A Bibliography of Geomorphometry, the Quantitative Representation of Topography Supplement 1.0
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY A Bibliography of Geomorphometry, the Quantitative Representation of Topography Supplement 1.0 By RICHARD J. PIKE l Provides over 450 additions and corrections to the 1993 Bibliography of Geomorphometry and a brief update of recent advances OPEN-FILE REPORT 95-046 1995 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with US. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US. Government 'MENLO PARK, CA 94025 A Bibliography of Geomorphometry, the Quantitative Representation of Topography Supplement 1.0 by Richard J. Pike Abstract This report adds over 450 entries (and makes several corrections) to the 1993 literature review of topographic quantification (geomorphometry), briefly reviews recent advances in the field, and describes four new applications of morphometry: landscape ecology, wind-energy prospecting, soil surveys, and image understanding. his is the first update of a bibliography discipline. Finally, four areas related to and introductory essay on morphometry have been identified since the Tgeomorphometry (or simply release of Pike (1993): landscape ecology, wind- morphometry), the numerical characterization energy prospecting, soil surveys, and image of topographic form (Pike, 1993). The understanding. supplement continues my drawing together the diverse and scattered literature on the subject and making it accessible to the research community. The need for such an effort remains Four New Applications evident from the rapidly growing use of square- grid digital elevation models (OEM's) to Significant additions to geomorphometry express topography for many different include papers appearing over the last few applications. Here I present over 450 additions years in the growing literature on landscape to the initial 2100-item listing. Some two ecology (e.g., O'Neill and others, 1988; Li and dozen references correct the most serious errors Reynolds, 1993). This new discipline has in Pike (1993). The new entries include both quantified some of the fundamental spatial works overlooked previously and a good (X,Y) elements of landscape character. The sampling of the voluminous material published attributes outline shape, contiguity, since the original bibliography, which was interspersion, nesting, and adjacency are current through 1992. mostly topological. Such characteristics need to be incorporated into geomorphometry to The appended listing follows the complement the more common relief measures, (unannotated) format of its predecessor. The but thus far have proven difficult to express 60-topic organization of geomorphometry numerically (Pike, 1993). The computer developed in Pike (1993, Table 2) also techniques being developed by landscape accommodates the new entries. The same ecolegists to quantify these attributes use qualifications and caveats on accuracy and patterns and textures formed by mosaics of completeness stated therein apply equally to patches, defined as homogeneous units of this supplement, which is current through landscape identified on multispectral images about mid-1994. Preparations for distributing (McGarigal and Marks, 1994; Dillworth and the combined bibliography (and subsequent others, 1994). With due caution, the measures updates) on-line over the Internet are underway ("metrics") calculated by the new algorithms but not yet complete. are transferable to the characterization of topography. This adaptation can be accomplished by first creating topographic Also highlighted here briefly are a few units that are the equivalents of landscape advances in established research areas of patches, probably subbasins (from drainage-net morphometry. Field applications of analysis) and terrain facets (from DEM-based techniques, rather than just accounts of their analysis of elevation, slope angle, and aspect). development, appear more commonly than in Pike (1993), reflecting some maturing of the R. PIKEAJSGS OF06-O46 Other additions to the bibliography work emphasizes software development for describe the role of morphometry in assessing vision-based navigation as it relates to human the potential of a hitherto untapped natural and robot perception of terrain features and resource in the United States, the generation of consequent AI (artificial intelligence) modeling electricity from wind energy (Elliott and (Pick and others, 1993; Thompson and others, others, 1987,1991; Wendell and others, 1993). 1993). The results apply to autonomous Shaded-relief images made from coarse-scale vehicles, navigation aids, mission planning, (90 m) DEM's and morphometric parameters simulation, and training. The experiments computed from fine-scale (10 m) DEM's (from address such perceptual aspects of way-finding 7S USGS maps and data) are being used to in continuous topography as landmark prospect for wind energy and to characterize identification, vision-based localization, and near-surface air turbulence at potential sites for route-following. In contradistinction to most the installation of turbines ("giant morphometric analysis, the required windmills"). These and prior studies have information describes terrain in profile or shown mat the configuration of topography vistas, as seen by an observer on the ground upwind of a turbine is critical in locating these still a poorly understood element of energy-gathering devices in the landscape. topographic geometry. These studies of visual Local wind-flow characteristics, particularly perception obtain viewsheds, terrain fine-scale turbulence, governed by land-surface panoramas, and near-field, far-field, and form determine a turbine's durability (e.g., horizon profiles from topographic maps by wear characteristics and the resulting intervals applying computer techniques of feature for servicing) as well as its efficiency (and cost- extraction to DEM's. effectiveness) in generating electricity. Building on statistical relations between Updated work soil characteristics and land-surface form in drainage basins (e.g., Gerrard, 1981), recent Advances in the research areas in experiments have mapped soil properties and geomorphometry already identified (Pike, taxonomic units with the aid of landform 1993) continue unabated. Among these are attributes derived from digital terrain data. hazards modeling (Ellen and Mark, 1993; Pike Maps of ground slope, aspect, and elevation and others, 1994), geographic information computed from DEM's were examined systems (GIS) implementation of topographic manually, together with aerial photographs analysis (Wu and others, 1993; Tachikawa and and topographic maps, to conduct broad-scale others, 1993), refinement of the DEM-to- (order-three) soil surveys in the western United watershed transformation (Martz and States (e.g., Klingebiel and others, 1987). Field Garbrecht, 1993), the many and varied evaluations revealed that the DEM-based application of DEM's to climatic and maps were accurate and helpful except in arid hydrologic modeling (Costa-Cabral and Surges, areas of sparse vegetation and low slopes (< 1994; Daly and others, 1994; Wolock and Price, 4°). Additionally, the geostatistical 1994), evaluation and improvement of DEM techniques of kriging and cokriging of slope quality (Zebker and others, 1994; Bolstad and curvature and other landform measures derived Stowe, 1994), delimitation of topographic from DEM's, combined with multiple-regression regions from DEM's (Guzzetti and Reichenbach, analysis, have been used to predict specific 1994), compression and efficient storage of properties (e.g., gravel content) of soils in DEM's (Smith and Lewis, 1994; Hall, 1993), Australia (Odeh and others, 1994). These scale-dependence (including fractal properties) experiments demonstrate certain advantages in of topographic form (Sung and Tsaan, 1992; using morphometric methods to more efficiently Weissel and others, 1994), modeling survey and evaluate soils in rough terrain and geomorphic process (Montgomery and Dietrich, areas of dense vegetation. 1994; Willgoose, 1994), and the geomorphic interpretation of planetary surfaces and A fourth area in which geomorphometry is Earth's sea floor (Komatsu and Baker, 1994; emerging as an essential component is the Little and others, 1993). The first book devoted general field of image understanding. Current R. PIKEAJSGS OF86-046 wholly to OEM's has just been published than just the citations, if at all possible. (Felicisimo, 1994). However, I can entertain new entries if just the following information is provided: Complementary advances in the computer visualization of topographic form reflect 1. photocopy of tide page, oj improved technology and data sets. Among title of the work, and recent DEM-derived shaded-relief images, the name(s) of author(s); surname those of Israel (from 107 million terrain plus two initials (or, if one heights gridded at 25 m; Hall, 1994) and given name, then spelled out) southern Somalia (US. Army, 1993) warrant 2. year of publication particular mention. A balanced and 3. the exact and complete citation of serial or aesthetically successful combination of color other form of publication (book, conference with relief shading, a goal mat has thus far proceedings, and so forth), including volume defied most attempts, has at last been number, issue number, and inclusive page achieved in recent work with the old Defense numbers. For meetings give location and Mapping