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The Work of the Spirit: the Contribution by American Contemporary Scholars of Pentecostalism to an Understanding of the Worldwid THE WORK OF THE SPIRIT: THE CONTRIBUTION BY AMERICAN CONTEMPORARY SCHOLARS OF PENTECOSTALISM TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLDWIDE PENTECOSTAL MOVEMENT – THE REASONS FOR ITS GROWTH, ITS INTELLECTUAL CHALLENGES AND ITS POTENTIAL IN DIALOGUE ABOUT FAITH IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD Dissertation Zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde im Fach Englische Philologie Anglistisches Seminar der Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg Neuphilologische Fakultät vorlegt von NIGEL WILLIS Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Jan Stievermann, Heidelberg Center for American Studies/Theologische Fakultät Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dieter Schulz, Anglistisches Seminar Drittgutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Welker, Theologische Fakultät Das Wirken des Geistes Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der zeitgenössischen amerikanischen Forschung zur Pfingstbewegung - Die Gründe für ihre Ausbreitung, die intellektuellen Herausforderungen, vor denen die Bewegung steht, und ihr Potential für den Dialog über den Glauben in einers globalisierten Welt vorgelegt von NIGEL WILLIS Zusammenfassung Das Wirken des Geistes Eine Untersuchung der zeitgenössischen amerikanischen Forschung zur Pfingstbewegung - Die Gründe für ihre Ausbreitung, die intellektuellen Herausforderungen, vor denen die Bewegung steht, und ihr Potential für den Dialog über den Glauben in einer globalisierten Welt Untersuchungsgegenstand dieser religions- und kulturgeschichtlichen Dissertation ist das enorme Wachstum der Pfingstbewegung, die sich aus einer kleinen Versammlung in der Azusa Street in Los Angeles (1906) zu einer weltweiten Religionsgruppe mit ca. 525 Millionen Anhängern entwickelt hat. Der Verfasser geht den Gründen für dieses Wachstum in den USA und weltweit nach, indem er mittels eines transdisziplinären Ansatzes die Werke der folgenden amerikanischen Wissenschaftler untersucht: (i) Grant Wacker, Historiker (ii) Margaret Poloma, Soziologin (iii) Frank Macchia, Theologe und (iv) Amos Yong, ebenfalls Theologe. 2 Ebenfalls analysiert werden die Auswirkungen der Ausbreitung und die Herausforderungen, denen sich die Pfingstbewegung in den nächsten Jahren wird stellen müssen. Innerhalb der amerikanischen Pfingstbewegung existieren unterschiedlichste Ansichten und unterschiedlichste Formen des Gottesdienstes. Die untersuchten Wissenschaftler sind sich darin einig, dass gerade die Bereitschaft zum Pluralismus ein wichtiges Merkmal der Pfingstbewegung ist. Die vorliegende Dissertation zeigt in der vergleichenden Analyse der Werke der vier Wissenschaftler aber auch, dass bestimmte Elemente des Gottesdienstes in allen Pfingstgemeinden vorzufinden und somit als spezifisch für diese Form des Christentums einzustufen sind. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass sich die rapide globale Ausbreitung der Pfingstbewegung nicht monokausal erklären lässt. Das Verhältnis der Bewegung zur Moderne ist ausgesprochen komplex und soziologische oder sozio-ökonomische Faktoren allein bieten keine hinreichende Erklärung für ihr Wachstum. So mag insbesondere auch die Art der spirituellen Erfahrung, die den Anhängern zuteilwird, ein Grund für ihre Attraktivität sein. Ein weiteres Ergebnis der vorliegenden Dissertation ist es, aufzuzeigen, dass sich die Pfingstbewegung an einem Scheideweg befindet: Die Frage ist, ob sie sich von der Betonung des biblischen Literalismus entfernt und in die Richtung einer eher auf empirischen Erfahrungen beruhenden Theologie bewegt. Es lässt sich allerdings nach der heutigen Forschungslage keine richtungsweisende Tendenz in die eine oder andere Richtung vorhersehen. Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich meine Dissertation The Work of the Spirit, the Contribution by American Contemporary Scholars of Pentecostalism to an Understanding of the Worldwide Pentecostal Movement – the Reasons for its Growth, its Intellectual Challenges, and its Potential in Dialogue about Faith in a Globalizing World selbständig angefertigt, die benutzten Quellen und Hilfsmittel vollständig angegeben sowie im Einzelnen nachgewiesen und die Arbeit weder einer anderen Fakultät vorgelegt noch in der vorliegenden Form für eine andere Prüfung benutzt habe. _____________________ NIGEL PAUL WILLIS 4 Juni 2012 Abstract for The Work of the Spirit, The Contribution by American Contemporary Scholars of Pentecostalism to an Understanding of the Worldwide Pentecostal Movement – the Reasons for its Growth, its Intellectual Challenges and its Potential in Dialogue about Faith in a Globalizing World The growth of the Pentecostal movement from a small assembly gathered together in 312 Azusa Street in downtown Los Angeles in 1906 to a worldwide movement having some 525 million adherents invites examination. In order to explore the reasons for this growth this dissertation has adopted a transdisciplinary approach examining the writings of the following four American scholars: (i) Grant Wacker; (ii) Margaret Poloma; (iii) Frank Macchia; and (iv) Amos Yong. The implications of this growth and the challenges which the Pentecostal movement faces in the years that lie ahead have also been examined. Wacker is an historian, Poloma a sociologist, and both Macchia and Yong are theologians, having a Pentecostal ministry. 2 Within the Pentecostal movement there is a diversity of opinion and forms of worship. These scholars agree that a feature of the Pentecostal movement has been its embrace of pluralism. In addition, an overview of the work of these scholars shows that certain features of worship are commonly and incorrectly considered to be distinctive to Pentecostalism. There is no single explanation for the rapid, worldwide growth in the Pentecostal movement. Pentecostalism has had a complex relationship with modernity. ‘Sociological’ or socio-economic factors do not suffice to explain the gathering momentum of the Pentecostal movement. The quality of the spiritual experience of adherents may provide an explanation for the growing following within the Pentecostal movement. The research indicates that Pentecostalism may now be at the cross- roads: a key question is whether Pentecostalism will move away from an emphasis on Biblical literalism towards a more ‘experiential’ theology. It is not possible to predict the route which Pentecostalism will follow. The obstacles that have so often appeared to stand in the way of closer union among all the peoples of the world may be formidable but there is cogent evidence that these barriers may not be insurmountable. THE WORK OF THE SPIRIT, THE CONTRIBUTION BY AMERICAN CONTEMPORARY SCHOLARS OF PENTECOSTALISM TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLDWIDE PENTECOSTAL MOVEMENT – THE REASONS FOR ITS GROWTH, ITS INTELLECTUAL CHALLENGES AND ITS POTENTIAL IN DIALOGUE ABOUT FAITH IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD DEDICATION This dissertation has been dedicated to my wife, Glenda (Ph.D. (Witwatersrand)) and the Reverend Richard Willis, (M.A. (Cantab.)) (1719-1783) my 4th great-grandfather, an Anglican priest and scholar of Holybourne, England, those who have gone before him and those who have come after. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support and encouragement of the following are gratefully acknowledged: (i) Michael Welker, Professor für Systematische Theologie an der Universität Heidelberg und Direktor des Forschungszentrums Internationale und Interdisziplinäre Theologie, with whom I first mooted this project in Potchefstroom, South Africa in 2007 and without the critical appraisals of whom this work would not have arrived at its final destination; (ii) Detlef Junker, professor and founding director of the Heidelberg Center for American Studies (HCA) who, soon after I had first discussed the possibilities of pursuing this project with Michael Welker, endorsed the proposal for this research; (iii) Thomas Renkert, a graduate in theology at the University of Heidelberg who, during a critical period in this research, was one of Michael Welker’s research assistants with whom I engaged in several illuminating discussions relevant to this dissertation; (iv) Jan Stievermann, Professor für die Geschichte des Christentums in den USA und Brückenprofessor am Heidelberg Center for American Studies who, with Michael Welker as a mainstay, so graciously and expertly supervised this dissertation; (v) Dieter Schulz of the Anglistisches Seminar in the University of Heidelberg, with whom I exchanged some delightful ideas on a range of subjects from music to economics during my sojourn there. Without the love of my family this research would never even have begun. I thank you all with deep affection and abiding respect. SUMMARY & OUTLINE OF THE WORK OF THE SPIRIT, THE CONTRIBUTION BY AMERICAN CONTEMPORARY SCHOLARS OF PENTECOSTALISM TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLDWIDE PENTECOSTAL MOVEMENT – THE REASONS FOR ITS GROWTH, ITS INTELLECTUAL CHALLENGES AND ITS POTENTIAL IN DIALOGUE ABOUT FAITH IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD Although the roots of Pentecostalism can be traced back to other evangelical Protestant denominations such as Methodism, the so-called ‘Azusa Street revival’ in Los Angeles in the United States of America in 1906-1909 has generally been considered to be the ‘defining’ period in time for the origins of the worldwide Pentecostal movement. From a small assembly gathered together in an old building at 312 Azusa Street in downtown Los Angeles, Pentecostalism has grown into a worldwide movement having some 525 million adherents. Having originated in the United States of America, the Pentecostal movement’s growth in recent decades has been located especially in sub- Saharan Africa, south-east Asia and Latin America. This growth has attracted interest from a range of different scholars. 2 It is the
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