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Servant Leadership and African American Pastors

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Servant Leadership and African American Pastors SERVANT LEADERSHIP AND AFRICAN AMERICAN PASTORS CLARENCE BUNCH A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Ph.D. in Leadership and Change Program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January, 2013 This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled: SERVANT LEADERSHIP AND AFRICAN AMERICAN PASTORS prepared by Clarence Bunch is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Leadership and Change. Approved by: Jon Wergin, Ph.D., Chair date Laura Morgan Roberts, Ph.D., Committee Member date Richard Couto, Ph.D., Committee Member date Drew Smith, Ph.D., External Reader date Copyright 2013, Clarence Bunch All rights reserved Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation for the support and contribution of everyone who assisted me during this project. I extend a special thanks to LaStander, my wife, Tatiana, Ayanna, and Gianna. Thank you, Tatiana, for inspiring me through your academic excellence as a straight-A student. Thank you, Ayanna, for always being ready to cheer daddy past his perceived obstacles. Thank you, Gianna, for representing the idea of new life, new beginning, and new direction. Especially, I thank LaStander Bunch, my wife, for her love, support, and patience for tolerating me these past few years. Without your support, I would not have been able to have completed my studies and certainly would not have been able to survive the process, so, thank you. I would like to offer my thanks to my committee chairperson, Dr. Jon Wergin, for his encouragement. I am thankful for your insight, patience, and support. I also thank the members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Richard Couto and Dr. Laura Roberts, for their valuable insights into the research and writing process. I express appreciation to the members of First Zion Baptist Church for their support and patience over the past few years. I thank Parvell Warren for his relentless assistance to obtain the data. I would like to especially thank Sister Shirley Lewis for her motherly support and her persistent encouragement to me and my family along the way. Finally, I express my deepest gratitude to Randy Jordan, my supervisor, for his flexibility, kindness, and support. I thank all of the pastors who took time out to participate in the study. Also, I thank Dr. Kumar, Rev. Dr. Land, and Darwitt Garrett for their guidance and help over the past years. i Abstract Robert Greenleaf (1977) took a follower’s, rather than a leader-centric, point of view of leadership by describing a leader as one who leads by serving. He identified a leader as one who sets other people’s needs above his or her own. He argued that motivation of leaders must begin with the conscious choice to serve others. Greenleaf’s concept provides the basis for a theoretical model of servant leadership. This dissertation examines the extent to which African American pastors exhibit servant leadership characteristics, using the Servant Leadership Questionnaire (Barbuto & Wheeler, 2006). A sample of 358 African American pastors from 11 denominations across the United States was included in this study. This study uses a non- experimental quantitative approach to examine the behaviors and attitudes of African American pastors through Barbuto and Wheeler’s (2006) Servant Leadership Questionnaire, which has five factors (altruistic calling, emotional healing, organizational stewardship, persuasive mapping, and wisdom). The results of this study showed that African American pastors sometimes see themselves as servant leaders: that is, they fall into the middle range of the scale. Among various demographic variables, including age, gender, denomination, and years in service, a statistically significant difference in SLQ score was found only in size of church. Contrary to the study’s initial expectations, African American pastors reported highest subscale scores on persuasive mapping and not altruistic calling. This finding invites further qualitative research. The electronic version of this dissertation is available through the OhioLink ETD Center at http://ohiolink.edu/etd. ii Table of Contents Chapter I: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................. 4 Significance of the Problem .......................................................................................... 5 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 6 Study Population ........................................................................................................... 7 Description of Terms .................................................................................................... 7 Summary of Chapters ................................................................................................... 9 Chapter II: Review of Literature ....................................................................................... 10 The Black Church ....................................................................................................... 10 Leadership ................................................................................................................... 14 Approaches to Pastoral Leadership ............................................................................. 15 Autocratic Leaders ...................................................................................................... 18 Charismatic Leadership .............................................................................................. 19 Tramsformational Leaders .......................................................................................... 20 Servant Leadership...................................................................................................... 22 Secular View of Servant Leadership ..................................................................... 24 Biblical View of Servant Leadership .................................................................... 28 Empirical Research on Servant Leadership .......................................................... 33 Measures of Servant Leadership ........................................................................... 37 Altruistic Calling ......................................................................................................... 43 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 45 Chapter III: Methodology ................................................................................................. 46 iii The SLQ Questionnaire .............................................................................................. 46 Population and Participants ......................................................................................... 47 Baptist Church ............................................................................................................ 48 The National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. ....................................................... 48 The National Baptist Convention of America, Inc. (NBCA) ................................ 48 The Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc. (PNBC) ................................ 49 The National Missionary Baptist Convention of America (NMBCA) ................. 50 The African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) ................................................ 50 The African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ) .................................................. 51 The Church of God in Christ (COGIC) ................................................................ 52 The Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (CME) .............................................. 52 The Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship International (FGBFI) .................... 53 The Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW) ................................................ 53 Nondenominational Church .................................................................................. 54 Sampling Strategy ....................................................................................................... 55 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 59 Delimitations of Study ................................................................................................ 60 Chapter IV: Presentation of Findings ............................................................................... 61 Description of the Sample ........................................................................................... 61 Gender ......................................................................................................................... 63 Education Level Attained ........................................................................................... 63 Age of Participants ...................................................................................................... 64 Pastors’ Experience ..................................................................................................... 65 iv Status (Full-time or Bi-vocational) ............................................................................. 65 Location of Pastors ....................................................................................................
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