking. Finite element analysis Hisakazu Tajika, Takahiro Sakimoto, Test pipe break locations are different. In OVM, (FEA) was utilized to investigate the geometric Tsunehisa Handa, Rinsei Ikeda, JFE Steel tensile rupture occcur in base metal and effects of an in-service weld procedure to Corporation, Chiba, Chiba, Japan, Joe Kondo, backside of buckling wrinkle. In UDM, tensile approximate the LoR of hot-tap branch JFE Steel Corporation, Tokyo, Japan rupture occurs from notch in the HAZ. In CWP installation. The LoR was quantified and test, break location is the HAZ notch. CTOD

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growth in HAZ notch is the big difference in Large scale straining and plastic deformation made of a pipeline steel with very similar these three test types. Conditions and factors effects on ductile fracture behavior of structural mechanical characteristics to the structural that effect to these differences are studied in steels play a key role in failure assessments of steel employed in the tension tests. The tubular this paper. critical structures, including pressurized specimen was initially subjected to indentation transmission pipelines to transport oil and by 3-point bend loading followed by a 11:00am Assessment of Dents under High natural gas pipelines. Very large localized compressive axial loading to generate large Longitudinal Strain plastic deformation which arises from extreme localized buckling in the dented region. The Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78797 or accidental loads such as, for example, large axial loading was then reversed to a traction Bo WANG, Yong-Yi Wang, Center for Reliable ground movements due to permafrost thaw and loading applied until a visible ductile crack Energy Systems, Dublin, OH, United States, earthquake-induced loading on onshore could be observed in the pipe surface. These Brent Ayton, Mark Stephens, C-FER pipelines, most often causes severe material exploratory analyses predict the tensile failure Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Steve damage with significant reduction in ductility load for the pipe specimen associated with Nanney, PHMSA Southwest Region — US DOT, and fracture toughness. A case of considerable ductile crack initiation and ductile crack growth Houston, TX, United States interest involves the 1995 Great Hyogoken- in the highly damaged area inside the denting Pipeline construction activities and in-service Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake in which high strain and buckling zone in good agreement with interference events can frequently result in rates associated with large cyclic and dynamic experimental measurements. dents on the pipe. The pipelines can also loading caused extensive damaged to buried experience high longitudinal strain in areas of pipelines in liquefied ground. Crack-like defects 6-1 ground movement and seismic activity. Current that develop in such structures appear after STRAIN DEMAND AND ASSESSMENT assessment procedures for dents were initiation of ductile cracks in highly strained 6-1-1 developed and validated under the assumption (damaged) regions subjected to tension STRAIN DEMAND AND ASSESSMENT - I that the predominant loading is internal stresses. During service or further overload pressure and that the level of longitudinal strain conditions, ductile crack extension of these Telus, Telus Glen 208/209 1:30pm - 3:00pm is low. The behavior of dents under high defects can lead to catastrophic structural Session Chair: Yong-Yi Wang, Center for longitudinal strain is not known. This paper failures. Consequently, advanced Reliable Energy Systems, Dublin, OH, United discusses work funded by US DOT PHMSA on methodologies for ductile fracture assessments States must include the effects of large scale the assessment of dents under high Session Co-Chair: Robert M Andrews, ROSEN deformation and plastic straining on material longitudinal strain. UK, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom failure. 1:30am Methodologies For Establishing Parametric numerical analyses were conducted The Probability Of Pipeline Failure At Slope to identify and examine key parameters and As a step in this direction, this study explores Crossings mechanisms controlling the compressive strain the capability of a computational cell capacity (CSC) of pipes with dents. Selected methodology and a stress-modified, critical Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78352 full-scale tests were also conducted to strain (SMCS) criterion for void coalescence Millan Sen, Enbridge Pipelines Inc., Edmonton, experimentally examine the impact of dents on implemented into a large scale, 3-D finite AB, Canada, Sherif Hassanien, Enbridge, CSC. The focus of this work was on CSC element framework to model ductile fracture Liquids Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Yves because tensile strain capacity is known not to behavior in tensile specimens and in damaged Cormier, Stantec, Edmonton, AB, Canada, be significantly affected by the presence of pipelines. In particular, the cell methodology Smitha Koduru, C-FER Technologies, dents. Through the parametric analyses and provides a convenient approach for ductile Edmonton, AB, Canada full-scale validation tests, guidelines on the crack extension suitable for large scale Pipelines in transmission pipeline networks CSC assessment of dented pipes under high numerical analyses which includes a damage often traverse land slopes along the right-of- longitudinal strain were developed. criterion and a microstructural length scale over which damage occurs. A series of tension tests way; especially near water crossings. While the 11:30am A Strain Based Criterion to conducted on notched tensile specimens with vast majority of these slopes are stable, some Evaluate the Tensile Capacity of different notch radius for a C-Mn alloy structural might have a potential for instability related Transmission Pipelines under Large Scale steel provides the stress-strain response of the movements. Accordingly, pipelines subjected to Cyclic Bending tested structural steel from which the cell these movements are susceptible to strain Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78103 parameters and the SMCS criterion are overload which may cause loss of containment Y. Andrés Plata Uribe, University of calibrated. To investigate ductile cracking in terms of buckling and/or tensile elongation São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, behavior in damaged pipelines, full scale cyclic failure modes. In order to analyze the risk of Claudio Ruggieri, Univ Of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo bend tests were performed on a 165 mm O.D failure of pipelines due to slope movement it is 05508-900, Brazil tubular specimen with 11 mm wall thickness necessary to establish probabilistic approaches

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that can predict the likelihood of failure at each of one pipeline in a Right of Way (ROW) buckling and wrinkling. Formation of wrinkles site given both aleatory and epistemic including multiple pipelines was not well results in a softening response and strain uncertainties. Estimation of such likelihood defined. Shutting down several pipelines in a concentration in the critical section which is would support prioritization of integrity ROW until it could be proven that they are fit-for followed by more critical limit states. mitigation actions and confirm pipelines’ safety. service is time consuming. In addition, it There is a gap in pipeline literature in terms of requires a good amount of engineering work to This paper presents the concept and available probabilistic approaches to analyze, address the significant uncertainty in confirming verification tests results of a novel method to assess, and manage such an integrity threat. if a pipeline has not deformed beyond a safe prevent failures of buried pipelines under Two probabilistic approaches are presented limit when the latest deformation in-line compressive deformations. In this method the herein; a qualitative ranking analysis of slope inspection predates significant soil movement. boundary conditions of buried pipes are hazards (QuRASH) and a semi-quantitative modified by installing soft elements next to the analysis of slope hazards (SQuASH). QuRASH is A better tool was required to allow a more pipe before backfilling. The stiffness, length, an a qualitative approach that adopts site scores precise assessment. A better fitness for installation pattern of these elements are based on available slope characteristics, purpose approach has been developed and selected in a way that in case of large historical movements, expert opinion, and used to both predict when a timely repair would compressive displacements, the pipe goes mitigation strategies. SQuASH is a reliability- be required and conservatively set the ILI through a global buckling mode under the based explicit limit state approach. Both re-inspection interval to monitor condition of ground. This designed response with its approaches were applied to a large simulated the pipe. This approach allowed to step away predefined deformed shape of the pipe sample of slope crossings that exhibit from the greater uncertainty associated with enables it to absorb large magnitudes of characteristics representative of North America understanding the impact of soil movement on compressive deformation in a stable pattern. transmission pipeline slope crossings. The the pipe integrity. This paper presents the This response prevents rapid increase in the resulting probabilities of failures were directly methodology used by Enbridge to re-define our compressive axial force that causes local compared to those predicted based on expert fitness for purpose methodology using proven buckling, wrinkling, and subsequent softening judgement. The high ranked sites compared strain/deformation correlation models and behaviour. By using this method, pipes can favorably with those evaluated by experts to strain rates estimated through multiple arrays of have an extended compressive hardening that exhibit elevated threats. This successful strain gauges. The discussion will include how absorbs large compressive displacements comparison provides a certain level of the safety targets were re-engineered to before the local buckling. confidence in the proposed approaches. account for multiple pipelines in a ROW. The performance evaluation of this method 2:30pm Using Controlled Global Buckling 2:00pm Improving Fitness for Purpose were studied through a series of laboratory to Improve Buried Pipelines Performance Methodology and Safety Target Definitions tests on 4-1/2 inch pipe specimens under under Large Compressive Deformations on Geo-hazard simulated field conditions. The test project Caused by Ground Movements Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78710 studied the cross-sectional response, and Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78084 Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi, Enbridge Pipelines Inc., global compressive response of the buried Edmonton, AB, Canada, Yvan Hubert, Enbridge Ali Fathi, ALFA Upgrades Inc., Winnipeg, MB, pipes specimens with the new boundary Liquids Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Mike Canada, Samer Adeeb, Onyekachi H. conditions. In the global buckling test, a short Hill, Kurt Baraniecki, Enbridge Employee Ndubuaku, University of Alberta, Edmonton, portion of pipe specimens could absorb Services Canada Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada AB, Canada relatively large compressive displacements without showing any local damage or loss of Ground movements caused by geohazards Previous practices at Enbridge Pipelines Inc. integrity. Based on the test results, this research such as earthquake, slope failure, downhill regarding allowable deformation and/or strain project concluded the new technique can creep, and fault slip, can potentially damage in pipelines were closely mirrored to current potentially evolve to an effective design underground pipelines. Large pipeline standards and did not effectively manage the method to prevent pipe failures caused by a displacements due to ground movements are time dependent aspect of active slope large group of ground movements. movement and other similar progressive not frequent, but often result in pipe rupture, external force phenomena applied to a pipeline. major spills, and millions of dollars in damage In addition, variability in soil spring values and/ control and cleanup costs. Therefore, ground or soil displacements utilized in FEA movements are considered as high-risk assessments can lead to significant variability hazards to pipelines. Pipelines are more between predicted pipeline strain demand and vulnerable under the forms of ground actual conditions. Furthermore, the risk displacements that include larger compressive tolerance of a potential and significant components since the compressive strains in deformation that could impact the serviceability the deformed pipe usually cause local

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6-1 procedure qualification. However, for an there is a shallow translational slide within a STRAIN DEMAND AND ASSESSMENT existing pipeline the data required to use colluvium layer that is draped over a stable strain based approaches may not be readily bedrock formation. In the upper slope, there is 6-1-2 available. A related issue is that some strain a deep-seated translational slide within STRAIN DEMAND AND ASSESSMENT - II capacity models are only valid over a glaciolacustrine and glacial till deposits that are Telus, Telus Glen 208/209 3:30pm - 5:00pm restricted range of inputs and so cannot be underlain by pre-glacial fluvial deposits. Both Session Chair: Yong-Yi Wang, Center for used in all cases. Hence there is a need to the upper and lower slope landslide Reliable Energy Systems, Dublin, OH, develop guidance for pipeline operators when mechanisms have been confirmed to be active United States assessing the fitness for purpose of a stress in the past decade. based design pipeline that is found to be Session Co-Chair: Robert M Andrews, ROSEN experiencing high axial strains. Large ground displacements in the order of UK, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom several meters between 2012 and 2014 in the 3:30pm Assessment of Stress Based The European Pipeline Research Group (EPRG) lower slope led to a partial stress relief and Design Pipelines Experiencing High Axial has initiated a programme to develop such subsequent slope mitigation measures in the Strains guidance. This paper presents the results of the spring and summer of 2014, which significantly Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78111 first stage of this programme. The range of reduced the rate of ground movement in the Robert M Andrews, ROSEN UK, Newcastle applicability of published models (both tensile lower slope. Surveying of the pipeline before upon Tyne, United Kingdom, Mark Stephens, and compressive) is discussed and the and after stress relief indicated an increase in C-FER Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada, requirements for data such as inspection lateral pipeline deformation (in the direction of Malcolm Carr, Crondall Energy Subsea, records, weld metal fracture toughness and ground movement) following the stress relief. Cramlington, United Kingdom, Johannes weld metal and parent pipe mechanical This observation was counter-intuitive and Brückner, Open Grid Europe GmbH, properties are considered. A flow chart is raised questions regarding the effectiveness of Essen, Germany presented to guide operators when assessing partial stress relief to reduce stresses and an existing pipeline found to be subject to high strains associated with ground movements. Most onshore transmission pipelines are strains, and a gap analysis identifies areas designed for a maximum longitudinal stress, where additional work is required. Finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted in typically 90% SMYS although some have been 2017 to aid in assessing the condition of the 4:00pm The Effect of Ground Displacement designed for a limiting axial strain generated by pipeline after being subject to the and Stress Relief on Pipeline Behaviour; causes such as seismic activity, frost heave, aforementioned activities, and subsequent A Case Study discontinuous permafrost or landslides. Strain ground displacement from July 2014 to based design concepts have been extensively Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78245 December 2016. This paper presents the used for subsea pipelines for both installation Hamid Karimian, BGC Engineering Inc., assumptions and results of the FEA model and and service. Models have been developed to Vancouver, BC, Canada, Chris Campbell, BGC discusses the effect of large ground predict the axial strain capacity in both tension Engineering Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Chris displacement, subsequent stress relief and (usually limited by the girth welds) and Blackwell, Colin Dooley, Alliance Pipeline, continued ground displacement on pipeline compression (where the limit is local buckling of Calgary, AB, Canada, Pete Barlow, BGC behaviour. The results and findings of the FEA the pipe wall). Engineering Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada reasonably match the observed pipeline behaviour before and after stress relief. The The Wapiti River South Slope is located 25 km In service monitoring of a pipeline initially FEA results showed that while the lateral southwest of Grande Prairie, AB. The slope is designed on a stress basis may reveal that displacement of the pipeline that was caused 500 m long and consists of a steep lower slope strains approaching or exceeding the design by ground movement actually increased and a shallower upper slope, both of which are level are occurring, or are predicted to occur in following the removal of the soil loading, the located within a landslide complex with ground the future. In these cases the pipeline operator maximum pipeline strain was reduced in the movements of varying magnitudes and depths. will have to assess if the pipeline is fit for excavated portion. The results also indicated The Alliance Pipelines Ltd. (Alliance) NPS 42 continued service. In principle strain based that ground displacement in the upper slope Mainline (the pipeline) was installed in the design approaches could be adapted for such following the stress relief had minimal effect on winter of 2000 using conventional trenching an assessment. pipe stresses and strains in the lower slope techniques at an angle of approximately 8’ to Strain based design approaches place more the slope fall line. Evidence of slope instability onerous demands on the linepipe and the was observed in the slope since the first girth welding, but for a new pipeline these ground inspection in 2007. Review of the requirements can be addressed during design, available geotechnical data indicates two material specification, procurement and weld different slide mechanisms. In the lower slope,

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WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 26 longitudinal grooves and general corrosion. corrosion anomalies, including circumferential The strain capacities can be calculated using grooves, longitudinal grooves and general the key material properties and dimensions of corrosion. 6-2 pipe and corrosion anomalies as inputs. 9:30am Influence of Material Heterogeneity STRAIN CAPACITY AND BURST PRESSURE 9:00am Burst Pressure of Pipelines with on the Strain Capacity of Pipelines 6-2-2 Corrosion Anomalies under High Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78397 Longitudinal Strains STRAIN CAPACITY AND Susanne Hoehler, Andreas Mondry, Salzgitter BURST PRESSURE - II Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78803 Mannesmann Forschung GmbH, Duisburg, Telus, Telus Glen 208/209 8:30am - 10:00am Honggang Zhou, Yong-Yi Wang, Center for Germany, Christoph Kalwa, EUROPIPE Gmbh, Reliable Energy Systems, Dublin, OH, United Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany, Kaveh Session Chair: Millan Sen, Enbridge Pipelines States, Mark Stephens, Jason Bergman, C-FER Samadian, Soete Laboratory, Gent University, Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Steve Zwwijnaarde, Belgium, Wim De Waele, Ghent Session Co-Chair: Da-Ming Duan, Trans Nanney, PHMSA Southwest Region — US DOT, University, Zwijnaarde BE9052, Belgium, Stijn Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada Houston, TX, United States Hertelé, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium 8:30am Tensile and Compressive Strain Capacity in the Presence of Corrosion Existing corrosion assessment models were The strain capacity of pipes under combined Anomalies developed and validated under the assumption loading is an important research topic in the that internal pressure was the principal driver framework of Strain-Based Design. While strain Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78802 for burst failure and that longitudinal strain capacity equations assume homogeneous Honggang Zhou, Yong-Yi Wang, Center for levels were low. The impact of moderate to material properties in the pipeline, the realistic Reliable Energy Systems, Dublin, OH, United high levels of longitudinal strain on burst pipeline underlies a material scatter. Yield and States, Jason Bergman, C-FER Technologies, capacity had not been explicitly considered. tensile properties deviate within the specified Edmonton, AB, Canada, Steve Nanney, PHMSA parameter range and, realistically, girth welds Southwest Region — US DOT, Houston, TX, This paper summarizes work performed as part connect a weaker pipe to a stronger pipe. United States, Mark Stephens, C-FER of a major effort funded by the US Department Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Test and simulation programs for uniaxial Materials Safety Administration (DOT PHMSA) loading have indicated that pipe heterogeneity Over the past 15 years, extensive studies have aimed at examining the impact of longitudinal may reduce the tensile strain capacity by a been conducted on the tensile strain capacity strain on the integrity of pipelines with factor up to two. To date, the effect of this (TSC) and compressive strain capacity (CSC) corrosion anomalies. This paper focuses on the heterogeneity in other scenarios (compressive of pipelines. The existing studies were mainly burst pressure of corroded pipes under high strain capacity, combined internal pressure and targeted at the design and construction of longitudinal strains. It is known that longitudinal axial plastic deformation) has received little new pipelines. However, the impact of tensile strain does not reduce the burst attention. To investigate these scenarios and anomalies (e.g., corrosion anomalies) on the pressure relative to that of pipes subjected to compare them with uniaxial tensile loading, TSC and CSC has not been explicitly and low longitudinal strains. Therefore, existing Europipe, Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung adequately considered. burst pressure models can be considered and Soete Laboratory have set up a large scale This paper summarizes work performed as adequate when the longitudinal strain is tensile. test programme on UOE pipe X70 (OD = 1219 part of a major effort funded by the US However, longitudinal compressive strain was mm, WT = 17.5 mm), comprising a full-scale Department of Transportation Pipeline and found to lead to a moderate reduction in burst bending test under internal pressure and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration pressure. Numerical analyses were conducted curved wide plate (CWP) tension tests. All tests (DOT PHMSA) aimed at examining the impact to study the effect of longitudinal compressive have been performed on weldments of corrosion anomalies on the TSC and CSC of strain on the burst pressure of corroded pipes. connecting nominally equal pipes from the pipelines. In this work, the strain capacities A burst pressure reduction formula was same pipeline project, with strongly different were examined analytically, and the analytical developed as a function of the longitudinal actual strength properties. Optical full field work was compared to results from selected compressive strain. strain measurements by means of digital image full-scale tests. correlation allow to investigate local effects of Full-scale tests were conducted to confirm the pipe heterogeneity on the strain distribution in Based on the summarized work, guidelines findings of the numerical analysis. Guidelines the vicinity of the girth weld. Test result were developed for assessing the TSC and the for assessing the burst pressure of corroded interpretation is supported by small scale CSC of corroded pipes. The guidelines are pipes under high longitudinal compressive material characterization. applicable to different types of corrosion strains were developed from the outcome of anomalies, including circumferential grooves, numerical analysis and experimental tests. The guidelines are applicable to different types of

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This paper first reports on the selection Wrinkles may form in pipelines experiencing model assumes the pipe to be free from process of heterogeneous pipes from an high longitudinal strains in areas of ground residual stresses. Comparisons are then industrial pipeline project, and the preparation movement and seismic activities. Current performed between the buckling strains of test specimens (including girth welding and assessment procedures for wrinkles were predicted by both models. sharp defect notching). Following, experimental developed and validated under the assumption results are presented and analysed from the that the predominant loading was internal 6-1 viewpoint of pipe heterogeneity effects. pressure and that the level of longitudinal strain STRAIN DEMAND AND ASSESSMENT was low. The impact of wrinkles on the burst On the one hand, the obtained test results can pressure of pipes under high longitudinal strain 6-1-3 be treated independently. Particularly, the CWP is not known. This paper describes work STRAIN DEMAND AND ASSESSMENT - III test results confirm the validity of a previously funded by US DOT PHMSA on the assessment Telus, Telus Glen 208/209 10:30am - 12:00pm published analytical model for uniaxial tensile of burst pressure of wrinkled pipes under high Session Chair: Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi, Enbridge strain capacity of heterogeneous pipe longitudinal strain. Pipelines Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada connections. Complementary to this, the full-scale bend tests under internal pressure Both numerical analyses and full-scale tests Session Co-Chair: Bo WANG, Center for reveal the lower bound of the tensile (collapse were conducted to examine the burst pressure Reliable Energy Systems, Dublin, OH, or fracture) and compressive (buckling) limit of wrinkled pipes. The numerical analysis United States states. results were compared with the full-scale test 10:30am Assessment of soil restraints data. The effect of wrinkles on burst pressure mobilized on buried pipes subjected to On the other hand, this program is a unique were discussed. The biaxial loading conditions vertical oblique relative ground movements opportunity to compare uniaxial CWP tensile in the pipe were found affect the burst pressure Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78215 tests with full scale bend tests under internal of Wrinkled pipes. Sadana Dilrukshi, University of British pressure. Differences in strain capacity (and 9:00am Effect of UOE Forming Process on Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Dharma failure mode) are revealed and investigated the Buckling Strains of Steel Pipes Wijewickreme, University of British Columbia, from the viewpoint of various factors, including Burnaby, BC, Canada internal pressure, the compressive limit state of Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78131 bend testing, unavoidable deviations from Majid Tanbakuei Kashani, SKC Engineering (An The current state of practice for the design of nominal geometrical and material properties, Applus+ Company), Coquitlam, BC, Canada, buried pipelines subject to ground movements and both test methods’ boundary conditions. Magdi Mohareb, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, involves modeling the pipeline as a beam while ON, Canada, Mahyar Asadi, Mathew Smith, using ‘soil springs’ to represent the soil THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER, 27 SKC Engineering (An Applus+ Company), restraints in the transverse vertical, horizontal, Surrey, BC, Canada and axial directions. When simulating oblique ground displacements such as those Oil and gas pipelines are commonly made of 6-2 anticipated at pipelines crossing reverse-thrust steel pipes manufactured through the UOE STRAIN CAPACITY AND BURST PRESSURE faults, the soil restraint parameters are also process. Such process starts with a flat steel inferred on the basis of these independent plate, bends it into a U shape, then bends it 6-2-3 restraints, thus involving a large degree of further to form an O shape, welds the seams, STRAIN CAPACITY AND extrapolation tempered with conservative and then expand the pipe. The process induces BURST PRESSURE - III engineering judgment. However, only few significant residual stresses in the pipe wall. numerical and experimental studies have Telus, Telus Glen 208/209 8:30am - 10:00am Such stresses have conventionally been focused on the oblique soil displacements Session Chair: Mark Stephens, C-FER ignored in past finite element analyses aimed at relative to the pipe. In spite of the ability to Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada quantifying buckling strain thresholds for pipes. provide reliable data to study the subject, The present study develops a numerical Session Co-Chair: Satoshi Igi, JFE STEEL full-scale experimentation is often not technique to investigate the effect of residual CORPORATION, Kurashiki, Japan undertaken due to the significant time, costs, stresses on the local buckling strains of pipes. 8:30am Burst Pressure Of Wrinkles Under and effort involvement. Alternatively, the use of Two types of 3D nonlinear FEA models are High Longitudinal Strain numerical models supported by experimental developed to quantify the buckling strains of Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78804 validations are considered to provide a reliable pipes under imposed bending deformation; (a) and cost-effective way of understanding the Honggang Zhou, Yong-Yi Wang, Center for the first model starts with a flat plate, models development of soil restraints on buried pipes Reliable Energy Systems, Dublin, OH, United the UOE process to capture the residual during ground movements. States, Steve Nanney, PHMSA Southwest stresses, and then subjects the pipes to Region — US DOT, Houston, TX, United States imposed bending deformation, and (b) the first

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This paper presents the results from a The basis for soil-springs are laboratory is collected by the Pipeline Hazardous Material numerical modeling study conducted to studies based largely on clean sand or pure Safety Administration of the US Department of investigate the mobilization of lateral soil clay, and flat ground. Owing to the use of Transportation. The result suggests that the restraints on buried pipes subjected to manufactured soils and flat ground, the whole oil pipeline incident sequence cannot be vertical-oblique relative ground movements. soil-pipe interface modelling may not be valid modeled as a Poisson (random and The numerical model was first verified by for landslides. independent) process, which means that a checking its ability to capture the findings of the hazardous liquid pipeline incident is not full-scale experiments on pipes buried in sand The loading of a pipeline in a landslide, and statistically independent from the time elapsed conducted at the University of British Columbia how the soil-spring factors should change with since the previous event. But the serious (UBC) Advanced Soil Pipe Interaction Research space and time are reviewed and may differ pipeline failures are random and unpredictable. (ASPIReTM) facility. Calibrated model was then from commonly adopted guidelines. Physical The analysis also indicates that the equipment used to study the variations of the maximum modelling in research is emerging to study failure, corrosion, material failure and incorrect normalized lateral soil restraints (Nqa) on landslides and pipelines utilizing fully operation are the four leading failure causes, different size of pipes buried at various burial instrumented scale models. In the absence of responsible for most of the total incidents. The depths subjected to vertical-oblique relative fully instrumented field pipelines, physical study provides insights into the current state of displacements. In line with the experimental modelling should be used to validate hazard liquid pipelines in the US and baseline observations, it is observed that, irrespective of continuum models. failure statistics for the quantitative risk the pipe size and the pipe overburden ratio, the assessments of such pipelines. values of Nq’ tend to reduce with increasing TRACK 7 RISK AND RELIABILITY pipe-movement angle (a) with respect to the 11:00am A Brazilian Pipeline Incident Database - The Petrobras and Transpetro horizontal direction. This reduction of Nq’ is TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 25 significant for a = 0 deg. (horizontal) until around Initiative a ~ 30 deg.; from a >> 30 deg, this drop Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78584 becomes less prominent. For a given pipe 7-7 Douglas Alves, PETROBRAS, Rio de Janeiro, overburden ratio (H/D), where H is the depth of RISK AND RELIABILITY RJ, Brazil, Ana Bahiense, Michelle Bastos, soil overburden to the centreline of the pipe, TRANSPETRO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 7-7-3 and D is the pipe diameter, the values of Nqa Cassiano Borges, PETROBRAS, Rio de Janeiro, HISTORICAL DATA ANALYSIS was noted to reduce with increasing D. The RJ, Brazil, Gilson Lima, UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brazil maximum Nqa values obtained from the Telus, Telus MacLeod E4 10:30am - 12:00pm numerical simulations were also in good Statistical data available from several Session Chair: Jason Skow, Integral agreement with those estimated herein based international sources, such as the reports Engineering, Edmonton, AB, Canada on the analytical approaches reported in the provided by the European institutions EGIG, Session Co-Chair: Robin Magelky, Integrity literature. CONCAWE and UKOPA, as well as by the Plus, Fort Collins, CO, United States American Department of Transportation ‘ DOT, 11:00am Landslide Pipe-Soil Interaction: 10:30am Statistical analyses of incidents on indicate that pipelines represent the safest State of the Practice onshore hazardous liquid pipelines based on mode of transportation for hydrocarbons and Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78434 PHMSA database other dangerous products when compared to Geoffrey N. Eichhorn, Stuart K. Haigh, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78528 other alternatives, such as road, rail, waterway, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Shengli liu, Yongtu Liang, Xiao Wang, Dong etc. Operators ensure a high level of safety of Kingdom Han, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, their pipelines by investing large amounts of effort and resources in accident prevention, Current understanding of pipe-soil interaction Beijing, China efficient contingency procedures, during large ground movement events is To improve the safety of a pipeline system, environmental protection and reliability along insufficient due to their infrequency and the engineers use different methods to diagnose the life cycle of their assets. complexity of the infrastructure. Pipeline the hazardous pipeline accidents. However, operators currently rely on a fully coupled most methods ignore the time dependence of However, the pipeline industry, both in Brazil continuum model of a landslide and pipeline pipeline failures. The aim of this paper is to and abroad, is frequently asked to demonstrate interaction, or, more commonly, on a provide a novel approach to analyzing the their safety performance both by environmental simplification of this interface using structural hazardous liquid pipeline incidents’ temporal and regulatory agencies, as well as by society, beam style soil-springs to transfer soil loads structure. The database of hazardous liquid considering the assets already in operation and and displacements to the pipeline. spillages from the US between 2002 and 2018 also those that will still be built (new pipelines). Such requests are based on the most opened

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and detailed communication between pipeline a total length of 21,845 km of pipelines Integrity Engineers, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne operators and the other stakeholders involved. reporting. Overall exposure from 1952 to 2016 & Wear, United Kingdom is 927,351 km years of operating experience Session Co-Chair: Dan Ferguson, Enbridge In this context, the organized and standardized with a total of 197 product loss incidents since Pipelines, Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada collection of data related to pipeline failure 1962. The low number of failures means that the 1:30pm Assessment Of The Threat events, such as failure mechanisms and their historical failure rate for pipelines of some From Wildfires On Above Ground Natural consequences, along with relevant and specific specific diameters, wall thicknesses and Gas Facilities data regarding the assets and their operations, material grades is zero or statistically Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78059 is essential to foster the process of knowledge insignificant. It is unreasonable to assume that construction on this topic. It allows generating the failure rate for these pipelines is actually Clive Robinson, Zoë Wattis, DNV GL, consistent information both to meet the zero. Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom, stakeholders’ requests and to improve risk Colin Dooley, Sladjana Popovic, Alliance management of pipelines by the operators, In addition to product loss incidents, the Pipeline, Calgary, AB, Canada ultimately supporting decision-making. UKOPA database contains extensive data on In the light of recent experience of wildfires in measured part wall damage that did not cause Alberta and British Columbia, Alliance Pipeline Therefore, this work aims to create a Brazilian product loss, unlike the European Gas Incident has strengthened their emergency Pipeline Incident Database, considering firstly data Group (EGIG) database, which also preparedness in dealing with external fire gas pipelines and oil pipelines operated by includes the UK gas transmission pipeline data. events that have the potential to affect Transpetro, a Petrobras Subsidiary. This The data on damage to pipelines caused by above-ground facilities connected with their research intends to study the characteristics, external interference can be assessed to derive high pressure natural gas pipeline system. As the architectures, the assumptions and the statistical distribution parameters describing part of this initiative a quantitative methodology principles adopted by the international pipeline the expected gouge and dent dimensions has been developed that enables the effects of failure databases currently available, resulting from an incident. Overall external a wildfire on an above-ground pipeline facility considered here as benchmarks, in order to interference incident rates for different class to be assessed. The methodology consists of propose an analogous and specific structure for locations can also be determined. These three linked calculations which assess: the reality of the Brazilian Pipeline System. distributions and incident rates can be used in 11:30am An Update to the Recommended structural reliability based techniques to predict 1. the severity of the wildfire, based on UKOPA External Interference Frequency the failure frequency due to 3rd party damage information from the Canadian Wildland Fire Prediction Model & Pipeline Damage for a given set of pipeline parameters. Information System, Distributions The current distributions of external Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78767 2. the transmission of thermal radiation from the interference damage were derived from data wildfire to the facility, and, Graham Goodfellow, Chris Lyons, Pipeline up to 2009 and presented as Weibull Integrity Engineers, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne distributions for gouge depth, gouge length 3. the response of equipment, structures and & Wear, United Kingdom, Susannah Turner, and dent depth. Analysis undertaken for the buildings to the incident thermal radiation. Fraser Gray, Highgrade Associates, Newcastle COOLTRANS CO2 pipeline project, undertaken upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom, by National Grid in the UK, has identified The predictions of the methodology agree well Simon Joyce, SGN, Horley, Surrey, United several improvements to the recommended with the actual damage observed at a block Kingdom UKOPA approach to external interference valve site following a wildfire in 2016. Application to example asset types (block valve The United Kingdom Onshore Pipeline failure frequency prediction. This paper sites, meter stations and compressor stations) Operators Association (UKOPA) was formed by summarises those improvements and presents has demonstrated that, in general, damage is UK pipeline operators to provide a common updated damage distribution parameters from only predicted for more vulnerable items such forum for representing operators interests in data up to 2016. as cables. the safe management of pipelines. This 7-7 includes providing historical failure statistics for A representative site has been developed to RISK AND RELIABILITY use in pipeline quantitative risk assessment and enable comparison of key modelling UKOPA maintain a database to record this data. 7-7-1A uncertainties and sensitivities to site-specific parameters. This demonstrates that the results The UKOPA database holds data on product CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT are sensitive to the distance of the facility from loss failures of UK major accident hazard Telus, Telus MacLeod E4 1:30pm - 3:00pm the tree line and the assumed vegetation type. pipelines from 1962 onwards and currently has Session Chair: Graham Goodfellow, Pipeline

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This shows the importance of verifying the use of Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) to impact of released product, expressed in location relative to the vegetation and selecting support consistency and defensibility in dollars per event, as a function of system the appropriate vegetation type from the risk-informed decision making. A QRA requires volume, proximity and category of receptors, Canadian Wildland Fire Information System for rigorous quantitative algorithms to measure asset location, and available controls. site specific assessments. The predictions of public and environmental safety, and potential 2:30pm Development Of Empirical Method the methodology are particularly sensitive to business consequences of an undesired event To Calculate Natural Gas Pipelines Rupture the assumed flame temperature. However, a at a facility. While significant literature has been Exposure Radius value has been chosen that gives good produced, and considerable effort has been Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78272 agreement with measured thermal radiation expended to quantify the potential impacts of a values from wildfires. flammable product release on public safety, Abdulaziz Ababtain, Saudi Aramco, Dhaharan, very limited work has been done on the Saudi Arabia, Arafat Aloqaily, Saudi Aramco, Of the mitigation options considered, the most quantitative measurement of environment Dhahran, Saudi Arabia effective and practical is to increase the related impacts. In particular, limited research Saudi Aramco gas pipeline location distance to the tree line. This measure has the has been successful in aggregating classification are designed with a similar advantage of reducing radiation levels for all environmental consequences, public safety and approach to the American Society of items on the site. Even though the work shows business consequences to estimate the total Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B31.8, which that failure of exposed pipework due to consequence of a liquid hydrocarbon release segments the pipeline length and counts the wildfires is unlikely, maintaining the flow within within a pipeline facility. population for each segment. For the pipes is recommended as this increases the segments width, ASME utilizes a fixed radiative flux at which failure is predicted to The consequence assessment of an unwanted distance, i.e., 400 m, while Saudi Aramco uses occur. However, as failure of cables and hence event conducted through QRA can be the pipeline Rupture Exposure Radius (RER), a control systems would occur at a lower flux combined with the associated likelihood to consequence modeling driven distance similar levels the fail-safe actions of such systems provide a quantitative measure of risk. This risk to ASME’s Potential Impact Radius (PIR). The needs to be confirmed. Shielding of cables or level may be used to support organizations in design factors (i.e., wall thickness items of equipment in general is likely to be making risk informed decisions and in analyzing requirements) are selected based on the impractical but could be considered for and treating facility risks, specifically in the: population density within the defined particularly vulnerable equipment or locations. ‘ Identification of top risk facilities and high segments, while also affecting the number of 2:00pm Development and Execution of consequence functional areas; segments and emergency isolation valves Consequence Assessment for Liquid Pipeline required along the pipeline. Facilities ‘ Identification of assets posing the most risk Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78180 and worst case consequences; Previously, Saudi Aramco pipelines safety standards set two default RER values to be Chowdhury Mohammed Refaul Ferdous, Chris ‘ Understanding of system reliability risk and used in the pipeline design based on Beaudin, Anthony Payoe, Lily Li, Enbridge opportunities to optimize facility operation; conservative estimates. Based on the pipeline Pipieline Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada diameter, the RER is set at 1,000m or 2,000m Risk assessment is an effective and commonly ‘ Prioritization of facility maintenance projects in for less than 24’ pipeline and greater than or practiced process in industry, including oil and the capital and operating budget processes; equal to 24’ in size, respectively. gas sector, as a basis for designing new ‘ Supporting regulatory requirements and pipeline terminals and stations and managing Saudi Aramco standard defined RER by expectations; integrity of existing facilities. A holistic risk modelling the downwind dispersion distance at ground level in case of a pipeline full bore assessment method, which could be qualitative ‘ Presentation of risk down to the equipment or rupture to the limit of ½ the lower flammable or quantitative, includes both the likelihood and component level; and consequence assessments of an undesired limit (LFL) of the released vapor cloud, which event. Prior to 2015, Enbridge Pipelines ‘ Understanding of residual risk and achieved was shown to be smaller than the employed a qualitative risk assessment risk reduction. standardized values. algorithm to assess the likelihood and As sweet gas pipeline systems are hugely consequence of a failure of liquids This paper describes the development of a expanding to accommodate the increase in pipeline facilities. consequence model that monetizes the quantitative measure of public and environment domestic demand in the Kingdom of Saudi Over the past decade Enbridge has identified a safety, and potential business losses for a liquid Arabia, an efficient method for calculating RER number of shortcomings with the qualitative product release at pipeline facilities. The was developed and introduced to the standard. approach, necessitating the development and proposed model characterizes the severity of For future pipelines, lower RER distances resulted in more flexibility in route selection,

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lower pipeline location class, and hence thinner project is supported by two full-scale burst 4:00am Pipeline Dent Fatigue Crack Leak wall thicknesses, less emergency isolation tests of X65, 24’ line pipes filled with a dense Rate For Liquids Pipelines And The valves required, and longer span between phase CO2 mixture. The tests are conducted Application To Release Consequence sectionalizing valves, which all translate to cost over the 2017-2018 period at the DNV GL Assessment savings. Existing pipelines currently require testing site at Spadeadam, UK. An overview of Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78716 less upgrades when encountering urban the CO2SAFE-ARREST JIP is provided in a Sanjay Tiku, BMT Fleet Technology Limited, development in their route, have less number of companion paper (Paper 1), while details of the Ottawa, ON, Canada, Aaron Dinovitzer, BMT High Consequence Areas (HCAs) and better mechanical characterisation of the pipes and Fleet Technology, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Mark repair prioritization. layout of the tests are provided in another Piazza, Colonial Pipeline Company, Alpharetta, companion paper (Paper 2). GA, United States, Binoy John, BMT Fleet By statistically analyzing and modeling the Technology Limited, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Saudi Aramco gas pipeline network, this paper This paper focuses on the Computational Fluid Vlado Semiga, Bmt Fleet Tech Ltd, Kanata, discusses the development of an empirical Dynamics (CFD) simulations carried out prior to ON, Canada formula that is representative and less the tests to predict the dispersion of the CO2 conservative for estimating pipelines flammable plume over the terrain at the test site. The Pipeline design and integrity management gas cloud dispersion ½ LFL. The resulted numerical model is used to (1) define the programs are employed to ensure reliable and calculation method had been developed locations of the dispersion sensors to maximise efficient transportation of energy products and utilizing consequence modeling software, and data acquisition during the tests and (2) provide prevent pipeline failures. One of the failure is expressed as a simple formula as a function a framework for the development of guidelines modes that has received attention recently is of the pipeline pressure and diameter. The on safe CO2 concentration contours. pipeline fatigue due to pressure cycling in liquid established method is currently adopted by pipelines, promoting through wall cracking and The first part of this paper briefly summarises Saudi Aramco pipeline safety standards, and the release of product. Being able to estimate the state-of-the-art of dense phase CO2 resulted in a reduction of 74% of the average the leakage rate and/ total release volume are dispersion emanating from a loss of pipelines RER, with a standard deviation of 4 important in evaluating the consequence of containment in a highly pressurised pipelines. meters from the consequence modeling results, developing a through wall crack, operational and minor diversion in consequence distances responses when incidents occur, and remedial The second part describes the set-up of the when compared to international standards action strategies and timelines. Estimates of numerical model with respect to site calculation methods such as ASME PIR. leak rates can be used in pipeline system threat conditions, such as topography, trees and and risk assessment, evaluation of leak buildings, as well as the simplified assumptions 7-7 detection system sensitivity, development of made on the inlet conditions of the CO2 plume RISK AND RELIABILITY Emergency Response Plans and strategies, and and wind conditions. post-event evaluation. 7-7-1B The third part presents the results of the CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT Fracture mechanics techniques consider the simulated dispersion of CO2 following its response of crack-like features to applied Telus, Telus MacLeod E4 3:30pm - 5:00pm release into the atmosphere in the burst test. loading such as internal pressure, including 3:30pm CO2SAFE-ARREST - A full-scale The CO2 plume billows up initially, before estimation of crack mouth opening. burst test research project for carbon dioxide beginning to sink to the ground and Considering the differential pressure across the pipelines Paper 3: Dispersion modelling simultaneously being swept away by the wind. pipe wall and the crack opening area, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78530 A simulated array of sensors arranged in a fan estimated from the crack mouth opening, the pattern over the terrain records the Ajit Godbole, Xiong Liu, Guillaume Michal, flow of fluid through the crack can be concentration of CO2 as the CO2 cloud passes University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, conservatively estimated. To understand the over them. Australia, Cheng Lu, Univ of Wollongong, conservatism of this analytical estimate of Wollongong, NSW, Australia, Clara Huescar The predictions thus obtained were used to leakage rate, full-scale testing has been DNV GL, Gilsland, Cumbria, Medina, confirm the location of the sensors for the completed to evaluate the leakage rate through United Kingdom physical tests. The parametric study on wind dent fatigue cracks of differing lengths under a The CO2SAFE-ARREST joint industry project velocity and wind orientation identified the range of internal pressures, and compare the (JIP) aims to (1) investigate the fracture range of conditions for which the sensors would empirical measured results to the analytical/ propagation and arrest characteristics of record sufficient data. The predicted theoretical estimates. The test procedure anthropogenic CO2 carrying steel pipelines, consequence distance after which the cloud is employed cyclic internal pressure loading on an and (2) to investigate the dispersion of CO2 not life-threatening was also estimated. end-capped pipe with a dent to grow fatigue following its release into the atmosphere. The cracks through the pipe wall thickness. Once a

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through wall crack was established, the internal generally located in areas with high population prohibitively complex modeling and analysis pressure was held constant and the leakage densities, TPD has significant safety and procedures. While efforts are underway to rate was measured. After measuring the economic implications. In this study, a improve dent assessment models across the leakage rate, cyclic loading was employed to probabilistic model is developed to qualify the industry, these often require significant detailed grow the crack further and repeat the leakage probability of failure of distribution pipelines information that might not be available to rate measurement with the increased crack due to TPD. The model consists of a fault tree operators; moreover, they suffer scattered length. model to quantify the probability of hit given the model error which makes them susceptible to occurrence of third-party excavation activities unclear levels of conservatism (or non- The results of this experimental trial illustrate and the methodology to evaluate the conservatism). Nevertheless, most techniques/ that the tight fatigue crack resulted in a probability of failure given hit. Fault tree models are deterministic in nature and neglect discontinuous relationship between leakage analysis (FTA) is a top down, deductive failure the effect of both aleatory and epistemic rate and pipe internal pressure. Measureable analysis method which uses Boolean logic to uncertainties. Operators typically utilize leakage did not occur at low pipe internal combine a series of basic events to analyze the conservative assumptions based on subject pressures and then increased in a nonlinear state of a system. Earlier prior research matter experts’ opinions when planning trend with pressure. These results illustrate that demonstrated the ability of a FTA to quantify mitigation programs in order to account for a liquid pipeline with a through wall fatigue the probability of TPD occurring on natural gas different types of uncertainties associated with crack operating at a low internal pressure, or transmission pipeline systems. These models the problem. This leads to inefficient dig one having taken a pressure reduction, can allow for a quantitative analysis of preventative programs (associated with significant costs) have low leakage rates. The data and results measures and, in conjunction with current while potentially leaving dents on the pipeline presented in this paper provide a basis for an practices, facilitate a predictive method to plan which cannot be quantitatively risk assessed improved understanding and describing the and optimize resource allocation for damage using current approaches. To address these leakage rate estimates at pipeline fatigue mitigation and emergency preparedness. The concerns, the problem calls for a dent cracks, and providing insights into leakage developed TPD model is validated using the assessment framework that balances accuracy rates and how to conservatively estimate them data provided from a region in Southwest with the ability to assess dent and threat for fatigue crack consequence evaluation. Ontario. The model will provide distribution integration features at a system-wide level with companies with a practical tool to identify available information in a practical timeframe WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 26 third-party damage hot spots, develop that aligns with other integrity programs. proactive third-party damage prevention measures, and prioritize damage repair This paper expands upon the authors’ 7-7 activities using a risk-based approach. previously published work regarding a fully RISK AND RELIABILITY quantitative reliability-based methodology for 9:00am Semi-Quantitative Reliability- the assessment of dents interacting with stress Based Ranking Method for Assessment of 7-7-6 risers. The proposed semi-quantitative Pipeline Dents with Stress Risers GEOHAZARDS, DENTS AND OTHER I reliability model leverages a strain-based limit Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78156 Telus, Telus MacLeod E4 8:30am - 10:00am state for plain dents (including uncertainty) with Douglas Langer, Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, semi-quantitative factors used to account for Session Chair: Guy Desjardins, Desjardins Canada, Sherif Hassanien, Enbridge, Liquids complex geometry, stress riser interactions, Integrity Ltd, Calgary, AB, Canada Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Janine Woo, and operating conditions. These factors are 8:30am Third-Party Damage Model for Gas Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, Canada calibrated to reliability results from more Distribution Pipelines detailed analysis and/or field findings in order Current regulations for prediction and Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78400 to provide a simple, conservative, analytical- management of potential delayed failures from Joseph Santarelli, Wenxing Zhou, University of based ranking tool which can be used to existing pipeline dents rely primarily on depth Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Carrie identify features that may require more detailed and conservative assumptions related to threat Dudley-Tatsu, Union Gas Limited, Chatham, assessment prior to mitigation. Initial validation interactions, which have shown limited ON, Canada results are provided alongside areas for correlation with industry failures. Such continued development. The proposed model Third-party damage (TPD) is any damage to miscorrelation can lead to challenges in provides sufficient flexibility to allow it to be underground infrastructure that occurs during managing effectiveness and efficiency of tailored/calibrated to reflect specific operator’s work unrelated to the asset. In 2015, there pipeline integrity programs. Leading integrity experience. The model allows for a consistent were 10,107 TPD incidents in Canada causing techniques that entail detailed assessment of analysis of all types of dent features in a over a billion dollars in estimated damage. TPD complex dent features rely on the use of finite pipeline system in a short period of time to is the leading cause of failure for distribution element analysis, which tends to be inefficient support prioritization of features while providing gas pipelines; since distribution pipelines are for managing large pipeline systems due to

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a base-level likelihood assessment to support 7-7 The design checks also provide guidance on calculation of risk. This novel development RISK AND RELIABILITY how to account for the spatial and temporal supports a dent management framework which characteristics of different geotechnical loading includes multiple levels of analysis, using both 7-7-7 processes, including distinction between deterministic and probabilistic techniques, to GEOHAZARDS, DENTS AND OTHER II sudden and gradual load application, and manage the threat of dents associated with Telus, Telus MacLeod E4 10:30am - 12:00pm between known and randomly located loading stress risers across a pipeline system. Session Chair: Guy Desjardins, Desjardins sites. The limit states checks can be used to design new pipelines and assess the safety of 9:30am Estimating Landslide Induced Integrity Ltd, Calgary, AB, Canada existing ones. Application to slope movements Probability of Failure to Pipelines Using a 10:30am Limit States Design Checks for is demonstrated by a set of examples. Structured Reductionist Approach Geotechnical Loads Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78157 Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78569 11:00am Geohazard Management Approach within Safety Case Richard Guthrie, Stantec, Calgary, AB, Canada, Maher Nessim, Smitha Koduru, C-FER Emma Reid, Stantec, Burnaby, BC, Canada Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78678 Dario Zapata, Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, Much of North America, and indeed much of A limit states design approach has been Canada, Ingrid Pederson, Sean Keane, the global landscape, is comprised of either developed for geotechnical loads. The Enbridge Pipelines Inc, Edmonton, AB, Canada locally or regionally steep slopes, river valleys, approach uses a strain based design format and weak or unstable geology. Landslides and and requires the user to develop probability Safety case is utilized within the Enbridge ground movements continue to impact distributions for the maximum strain demand Pipeline Integrity Management Program as a pipelines that traverse these regions. Pipeline and minimum strain capacity. The design means to provide evidence that the risks integrity management programs (IMP’s) are checks require a characteristic value of the affecting the system have been effectively increasingly expecting quantitative estimates of strain demand to be kept below a safety factor mitigated (LeBlanc, et al. 2016). The safety case ground movement or pipe failure as part of multiplied by a characteristic value of the is an independent, evidence-based assessment pipeline risk management systems. Quantitative strain capacity. based on system integrity management analysis usually relies on one or more of processes applied across all pipelines. This statistics, physical models, and expert The safety factor and the criteria used to paper describes the process in which safety judgment. Statistics incorporate ground and calculate the characteristic strain demand and case methodology was implemented to pipe behavior (for hazard and vulnerability capacity from their distributions are calibrated manage geohazard threats. The benefits of respectively) over a broad area to infer local to meet specified reliability targets. Checks are assessing geohazard and other integrity threats probabilities. They carry the weight of big data, provided for both local buckling and tensile will also be discussed. The safety case report but the local application is almost certainly rupture. The reliability targets for tensile documents the opportunities to address the incorrect (variability even for regions exceeds 2 rupture are defined as a function of a safety identified problems in addition to the orders of magnitude). Detailed geotechnical class, which is selected on the basis of the relationship between hazards, implemented (hazard) and soil-pipe interaction and stress pipeline failure consequences as determined controls, and associated susceptibility. (vulnerability) models provide rigorous results, by the diameter, pressure, population density but require substantial effort and/or expert and/or environmental sensitivity. To demonstrate that adequate safety controls judgment to parameterize the inputs and for geohazard threats have been incorporated The safety factor and the criteria used to define boundary conditions. We present herein a into the operational and maintenance phase of the characteristic strain demand and capacity structured tool to calculate probability of failure the pipeline system, the geohazard are defined as functions of the reliability target (PoF) using expert judgment supported by management component of the safety case was and the coefficients of variation (COVs) of the known, instrumented or observable conditions assessed using a bowtie diagram. The results strain demand and capacity distributions. The and statistics (where available). We provide a gave visibility to the geohazard program and its checks are calibrated for a wide range of target series of tables used as a basis for nodal effectiveness. Predefined safety performance reliability levels and distribution COVs to cover calculations along a branch path of a decision metrics with probabilistic and deterministic most cases related to slope creep, landslides, tree, and discuss the challenges and results criteria are evaluated to confirm the geohazard frost heave and thaw settlement. They can also from actual application to over 100 sites in the program’s continued effectiveness. be applied to seismic deformations subject to Interior Plains. The method is intended to be a confirmation that the stain demand and Results from the safety case assessment practical informative approach based on, and capacity distributions fall within the range of identify opportunities for improvement and limited by, data inputs. It is a flexible fit for calibrated cases. provide a basis for revision to maintenance, purpose assessment that takes advantage of assurance and verification programs. Ultimately the best available data, however, the method the assessment demonstrates that geohazard relies on the user to articulate a level of threats in the pipeline system are being confidence in, or the basis of the results.

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recognized and assessed. The assessment associated with MCS, regression models were often examines SWRA results to investigate if provides evidence that adequate resources developed as a simple way to represent SWRA is identifying such locations and efforts are allocated to mitigate the risk and complex finite element analyses. For strain appropriately. Are SWRAs developed with the identifies continuous improvement activities demand, regression models were developed intention of avoiding these failures’ How can we where needed. The safety case report on the basis of several finite element analysis ensure SWRA achieves these expectations’ generated as the final portion of an integrity results evaluated with different input management framework demonstrates risk is as combinations. For strain capacity, regression This paper examines the purpose of SWRA and low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). models were selected from the literature. takes a data driven approach to critically assess its effectiveness. In the 21st century, where vast 11:30am Development of Strain Demand This paper describes the modelling of random amounts of data are being generated through and Capacity Distributions to Use in Limit variables, finite element modelling of the slope inspections, patrolling, monitoring, and States Design For Geotechnical Loads creep, regression models developed to management systems, TransCanada’s approach Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78784 estimate strain demand, model selection seeks to leverage all the evidence or leading Smitha Koduru, Maher Nessim, C-FER process for strain capacity and probability indicators of high risk and imminent failures. Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada distributions obtained from the MCS. It However, data and subject matter expert concludes with general guidance on the opinions are not perfect and complete. A limit states design approach for onshore development of the strain demand distribution Understanding these limitations and pipelines has been developed as part of a parameters for other geotechnical loads. inadequacies, yet optimizing in the face of multi-year joint industry project. As a part of them, requires an honest representation of the project, reliability-based design rules reality with considerations to limits of have been developed to address THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER, 27 applicability and probable blind spots, together geotechnical loads such as, landslides, slope with clear decision-making to achieve a creep, seismic loads, frost heave and thaw 7-7 well-defined purpose. settlement. In consideration of the modelling RISK AND RELIABILITY complexity of the soil movement mechanisms This paper will describe the six-year evolution and pipe-soil interaction, and to allow for 7-7-5A of a quantitative SWRA approach with a built in flexibility to incorporate future model RISK AND RELIABILITY II continuous improvement cycle. Examples of developments, the design rule formulation learning from failures, assessments, and Telus, Telus MacLeod E4 8:30am - 10:00am was made to be dependent only on the analytical studies and how they were Session Chair: Shahani Kariyawasam, distribution parameters of the strain demand incorporated into the SWRA are demonstrated. Transcanada, Calagry, AB, Canada and capacity of the pipeline. Also the development of meaningful risk targets 8:30am System Wide Risk Assessment in and their applications are explained. The This paper describes the approach used to the 21st Century - TransCanada’s Approach particular details for scenarios where risk develop the strain demand and capacity Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78657 criteria have been exceeded in both high distribution parameters that are required to Aleksandar Tomic, TransCanada, Calgary, AB, consequence and low consequence locations apply the design rules. Slope creep was Canada, Terry Huang, TransCanada Pipelines are examined and interpreted such that selected to demonstrate the feasibility of the Ltd, Calgary, AB, Canada, Shahani maintenance teams can address issues limit states design approach for geotechnical Kariyawasam, Transcanada, Calagry, AB, appropriately. The value of bringing all relevant loads, as this mechanism occurs more Canada data to a common risk platform is also frequently and had data available to demonstrated. In the 21st century, where data characterize the necessary uncertainties. Both The US regulations and Canadian standards availability will only increase, appropriate strain demand and capacity distributions were require that a System Wide Risk Assessment holistic incorporation of these multiple data characterized using the Monte Carlo (SWRA) be performed for all pipelines. Typically, sets is critical to identify where multiple threats Simulation (MCS) approach. Random variables an annual SWRA is performed by operators and interact. Depending on how likelihood of failure considered in MCS included not only the used to identify high risk sections. Appropriate and the consequences of failure are combined, model input parameters such as, soil strength identification of these high risk sections is the resultant risk could potentially be high (i.e. properties, slope parameters and pipe expected to avoid significant failures, different risk measures). Therefore, it is properties, but also the error in the particularly in higher consequence locations. important to cover all risk measures that are deterministic models used for the estimation With current heightened public awareness relevant and develop criteria that govern these of strain demand and capacity. Complex finite levels and related regulatory oversight even a risk measures. element models are often used to estimate failure, such as a rupture, with relatively low strain demand and capacity. However, in the safety and environmental consequences is interest of reducing the computational time considered undesirable. Post failure analysis

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The implementation of a holistic SWRA to make (e.g. corrosion) or individual consequence pipelines reliability targets. Moreover, the paper the best optimized decisions possible is components (e.g. life safety). Other components proposes different approaches to define demonstrated in practical situations where of the risk management process, such as formal practical reliability targets coupled with an inputs are imperfect and vast data sets need to hazard identification methodologies focused on integrity risk-informed decision making be combed for meaningful indicators. identifying catastrophic events, risk acceptance framework. criteria, and risk mitigation methods are beyond 9:00am Guidelines for Quantitative Risk the scope of these guidelines. Also, the 7-7 Model Development guidelines are intended to provide a general RISK AND RELIABILITY Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78783 framework and guidance for building and 7-7-5B Smitha Koduru, C-FER Technologies, evaluating operator-specific models, and not to RISK AND RELIABILITY II Edmonton, AB, Canada, Jason Skow, Integral recommend or endorse any particular models Engineering, Edmonton, AB, Canada for estimating failure frequency and Telus, Telus MacLeod E4 10:30am - 12:00pm A critical review of quantitative risk analysis consequence. 10:30am A Methodology to Assess the Gas (QRA) models used in the pipeline industry was 9:30am Updates on Pipeline Integrity Supply Capacity and Gas Supply Reliability conducted as part of a project titled ‘Critical Reliability Targets of a Natural Gas Pipeline Network System Review of Candidate Pipeline Risk Models’, Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78378 Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78173 which was carried out for the U.S. Department Alex Nemeth, Enbridge Pipelines Inc, Weichao Yu, Kai Wen, Yichen Li, China of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Edmonton, AB, Canada, Sherif Hassanien, University of Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing, China, Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) under Enbridge, Liquids Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, Weihe Huang, China National Petroleum Agreement No. DTPH5615T00003. Guidelines Canada, Len LeBlanc, Enbridge Pipelines Inc, Corporation, Beijing, China, Jing Gong, China for the development and application of pipeline Edmonton, AB, Canada University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, China QRA models were developed as a part of this project. The use of integrity reliability science is Natural gas pipeline network system is a critical becoming a prevalent element in the pipeline infrastructure connecting gas resource and The guidelines provide a framework for integrity management process. One of the key market, which is composed with the performing quantitative risk analyses (QRA) for elements in this process is defining what transmission pipeline system, underground gas natural gas and hazardous liquids transmission integrity reliability targets to achieve in order to storage (UGS) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) pipelines, and address risk estimation, which maintain the safety of the system. IPC2016- terminal demand. A methodology to assess the involves estimating the failure frequency and 64425 presented different industry approaches gas supply capacity and gas supply reliability of failure consequences. The purpose of the around the area of defining reliability target a natural gas pipeline network system is guidelines is to assist operators in developing levels for pipelines. It discussed the importance developed in this paper. Due to random failure new QRA models, and in identifying and of setting operators’ specific integrity target and maintenance action of the components in addressing gaps in their existing models. The reliability levels, how to choose such targets, the pipeline network system, the system can be guidelines are also intended to help regulators and how to determine the safety of a pipeline in a number of operating states. The evaluate the accuracy, completeness, and asset by comparing the probability of failure methodology is able to simulate the state effectiveness of the QRA models developed by (PoF) against an integrity permissible transition process and the duration of each operators. The intended audience is assumed probability of failure (PoFp) while keeping an operating state based on a Monte Carlo to be familiar with the concepts of the risk eye on the estimated expected number of approach. After the system transits to other assessment process and its application within failures. Building upon the previous discussion, states, the actual flow rate will change the industry. this paper reviews a risk-based approach for accordingly. The hydraulic analysis, which estimating integrity reliability targets that includes thermal-hydraulic simulation and The scope of the guidelines is limited to account for the consequence of a potential maximum flow algorithm, is applied to analyze quantitative methods. These methods define release. Given available technical publications, the change law of the actual flow rate. By the failure frequency in failures per mile-yr (or the as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) combining the hydraulic analysis into the failures per km-yr), and the failure concept, and operators’ specific risk tolerances, simulation of the state transition process, gas consequences in terms of quantifiable physical there is room for improving the communication supply capacity of the pipeline network system parameters, such as a dollar value, number of of integrity reliability along with selected is quantified. Furthermore, considering the fatalities, spill volume, or area affected. The targets. The paper describes how codes, uncertainty of market demand, the load guidelines address the QRA process for a standards, and operators set reliability targets, duration curve (LDC) method is employed to system wide risk assessment, as well as more how operator specific targets can be chosen, predict the amount of demand for each narrowly-focused QRA studies such as those and how industry currently recommends liquid consumer node. The gas supply reliability is carried out to address individual failure threats

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then calculated by comparing the gas supply SDP based on the system description above. directly, two mixed integer linear capacity with market demand. Finally, a detailed This framework quantitatively estimates the risk programming(MILP) models are established. In procedure for gas supply capacity and gas of SDP failure and risk-ranks SDP sections in the reliability evaluation module, the indexes of supply reliability assessment of a natural gas support of implementing and establishing a shortage, probability and adequacy are pipeline network system is presented, and its system wide Risk Based Inspection and calculated to analyse the supply reliability feasibility is confirmed with a case study. In the Maintenance program for SDP. quantitatively from global perspective and case study, the impact of market demand individual perspective. Finally, the proposed 11:30am A Multi-module Systemic Approach uncertainty on gas supply reliability is approach is applied to a real-world multi- for the Supply Reliability Analysis of investigated in detail. product pipeline in Zhejiang, China. It is proved Multi-product Pipeline under Pump Units that this approach could provide significant Failure 11:00am Risk Assessment for Small guidelines for the supply reliability analysis of Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78367 Diameter Piping for Liquid Pipeline Facilities multi-product pipeline. Xingyuan Zhou, Qi Liao, Mengyun Lv, National Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78182 Engineering Laboratory for Pipeline Safety, 7-7 Chowdhury Mohammed Refaul Ferdous, Beijing, China, Chengcheng Xiang, University RISK AND RELIABILITY Enbridge Pipieline Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada, of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United Amanda Kulhawy, Jessica Farrell, Enbridge States, Haoran Zhang, Yongtu Liang, National 7-7-4A Pipelines Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada, Chris Engineering Laboratory for Pipeline Safety, RISK AND RELIABILITY I Beaudin, Anthony Payoe, Lily Li, Enbridge Beijing, China Telus, Telus MacLeod E4 1:30pm - 3:00pm Pipieline Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada As the primary means of refined products Session Chair: Sherif Hassanien, Enbridge, The Enbridge Liquids Pipeline system is transportation, multi-product pipeline plays a Liquids Pipelines, Edmonton, AB, Canada comprised of a large number of facilities vital role in connecting refineries to local 1:30pm Effective risk management for including storage terminals, pump stations, markets. Once disruptions occur, it will cause in-service pipelines: achieving ALARP by injection sites, and delivery sites. Given the security issue on oil supply to downstream pressure management and slab protection vast amount of small diameter piping (SDP) markets, even on the economy and stability of Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78170 within company Pipeline facilities, SDP society. Based on the conventional reliability represents a significant portion of total facility Francis Carroll, APA Group, Brisbane, theory and detailed scheduling method of integrity risk. An event such as equipment Queensland, Australia, Jan Hayes, RMIT multi-product pipeline considering hydraulic failure or product release can cause significant University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia constraints, this paper firstly proposes a business impacts, and adverse consequences multi-module systemic approach for the supply In Australia (and the UK), pipeline operating to the environment and/or safety of operations reliability analysis of multi-product pipeline companies have a regulatory obligation to personnel. A quantitative risk based approach under pump units failure conditions. Pump units ensure that their assets are designed, is required in order to establish robust, are important corollary equipment in multi- constructed, operated and maintained so that risk-based plans and programs to maintain the product pipeline and their failure would affect risk to people and the environment is as low as integrity of these SDP sections. the pipeline normal operation and downstream reasonably practicable (ALARP). In many routine cases, demonstration that risk is ALARP Small diameter piping lengths are relatively oil supply greatly. The approach includes three is a matter of compliance with relevant technical short. Consequently, it is impractical to use SDP modules, namely, pump units analysis module, standards. There are some cases, however, that length as a unit of likelihood and risk measure. pipeline system analysis module and reliability are more complex. Instead, the preferred methodology is to evaluation module. In the pump units analysis module, Failure Mode and Effects determine the total number of assemblies for If a pipeline has been subject to significant Analysis(FMEA) method is adopted to analyse each type of SDP. In support of this approach, urban encroachment and does not conform to the correlations between pump units failure an inventory of SDP sections throughout the current design standards for this service, how modes and causes. The Monte Carlo simulation system has been gathered. For illustrative does a pipeline operator decide whether risk method is employed to generate different purposes, an example of a small diameter controls are sufficient’ In Australia, rather than failure scenarios based on the estimated failure section would be a pressure transmitter branch either ‘grandfathering’ requirements or rate of pump units. In the pipeline system connection. The isolatable section that would mandating retrospective compliance with new analysis module, the detailed scheduling be risk assessed would start from the surface of standards, operators are required to ensure method of multi-product pipeline is adopted to the main station piping connection and pipelines are safe and that risk levels are calculate the maximum supply capacity for all continue up to the transmitter. acceptable. The answer in cases such as this is delivery stations under a specific scenario. Due a matter of judgement and we have legal, moral This paper presents the framework for to the difficulty in solving detailed scheduling and reputational responsibilities to get likelihood and consequence assessment of problem considering hydraulic constraints

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decisions such as this right. There is currently In South America, there is not a unique of incidents. To manage this threat, risk no formal requirement in the US for pipeline standard that regulates the Design, Operation, assessments have been employed successfully risks to be ALARP, although the concept is Maintenance and Integrity Management of to determine risk based on land use zones, gradually being introduced to US industry Pipelines. Most of the countries had developed proximity to utilities, alignment markers, one safety law. Examples include US offshore well their own regulations and standards based call and dig notification, surveillance intervals, control rules, California refinery safety mainly on the ASME Standards. These among other variables. Calculating the risk to a regulations and the nuclear sector concept of standards (like ASME B31.8 and ASME B31.8S) specific pipeline near to a population after the ‘as low as reasonably achievable’. are being developed and updated considering mitigation activities are implemented, it may be the experience of different operators, but the shown that this pipeline has no more risk than In this paper, we demonstrate application of the results not always consider the difficulties in other pipelines operating entirely in accordance ALARP process to a pipeline built in the 1960s terms of social and cultural aspects of construct with the design codes. that has been heavily encroached by urban and operate pipelines in South America. development. The Australian risk-based Risks must be maintained ‘as low as reasonably approach required formal ALARP assessment Expansion of existing residential and practicable’, using cost benefit analysis to including consideration of options to reduce commercial areas, or the construction of new achieve these criteria. The reduction of the risk pressure, relocate or replace the pipeline, or developments near these pipelines can change is accomplished by implementing additional increase the physical or procedural protection. a Location Class 1 into a Class 2 or Class 3 mitigation plans, allowing to effectively use location. This development is not always maintenance resources in areas where they will Current and predicted operating conditions on predictable, besides the efforts of the South have the highest impact on risk. this existing pipeline allowed reduction in American Pipelines Operators made to operating pressure in some of the encroached coordinate this expansions with the local This paper shows how risk and engineering segments, sufficient to achieve the equivalent authorities, the growth in these countries are assessments and their consequent mitigation of current Australian requirements for ‘no not well planned and the Operators are forced plans may be used to justify the safe operation rupture’ in high consequence areas for new to face the situation without anticipation and of a pipeline without changing its original pipelines. In other areas this was not without a backup of the regulations. Then the operating pressure following a change of class achievable and a lesser degree of pressure operators are unexpectedly left with a pipeline designation, exemplified with a case study from reduction was instigated, in combination with that no longer meets the requirements of its South America. physical barrier protection. The physical barrier design code. ASME B31.8 establishes 2:30pm Developing a Full Risk Picture for slabbing comprised over 7 km of 20 mm thick alternatives to adequate this changes into the Gas Pipeline Consequences high-density polyethylene (HDPE) slabs, buried design code: reducing the maximum allowable Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78217 above the pipeline. This approach was new in operating pressure of a pipeline, pipeline Ken Oliphant, David Joyal, Vida Meidanshahi, Australia and required field trials to confirm replacement increasing the wall thickness or by JANA Corporation, Aurora, ON, Canada effectiveness against tiger tooth excavators re-routing it away from the population. Those and rotary augers. alternatives have high costs and significant Properly characterizing the consequences of operational difficulties, especially when the pipeline incidents is a critical component of The upgrades to the case study pipeline have social conditions are not favorable. Even some assessing pipeline risk. Previous research has significantly decreased the risk of pipeline of them don’t solve effectible the situation. shown that these consequences follow a Pareto failure, by reducing both likelihood and type distribution for gas distribution, gas consequences of accidental impact. In Lowering operating stress levels do not always transmission and hazardous liquid pipelines combination with rigorous procedural controls address the higher risk levels or safety where low probability ‘ high consequence such as patrol surveillance and community concerns caused by the change in class. (LPHC) events dominate the risk picture. This liaison, real risk reduction has been achieved Increasing wall thickness, can lower probability behavior is driven by a combination of and ALARP has been demonstrated. of failure for a pipeline but not for all the deterministic (e.g. pipe diameter, pressure, 2:00pm Use of Risk and Engineering combinations of threats, which depend on site location factors, etc.) and random factors (e.g. Assessments to Improve Safety in Class specific conditions. receptor density at specific time of release, Location Changes ‘ South American Case variable environmental factors at time of The Pipeline Integrity Management System Study release, etc.). This paper examines how the shall address all the threats as it is specified in Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78302 Pareto type behavior of the consequences of ASME B31.8S, ensuring human safety as its pipeline incidents arises and demonstrates John Erick Malpartida Moya, Compañia primary objective. Third Party Damage is an how this behavior can be modeled through the Operadora De Gas Del Amazonas, Lurin, Select important threat which in most of the pipelines use of a quantitative pipeline risk model State/Province, Peru around the world has caused the larger number

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combined with Monte Carlo simulation. The 4:00pm Application of In-Line Inspection Assessment). These risk and threat result is a more complete picture of pipeline and Failure Data to Develop Risk Model assessments are often viewed as a linear risk, including insight into LPHC events. Use Scores for Unpiggable Pipelines approach. After a threat is identified the first of the modelling approach for integrity Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78735 step is to collect relevant data. In a second management is discussed. step, data is used in conjunction with a risk or Yannick Beauregard, NOVA Chemicals, threat assessment methodology to provide a Calagry, AB, Canada, Aaron Woo, Transcanada 7-7 risk result. Finally, the result is used to decide if Pipelines, Calgary, AB, Canada, RISK AND RELIABILITY mitigative actions are required and to optimize Terry Huang, TransCanada Pipelines Ltd, the next reassessment interval. This linear risk 7-7-4B Calgary, AB, Canada assessment process leads to some RISK AND RELIABILITY I Pipeline risk models are used to prioritize inefficiencies. For example, since all data is Telus, Telus MacLeod E4 3:30pm - 5:00pm integrity assessments and mitigative actions to gathered in the first step, useful and less useful 3:30pm Quantitative Risk Assessment achieve acceptable levels of risk. Some of data might be collected at the same time, Techniques based on Uncertainty Theory for these models rely on scores associated with wasting resources that could be spent on Natural Gas Distribution Station parameters known or thought to contribute to a another pipeline. This paper presents a Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78260 particular threat. For pipelines without in-line different approach, where the data is gathered inspection (ILI) or direct assessment data, iteratively and a sensitivity analysis is used to Jiao Zhou, XINGYU PENG, Dongchi Yao, scores are often estimated by subject matter decide what data should be collected next. Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, experts and as a result, are highly subjective. Each time data is gathered; future predictions Sichuan, China This paper describes a methodology for become more certain. This process is stopped Pipeline stations, as an important part of reducing the subjectivity of risk model scores when the benefit of adding more data does not long-distance pipeline systems, include lots of by quantitatively deriving the scores based on outweigh the cost of data gathering activities facilities which are highly concentrated and ILI and failure data. always operate continuously. Risk assessment is an important foundation work for the risk This method is applied to determine pipeline FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER, 28 management of these stations. Since various coating and soil interaction scores in an uncertainties exist during the quantitative risk external corrosion likelihood model for assessment (QRA), this paper explores the uninspected pipelines. Insights are drawn 7-7 theories and approaches of QRA for station from the new scores as well as from a RISK AND RELIABILITY accidents, and also introduces some specific comparison with scores developed by subject 7-7-2A mathematical theories for quantification and matter experts. CORROSION AND CRACKS dealing with uncertainties. This paper combines 4:30pm The use of sensitivity analyses for uncertainty theory effectively with the QRA for optimum data gathering in risk assessments Telus, Telus MacLeod E1 8:30am - 10:00am gas distribution stations, analyzes the uncertain Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78402 Session Chair: Dan Williams, Dynamic Risk factors in the QRA of gas distribution station, Francois Ayello, DNV GL, Dublin, OH, United Assessment Systems Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada and establishes Bayesian update model for States, Hao Chen, DNV GL, Diblin, OH, United Session Co-Chair: Samah Hasan, Dynamic estimating basic events’ failure rates and States, Narasi Sridhar, DNV GL, Dublin, OH, Risk, Calgary, AB, Canada probabilities of failure on demand based on United States, Lydia Ruiz, Southern California 8:30am Corrosion Growth Modeling based generic failure data and plant-specific data. And Gas Company, Los Angeles, CA, United States, on Mass In-line Inspection Data using it also offers conversion method among Travis Sera, Southern California Gas Co., Los Variational Inference conjugate prior distribution of different types. Angeles, CA, United States, Mari Shironishi, Besides, probabilistic estimation model is set Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78081 Socal Gas, Los Angeles, CA, United States up by the combination of fuzzy set theory, Monica Birkland, Markus Dann, University of expert judgments and fuzzy group decision Pipeline engineers routinely perform risk Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada making. The paper builds Fuzzy Bow-Tie assessments (e.g. Failure Mode Effects In-line inspection (ILI) data is commonly used in quantitative model for distribution station under Analysis, Fault Tree Analysis, Hazard Analysis corrosion growth models (CGMs) to predict the dependency relationships, and proposes the and Critical Control Points, Hazard Operability corrosion growth in energy pipelines. A sensitivity analysis method for the accident Analysis, Preliminary Hazard Analysis, hierarchical stochastic corrosion growth model model based on fuzzy importance index, fuzzy Quantitative Risk Assessments) and threat is considered in this paper which considers the uncertainty index and minimal cut sets assessments (e.g. Internal Corrosion Direct variations in the corrosion growth, both spatially importance index. Assessment, External Corrosion Direct and temporally, the inherent measurement error Assessment, Stress Corrosion Cracking Direct of the ILI tools as well as the model

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uncertainties. These uncertainties are Internal corrosion modelling of oil and gas ruptures; and leakage limit state, representing represented as unknown model variables and pipelines requires to consider the interactions small leaks. For the ultimate limit state, a safety are often inferred using a Bayesian method and of various factors such as brine chemistry, flow class system is used to characterize pipelines samples of the unknown parameters’ posterior conditions or scale deposition. Moreover, the based on the anticipated severity of failure probability density functions (PDFs) are number of interactions increase when we consequences as determined by pressure, obtained using Markov Chain Monte Carlo consider that there are multiple types of internal diameter, product, population density and (MCMC) sampling techniques. corrosion mechanisms (i.e. uniform corrosion, environmental sensitivity. Since the leakage localized corrosion, erosion-corrosion, limit state does not result in significant safety or ILIs can result in massive data sets. In order for microbiologically influenced corrosion). To environmental consequences, a single MCMC-based inference techniques to yield better describe the pipeline internal corrosion reliability target, applicable for all pipelines at reasonably accurate results, many samples threats, a Bayesian network model was created all locations is used. (approaching infinity) are required. This fact in by identifying and quantifying causal addition to the massive data sets exponentially relationships between parameters influencing The assessment criteria formulations are increases the scale of the inference problem internal corrosion. One of the strength of the characterized by three elements: the equations from an attainable solution to a potentially Bayesian network methodology is that it is able used to calculate the characteristic demand (i.e. impossible one that is limited by today’s to handle uncertain and missing data. The operating pressure) and capacity (i.e. burst computing power. For this reason, MCMC- model had previously proven its accuracy in pressure resistance at a corrosion feature); the based inference techniques can become predicting the internal condition of existing characteristic values of the key input inefficient in the cases where ILI datasets are pipelines. However, the model has never been parameters for these formulas (such as large. The objective is to propose variational tested on a pipeline in design stage, where diameter, pressure and feature depth); and the inference (VI) as an alternative to MCMC to future operating conditions are uncertain and safety factors defining the characteristic determine a Bayesian solution for the unknown data uncertainty is high. In this study, an demand as a ratio of characteristic capacity. parameters in complex stochastic CGMs. VI offshore pipeline was selected for corrosion The process used to calibrate safety factors produces approximations of the posterior PDFs threat assessment. All available information and characteristic input parameter values that by treating the inference as an optimization related to the pipeline was collected, while the meet the desired reliability levels is described, problem. Variational inference emerged from uncertain factors were estimated based on and an assessment of the accuracy and machine learning for Bayesian inference of subject matter expertise. The results showed consistency of the resulting checks in meeting large data sets; therefore, it is an appropriate that the Bayesian network risk model can be the reliability targets is included. tool to use in the analysis of mass pipeline used to quantify the value of information (i.e. The assessment criteria include two methods of inspection data. which parameters have the most effect now and application: feature-based and section-based. in the future), predict the range of possible This paper introduces VI to solve the The feature-based method divides the corrosion rates and pipeline failure probability inference problem and provide a solution for allowable failure probability equally between all with anticipated confidence levels. a hierarchical stochastic CGM to describe the features. It is simple to use, but conservative in defect-specific corrosion growth experienced 9:30am Development of Reliability-based nature. It is suitable for pipelines with a small in pipelines based on excessively large ILI Criteria for Corrosion Assessment number of corrosion features. The section- datasets. To gauge the accuracy of the VI Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78605 based method considers the failure probability implementation in the model, the results are Riski Adianto, Maher Nessim, Dongliang Lu, of the corrosion features in a pipeline section compared to a set of values generated using C-FER Technologies, Edmonton, AB, Canada as a group, and ensures that the total group a stochastic gamma process that represents failure probability is below the allowable the corrosion growth process experienced by Reliability-based corrosion assessment criteria threshold for the section. This method the pipe. were developed for onshore natural gas and produces less conservative results than the low vapor pressure (LVP) pipelines as part of a feature-based method, but it requires more 9:00am The application of Bayesian joint industry project. The criteria are based on detailed calculations. It is suitable for all network threat model for corrosion the limit states design (LSD) approach and are pipelines, and is particularly useful for those assessment of pipeline in design stage designed to achieve consistent safety levels for with a large number of features. The practical Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78388 a broad range of pipeline designs and implications of the application of these criteria Guanlan Liu, Francois Ayello, DNV GL, Dublin, corrosion conditions. are described in the companion paper OH, United States, Jiana Zhang, DNV GL, IPC2018-78608 Implementation of Reliability- The assessment criteria were developed for Parth, Western Australia, Australia, based Criteria for Corrosion Assessment. Peter Stephens, SHELL, Perth, Western two corrosion limit states categories: ultimate Australia, Australia limit state, representing large leaks and

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7-7 11:00am Effect Of Model Error On Reliability integrity reliability of these pipelines and the RISK AND RELIABILITY Analysis Of Surface Cracks chosen permissible PoFs per feature or by Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78237 other units of measure. The conclusion is 7-7-2B expected to open the door for challenging the Mahmoud Ibrahim, Karmun Doucette, CORROSION AND CRACKS concept of practical inclusion of epistemic Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, Canada, Sherif uncertainty in integrity reliability analysis of Telus, Telus MacLeod E1 10:30am - 12:00pm Hassanien, Enbridge, Liquids Pipelines, pipelines. 10:30am A Robust Risk Assessment Model Edmonton, AB, Canada, Douglas Langer, for Stress Corrosion Cracking Enbridge, Edmonton, AB, Canada Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78694 TRACK 8 NORTHERN OFFSHORE The application of reliability-based structural AND PRODUCTION PIPELINES Mohammad Al-Amin, Transcanada integrity science enables a quantitative risk Corporation, Calgary, AB, Canada, Shahani assessment approach as part of an operator’s Kariyawasam, Transcanada, Calagry, AB, integrity management program (IMP). The TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 25 Canada, Elvis Sanjuan Riverol, TransCanada pipeline community has made great advances

Corporation, Calgary, AB, Canada in this area and this paper explores two topics 8-2 that still present challenges in the practical Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) is a time OFFSHORE PIPELINES AND RISERS dependent mechanism. Three conditions are adoption of a reliability-based IMP. The first required at the same location for the formation challenge is the balance between perceived 8-2-1 of SCC namely, susceptible material, and true risk when developing a quantitative OFFSHORE 1 reliability model. The second challenge is the susceptible environment and sufficient stress. Telus, Telus Glen 205 3:30pm - 5:00pm Pipe age, operating stress level and coating assurance that all sources of uncertainty have Session Chair: Ken Macdonald, University of type are significant parameters in determining been incorporated in that model, specifically Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway the susceptibility to near-neutral pH SCC; the inclusion of epistemic error in burst 3:30pm Case Studies Highlighting Rapid whereas, additional parameters such as pressure calculation for pipeline flaws. The Subsea Repair Methods of Pressurised operating temperature and distance from former is essential for building stakeholder Pipelines compressor station are considered for high pH confidence that quantified results, in the form of SCC. Environmental conditions such as soil a calculated probability of failure (PoF), are a Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78105 type, topography and drainage have also realistic representation of likelihood risk that Dale Millward, STATS Group, Kintore, shown correlation to SCC susceptibility. Several can be applied to safety and economically Aberdeenshire, United Kingdom integrity assessment methods can be used to driven decision making models. The latter is Effective pipeline design and regular identify SCC on pipeline including hydrostatic essential for ensuring an accurate and maintenance can assist in prolonging the testing, in-line inspection (ILI), and direct complete representation of uncertainty and lifespan of subsea pipelines, however the assessment (DA). Because the occurrence of subsequently, the risk of failure of the pipeline. presence of fishing vessels can significantly SCC is a complex phenomenon and it depends The union of these two challenges creates a increase the risk of pipeline damage from on many parameters, it is important to develop situation where calculated PoFs become anchor hazards. As noted in the Health and a risk assessment model that can systematically inflated, being disproportionate to the failure Safety Executive ‘ Guideline for Pipeline incorporate all relevant evidences of SCC in a history and contradictory to the current safe Operators on Pipeline Anchor Hazards 2009. sensible way. This paper presents a robust risk operation of pipelines being modeled. ‘Anchor hazards can pose a significant threat to assessment model for SCC, which uses Although this situation is threat agnostic, this pipeline integrity. The consequences of evidence from failure histories, observation paper explores its implications through the damage to a pipeline could include loss of life, from assessments (i.e., digs, pressure tests, and reliability analysis of crack threats using the injury, fire, explosion, loss of buoyancy around a ILIs), and mechanistic understanding of SCC (i.e. CorLAS’ burst pressure model, where the vessel and major pollution’. susceptible coating, pipe material, stress level, model error has been thoroughly studied in literature and is substantial (at least a 20% soil properties, etc.). This risk model is This paper will describe state of the art pipeline coefficient of variation) error. Two different PoF transparent and updateable, which allows isolation tooling that enables safe modification calibration approaches are proposed as incorporation of new scientific learnings and of pressurised subsea pipelines. Double block practical options to address these challenges. findings of SCC. and bleed isolation tools have been utilised to These approaches explore the effect of greatly reduce downtime, increase safety and calibration using only historical failures, and a maximise unplanned maintenance, providing calibration using both in-service and historical cost-effective solutions to the end user. High failure data. This paper will also discuss the integrity isolation methods will also be effect of the proposed calibrations on the

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explained that enable piggable and unpiggable be included evaluating the monitoring of poor microstructure and hydrogen, is a perfect pipeline systems to be isolated before any pipelines using fiber optics, inspection using scenario for DHC. To avoid hydrogen cracks, a breaking of containment and in compliance with three-dimensional imaging, and reinforcement robust pipe forming process and welding subsea isolation guidelines. using optimized composite technologies. concept is needed to give enough energy to diffuse hydrogen out from weld metal. Quality 4:30pm Advanced Sawl Developments And This paper will discuss subsea pipeline damage controls were applied to strict hydrogen content Optimizations For High Toughness, Low scenarios and repair options available to ensure such as welding consumable specifications, Hardness And Sour Environment a safe isolation of the pipeline and contents in evaluating the correlation curve between flux Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78108 the event of an incident. DNV GL type approved moisture and diffusible hydrogen, flux isolation technology enables the installation of a Fernando Silva, Fabio Arroyo, Tenaris Confab, temperature control and others. As a result of fail-safe, double block and bleed isolation in the Pindamonhangaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Philippe those actions, good mechanical properties were event of a midline defect. Darcis, Dalmine S.p.A., Dalmine, BG, Italy, achieved and overcoming the hydrogen Marcelo Fritz, Marcelo Salani, Adriano Silva, cracking performance during automatic and The paper will conclude with case studies Tenaris Confab, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, manual ultrasonic testing confirm a robust pipe highlighting challenging subsea pipeline repair Brazil forming and welding procedure for demanding scenarios successfully executed, without projects. depressurising the entire pipeline system, and in Natural gas exploitation has been increasing some cases without stopping production. progressively and the pipeline community are facing more challenging demands to ensure 4:00pm Program to Evaluate Readiness FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER, 28 safe and reliable operations. In that direction, Levels of Pipeline-oriented Technologies gas fields in very harsh environments are Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78238 demanding material and welding procedure 8-1 Chris Alexander, ADV Integrity, Inc., Magnolia, selections to comply with a combination of NORTHERN AND PRODUCTION PIPELINES TX, United States, Satish Kulkarni, Chevron important requirements such as toughness at 8-1-1A Energy Technology Company, Houston, TX, low temperature, sour environment, very low NORTHERN 1 United States hardness, manual ultrasonic inspection (for UOE longitudinal weld soundness assurance) and Telus, Telus Glen 205 8:30am - 10:00am Technology plays a critical role in the oil and gas others. Looking forwarding big challenges, Session Chair: Ken Macdonald, University of sector, and the pipeline industry is no exception. Tenaris Confab has been successfully working Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway to continue improving the know how regarding Maintaining the integrity of high pressure oil and Session Co-Chair: Te Ma, Kinder Morgan plate to pipe mechanical properties behavior, gas pipeline requires the use of advanced Canada Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada technologies. A challenge that confronts every through steel selection using TMCP plates, 8:30am Harmonic analysis of the pipeline pipeline operator is the risk posed in the welding consumables definition and process route thermal profile deployment of unproven technologies and control to assure material performance. Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78342 concepts focused on the inspection, Considering this scenario, the main challenge is assessment, monitoring, and rehabilitation of to comply with a combination of toughness and Alla Vladova, Russian Academy of Sciences, their systems. Use of unproven technologies hardness requirements, assuring the material Moscow, Russia, Yury Vladov, Ural Branch, and concepts, puts pipeline operators at risk. soundness through manual ultrasonic testing Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Select after 48h. These combination lead to a careful State/Province, Russia The concept of Technology Readiness Levels selection of welding consumable to add the Developing the Northern pipelines network (TRLs), used primarily in the aerospace and right content of alloy element at the welding takes place in permafrost conditions. Thawing defense industry, provides the pipeline industry pool aiming a specific weld metal chemical permafrost provokes buried pipelines change its with a proven means for evaluating and composition after dilution. The alloy element spatial position. assessing technologies used to enhance selection has to be considered due to the aimed integrity management efforts. This paper will final microstructure at the weld metal, i.e. The aim of this work is automated identification present details on seven technology readiness increases acicular ferrite, in order to achieve the of sustainable changes in geological conditions levels that range from TRL #1: Proof of Concept toughness, hardness and manual ultrasonic associated with industrial (technogenic) impact. to TRL #7: System Operation. The adoption and performance for delayed hydrogen cracking implementation of the TRL approach will (DHC); it is important to avoid grain boundary Data source. Control over thermal influence minimize operator risk and foster the ferrite (GBF) nucleation. High wall thickness and based upon a geotechnical network, that deployment of advanced technologies, thus high heat input increases residual stress after includes temperature sensors, thermo- and enhancing the safe operation of high pressure pipe welding, high residual stress combined to hydro wells, heat stabilizers, etc. pipelines. Three TRL-oriented case studies will

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Method. Availability of daily temperature commonly used method to prevent hydrate results, and thus it needs to be further verified measurements allowed applying harmonic formation. Thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor or investigated to make atmospheric analysis with following stages: normalizing tracking is utilized to obtain the distribution of temperature approximation more convincing. In monthly averaged meas-urements, determining MEG along the pipeline. Optimal dosage of MEG this study, based on the changing trend of actual parameters of harmonic functions, defining is calculated through further analysis. The atmospheric temperature, three mathematical frequencies of seasonal and technogenic second method, hydrate slurry flow technology models are established and their expressions changes of temperatures. is applied to the gas well. Low dosage hydrate are presented according to different inhibitor of antiagglomerate is added into the approximations. And the relationships among Taking into account topography and climatic flow system to prevent the aggregation of these three expressions are obtained by utilizing conditions, periodic temperature models were hydrate particles after hydrate formation. mathematical derivation. On the basis of three designed and annual, seasonal and technogenic Pressure Drop Ratio (PDR) is defined to denote atmospheric temperature models, the weakly fluctuations were described. Results improved the hydrate blockage risk margin. The third unsteady single oil transportation and strongly the performance of the oil pipeline’s method is a recently proposed hydrate risk unsteady batch transportation are numerically geotechnical network. management strategy which prevents the simulated, respectively. According to numerical hydrate formation by addition of Poly-N- results, the oil temperature at the pipeline Conclusions. Harmonic analysis of the pipeline VinylCaprolactam (PVCap) as a kinetic hydrate ending point and the soil temperature field are route thermal profile according to geotechnical inhibitor (KHI). The delayed effect of PVCap on compared for these three models. In order to data allowed to separate the impacts seasonal the hydrate formation induction time ensures make comparisons more convincing, the and technogenic fluctuations on soil. that hydrates do not form in the pipe. This influences of the physical properties of crude oil, 9:00am Optimization of Hydrate method is effective in reducing the injection operation parameters, pipeline parameters and Management in Deepwater Gas Well Testing amount of inhibitor. The problems of the three pipeline environments on the deviations of Operations hydrate management strategies which should numerical results are compared and analyzed. Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78269 be paid attention to in industrial application are Finally, based on all comparisons on the Shangfei Song, Bohui Shi, China University of analyzed. This work promotes the deviations of numerical results, the conclusions Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, China, Weichao Yu, understanding of hydrate management strategy are drawn, which can provide beneficial China University of Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing, and provides guidance for hydrate management reference for the choice of atmospheric China, Wang Li, PetroChina Southwest Pipeline optimization in oil and gas industry. temperature models in future numerical Company, Sichuan, China, Jing Gong, China simulation study on the buried hot oil pipeline. 8-1 University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, China 11:00am A Simplified Simulation Model of NORTHERN AND PRODUCTION PIPELINES Buried Hot Oil Pipeline Temperature Field Low temperature and high pressure conditions during Shutdown in deep water wells and sub-sea pipelines 8-1-1B favour the formation of gas clathrate hydrates NORTHERN 1 Technical Paper Publication. IPC2018-78812 which is very undesirable during oil and gas Telus, Telus Glen 205 10:30am - 12:00pm Lei Chen, Junjie Gao, Gang Liu, Cheng Chen, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China industries operation. The management of 10:30am Comparative Study on Atmospheric hydrate formation and plugging risk is essential Temperature Models for the Buried Hot Oil The temperature drop of waxy crude oil after a for the flow assurance in the oil and gas Pipeline shutdown is the basic premise of restarting production. This study aims to show how the Student Paper Publication. IPC2018-78451 relative mechanical calculation. However, hydrate management in the deepwater gas well Qing Yuan, China University of Petroleum, computational accuracy has been paid much testing operations in the South China Sea can Beijing, Beijing, China, Zhiming Wu, Wang Li, more attention excessively in the relevant be optimized. As a result of the low temperature PetroChina Southwest Pipeline Company, techniques proposed in the previous researches and the high pressure in the vertical 3860 Sichuan, China, Bo Yu, Beijing Institute of for this calculation but ignoring the practicability meter-tubing, hydrate would form in the tubing Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, China, of the calculation results. In this paper a new during well testing operations. To prevent the Changchun Wu, China University of Petroleum, mathematical model is established for a buried formation or plugging of hydrate, three hydrate Beijing, Beijing, China hot crude oil pipeline during shutdown with the management strategies are investigated simplified complex physical process of oil including thermodynamic inhibitor injection, In previous studies, the atmospheric cooling process reasonably, in which the heat hydrate slurry flow technology and temperature was generally assumed to be transfer mode of crude oil is divided into pure thermodynamic inhibitor integrated with kinetic constant during a period (commonly a month) for convection heat transfer and pure heat hydrate inhibitor. The first method, injecting the numerical simulation on the buried hot oil conduction with stagnation point temperature considerable amount of thermodynamic inhibitor pipeline. The rationality of this assumption is neglecting the difference of radial temperature. (Mono Ethylene Glycol, MEG) is also the most controversial due to the absence of quantitative

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The quasi periodic property theory of soil speed at water catchment points in order to came through a text message gateway ‘ the temperature field is referenced to be as the meet in principle the metropolitan regions of the solution to get information in advance. condition for the thermal influence boundary. A State of São Paulo. The work in question is in numerical solution with a structured grid and an accordance with the premises of the company This presentation will discuss the idea, hardware analytical solution under polar coordinate are and meets the established Safety, Environment and software components, message format, respectively applied for the soil region and other and Health policy. It is a matter of satisfaction for applications and future perspectives. regions including pipe wall, wax layer and this Company to maintain in full operation this 3:42pm Failure Assessment Of The Gas insulation layer. The finite volume method is protection system that had a database of risk Pipeline By Considering The Geometric adopted to discretize the heat transfer control analysis of the points of interest, promoting a Constraint Effect equation at the same time the boundary reliable situation for the water supply to the Poster Paper Publication. IPC2018-78135 conditions are treated by the additional source Metropolitan Regions of the State of São Paulo. Hui Feng, Chunyong Huo, Qiang Chi, CNPC term method. The simulation results of the new 3:36pm An Internet of Things (IoT) project Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi’an, China, model are verified by a temperature field tested based on a text messaging (SMS) gateway Junnan Lv, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, experiment, especially analyzing the applied to a pipeline SCADA system China, Qun Li, Xi’an Jiaotong University, temperature deviation between the simulated Poster Paper Publication. IPC2018-78044 Xi’an, China and the equivalent mean value of actual oil temperature. At last the effect of buried depth of MARCO ANTONIO DIAS BEZERRA, Due to the extensive applications of large pipeline on the temperature profiles during PETROBRAS, Salvador, BA, Brazil, MATEUS DA diameter/thickness and higher pressure gas normal operation and the temperature drop COSTA SILVA CABRAL, TRANSPETRO, Ipojuca, transmission pipelines, and there will be an process of crude oil were investigated based on PE, Brazil, EDSON RODRIGUES SANTIAGO, increasing need for reliable pipeline design and the simplified model. TRANSPETRO, Salvador, BA, Brazil failure assessment that will preclude TRACK 10 POSTER SESSION The present work arose from problems catastrophic accident. Specifically, the actual occurred during the revamp of a pipeline fracture toughness needs to be determined accurately. The present work innovatively TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 25 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system at the beginning of 2012, correlate the material’s fracture toughness with when occurred some unexpected system the crack-tip geometric constraint effect by 10-1 crashes that could interrupt the operation using the crack-tip plastic zone. The significant POSTER SESSION of the second major Brazilian pipeline ‘thickness effect’ impact on pipeline steel’s maritime terminal. fracture toughness is elucidated by the 10-1-1 proposed out-of-plane constraint factor ‘out. POSTER SESSION 1 Before a system breakdown, we observed The critical loads (FCi) of three groups of thin some signs, like fail-overs in the event log thickness specimens at fracture are recorded by Telus, MacLeod Hall A 3:30pm - 5:00pm files. If the development and maintenance the three-point bending tests performed on the Session Chair: Sarah Vandaiyar, TransCanada, crews were aware of these events not only the single-edge notched (SENB) specimens, Calgary, AB, Canada problem causes could be better understood, corresponding fracture toughness are 3:30pm Water Protection - Metropolitan but also the imminent crash could have been calculated according to the ASTM E1921-97 Region Of The State Of São Paulo - Brazil avoided. A faster and autonomous way for the procedure. Moreover, finite element simulation Poster Presentation. IPC2018-78031 system communicates its problems was of the SENB specimens, coupled with the Ricardo Sambugaro, Valdir Pereira Ramos necessary. applications of cohesive zone model (CZM), Filho, Milton Pinto de Magalhães, Petrobras virtual crack closure technique (VCCT), the X70 Transporte S.A. - TRANSPETRO, São Caetano ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing pipeline steel’s critical energy release rate (ERR) do Sul, Brazil and Reporting System) ‘ a part of an autonomous is achieved and applied to predict the FCi of communication system, which reports aircraft arbitrary specimen thickness while crack Due to the constant need for improvement of condition for a system on the ground, through initiates, corresponding fracture toughness KCi the Oil Industry and the logistics activities to satellite links and short messages ‘ inspired us are obtained and compared with the transport petroleum and its derivatives, to develop an Internet of Things (IoT) system, experimental ones. The present research will be TRANSPETRO (Petrobras Transporte S.A.) using text messages (SMS, short message beneficial for the prediction of pipeline steel’s maintains a strategic response plan for service) of the Global System for Mobile actual fracture toughness and the retrenchment emergency response, performing a previous Communications (GSM). of experimental costs. water protection activity, implementing protection fixed and permanent, using Autonomous and short text messages are the strategically distributed resources for agility and keywords that drove our work, and the solution

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3:48pm Robust Pipeline Coatings Inspired corrosive environment, and gas permeability 4:00pm Addressing the Challenges of by the Structures of Nacre tests are carried out. The results show that the Decommissioning Pipelines Poster Paper Publication. IPC2018-78178 composite coating made from these Poster Presentation. IPC2018-78185 nanomaterials had a decrease in cathodic Zachary Kockerbeck, University of Calgary, Chris Bayley, Landon Lonsberry, Allnorth disbondment area and gas permeability and an Calgary, AB, Canada, Majid Tabkhpaz, Consultants Limited, Sherwood Park, AB, increase the glass transition temperature and University of Calgary, Calagry, AB, Canada, Canada scratch resistance. Therefore, the Simon Park, Ronald Hugo, University of nanocomposite coatings are found to be a Decommissioning of unused pipelines is a Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada significant improvement over standard epoxy- complex process that requires striking a balance Carbon steel piping can be exposed to based coating. between cost effective measures, environmental environments that contain various chemical and impact, and public safety. This paper will 3:54pm Investigation on Drag Reduction organic elements that induce corrosion and explore several key challenges and provide Through Dimple Machining cracking events. This can lead to the loss of fluid some commentary on how to address them to Poster Paper Publication. IPC2018-78179 into surrounding sensitive and remote achieve a successfully decommissioned environments. To minimize this inherent risk, Majid Tabkhpaz, University of Calgary, Calagry, pipeline project. various coating technologies have been utilized AB, Canada, Lindsay Howell, University of over the years in industry. These coatings Calgary Schulich School of Engineering, In Canada, the National Energy Board has typically suffer from complex application Calgary, AB, Canada, Zachary Kockerbeck, issued Filing Manual Guide K to provide methods, high application cost, and Simon Park, Ronald Hugo, University of direction to pipeline operators on how to vulnerabilities to environmental effects such as Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada decommission a pipeline. While this Guide mechanical damage and cathodic disbondment. identifies items that need to be considered High friction between a fluid and a pipe wall To overcome these challenges, a novel epoxy when decommissioning a pipeline, it lacks the results in increased pumping requirements. This based composite coating that utilizes the specifics on how to assess and address items friction contributes to lower production rates properties of various nano-particulates such as such as: and reduced system capacity. Thermal heating, graphene nanoplatelets (GnP), multi-walled fluid blending, and drag reducing agents (DRA) ‘ Deciding between decommissioning in place carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), chitosan, and hBN are commonly used methods for decreasing vs pipeline removal (Hexagonal boron nitride) is developed. These pressure drop in pipelines. Surface patterns nanoparticles create a nano-scale ‘brick and inscribed onto internal pipe walls have also ‘ Addressing imminent collapse mortar’ type effect that is analogous to various been shown to reduce fluid friction. natural structures such as the abalone shell ‘ Determining ‘how clean is clean” (nacre). These nano-structures also enhance In this paper, the effects of different surface ‘ Minimizing the impacts to the environment and coating performance by increasing mechanical patterns on the shear between a fluid and a wall public over time strength and anti-bacterial properties while are studied. Surfaces with different dimple simultaneously decreasing gas permeability. patterns are investigated. Micro-dimpled ‘ Defining project specific risks to design an This performance enhancement serves to patterns on the surface are created using an appropriate decommissioning plan reduce overall corrosion-induced disbondment inclined, flat end micro-milling tool. The surfaces area. The dispersion of nanoparticles is verified with different dimpled patterns are characterized Each pipeline has unique conditions such as using various microscopy methods such as and tested through morphological, contact physical characteristics, location, operation scanning election microscopy and an optical 3D angle, and viscosity measurement studies. The history, public perception, environmental profilometer. To confirm the role of nanoparticles effects of the surface patterns are also studied factors, and future land use. These conditions in the epoxy composite, the samples undergo through simulation. A Power Law relationship must be considered for developing project rigorous testing to determine both mechanical and apparent fluid viscosity is determined for specific decommissioning plans. To address the properties as well as the feasibility of coating the low Reynolds numbers investigated. The above challenges, pipeline operators must application, in particular, for use on girth welds. deepest dimpled surfaces investigated (0.2 mm consider: Using a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), the dimple depth) result in a drag reduction of material strength of each combination of approximately 20% for silicone oil. Further ‘ Risks of pipe removal (environmental impact, nanocomposites is tested and used to research and application of the results to damage to adjacent infrastructure, cost) versus determine the glass transition temperature. The transmission pipeline systems are discussed. the risk of abandonment in place (water testing also includes abrasion, and both conduits, soil subsidence, contamination) long-term mechanical and thermal behaviors of the coating. To test the feasibility of the coating, ‘ Perceived risk of imminent collapse versus the cathodic protection tests in an accelerated actual risks, and realistic timelines

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discussed in accordance with the seismic In response to these conditions and concerns 4:18pm Yield Strength Estimation Using a design guideline issued by Japan Gas for potential damages to its pipeline Nearly-Flat Instrumented Indenter Association. The guideline can calculate the infrastructure and related facilities, Colonial Poster Presentation. IPC2018-78568 longitudinal pipe strain which a pipeline is given initiated shut-down procedures for its pipeline Abdelbaset Midawi, University of Waterloo, by the ground in case of earthquake, and judge system between Houston, TX and Lake Waterloo, ON, Canada, Hari Simha, School of the seismic integrity by comparing that result Charles, LA as a pro-active, precautionary Engineering, Guelph, ON, Canada, Adrian with the strain capacity in compression. In case measure, consistent with its internal Disaster Gerlich, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, of the strong earthquake, ‘Ground Motion Management Plan. ON, Canada Level-1’, the longitudinal pipe strain is smaller than the strain capacity in compression even if This presentation addresses the application of The yield strength of engineering alloys is the depth of the dent is 10% of the diameter.In remote sensing technologies to support usually measured from the uniaxial tensile case of the maximum earthquake, ‘Ground response actions taken by Colonial to assess stress-strain test. However, in some situations, Motion Level-2’, the longitudinal pipe strain the impacts to its pipeline system following such as a welded structure, it is difficult to might become larger than the strain capacity in Hurricane Harvey and support the re-start of machine samples from the weld and heat- compression, if the depth of the dent is over 3% Colonial’s mainline system. The assessments affected zones and performs tensile tests. of the diameter. So the pipeline with a deep completed by Colonial leveraged multiple Instrumented indentation has been used to dent might buckle longitudinally. remote sensing technology platforms, such as measure the mechanical properties at small satellites, standard aerial patrol, and the scales. In this work, a new instrumented- 4:12pm Practical Application of Remote use of unmanned, remotely-operated boats indentation technique using a nearly-flat tip Sensing Technology Using a Multi-Tiered with side-scan sonar technology for indenter (100 µm-diameter) was employed to Approach to Support Natural Disaster hydrographic surveys of river crossings in estimate the yield strengths of high strength Response and PHMSA Post-Storm flood affected areas. steel alloys. This indenter geometry allows Assessment Requirements estimation of yield strength for engineering Poster Presentation. IPC2018-78454 The work completed using satellite remote alloys without recourse to empirical curve fits or sensing, which was conducted in collaboration Gillian Robert, Nic Svacina, MDA Geospatial elaborate computations. Finite element with MDA Geospatial Services (MDA), Services Inc., Ottawa, ON, Canada, Lesley computation was used to validate the new leveraged a long-standing approach for rapid Gamble, MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates, technique and elaborate the contact mechanics screening and identification of flood affected Ottawa, ON, Canada, Mark Piazza, Colonial for this indenter geometry. The estimated yield areas that has been previously developed by Pipeline Company, Alpharetta, GA, United strengths were compared with yield strengths MDA but never applied to pipeline assessment States, Karineh Gregorian, SoCalGas, Los measured using tensile testing, the magnitude following a hurricane or other significant Angeles, CA, United States of the relative error in the estimated yield flooding event. This approach uses space- strength is bounded by 11%. This technique The application of remote sensing platforms, borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite- provides an accurate measurement of yield systems, and technologies for supporting derived Flood Analysis to identify areas where strength, which could be used to evaluate line emergency and natural disaster response significant flooding is evident. The resulting pipe materials during the manufacturing inspection, assessment, and decision-making analysis helped direct resources to the most process or for welding qualification. is becoming increasingly important to pipeline critical locations in support of post-storm operators. The presentation will provide assessment and analysis. The MDA method Keywords: Instrumented indentation, Nearly flat practical information on currently available uses a SAR Amplitude Change Detection tip indenter, Tensile test, and Yield strength. remote sensing systems, platforms, and process that compares pre-event (archived technologies that should be considered when data) and post-event acquisitions to identify assessing impacts to pipeline infrastructure ‘flood extents’ based on backscatter analysis. related to hurricane response and other natural disasters. The presentation will cover all elements of the response effort, including lessons learned. The In late August 2017, the coastal regions of the presentation will describe the benefits of a State of Texas were significantly impacted by multi-tiered, multi-platform approach for the effects of Hurricane Harvey. Rainfall Hurricane response efforts, and development amounts during the storm reached 500-year of programs and processes to address the flood conditions, and river flood stages were at PHMSA Advisory Bulletin on post-storm or near historical high levels in many rivers, assessment of pipeline river crossings (ADB including several rivers that Colonial Pipeline 2016-01). Company’s (Colonial) mainline pipeline crosses.

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4:24pm Integrating a pipeline odorant pipeline is influenced by physicochemical For the requirement of the China-Russia Eastern system using open source software, including properties of soils and cathodic protection Gas Pipeline Project, WPHY-80 large diameter, a Kalman Filter solution to virtualize a flow performance as well as coating conditions. seamless heavy wall reducing outlet tees were rate indicator There exist some theoretical models capable of developed, with DN1400×DN1200 and 57mm Poster Paper Publication. IPC2018-78643 describing the relationship between all of these wall thickness. The billet steel production factors such as pH, resistivity, redox potential, process was electroslag remelting (ESR), and the MARCO ANTONIO DIAS BEZERRA, natural potential of pipe steel in soil, level of tee fitting production process used a forging and PETROBRAS, Salvador, BA, Brazil, SIDNEY C. cathodic protection potential and the associated hot extrusion combination. Finally, quenching DA SILVA, TRANSPETRO, Ipojuca, PE, corrosion rate. In this work, the artificial neural and tempering were carried out. Brazil, SILVIO C. SILVA, TRANSPETRO, Santos, network was used to check whether a more SP, Brazil reliable relationship can be established for the In this paper, the mechanical properties and In a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition external rate prediction. The establishment of microstructure of WPHY-80 seamless tee were (SCADA) system, operators use a human- the method include the following steps: The first studied. The results of mechanical testing machine interface (HMI) to interact with the step is to collect data of oil or gas pipeline: basic showed that the tensile yield strength of the tee process through industrial protocols, which have historical data of cathodic protection and body was more than 590 MPa and also provided specific drivers (software pieces) installed in the physicochemical properties as well as external excellent low temperature toughness (CVN >> SCADA servers. If the process device corrosion inspection data; The second step is to 200 J at -45°C), which met the requirements of manufacturer does not develop a driver for its identify the influencing factors; The third step is the specification for fittings applied in the equipment, a gateway, with a protocol translator to weight and refine the influencing factors with China-Russia Eastern Gas Pipeline Project. In can be provided with the equipment, to translate Grey Relational Analysis method; The fourth addition, the results of welding procedure its particular protocol to a standard industrial step is to establish the corrosion rate prediction qualification showed that the welding one, like the so popular Modbus. model by artificial neural network method; The performance of the WPHY-80 seamless tee was final step is to validate the relationship by excellent. This work presents the development of a comparing the predicted corrosion rate with 4:42pm Pipeline Open Data Standard Next gateway ‘ protocol translator ‘ that connects an field test data. Generation Data Model odorant unit of a pipeline terminal, which has a Poster Paper Publication. IPC2018-78753 proprietary protocol to an industrial protocol 4:36pm Development Of Large Diameter Modbus TCP/IP. All development is made with Heavy Wall Seamless Tee Fitting Of Wphy- Peter Veenstra, TRC, Kansas City, MO, Open Source software. X80 Grade For Low Temperature Pipeline United States Station Application The Pipeline Open Data Standard (PODS) The subject matter is extended to describe the Poster Paper Publication. IPC2018-78748 Association develops and advances global solution to an issue observed due to the lack of YU Liu, China Petroleum Pipeline Research pipeline data standards and best practices a flowmeter in the odorant unit, where a Kalman Institute Co. Ltd, Langfang, Hebei, China, Peng supporting data management and reporting for filter was used as an estimator, to provide a Zhu, Lijun Yan, China Petroleum Pipeline the oil and gas industry. This presentation virtual meter. Machinery Manufacture Co. Ltd, Langfang, provides an overview of the PODS Association 4:30pm A numerical corrosion rate Hebei, China, Tao Han, Yezheng Li, Zhanghua and a detailed overview of the transformed prediction method for external corrosion of Yin, China Petroleum Pipeline Research Institute PODS Pipeline Data Model resulting from the buried pipeline Co. Ltd, Langfang, Hebei, China, Qiang Li, Hebei PODS Next Generation initiative. Poster Presentation. IPC2018-78687 University of Technology, Tianjin, China The PODS Association’s Next Generation, or Luis Quej, Antonio Contreras, Instituto Mexicano This paper describes the development of large Next Gen, initiative is focused on a complete del Petroleo, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, diameter heavy wall seamless tee fitting of re-design and modernization of the PODS Hongbo Liu, Mexican Institute of Petroleum, WPHY-80 grade for low temperature pipeline Pipeline Data Model. The re-design of the Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Jorge Luis Alamilla, station application. Steel tees with thicker wall PODS Pipeline Data Model is driven by PODS Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo, Ciudad de generally tend to have low fracture toughness Association Strategy objectives as defined in Mexico, Mexico, Eliceo Sosa Hernandez, either in pipe body or in weld joint and low its 2016-2019 Strategic Plan and reflects Mexican Institute of Petroleum, Ciudad de weldability. Therefore, improvement of fracture nearly 20 years of PODS Pipeline Data Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico toughness and weldability are particularly Model implementation experience and important with respect to development of The work introduces a numerical external lessons learned. higher strength and thicker wall seamless tee corrosion rate prediction method for buried fittings. pipeline. The external corrosion rate of oil or gas

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The Next Gen Data Model is designed to be the ArcGIS Platform and ArcGIS for Pipeline system of record for pipeline centerlines and Referencing (APR) will be a main topic of pressurized containment assets for the safe discussion along with how PODS Next Gen can transport of product, allowing pipeline be leveraged to benefit pipeline integrity, risk operators to: assessment, reporting and data maintenance. The end goal of a PODS implementation is a ‘ Achieve greater agility to build and extend the realization of data management efficiency, data data model, transfer and exchange, to make the operation of a pipeline safer and most cost effective. ‘ respond to new business requirements,

‘ interoperate through standard data models and WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER, 26 consistent application interface,

‘ share data within and between organizations 10-1 using well defined data exchange specifications, POSTER SESSION

‘ optimize performance for management of bulk 10-1-2 loading, reroute, inspection data and history. POSTER SESSION 2

The presentation will introduce the Next Gen Telus, MacLeod Hall A 10:30am - 12:00pm Data Model design principles, conceptual, logical Session Chair: Sarah Vandaiyar, TransCanada, and physical structures with a focus on Calgary, AB, Canada transformational changes from prior versions of the Model. Support for multiple platforms including but not limited to Esri ArcGIS, open source GIS and relational database management systems will be described. Alignment with Esri’s

- 121 - Special Sessions

Public Engagement and Acceptance Track Purpose To recognize the technical contributions of individuals that have stood the test of time.

Background The goal of the Distinguished Lecture Series is to present technical content that was produced over the past several decades that have provided a foundation for modern pipeline technology.

Date / Duration (Tentative) Wednesday afternoon panel session for 1 hour and 15 minutes • 5 minute introduction to the Distinguished Lecture Series • 5 minute introduction to the honoree • 30 to 40 minute presentation by the honoree • 10 to 15 minutes of questions and answers

Young Pipeliners Panel

Young Pipeliners Panel: “Help Me, Help You!” at IPC 2018 Join the Young Pipeliners Association of Canada (YPAC) on Monday, September 24th as we host a panel and networking session at IPC 2018 where fellow young pipeliners and their mentors will share stories about how mentorship has influenced their careers. We’re excited to welcome the following pipeliners to the panel:

Moderator: Nancy Manchak – Asset Integrity Engineer at Enbridge Pipelines Sarah Vandaiyar, Project Engineer with TransCanada with her mentor, Vik Kohli, Director of Engineering Services at Enbridge and, Landon Lucadou, Engineering Specialist at Dynamic Risk with his mentor, Patrick Vieth, Senior Vice President – Technical Services at Dynamic Risk.

Click here to view panelists biographies When: 5–7pm, Monday, September 24, 2018 Location: Stephen Room in the Hyatt Regency Hotel, 700 Centre Street SE, Calgary Alberta

122 Cost: Free, with Event Only Registration required via the IPC website.

- 122 - Special Sessions

Fireside Chat Series

For 2018 the IPC has initiated three topical “fireside chats”. These informative yet informal talks are designed with audience participation and learning in mind.

The topics to be addressed are: The Future of Energy Understanding the human and organizational factors that contribute to incidents The End of the Pipeline Lifecycle Please find full descriptions and moderator and speaker bios below.

1. The Future of Energy, Tuesday, September 25, 3:30 – 5:00pm Session Description By 2050, global energy demand is projected to double, spurred on by population growth that will exceed nine billion people on the planet. The future of energy will depend on the interplay of a number of factors including technological advances, government policy, energy cost reductions, increased efficiency and transitions to renewable energy sources. What will characterize our energy future? What will be the roles of the industry, the consumers, and the government? Fossil fuels are a human source of greenhouse gas emissions, but wind, solar, and nuclear energy have their own challenges. Whereas ‘green’ energy appears to move towards decentralization with digital energy management systems, fossil fuel energy is relying heavily on global transport and distribution of gas and oil products, thereby affected by world events and worldwide stakeholders. Will it be possible to integrate the various energy sources towards a combination of solutions, obtaining a recognition and acceptance for the current need of fossil fuels and, thereby, a social license to operate?

Session Moderator: Danielle Smith, Radio Host NewsTalk770 Speakers Tim Pickering, Auspice Capital Advisors Cody Battershill, Canada Action Keith Brooks, Environmental Defense

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2. Understanding the human and organizational factors that contribute to incidents, Thursday, September 27, 10:30 – 12:00pm

Session Description An awareness of the role of human and organizational factors in the origin of incidents is not new and these factors are being implemented to some degree in current incident investigation processes. Nonetheless, it continues to be a challenge to successfully identify human and organizational factors and implement recommendations and safeguards. A discussion of these challenges are presented, the role of safety culture, and comparisons of contributing human and organizational factors between pipeline incidents and other industry incidents.

Session Moderator: Jake Abes, Det Norske Veritas (Canada) Speakers Kathy Fox, Transportation Safety Board of Canada Jan Hayes, RMIT University, Australia Alan Mayberry, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)

3. The End of the Pipeline Lifecycle, Thursday, September, 3:30 – 5:00pm Session Description The End of the Pipeline Lifecycle fireside chat takes a significantly different approach to the more common abandonment dialogue. Mike Sullivan from the Canadian Common Ground Alliance and Alberta One-Call Corporation leads this blue-sky discussion on the value of pipelines and rights of way as assets after their useful life transporting hydrocarbons has ended. Paul Anderson, with Anderson and Associates, and Russell Wintersgill, with Stratocom Solutions, and recently retired from AltaGas Utilities, join Mike as they consider what the future might look like.

Session Moderator: Mike Sullivan, Alberta One-Call Corporation Speakers Russell Wintersgill, Stratocom Solutions Paul Anderson, Anderson & Associates

- 124 - See you in 2020!

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