Fifty Years of Research at CERN, from Past to Future: Computing
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The PORTHOS Executive System for the IBM 7094
A § 1 " * '& I m I ^ ;/ 1 ^ # **W : : : The Porthos Executive System for the IBM 7O9I+ User ' s Manual Table of Contents Title Sheet Preface Table of Contents 1. The 709^-1^01 Computer Installation 1.1. Description 1.1.1. General 1.1.2. Organization 1.1.3* Equipment 1.2. Programming Services 1.2.1. System Consulting 1.2.2. System Development 1.2.3- Associated Programmers 1.3« Library Services 1.3* 1' Program Documentation 1.3*2. Subroutines I.3. 3« Reference Publications 1.3.1+. The Mailing List 1.3' 5* Information Bulletins Date 5/1/65 Section Contents Page: 1 Change 2 Porthos Manual Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/porthosexecutivesyOOuniv : s 2. Use of the Computing Facility 2.1. Conditions of Use 2.1.1. Policy for Charging for Computer Use 2.1.2. Refunding of IBM 7094 Time Due to System or Machine Failures 2.1.2.1. In-System Jobs 2.1.2.2. Relinquish Jobs 2.2. Application for Use of Equipment 2.2.1. The Form 2.2.2. Submission and Approval 2.2.3. Entries on the Problem Specification Form 2.2.4. Changes in the Problem Specification 2.2.5. Problem Abstracts 2.3- Logging and Control of Computer Time 2.3«1« Accounting for Computer Time 2.3.2. Notices to Users Concerning Lapsing Time 2.3.3. Department Reports 2.3'3-l« Internal Reports 2. 3- 3* 2. The Technical Progress Report 2. -
Technical Details of the Elliott 152 and 153
Appendix 1 Technical Details of the Elliott 152 and 153 Introduction The Elliott 152 computer was part of the Admiralty’s MRS5 (medium range system 5) naval gunnery project, described in Chap. 2. The Elliott 153 computer, also known as the D/F (direction-finding) computer, was built for GCHQ and the Admiralty as described in Chap. 3. The information in this appendix is intended to supplement the overall descriptions of the machines as given in Chaps. 2 and 3. A1.1 The Elliott 152 Work on the MRS5 contract at Borehamwood began in October 1946 and was essen- tially finished in 1950. Novel target-tracking radar was at the heart of the project, the radar being synchronized to the computer’s clock. In his enthusiasm for perfecting the radar technology, John Coales seems to have spent little time on what we would now call an overall systems design. When Harry Carpenter joined the staff of the Computing Division at Borehamwood on 1 January 1949, he recalls that nobody had yet defined the way in which the control program, running on the 152 computer, would interface with guns and radar. Furthermore, nobody yet appeared to be working on the computational algorithms necessary for three-dimensional trajectory predic- tion. As for the guns that the MRS5 system was intended to control, not even the basic ballistics parameters seemed to be known with any accuracy at Borehamwood [1, 2]. A1.1.1 Communication and Data-Rate The physical separation, between radar in the Borehamwood car park and digital computer in the laboratory, necessitated an interconnecting cable of about 150 m in length. -
Information Technology 3 and 4/1998. Emerging
OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] EMERGING TECHNOLOGY SERIES 3 and 4/1998 Information Technology UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna, 2000 EMERGING TO OUR READERS TECHNOLOGY SERIES Of special interest in this issue of Emerging Technology Series: Information T~chn~~ogy is the focus on a meeting that took INFORMATION place from 2n to 4 November 1998, in Bangalore, India. -
IBM 1401 System Summary
File No. 1401-00 Form A24-1401-1 Systems Reference Library IBM 1401 System Summary This reference publication contains brief descriptions of the machine features, components, configurations, and special features. Also included is a section on pro grams and programming systems. Publications providing detailed information on sub jects discussed in this summary are listed in IB~I 1401 and 1460 Bibliography, Form A24-1495. Major Revision (September 1964) This publication, Form A24-1401-1, is a major revision of and obsoletes Form A24-1401-0. Significant changes have been made throughout the publication. Reprinted April 1966 Copies of this and other IBM publications can be obtained through IBM Branch Offices. Address comments concerning the content of this publication to IBM Product Publications, Endicott, New York 13764. Contents IBM 1401 System Summary . ........... 5 System Concepts . ................ 6 Card-Oriented System .... ......... 11 Physical Features. 11 Interleaving. .. .................................... 14 Data Flow.... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ................... 14 Checking ................................................... 15 Word Mark.. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ........... 15 Stored-Program Instructions. .................. 15 Operation Codes . .. 18 Editing. .. ............ 18 IBM 1401 Console ............................................ 19 IBM 1406 Storage Unit. ........................... 20 Magnetic-Tape-Oriented System . ........................... 22 Data Flow ................................................. -
Alan Turingturing –– Computercomputer Designerdesigner
AlanAlan TuringTuring –– ComputerComputer DesignerDesigner Brian E. Carpenter with input from Robert W. Doran The University of Auckland May 2012 Turing, the theoretician ● Turing is widely regarded as a pure mathematician. After all, he was a B-star Wrangler (in the same year as Maurice Wilkes) ● “It is possible to invent a single machine which can be used to compute any computable sequence. If this machine U is supplied with the tape on the beginning of which is written the string of quintuples separated by semicolons of some computing machine M, then U will compute the same sequence as M.” (1937) ● So how was he able to write Proposals for development in the Mathematics Division of an Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) by the end of 1945? 2 Let’s read that carefully ● “It is possible to inventinvent a single machinemachine which can be used to compute any computable sequence. If this machinemachine U is supplied with the tapetape on the beginning of which is writtenwritten the string of quintuples separated by semicolons of some computing machinemachine M, then U will compute the same sequence as M.” ● The founding statement of computability theory was written in entirely physical terms. 3 What would it take? ● A tape on which you can write, read and erase symbols. ● Poulsen demonstrated magnetic wire recording in 1898. ● A way of storing symbols and performing simple logic. ● Eccles & Jordan patented the multivibrator trigger circuit (flip- flop) in 1919. ● Rossi invented the coincidence circuit (AND gate) in 1930. ● Building U in 1937 would have been only slightly more bizarre than building a differential analyser with Meccano. -
NEWSLETTER Cpdtrf;Lq'tp.Nn •
Th~?p~,~eps~9ti(t~J.s··r'~ws{~tt~I"" DIGITAL COMPUTER j.~~p'~r()xJ ?~i~\ .me? lumfOr ~he !.."te r-?h~9ge among t n'ter~~te~ p~r~On~\?jlnf9rtl).~t 1?n<?o" ... <;(Enl~g ,·rT?~9~•.· •.···· ••• ~. ~v;lop1l1en~~ In.t,v.~t.I.~iJ$>·· .. ~... 1,9 f~·.1l.·I·i· ••. ?9I11p.tJt~.r pr;.;J;ct$~pi.~lr.I.~.lIt.ton.<.i~ ..... 11 T'" ItT<i'~O'9?y~rvm~~t~gEl~<:iesi NEWSLETTER cPDtrf;lQ'tp.nn •. "'n(.t,.~ontr I bu't;Qrs. OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES DIVISION Vol. 11, No.3 Gordon D. Goldstein, Editor July 1959 Jean S. Campbell, Asst. Editor TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSING, NORTH AMERICA 1. Ferranti Electric, Inc., Sirius, Hempstead, L.L, New York 1 2. Librascope, Inc., Libratrol- 500, Glendale, California 1 3. Monroe Calculating Machine Company, Distributape, Orange, New Jersey 2 COMPUTING CENTERS 1. Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Computer and Mathematical Sciences Laboratory, L.G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Massachusetts 2 2. Georgia Institute of Technology, Rich Electronic Computer Center, 2 Atlanta, Georgia 2 3. Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, Data Assimilator 3 4. National Bureau of Standards, Computation Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 4 5. New York University,AEC Computing and Applied Mathematics Center, NewYork,N.Y. 4 6. RCA Service Company, FLAC I and IBM 709, Patrick Air Force Base, Florida 5 7. U.S. Naval Missile Center, 709 andRAYDAC Systems, Point Mugu, California 5 8. U.S. NavalProving Ground, Naval Ordnance Computation Center, Dahlgren, Virginia 6 9. -
PC Hardware Contents
PC Hardware Contents 1 Computer hardware 1 1.1 Von Neumann architecture ...................................... 1 1.2 Sales .................................................. 1 1.3 Different systems ........................................... 2 1.3.1 Personal computer ...................................... 2 1.3.2 Mainframe computer ..................................... 3 1.3.3 Departmental computing ................................... 4 1.3.4 Supercomputer ........................................ 4 1.4 See also ................................................ 4 1.5 References ............................................... 4 1.6 External links ............................................. 4 2 Central processing unit 5 2.1 History ................................................. 5 2.1.1 Transistor and integrated circuit CPUs ............................ 6 2.1.2 Microprocessors ....................................... 7 2.2 Operation ............................................... 8 2.2.1 Fetch ............................................. 8 2.2.2 Decode ............................................ 8 2.2.3 Execute ............................................ 9 2.3 Design and implementation ...................................... 9 2.3.1 Control unit .......................................... 9 2.3.2 Arithmetic logic unit ..................................... 9 2.3.3 Integer range ......................................... 10 2.3.4 Clock rate ........................................... 10 2.3.5 Parallelism ......................................... -
Clementina - (1961-1966) a Personal Experience
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Servicio de Difusión de la Creación Intelectual The Beginning of Computer Science in Argentina – Clementina - (1961-1966) A Personal Experience Cecilia Berdichevsky 1 SADIO-Argentine Computing Society-Uruguay 252-Buenos Aires-Argentina http://www.sadio.org.ar, <[email protected]> 2 ICDL Argentina (International Computer Driving Licence)-Rincon 326-Buenos Aires-Argentina http://www.icdl.org.ar, <[email protected]> I dedicate this work to the memory of Dr. Manuel Sadosky. Abstract. 1957 marked the beginning of modern education in computing in Argentina. I was lucky enough to live this part of the history. After issuing an international bid that year, all members of a special commission from the University of Buenos Aires selected the Ferranti Mercury computer to be purchased for the University. Once installed in 1961, an Institute of Calculus1 was created with the aim of improving the use and professional and technical applications of the machine. Almost at the same time, a new course of study was organized, the Scientific Computist2. Those three events, promoted by our teacher and mentor Manuel Sadosky, set the start point of education assisted by computers in our country. The work at the Institute covered three fields: problem solving, research and teaching. Several Working Teams were organized looking to solve “real problems” in different disciplines: Mathematical Economics, Operations Research, Statistics, Linguistics, Applied Mechanics, Numerical Analysis, Electronic Engineering and Programming Systems. The architecture, structure, operation, languages and other characteristics of the machine, quite advanced for the time, determined the specific area of each of the working teams. -
Issue 3 January 2005 Ferranti Mercury X1 Index B3 Sales of Ferranti
Issue 3 January 2005 Ferranti Mercury X1 Index B3 Sales of Ferranti Mercury Computers etc D1 Design history and designers References Delivery etc Issue 3 January 2005 B3 Sales of Ferranti Mercury computers. Information mostly taken from: The Ferranti Computer Department – an informal history. B B Swann, 1975. Typescript for private circulation only. See the National Archive for the History of Computing, catalogue number NAHC/FER/C30. No. customer date del’d scientific applic’s. Commercial applic’s 1 Norwegian Defence Research Aug. ’57 Atomic energy work - Est., Kjeller. 2 Manchester University Oct. ’57 Research & service work - Transferred to University of Sheffield 1963 3 French Atomic Energy Nov. ’57 Atomic energy work - Authority, Saclay. 4 United Kingdom Atomic Feb. ’58 Atomic energy work - Energy Authority, Harwell. 5 RAF Meteorological Office, Sept. ’58 Weather forecasting - Dunstable. 6 Council for European Nuclear Jun. ’58 Atomic energy work - Research, Geneva. 7 London University. Oct. ’58 Research & service work - 8 United Kingdom Atomic Oct. ’58 Atomic energy work Energy Authority, Risley. 9 Oxford University. Nov. ’58 Research & service work - Forestry (large Dbs) Replaced by KDF9 10 Shell International Petroleum Jan. ’59 Linear programming. Sales analysis Co. Ltd., London. 11 Royal Aircraft Establishment, Mar. ’59 Aircraft calculations - Farnborough. 12 ICI Ltd., Central Instruments Jun. ’59 Chemical process analysis - Division, Reading. 13 Swedish Atomic Energy Jul. ’59 Atomic energy work - Authority, Stockholm. 14 Belgian Atomic Energy Sept. ’59 Atomic energy work - Authority, Mol. 15 The General Electric Co. Ltd., Dec. ’59 Atomic energy work - Erith. and machine design. 16 Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Oct. ’60 Transformer design - Co. -
Systems Architecture of the Ferranti Mark I and Mark I* Computers
Version 1, August 2011. CCS-F1X2 Systems Architecture of the Ferranti Mark I and Mark I* computers. Contents. 1. Historical development. 2. The early Manchester University computers, 1948 – 1949. 3. Overview of the Ferranti Mark I. 4. Summary of the main differences between the Ferranti Mark I and the Mark I*. 1. Historical development. These Ferranti machines were the fully-engineered production versions of prototype computers designed and built at the University of Manchester. The first of the prototypes was called the Small Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), also known as the Baby. The SSEM first ran a program on the morning of Monday 21st June 1948, thereby being the world‟s first electronic stored-program computer to become operational. The SSEM was a minimal computer, primarily intended to test a novel storage system that had been developed by F C Williams and T Kilburn, first at the Telecommunications Research Establishment and then, from January 1947 at the Electro-technical Department of the University of Manchester where Professor Freddie Williams moved to become head of Department. Tom Kilburn was seconded to Manchester, to help with the storage research. The novel storage system, later to be called the Williams-Kilburn tube, depended upon regenerating a pattern of electrostatically- charged spots on the inner surface of a cathode ray tube. The system is thus sometimes called CRT storage, or electrostatic storage. Each charged spot represented a binary one or zero. Two varieties of spots were tried: dot-dash, and focus-defocus, the latter being used on the Ferranti computers. The system was patented and eventually used under licence on several early computers, including the IBM 701 and 702. -
2 9215FQ14 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Category Pages Facilities & Buildings 3-10 General Reference 11-20 Human Resources
2 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Category Pages Facilities & Buildings 3-10 General Reference 11-20 Human Resources 21-22 Legal 23-25 Marketing 26 Personal Names (Individuals) 27 Predecessor Companies 28-29 Products & Services 30-89 Public Relations 90 Research 91-97 April 10, 2007 9215FQ14 3 Facilities & Buildings Q. When did IBM first open its offices in my town? A. While it is not possible for us to provide such information for each and every office facility throughout the world, the following listing provides the date IBM offices were established in more than 300 U.S. and international locations: Adelaide, Australia 1914 Akron, Ohio 1917 Albany, New York 1919 Albuquerque, New Mexico 1940 Alexandria, Egypt 1934 Algiers, Algeria 1932 Altoona, Pennsylvania 1915 Amsterdam, Netherlands 1914 Anchorage, Alaska 1947 Ankara, Turkey 1935 Asheville, North Carolina 1946 Asuncion, Paraguay 1941 Athens, Greece 1935 Atlanta, Georgia 1914 Aurora, Illinois 1946 Austin, Texas 1937 Baghdad, Iraq 1947 Baltimore, Maryland 1915 Bangor, Maine 1946 Barcelona, Spain 1923 Barranquilla, Colombia 1946 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1938 Beaumont, Texas 1946 Belgrade, Yugoslavia 1926 Belo Horizonte, Brazil 1934 Bergen, Norway 1946 Berlin, Germany 1914 (prior to) Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 1938 Beyrouth, Lebanon 1947 Bilbao, Spain 1946 Birmingham, Alabama 1919 Birmingham, England 1930 Bogota, Colombia 1931 Boise, Idaho 1948 Bordeaux, France 1932 Boston, Massachusetts 1914 Brantford, Ontario 1947 Bremen, Germany 1938 9215FQ14 4 Bridgeport, Connecticut 1919 Brisbane, Australia -
IBM 709 MANUFACTU RER IBM 709 Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation
IBM 709 MANUFACTU RER IBM 709 Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation Photo by International Business Machines Corporation at Point Mugu, California and one at Point Arguello, APPLICATIONS California. Land Air is the lessee, and our major Manufacturer committment is for missile test flight data reduction. This is a general purpose computer doing both scien In addition, we provide computing facilities for the tific computing and commercial work. The system is entire installation at Mugu (general scientific and scientifically oriented with fast internal speeds. engineering research and data processing). USA Ballistic Missile Agency Redstone Arsenal U.S.N. Pacific Missile Range Ft. Mugu Located at Computation Laboratory, Redstone Arsenal, Operated by Land Air, Inc. ALabama, the system is used for scientific and commer Located at the Naval Missile Faculty, Point Arguello, cial applications. California, the system is used on the main problem U. S. Army Electronic Proving Ground of range safety impact predicition in real time using Located in Greely Hall, Fort Huachuca, Arizona, sys FPS-l6 Radar and Cubic COTAR data. System is also tem is used in support of the tactical field army used for post flight trajectory reduction of FPS-l6 and the technical program of the departments of the radar data and for trajectory integration and analysis, U. S. Army Electronic Proving Ground. etc. U.S.N. Pacific Missile Range Ft. Mugu USN OTS China Lake, California Operated by Land Air, Inc. Located at the Data Computation Branch, Assessment Located at the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, the DiVision, Test Department, the computer is used for system is used for the processing of missile test data reduction and scientific computation as related data (radar, optical, and telemetry), for real time to Naval Ordnance, Test, Development & Research applications, and for the solution of general mathe (l5% of computer time devoted to management data pro m.atical problems.