Nickel- Zinc Battery Energy Storage for Stationary and Mobile Applications

Nickel- Zinc battery Energy storage for stationary and mobile applications

Third ETSI Workshop June 2015

1 Advantages / Disadvantages

• High gravimetric energy (voltage 1.6 V + Zn gravimetric capacity : 820 Ah/kg) : 80 Wh/kg • Volumetric energy : ≤ 140 Wh/liter • Cost • Availability of raw materials • Safety • Recycling But zinc dendrites, zinc redistribution… low number of cycles

2 SCPS NiZn Technology

Zinc electrode : Foam collector and conductive ceramic + co- additives in the active mass (120 patents including extensions) No dendrites No cadmium, no lead No specific separators Concentrated alkaline electrolyte (reduces zinc passivation and internal resistance)

3 NiZn SCPS : Main Features • > 1,000 cycles at 80 % DOD, 3 h rate • > 200,000 cycles at 5 % DOD, 6 min. rate • Oxygen recombination (no watering) • Working temperatures -20°C to +45°C • Energy or power system

• Cost in between PbPbO2 and NiCd • No lead or cadmium, no organic electrolyte • Recycling of raw materials : existing processes

4 NiZn SCPS : Main Features Cycle Life

NiZn : number of cycles in relation with the Depth of Discharge 11 000000 000000

100100 000000

1010 000000

11 000000

CyclesCycles 100100

1010

11 1 10 100 1 Depth of Discharge10 (%) 100

5 NiZn SCPS : Main Features Temperatures

6 NiZn SCPS : Safety

NiZn short-circuit Test

2.0 600

1.8

1.6

1.4 400

Current 1.2 Voltage (V) 1.0 Current (A)

0.8 (A) Voltage (V) Voltage Voltage (V) Voltage 200 0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Time (milliseconds)

NiZn short-circuit Test 2.0 350 1.8 546 A 325 300

1.6 275 Can 1.4 Voltage (V) 250 225 temperature 1.2 Current (A) 200 1.0 Temperature (°C) 175 150 0.8

125

Voltage (V) (V) Voltage Voltage Voltage (V) Voltage 95°C / 203°F 0.6 100

(°C) 0.4 75 50 0.2 25 0.0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Time (minutes)

7 NiZn battery : charge conditions

• Constant current (C/3) up to a given voltage + complementary charge at U • End of charge: time, current ≤ C/10 • No voltage adjustment between +25°C and +40°C • -2.5 mV/°C out of this range • Energy efficiency: up to 87%

8 NiZn battery: cycle life

NiZn battery 6,6 V C/3 rate 80% DoD . Recovered capacity . No cooling. 120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

Capacity (% nominal) of (% Capacity 20,000

0,000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Number of cycles

9 Comparison between battery systems

10 NiZn : Stationary applications

Domains : • Backup (UPS) • Energy storage of renewables

Constraints : • Fiability • Safety • Cost of usage • High temperature (depending on applications)

11 NiZn : Backup

• Full charge by imposed voltage (floating) • Tests at 40°C : accelerated aging, geographic localisation or specific uses After more than 9 months at 40°C : • Low floating current ≈ C/250 • Over 97% of capacity recovered Small loss of capacity, no dendrites

12 NiZn : Renewables

• Batteries delivered to the US Army, charge with solar panels, wind turbine • Supply of batteries to Orange in the coming months for micro storage

NiZn : Electric Traction and High Power batteries for Micro and Mild Hybrids

• Forklifts : advantages of NiZn vs PbPbO2 (no water to be added, rapid partial charge avoid use of additional battery packs,functionning at -20°C) • High power NiZn batteries: up to 55 C discharge rate

14 Other works: Zn-Air

• Development of electrically rechargeable Zn-Air batteries in partnership with EDF, Umicore, Solvay, PSA, University of Cergy-Pontoise (ANR funding) • Nearly 1500 cycles reached with deep discharges: confirm that Zn electrode accepts deep discharges on the long run!