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Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices and Their Applications

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Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices and Their Applications Superconducting quantum interference devices and their applications Sam Henry, University of Oxford Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 1 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 SQUIDs and Their Applications • Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices • Theory and Applications • Magnetometer for neutron EDM experiment • Geomagnetic monitoring • Tracking groundwater flow • Magnetotellurics – mapping the subsurface with natural geomagnetic probe • Technical challenges • Future, hybrid magnetometers, options for cooling Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 2 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 SQUID Magnetometers • Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices • fT/Hz-1/2 magnetometers • Track changes in magnetic flux (not absolute magnetometers) - Easily disrupted by interference 3-axis SQUID magnetometer [SQUID]2 - SQUID with Shielding QUalified for Oxford University Ionosphere Detection - permanently installed at LSBB Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 3 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 SQUIDs - Principle Superconducting Loop Josephson Junctions Flux quantization h n DC SQUID 2e Critical current e I I0 cos Voltage across loop varies periodically Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March with the flux through loop 4 2015 SQUID – control circuit Connect pick-up loop or input circuit Linearize response with feedback circuit • Applications: Magnetoencephalography; Material studies (Magnetization, Susceptibility); Geophysics; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Superconducting thermometer readout Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 5 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 Neutron Electric Dipole Moment • The neutron EDM is a probe for New Physics which could explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe • Measure Larmor spin precession frequency of stored UCN in electric and magnetic field • Next generation of cryogenic experiments require magnetometer to track 0.1pT field in superfluid helium 6 cryoEDM 12-channel SQUID system • Track magnetic field in neutron cell to 0.1pT resolution • Pick-up loops separated from SQUIDs by ~1.5m – TWPs screened by superconducting capillaries • SQUIDs and pick-up loops operate in 0.5K superfluid • SQUID sensors by Supracon AG, Germany • Preamplifiers: Star Cryoelectronics, USA • Control, digitization and software developed by Oxford University Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 7 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 cryoEDM SQUID system Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 8 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 SQUID magnetometry measurements at LSBB • Collaboration with geophysicists – SQUIDs for geomagnetism • Tested latest cryoEDM SQUID electronics with software reset control in low noise laboratory • Simultaneous measurements with two SQUID systems Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 9 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 Measurements at LSBB Duration of X [pT] Y [pT] Z [pT] fit period [h] 72 56 144 110 24 54 60 41 8 41 44 25 1 28 28 18 Tracking geomagnetic fluctuations to picotesla accuracy using two superconducting quantum interference device10 vector magnetometers, S. Henry, E. Pozzo di Borgo, A. Cavaillou. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84 (2013) 024501. Hydrogeology with SQUIDs [SQUID]2 Oxford system • Use two SQUID magnetometers to subtract ionospheric background • Detect local variations in the magnetic field – groundwater flow (electrokinetic effect) Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 11 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 Increase to 1.4l/min over 3 hours Result: following heavy rainfall Magnetic Signal at Water Flow Point Water flow rate ~0.2l/min SQUID signal at flow point Red periods – disrupted by interference Reference SQUID signal in Capsule INTERMAGNET data 12 Magnetic signal during water flow anomaly • All magnetic anomalies can be attributed to telluric currents or mechanical disturbance • Result fits null hypothesis (no electrokinetic signal) – limit BEK<0.2nT Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 13 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 Magnetotellurics: Exploration Geophysics with natural magnetic source Probe: Geomagnetic fluctuations generated in ionosphere Telluric currents induced in ground – proportional to electrical conductivity Simultaneous measurement of magnetic signals and electric fields at multiple locations … compare to model predictions … infer subsurface conductivity … measure groundwater level Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 14 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 Magnetotellurics: Applications • Monitor groundwater – Saline Intrusion • Monitoring deep aquifers – CO2 storage? – Contamination from shale gas fracking? • Exploration geophysics – Groundwater in arid environments? – Geothermal energy? – Mineral deposits? – Hydrocarbons? COMSOL • Mapping flooded underground cavities? Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 15 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 Towards a Worldwide Network of SQUIDs for Near-Space and Earth Studies • Continuous geomagnetic monitoring essential to study space weather, ionosphere interactions, seismo-magnetic effects • SQUIDs offer improved sensitivity, broader bandwidth and higher dynamic range than existing systems (fluxgates) • Network required to distinguish global signals, search for directional or polarization information from earthquake precursors Future technological needs to study naturally occurring magnetic fields in the Earth and near-space environments in Superconductivity and the environment: a Roadmap. Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26 (2013) 113001 doi:10.1088/0953- 2048/26/11/113001 Rustrel, France Hermanus, South Africa 16 Practical Issues: Cooling SQUIDs • Liquid Helium • Expensive, difficult to transport to remote areas, requires regular refilling • Required for low noise measurements • Liquid Nitrogen • Much cheaper easier to handle • High Tc SQUIDs ~×10 worse resolution, potential issues with 1/f noise • Cryocoolers • High capital cost, low long term running cost • Significant power consumption • Generate vibrational and magnetic noise • Potential for improvement Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 17 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 Hybrid Magnetometry • SQUIDs and fluxgates • Allow a SQUID magnetometer to recover from interference induced glitches? • SQUIDs and induction coils • SQUIDs for quasi dc / low frequencies • Induction coils for audio frequencies • SQUIDs and atomic magnetometer • Calibrate absolute field through Larmor frequency of precessing nuclei • Helium-3 suited for cryogenic environment Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 18 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 Future • Geophysics / Industry • Can the better magnetic field resolution of SQUIDs improve the power of exploration geophysics with magnetotellurics? • Geomagntic monitoring • Build up worldwide network of SQUID geomagnetic observatories • Demonstrate reliability of instruments • Investigate correlations – search for space weather / seismomagnetic effects • Hybrid SQUID – 3He magnetometer Novel Magnetic Sensors Workshop, 19 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 12 March 2015 .
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