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Graduate School xford hysics Post-Graduate Study Particle Physics We’ve discovered the Higgs so what else is there to do? 1 Some events selected in the Higgs search Higgs → γγ left Higgs → Z Z* below ATLAS H->gg Cleanest channels for very low Mass Higgs, Needs: Good di-photon mass resolution Determination of primary vertex Good Photon Id. Last year g/Jet, g/p0 discrimination Need to understand backgrounds with high precision with Data This year Driven techniques QCD gg production g-Jet and Jet-Jet production combined H→γγ search Local significance 4.5σ at Higgs mass 126.5 GeV 3 H→γγ and H → Z Z* are the best channels to tie down the Higgs mass but to check that this is the Higgs predicted by the Standard Model we have to check that it couples to all channels as predicted Is it a Standard Model Higgs? It is consistent with SM Here is H → W W* with W’s decaying via lepton neutrino No mass peak but a consistent level of enhancement at 3.2σ Combined channels: H → γγ, ZZ*, WW*, bb, τ+τ- Higgs excluded MH 110 to 122.7 and 129 to 557 GeV at 95% CL An excess at MH=126.5 with local significance 5σ, where 4.6σ would be expected for a Standard Model Higgs Lots more work to do: Are the branching ratios as predicted for SM Higgs? Is it spin-0? Is there only ONE of them? The Higgs was not the only reason we built the LHC there are many other questions • Do forces unify at high energy? •Are there extra dimensions? Possibly where gravity enters but other forces do not. •Why is the Universe made of mostly matter? CPviolation •What is the dark matter? •Why are there 3 families and why are their masses so different? Higgs mechanism does not tell us the values of the masses •And are quarks and leptons the end– is there something smaller? •We need to measure flavour mixing in the CKM matrix and understand the CP violating phase •Now that we know neutrinos change flavour and have mass, we need to measure oscillation parameters accurately to understand the mechanism behind flavour violation 6 Standard Model– what about Gravity? Gravity not included in SM! Weak Electromagnetic Hierarchy Problem: Why is Gravity so weak? 7 The problem with a Higgs boson h h 8 New physics at the TeV energy scale Plenty of theories could fix the problem … Composite Higgs Supersymmetry? boson(s)? Extra Dimensions? TeV-scale quantum gravity? Which (if any) is right? All make different experimental predictions at LHC… 9 One very popular idea: SuperSymmetry every fermion has a boson partner and vice-versa Standard Supersymmetric Model partners quarks (L&R) squarks (L&R) Spin-1/2 leptons (L&R) sleptons (L&R) Spin-0 neutrinos (L&?) sneutrinos (L&?) After Mixing g B Bino 0 0 0 Spin-1 Z W Wino W± Wino± 4 x neutralino gluon gluino Spin-1/2 gluino 0 ~ h H0 H0 ~ 2 x chargino Spin-0 H± 0 A (Higgsinos) Cancel loop corrections to Higgs H± Extended higgs sector 2 complex doublets 8-3 = 5 Higgs bosons Particle Physics @ Oxford •Large Hadron Collider (LHC) •ATLAS Experiment •LHCb Experiment •Neutrino Experiments- T2K and SNO+ •Dark Matter Searches- Edelweiss and Eureca •And many detector based projects •For full list, Look here: http://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/study- here/postgraduates/particle- physics/thesis-topics 11 The Large Hadron Collider LHCb ATLAS ALICE 27km CMS Circumference 12 UK groups are centrally involved… 8 Sept 2011 Alan Barr, University of Oxford 13 Understanding Standard Model @ ATLAS • BUT, before one can claim any discovery, one has to know the SM at TeV scales very well!! • Protons are highly complex beasts! Proton – Need to know what goes into the reaction in order to know what goes out! • Understanding of the SM at the LHC is very important. • Projects available on: – Measuring SM backgrounds to new physics – Measuring the proton structure – With other ATLAS experimentalists (in Oxford, CERN and beyond...) – Understanding the SM at the LHC – Together with theorists Possible supervisors: Dr Cigdem Issever Prof Amanda Cooper-Sarkar Dr Tony Weidberg 14 Parton distributions are not perfectly known –different groups evaluate slightly different distributions from pre-LHC data And these translate into different predictions for measurable quantities at the LHC. Here we see the predictions for asymmetry between W+ and W- production as a function of pseudo-rapidity And here we see the measurement compared to such predictions 15 The ratio of strange to lighter quarks e.g. down in the proton q- qbar sea is not very well known Is it the same? Is it suppressed? This has a consequence for W and Z production at the LHC Here are the predictions for the ratios unsuppressed/suppressed as a function of rapidity- it’s a small effect BUT we can see it and the answer is NOT suppressed. 16 SUPERSYMMETRY @ ATLAS • Best candidate for physics beyond the Standard Model • Predicts host of new particles accessible at the LHC: Squarks, gluinos, sleptons, ..., WIMPs – Rich spectrum - lots of scope for bright ideas. • Predicts that LHC should produce the world’s first man- made Dark Matter – And you can work out what it is made of! Cosmological evidence for Dark Matter • Projects available on: – Searches for Supersymmetry – With other ATLAS experimentalists (in Oxford, CERN and beyond...) – Understanding the properties of new SUSY-like particles – Together with theorists Simulated SUSY event in ATLAS Possilbe supervisors: Dr Alan Barr Dr Claire Gwenlan 17 What sort of searches? Strongly interacting particles produced Decay to Weakly Interacting Massive Particle candidate… Proton [ Lepton(s) ] Jet(s) Proton Invisible(s) 8 Sept 2011 18 miss Jets + pT Pileup 8 Sept 2011 Alan Barr, University of Oxford 19 =Oxford 8 Sept 2011 Alan Barr, University of Oxford 20 Exotics New Physics Searches @ ATLAS • Exotics: Searches for New Physics beyond SM and SUSY • Searches are mostly model-independent • Involve a variety of final states – Leptons, jets, photons, boosted W/Z bosons and top quarks • Variety of models Minv= 4.69 TeV – Extra Dimensions – New heavy quarks and bosons – New interactions, etc…. • Projects available on: – Searches for heavy resonances and new interactions • Boosted tops, boosted W bosons • Dijet and b bbar quark final states • Multijet final states – Understanding the properties of exotics particles and objects – Together with theorists – Experts at CERN Possilbe supervisors: Dr Cigdem Issever Dr Jeff Tseng Oxford is leading many of the ATLAS Exotics searches. Dr Todd Huffman 21 There is more than SUSY: Exotics Searches Oxford Student Contribution Past 3 years: mass and new physics scales pushed beyond 1 TeV A discovery could have come (very) early… LHC is designed for 14 TeV, not 7 TeV. Pressing hard for the Energy upgrade soon! 8 Sept 2011 Alan Barr, University of Oxford 23 ATLAS: the next step – upgrading the luminosity • sLHC will be upgraded to achieve 10fold increase in luminosity – Increased potential for • Precision Standard Model physics due to improved statistics, • Extended mass reach for new particles (by ~0.5 to 1 TeV) due to higher statistics for high-X collisions, • Supersymmetry, because of increased statistics in the √s>1TeV range. – 403 pileup evts/crossing (50ns), ~20k particles in |η|<3.2, 150 pile-up events – Backgrounds boosted by similar factor ~66k spacepoints ×10 compared to LHC. • Biggest impact on ATLAS: replacement of tracker required. 24 Oxford Students in ATLAS •Student work in small friendly teams have a big impact! •Gain high visibility in ATLAS •Take responsibility for projects or detectors •Long term stay at CERN •Shifts at the detector 25 The LHCb experiment Schematic of the LHCb experiment • LHCb will exploit the 1012 B mesons and baryons produced in proton-proton collisions at 14 TeV per year: 1. to make precision measurements of CP violation, and 2. to search for New •2 Ring Imaging Cherenkov Physics in rare B decays detectors (RICHes) provide • 2 fb-1 of data collected particle ID over a wide range • Bs →μμ observed of momenta- Oxford’s main hardware project 26 CP violation! 27 CP-violation in beauty hadrons In beauty system, the SM predicts sizable CP-violation. And this is what we see! B0→K+π- 0 - + Signal + B bar→K π residual background Rate of decay and CP-conjugated process are clearly different ! Often, the SM predictions are precise. The goal then is to make Correspondingly precise measurements. Any Inconsistencies would indicate New Physics at work ! 28 Hunting for SUSY In SM In SUSY with Bs→μμ The importance of flavour physics Very rare, and very well predicted in Standard Model (BR ~ 3 x 10-9 !) But in supersymmetry (SUSY) significant enhancements can occur ! LHCb has recently observed Bs→μμ at 3.5σ at a rate consistent with SM. Contrary to what the BBC says this does not rule out SUSY, but it does rule out some scenarios with large tan β -- i.e with very different Higgs masses in the extended Higgs sector 29 Charming surprises ! Principal goal of LHCb is to perform CP-violation measurements, (study matter/anti-matter differences) This is done using both hadrons containing beauty quarks and those with charm quarks For charm, the Standard Model predicts no CP-violation, but new physics can generate small, but finite effects. ~1.5 million D*, D0→K+K- decays LHCb analysis (Oxford driven) sees evidence of CP-violation in charm Needs more data to be certain. If confirmed, result is a challenge to the SM ! 30 Example: precise CKM measurements • The apex of the CKM triangle is the world average measurement of their value (from pre-LHC measurements of the triangle’s sides and angles).
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