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Resettent and P * Developmenti FILEPlan (Phaae41)COPY~~~~~~ ;V.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 - -~ - _:

~Iumul~Main Report Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Revisedby Lea AssociatesSouth Asia Pvt. Ltd. (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBI) PREFACE

The Mizoram State Roads Project includesaugmentation of the capacityand structural upgradation of selected road network in the state. A total of 185.71km roads will be improved/upgraded,and major maintenanceworks will be carriedout on 518.615kmroads, in 2 Phases.The project was prepared by the Project Co-ordinatingConsultants (PCC)1, on behalf of the PWD, Mizoram. As part of the project preparation, environmental/social assessmentswere carried out, as requiredby the World Bankand the Governmentof India.

In accordanceto the requirementsof the World Bank,the environmental/socialassessments (and the outputs) had been subjectedto an IndependentReview. The independentreview 2 evaluated the EA processesand outputs in the project to verify that (a) the EA had been carried out without any bias or influencefrom the project proponentand/or the PCC,(b) the EA/SAhad been able to influenceplanning and design of the project; and (c) the outputs, especially the mitigation/managementmeasures identified in the EA/SA processes are adequatefor the project.

The following documents(dated May 2001)were availablefor the Review: * Sectoral Environmental Assessment(SEA) for both phasesof the project (prepared at the feasibility stage of the project and the PhaseI of the project) e Detailed Environmental Assessments(EA) for the work programmein PhaseI of the Project, e Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the improvement/upgradationworks in PhaseI. * Resettlement & Indigenous People's Development Plan (R&IPDP) for the improvement/upgradationworks in PhaseI. • Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the major maintenance works in PhaseI.

As part of the Independent Review,gaps and deficienciesin these base documents were identified. This report is partly an outcomeof the IndependentReview, closingthe gaps, as per the information/datasupplied by the PCCand supplementedby field investigationscarried during the Independent Review. This report took into consideration, the comments/observationsmade by the World Bankon the basedocuments.

The recommendationsfrom the Independent Revieware incorporatedin the SEAand the other Phase I EA/SA reports (as well as in the Engineering Drawings, and the Contract Documents).All reports now are modified and structured as per the commentsfrom the IndependentReview.

Note: The Data provided in the reports, unless specifically mentioned, are from the Base EA/SA Documents.

PCCwas a consortiumof consultingfirms, led by Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd., India (ICT)and Consulting Engineering Services (India) (CES) in associationwith LouisBerger InternationalInc., USA(LBII). 2 TheIndependent Review was undertaken by MsLea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. THE PROJECT

The Governmentof Mizoram is seeking a World Bank loan (WB Loan no. 4114 IN) available with the Governmentof India, for upgradationand maintenanceof the state road network. The project envisagesaugmentation of capacity and structural quality of the road network in the state of Mizoram. Based on the findings of the Startegic Option Study (SOS), the FeasibilityStudy and discussionsbetween the PWD and the World Bank, corridors have been identified as candidates for (a) improvement/upgradationand (b) major maintenance works. The corridorsthat have been identifiedfor improvementin two phasesof the project are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Work Programme PhaseI Phase11 Total Work RoadSection Length RoadSection Length Length ______~~~~~~(kin) (kmn) (kmn) l PIA: Aizawl- Thenzawl- PIB: Buangpui- Lunglei 71.000 Works Buangpui(via Hmuifang) BPI: Aizawi Bypass 16.000 185.710 Sub-Total:Phase l 98.710 Sub-Total:Phase ll 87.000 Ml: Kawlkulh-Ngopa-Tuivai 96.625 M2: Kanhmun- Zamuang- 90.440 M4: Keitum-N.Vanlaiphai 45.780 Tuilulkawn Major M5: Lungsen- Chawngte 47.670 M6: Zobawk- Hualawng 31.000 Maintenance - 518.615 Works M7: Damdiai-Sialsuk 30.100 M15: Serchhip-Thenhlum 105.000 M9: Khawzawl- E.Lungdar 58.000 MIS: Selesih -Thuampui 14.000 Sub-Total:Phase I 278.175 Sub-Total:Phase ll 240.440

This report addressesthe Social Impacts and the R&R Issues along the Priority road' Aizawl - Thenzawl- Buangpui (via Hmuifang) to be implemented under PhaseI. For Phase II, a separate R&IPDP will be prepared (along with the detailed engineering designs).

For the corridors to be taken up for major maintenance,no widening of the existing alignment is envisagedand the improvementsshall be restrictedwithin the existing road width. As no adversesocial impacts are envisaged due to the maintenanceworks, this part is not covered under the R&IPDP. However,a separateEnvironment and Social ManagementPlan (ESMP) has been prepared,that provides for a checklist to be filled by the contractor before initiating the civil works. This will enablethe project authoritiesto establishthat no one will be affected. In casethere is adverseimpact, then the provisionsof the R&IPDPwill be applicable.

Revisedby Lea Associates October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBiI) M7zoramState Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: Executive Summary

1.1 CURRENTSTATUS The project route (PlA) follows the existing alignmentsof the road for Aizawl-Buangpui section, except that in between Damdiai and Sialsuk, the route is on the existing alternative road via Hmuifang.The characteristicsof these road sectionsare presentedin Table 2.

Table 2: Existing Characteristicsof the Project Alignment (PlA) Section Length Carriagewaywidth Formation Shoulders Aizawl- Damdiai 35km 3.5m paved 5.Om Absent or bad Damidiai- Sialsuk 30km l Unpaved(Jeepable) 4.Om Absent Sialsuk- Buangpui 35km 3.5m paved 5.Om Absentor bad

There are 18 villages (19 settlements2 ) falling along the project road. The section between Damdiai-Sialsuk(via Hmuifang) passes through five main villages (Lungsai, Thiak, Sumsuih, Hmuifangand Chamring),and is popularly known as the "Five Villages Road". It is an unpaved jeepable road without shoulders and with no proper arrangementsfor drainage. The formation width does not generally exceed4m. With a beautiful scenicview to the west, clean air and a generallysalubrious climate, the route offers potential for developingtourism aroundthe area.

1.2 PROPOSEDIMPROVEMENTS The improvementworks envisagedfor the priority road (PlA) are: * Wideningof the roadto an intermediatelane carriageway (5.5m wide) with sidedrains and shoulders; * Construction/replacement/reconstruction3 of bridgesand culverts; * Constructionof retaining walls, breastwalls and other slope protectionworks; i Improvementof the roadgeometry and junctions wherever necessary; and, i Provisionof road signs and other road furniture required for making travel on these roads safe and comfortable.

Carriageway and formation width

The proposed development involves an intermediate lane carriageway (5.5m) with additional formation to accommodate shoulders and side drain. Providing 0.5m wide shoulders and 0.6m wide side drains, the project road would need a formation width of 7.lm. This formation width will also provide reasonably safe and adequate lateral clearances for the passing vehicles. A minimum formation width of 7.1m4 on the straight

2 VillageMaubuang has two settlements,Damdiai and Lungsai.

3 New culvertshave beenadded wherever required.

4 Keepingin view the minimumformation width of 7.1m on straightsand a maximumof 8m on curvesof the project road, a COI of 8m was consideredfor assessingsocial impact causedby the proposedproject. However,all propertieswithin a conidor of 12mwidths had beencovered in the census.

Revisedby Lea Associates If October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&JPDP.Executive Summary

portion and a maximum of 8m near curves are proposedin the project. This formation width was also determinedto minimizeimpacts on the settlementsalong the project road. A typical crosssection proposed for the priority road has been presentedin Figure1.

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Figure 1: Typical CrossSection Proposedfor the Priority Road

Realignment sections The improvementsproposed under the project are almost exclusivelyalong the existing alignment, except for some minor realignmentto avoid acquisitionof propertiesand for improvementof the road geometry. There are 25 suchshort realignmentsections. For each of the realignmentsections, a comparisonof the route options along the existing and realignment sections has been worked out as part of the feasibility study for the project. This comparison indicates that the alternative routes along the realignment sections (a) are shorter, (b) have better horizontal curvatures, (c) have better sight distances, and (d) are without any additional adverse social implications (or displacement).These alternative routes have therefore been selected over the existing routes.

2. R&R ISSUES IN THE PROJECT

The project corridor between Aizawl and Buangpui via Hmuifang passes through 18 villages (19 settlements). With the non-availability of flat lands for the spread of settlements, the development of settlements is restricted to the transportation routes, with residential and commercialdevelopment just abutting the road (very close on the vailey side). As residential/commercialstructures are located on the edge of the road, even minor wideningwill result in displacementof a few of these structures. The availableformation in most casesis less than the 7.1m requiredfor accommodating the intermediatelane cross-sectionsuggested, which calls in for an acquisitionof private land and properties.Apart from the acquisitionof private land and properties,the project will also involvethe acquisitionof land belongingto several communityorganisations and governmentaldepartments.

Revised by Lea Associates III October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. Executive Summary

2.1 ESTIMATES OF LAND REQUIRED The total land required for widening the project corridor is about 47.8ha. The distribution of such land is as follows: * Total Land Requirement: 477,899m2 (47.79ha) * Total LandAcquisition Requirement: 317,354.4m2 (31.74ha) * Landwith PrivateOwnership or Rights: 297,872.4m2 (29.79ha) * Communityor NGOs'Lands: 19,482m2 (1.95ha) * Landto be Transferredfrom other Agencies: 160,545m2 (16.05ha) * Free Land6: 128,835m2 (12.88ha) * GovernmentDepartments' Land: 31,710m2 (3.17ha)

2.2 IMPACTON PEOPLE The project affects and displaces a number of properties (residential, commercial and agricultural) within the 8m Corridor of Impact7. The overall impacts of the Project (both Phases -I and II) are given in Table 3.

Table 3: Overall Impacts of the Project (Phases I & II) Phase Severe Impacton MinorImpact on Total Impacton Families Persons Families Persons Families Persons Phasei 58 335 426 2452 484 2787 Phase II 156 820 618 2821 774 3641 Total 214 1155 1044 5273 1194 6428 SevereImpact includes displacement or directloss of livelihood.Minor Impacts include partial loss of propertiesand indirect partial loss of livelihood. ThePhase II Estimatesare based on initialsocial screening, and extrapolation from the PhaseI Censusand othersurveys. It is expectedthat the actualimpacts in PhaseII will be substantiallylower than the estimates presentedabove (particularly, if the Lungleiand Ramlaiyui Bypasses are foundviable and built.

* Phase I

There are 173 PAF residential/commercial properties affected by the project of which 58 families are displaced in Phase-I of the Project. A total of 311 agriculture properties are affected, but none of these are displaced due to the project. As part of the project, no widening has been proposed for in the initial 10km stretch8 of the corridor between Aizawl and Melriat.

5 Non-GovernmentOrganizations include Churches, YMA, etc. Communityland belongsto the Village Councils.

6 Freeland is landvested in the government,and not allottedto anybody,or for anydesignated purpose. 7 The 8m corridor of impacthas modifiedfrom locationto locationto absolutelyminimise impacts on properties,particularly the residentialand the commercialproperties.

8 Primarilydue to the proposedAizawl Bypass alignment, which joins at km8.0of the ProjectCorridor. There is a formationwidth of 8m availablein the uninhabitedstretches and a widthof 6.5min the settlementsof Melthum.It hasbeen proposed that thereshall be no wideningin this stretchand the improvements,as partof the projectshall be limitedto resurfacingand maintenance. Revisedby LeaAssociates IV October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP xecutiveSummary

3. OBJECTIVESOF THE R.& I.P.D.P.

3.1 RESETTLEMENTACTION PLAN The World Bank'soperational directive (OD 4.30) on involuntaryresettlement provides for the guidelinesto be followed in minimising or avoiding displacementand mitigating the negative impacts.The PWD,Government of Mizoramalso has adopted a resettlementand rehabilitation(R&R) policy, which is the basis of preparation of this R&IPDP.The Policy also provides for a framework for entitlementsand categorizationof the project affected persons(PAPs).

3.2 INDIGENOUS PEOPLEDEVELOPMENT PLAN As per the 1991 census,97% of the state populationbelong to the scheduledtribes (STs). All the project-affectedpersons would belong to STs. In this context, the project needs preparation of an Indigenous People's DevelopmentPlan (IPDP). In accordanceto the OD.4.20on IndigenousPeople, the IPDPneeds to, • Ensurethat indigenouspeople benefit from developmentprojects, and • Avoidor mitigatepotentially adverse effects on indigenous people caused by the project. The Resettlement& IndigenousPeople's Development Plan (R&IPDP) details the approach, principlesand measuresadopted in minimizingand mitigatingnegative social and economic impacts causedby the project.The R&IPDPalso includesthe magnitudeof displacement, detailedtime schedulefor implementationand the principlesand proceduresthat will govern implementationof the R&Rcomponents of the project. The R&IPDPpreparation was carried out in close co-ordinationwith the design and the environmentalcomponents of the project, and included active participationamongst the project stakeholders,local communitiesand the various project affected groups. The entire processwas worked out adoptinga peoplecentred developmentprinciples. The R&IPDPpreparation process comprised the following major elements: * Socialscreening and impact assessment as part of the feasibilitystudies * Censusand baseline socio-economic survey of the potentiallyaffected population * Consultationsat village,district and state levels * Finalisationof entitlementsand preparationof the R&IPDP. * Finalisingimplementation arrangements for the implementationof the R&IPDP,including monitoringarrangements. The R&IPDP is a living document and will be updated as and when necessary.The R&IPDP data would be verified at site before implementation9 .

9 The data hasgone through several checks, even in the preparationstage, and duringan independent review.

Revisedby Lea Associates v October2001 (OriginalDocument by iCT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:Executive Summary

4. BRIEF PROFILEOF THE PROJECTAFFECTED PEOPLE

The entirepopulation in the projectregion belonging to tribal community,the R&Rissues in the projectwould involve only those of the tribalhouseholds. The projectstarts from the outskirtsof AizawlCity (populationabout 250,000) and passes through18 villages(or 19 villagesettlementsl 0). All populationin the said18 villagesare tribal. (Theremight be tracesof non-tribalpopulation at the outskirtsof Aizawl,but none are reportedin the Censusor socio-economicsurveys undertaken as partof the project.) Populationdensity in the State,in Aizawland Serchhipdistricts, and the projectarea is low, exceptfor the outskirtsof Aizawl,where the densityis about 100 persons/km2. Overallthe projectarea has a populationdensity less than 40 persons/km2.

4.1 GENDERRATIO The genderratio" of 921,which was marginally lower than the nationalaverage of 927in 1991,has now grownto 939and has exceeded the nationalaverage of 933in 2001.This showsa better motherand child caresystem has beenimplemented in the state.The genderratio amongthe majoritytribal populationis not any differentfrom the minority (lessthan 5%) non-tribalpopulation. The genderratio in the projectarea is higherthan the stateaverage. In Aizawlit is about 954,and in Serchhipit is about953.

4.2 LITERACY Total literacyin the statehas risen to 88.5%percent in 2001from 82.3%during the 1991 Census.The maleliteracy is 90.69percent and female literacy is 86 percent.The average literacyrate in 2001was very highcompared the nationalliteracy rate (65.4%per cent). The literacyrates in the projectarea (more than 96%) are better than the state. This showsthat all childrenin the projectarea are attendingschools (and the lessthan 40/o illiteratesmostly belong to the olderage-groups, and the mentallychallenged population). In all the villagesthrough which the projecthighway passes through, the literacylevel is high. Only one personwas found to be illiterate during the socio-economicsurvey. However,although primary schooling is nearlyuniversal, the educationof the higherorder is limited,with onlya handfulof the populationreceiving undergraduate or postgraduate (or technical/vocational)education.

lo One revenuevillage Muallangthuhas two settlements- Damdiaiand Lungsei.

I Numberof femalesper 1000male population

Revisedby Lea Associates VI October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.:Executive Summary

4.3 ETHNICITY

* Composition The term 'Mizo' is a generic term and its stands for severaltribes in the area. The major tribes are Lusei, Sailo, Ralte, Hmar, Paite, Lai and Mara. In addition to these tribes there are many other tribes existing in this region, like the Chakmasand Reangswho also come under the broad division of 'Mizo'. The tribes preferred to identify themselvesas Mizos and this was formalized when the Lushai Hills District (Changeof name) Act, 1954 was enacted. The Mizoscame under the influenceof the British Missionariesin the 19' century. Now most of the Mizosare Christians.Mizo language had no script of its own. The missionaries introducedthe roman script for Mizolanguage and formal education.

* Religion & Culture Before the advent of the Christianity the Mizo ethnic groups followed animistic rites. Sacrificeof animalsand offeringsto various forms of nature was the main feature of their religiousactivities. However, now morethan 96 per cent of the populationhave embraced Christianity.Today the indigenousform of religion is a matter of history. However,due to the Government'sinitiative and intervention,some of the festivalsof the bygoneage (Kut) are being revived and observed.Mizos are basicallyagriculturists. All their activitiescentre round jhum cultivation and their festivals are linked with such agriculturaloperations (Kut is the Mizoword for festivals).

* Customary Rights Generally the Mizos follow endogamy, so far as the major tribes are concerned. Nowadays, however, marriage with other groups/communitiesis also found. In the present day situation of the Mizo society,some of the old customslike the bride price are still in vogue, but marriage is solemnizedin the Church.Elder sons after marriage settle down and set up a new family, nuclearfamily pattern has now becomea regularfeature in the Mizosocial structure. The Mizo society is by and large free and open. Kinshipand co-residenceare the most important factorsfor formation of a Mizovillage and the socialrelations. Marriage between first cousinsis discouraged.Polygamy and polyandry are traditionally forbidden. Divorce is permitted. Nula-rim (or courtship) is quite common among young boys and girls, though the consentof the parents is normally obtainedin the selectionof the bride and consequentmarriage. Widow remarriageis not prohibited.

4.4 STATUSOF WOMEN After the consolidationof the British administrationthe inheritance of the chiefs started through the eldest son. However,the LushaiDistrict (Inheritanceof property) Act No.1 of 1956 has invested women with the right of inheritance.The Mizosfollow the patriarchal

Revised by Lea Associates Vil October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:Executive Summaly

pattern of family. The male head of the family controls the social, economicand religious affairs.However, women in socialand economiclife enjoy freedom. Surveysin the project showed that women were working for between 14 -16 hours a day on an average.An majority of women revealedthat they had decisionmaking powerson issues related to financial matters, health, property, purchase of assets and children's education.

4.5 ECONOMICSTATUS

. Occupation Generallythe Mizos depended upon the available natural resourcesaround them for subsistence.Their traditional occupation is agriculture, and the traditional system of cultivationis called'jhum' cultivation. Lately, however,there has been a gradual shift from traditional forms of occupationto the servicesector, trade, etc. The extent of involvement in secondaryand tertiary sector activities is very limited. The involvementin commercialactivities is restrictedto minor businesses,like running grocery shopsor tea stalls. Governmentis a major sourceof employment(about 70% jobs in the organisedsector in the state or in the project area is with the government).Women are equitablyengaged in incomeearning activities.

* Income About 56.07 per cent of the State's population still lives below poverty line (1993-94) based on a surveyundertaken in 1992. In the 16 villageson the project highway, the main sourceof income is cultivation (48%) followed by that from governmentservice (15%). About one-third of the families have income more than the average annual family income (Rs 54,894) in the project area. Women'searnings are mainly from cultivation (36%) and allied activitiessuch as poultry, dairy, rearing goats and pigs, business/trade,and service. Most women are employedin cultivation,trade or service for more than 100-200days per year. The socio-economicsurveys revealedthat about one-third of the families in the project area have income below poverty level (of Rs 20,000 per annum). Amongst the families below poverty level, many are women headedhouseholds. Those families having income below povertylevel are engagedin primary sector activities as marginalfarmers, agriculturelabourers, poultry and animalrearing etc. Those who are above average PAFannual income are engagedin non-agricultureactivity or have more then one sourceof income.

4.6 TRADITIONALRIGHTS AND AssETs The reservedforest area in Mizoramis 15935km2, of the total area of 21,087km2 . About another 3000km2 is under private forests. The Forest Departmentcontrols and manages

Revisedby LeaAssociates Vill October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) mizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDPRExecutive Summary

8012km2. The remainingare unclassifiedforests, being used by the peopleto derive their livelihood. Eventhe notified forests, exceptfor the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, do not prohibit customaryor usufructrights. The area of the forest area where people are more or less excluded (i.e., the national parks and the wildlife sanctuaries)is about 1050km2. Consequently,in about 9 3% of the forests in Mizoram (or about 70% of the area of the state) customary, traditional and usufruct rights are recognised.

4.7 LAND TENURE The land settlement system in Mizoram permits the following three categories of titleholders: * SettlementHolder: These are titleholderswho haveheritable and transferable rights over the land.Settlement holder means persons other than a passholder, who has entered into an engagementwith the government,to pay land revenueand is deemedto havethe acquiredthe statusof a Settlementholder under section 7 of the MizoDistrict (Land & Revenue)Act. The settlementholder has heritableand transferable right of useon or of sub-lettingin his land. * PeriodicPatta Holders: The periodicpatta authorises a personto usea parcelof landfor a definiteperiod of time. Theseinclude persons who havenot acquiredPatta holder's rights u/s 7 of the MizoramDistrict (Agricultural Land) Acts, 1963. With thislicense, the heritable andtransferable right of useon or of sublettingin hisland subject to conditionsin the Act. * Pass/Permit holders: This pass authorizes a personto usea pieceof landbut doesn'tgive them rightof an owner.A passholder shall haveno right in the soil beyonda rightof user for the periodfor whichit is givenand shallhave no right or transfer,or of inheritance beyondthe periodof the passor of the subletting. The State Governmentis empoweredto make law for the allotment, transfer and setting apart of land within Mizoram.Further to this, in accordanceto the Lushai Hills District (House Sites) Act, 1953, the Village Councils(VC), constituted (elected/nominated)for each of the villages has been vested all powers for the allotment of land for non- agricultural useswithin the respectivevillage boundaries.The allotmentof land can either be: • TemporaryAllotment * PermanentAllotment For ailotment of land an individual has to make an applicationto the Governmentstating the periodicity of allotment (Temporary allotment/ PermanentAllotment). Applications from the villages should be submitted through the VC President along with his recommendations. For temporary allotment of agricultural land, the governmentofficials verify the land in a prescribedschedule. For Permanentallotment of agricultural land, the VC causesthe land to be verified, surveyed measuredand demarcated.The survey shall also whether the land is free and availablefor patta and alsofree from all encumbrances.

Revisedby Lea Associates ix October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:Executive Summary

The tribal people, through the VC, have powers to decide, invoke or revoke the allotment of land. Allotment of land to non-tribal is not permitted, except in exceptional cases, with explicit permission of the state government.

* Conversion of Pass or Permit to Periodic Patta

The pass or permit holder submits an application in writing to the designated officer along with the pass or permit stating clearly whether the application is for conversion to a Periodic Patta or a Patta. Applications from the village are sent through the VC Presidents along with his recommendations. On receipt of such applications the designated officer verifies, surveys the land and awards the patta on payment of the specified fees.

Transfer of Land

To transfer the land partly or wholly the periodic patta holder has to apply for the same u/s7 of the Mizoram District (Transfer of Land) Acts, 1963 to the revenue department along with the prescribed fees. If nothing is found against such transfer of land as per the terms and conditions of the patta such transfer is affected in the Register of Land Records and Patta documents on payment of the prescribed fees. Transfer of land to non-tribal is prohibited.

4.8 ACCESS TO FACILITIES There are 7 Hospitals, 38 Primary Health Centers, 12 other types of Health Centers and 314 sub-centers. In total 383 healths service units were located in different parts of the state. Doctor-population ratio in Mizoram is 1:3600 compared to 1:5880 at all-India level as per 1991 census.

5. LEGAL FRAMEWORK

5.1 LANDSErTLEMENT SYSTEM IN MIZORAM In pursuance of the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, the Executive Committee of the now defunct Mizo District Council was the Chief Controlling Authority over the land, wherein the Chief Executive Member was entrusted to carry out all allotment of land for any purpose.

With the dissolution of the erstwhile District Council and the elevation of the District to the status of a Union Territory, and the Union Territory to an independent state, by appropriate adaptation, these powers were vested with the Administrator or the Governor of the State. The districts of the state have been sub-divided into blocks, which further have been demarcated into villages. Typically, a Village in the state of Mizoram includes: The village area demarcated with defined boundaries for the purpose of residential development and the land area within this jurisdiction earmarked for non-agricultural activities, residential, business and any other non-agricultural purposes with defined boundaries.

Revised by Lea Associates X October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState Roass Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:Executive Summary

0 The restof the land(outside the settlementarea) prescribed for agriculture. The various legislation, which provide for the land settlement system in the state of Mizoramare as follows: * The LiushaiHill Districts(House Site) Act 1953; * The MizoDistrict (Land & Revenue)Acts, 1956; * The MizoDistrict (land & Revenue)Rules, 1967; * The MizoDistrict (AgriculturalLand) Act, 1963; * The MizoDistrict (AgriculturalLand) Rules,1971, and; * The Mizo District(Transfer of Land)Acts, 1963. All these laws primariiy protect the rights of the tribal people, including their customary rights. These laws also devolve power to the VillageCouncils for day-to-day allotment of land (especiallyfor agriculture, primarily shifting cultivation; and housing). These laws also provides for the compensationto be paid to the affected parties, in case land is acquiredby the project of Mizoram.

5.2 USE OF FREELANDS, JHUM AREAS& VILLAGE COUNCIL LANDS IN THE PROJECT Apart from the private properties,the project shall involvethe acquisitionof Jhum lands and Free lands. For the acquisition of the these lands, arrangementshave been worked out with the state revenue department, wherein the compensationshall be made to the respectivevillage councils and the moneyshall be usedfor the benefitof the villages. The areas that are used for jhum cultivation are plots of agricultural lands belongingto the VC and are allotted temporarily for jhum every year on a rotation basis. The jhum cultivators shall be given advance notice for harvest of standing crops, or paid the compensationfor the standing crops, in accordanceto the replacementvalue worked out for the project. Subsequentto the notices that have been issued to the RevenueDepartment and the VillageCouncils, the PIU has received No-objectioncertificates from each of the village councilsto the RevenueDepartment and the PIU that they are willing to donatethe lands (includingjhum lands, free lands and the lands belongingto the village councils)to the project. The VillageCouncils will allot alternative land for shifting cultivation,or any other current use to all the affected parties. As has been agreed upon in the R&R policy for the project, all common property resourcesincluding hand pumps, communitybuildings, play grounds, etc., located in the land acquiredin the project, shall be relocatedat suitable locationsin accordanceto the needsof the community.

5.3 NEW LAND USE POLICY The New Land Use Policy (NLUP)aims at completeeradication of the unproductiveand traditional method of shifting cultivation (jhum) by giving the "jhumia" families viable

Revisedby Lea Associates Xl October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES. LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&JPDP.'Executive Summary

schemes for permanent occupation. Each family has been given 2ha of land for settlement. The Programmewas initiated in 1990-91and so far 12 Blocks have already been coveredand 47,554 families have been assisted.It is programmedto cover the rest of the Blocksby year 2002.

5.4 POVERTYALLEVIATION PROGRAMS There are 22 Rural DevelopmentBlocks in Mizoram.All the normal rural development schemesand other poverty alleviation schemesare implementedthrough these Rural DevelopmentBlocks. The developmentactivities in the Blocksare restrictedto the most essential and processingneeds of the rural people that can be implemented through public participation.

5.5 POVERTYALLEVIATION IN THEPROJECT The project, as a major infrastructure development project has an intrinsic scope for poverty reduction.The project is not only meant to serve the road users in a better way or to providefor income restorationto the affectedvulnerable social groups; but also has a scope for wider poverty reduction in the state. The project is expected to serve the societyof the state as a whole in a much largerway. The possiblepositive impacts of improved road networks would generally result in the following. * IncreasedEmployment Opportunity * IncreasedMarket Opportunities • IncreasedMobility of HumanResources * IncreasedLocal Economic and Credit Opportunities * IncreasedAwareness Level * IncreasedScope for BetterManagement of PublicSchemes and facilities

6. COVERAGE IN THE R&R POLICY OF THE PROJECT

6.1 ADVERSEIMPACTS OF THE PROJECT The project affects and displacesa number of properties, (residential, commercialand agricultural) within the 8m Corridor of Impact12.All people impacted belong to the ScheduledTribes. The overall impacts of the Project (both Phases-I and II) are given in Table 3. The project envisagesthe acquisitionof up to a maximum3m strip of land in settlements and up to 5m in the rural stretches. Though the structures are partially affected, the

12 The8m corridorof impacthas modified from locationto locationto absolutelyminimise impacts on properties,particularly the residential and the commercial properties.

Revised by Lea Associates XII October 2001 (Original Document by lCT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.Executive Summary

entire structure needs to be dismantled,as the structures impactedare mostly wooden structures. Also certainstructures have been identified,which though will not be impacteddue to the proposed widening, will certainly be vulnerable in terms of their structural stability, as vertical cuts are being proposed at the base of these structures.These structures have also been categorisedas projectdisplaced. In the settlement stretches, there are several commonproperty resourcesin form of bus shelters,community buildings, schools, play grounds, parks, hand pumps,water taps and public urinals that exist within the existing formation of the highway. Though all the members of the community use these common properties, the ownership is with the NGOs (including Christian Missionaries)or government authorities/ departments. Any widening along this route shall impact these. As part of the design preparation,though care has been taken to minimiseimpact on these resources,wherever it was of great value to the community,the avoidingof many of these was not possible. There are no protected or archaeologicalmonuments to be impacted due to the project. However,there are severalstructures as graveslocated within the formation width for the road apart from which there are lands belonging to church etc that will be impacted. There are 12 such cultural properties are located with in the COI. These include compoundwalls, quarters, farms and other buildings of the churches.Apart from those structures that are directly impacted, there was a request from a Church Authority in Hmuifang,that their structure is to be located away from the highway, which has been acceptedand alternativerelocation site has been identified.

6.2 R&R OBJECTIVESOF THE PROJECT The following were the objectives of the R&R policy developed for the project, with particular attention to the communityand cultural needsof the indigenouspopulation. * The projectdesign should be culturallyappropriate, and basedon full considerationof the optionspreferred by the indigenouspeople affected by the project. • The institutionsresponsible should be sensitiveto the social,technical, and legal contexts for carryingout the proposeddevelopment activities. Implementation arrangements should involve appropriateexisting institutions,local organizations,and nongovernmental organizations(NGOs) with expertisein mattersrelating to indigenouspeoples. * Localpatterns of socialorganization, religious beliefs, and resourceuse shouldbe taken into accountin the project. * Developmentactivities, particularly the incomerestoration plans should support production systemsthat are well adaptedto the needsand environment of indigenouspeoples. * The plan shouldavoid creating or aggravatingthe dependencyof indigenouspeople on projectentities. Planning should encourage early handover of assets,as muchas possible, to localpeople. * Whereeffective programs are alreadyfunctioning, support of thoseshould be integratedin the project.

Revised by Lea Associates Xiii October2001 (OriginalDocument by lCT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:Executive Summary

6.3 ENTITLEMENTSOF THE PROJECTAFFECTED IN THE PROJECT Eachof the affected indigenousperson will receivethe following: * Consultation,counseling regarding alternatives, and assistance in identifyingnew sites and opportunities . Replacementland (or if desired,compensation for land at replacementcost), plus allowancesfor fees or other charges.The PAFsare also eligible for provisionof other supportmechanisms. * Advancenotice to harvestnon-perennial crops, or compensationfor lossof standingcrops * Compensationfor perennialcrops and trees will be calculatedas annualproduce value timesremaining productive years * Replacementor compensationfor structuresor othernon-land assets • Rightto salvagematerials from existingstructures * Inclusionin existinggovernment housing schemes * Shiftingassistance (note: replacementhousing will availablebefore people are madeto move.) * Optionof movingto resettlementsites, or clusters,incorporating needs for shelterand livelihood Everyhousehold member in the age group of 18 years and above is eligiblefor assistance for loss of livelihood.Three actionsare possible: * Rehabilitationand assistance for lostor diminishedlivelihood . Additionalsupport mechanismsfor vulnerablegroups in reestablishingor enhancing livelihood * Employmentopportunities connected with the projectto the extentpossible (however, this employmentis not linkedto the entitlementsnecessary to restoreEPs livelihood, but is an additionalopportunity) * Collectiveentitlements include some employment opportunities for construction,operation andmaintenance of the communityresources created. Communitybased entitlementswill be providedas listed: * Restorationand improvement of commonproperty resources, such as publicwater pumps, sanitationand drainage facilities. * Provisionfor a woman'sneeds, particularly related to locationof sourcesof water and firewood.Social forestry programs may be considered. * Provisionof safespace and access for businesspurposes, local transport, and public use. • Safetymeasures for pedestrians,particularly children, and othernon-motorized transport in theform of hospitals. * Provisionof roadsiderest areas and motor garages and petrol pumps. • Provisionfor publicwater facilitiesat variouspoints along the roadat high altitudesfor travellingpeople and vehicles.

6.4 MEASURESTOWARDS INCOME RESTORATION OF TRIBAL POPULATION The project has taken a number of measurestowards rehabilitation of the ST families. The considerationstherein have beencompiled as follows: All the affectedfamilies to be compensatedand/or assisted irrespective of their ownership status. Thus it impliesthat, whether they do or do not possesslegal title of the lands/assets,whether they are tenantsor encroachersor squatters,they will be paidwith thecompensation and/or assistance amounts.

Revised by Lea Associates xiv October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:Executive Summary

* For privateproperty holders, if the type of lossis agriculturalland and assetsan entitled person(EP) from the vulnerablegroup can claim the compensationfor the entireland by meansof land-for-land.All the other assistancesremain the sameas those for others includingtransitional allowances, additional grant for severanceof land, residualplots, expenseson fees,taxes, etc. and alternativeeconomic rehabilitation support and training for up-gradationof the skills. * In caseof lossof non-agriculturalprivate property, option for residential/commercialplot at resettlementsite will be providedfree of costto vulnerablefamilies if so optedby them apart from all other considerationslike compensationat replacementvaiue, transitional allowance,shifting allowance, rental allowance, compensation for advancerental deposit, rightto salvagematerials from the demolishedsite, etc. * Thereis a provisionfor additionalsupport to the STpeople who have been affected by the lossof livelihood/ primarysource of income.The assistancewill be equivalentfor oneyear towardsincome generating or vocationaltraining option of the entitledperson's choice. The trainingwill includestarting of a suitableproduction or serviceactivity. Economic rehabilitationsupport and trainingand in case the moneynot spent for the training Programme,the equivalentamount is to bepaid as per theirchoice.

7. CONSULTATION WITH THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

Communityconsultations in the project was undertakenwith objectives, which may be grouped into (a) information sharing; (b) appraisal and assessmentof the community needs, and (c) development of specific design solutions. These objectives are listed below:

7.1 CONSULTATIONWITH COMMUNITY(ALL WERE SCHEDULED TRIBES) The consultationprocess established for the project has employeda range of formal and informal consultation tools including, in depth interview with key informants, village meetings,workshops and even door-to-door personalcontacts. Such consultation sessions have been carried out at all stagesof the project preparationand will be continuedduring the implementation,which will subsequentlybe monitored during the operation of the project.The consultationprogramme has beenconducted at severallevels, such as: * Headsof the householdslikely to beimpacted; * Membersof the householdslikely to be impacted; * Clustersof PAPs; * Villagers; * VillageCouncil Presidents; * Localvoluntary organisations, and CBOs/NGOs; * Governmentagencies and departments; * Otherproject-stakeholders' 3 , suchas women,prominent persons from the villages(such as teachers,health workers, doctors).

3 Allpersons consulted at thehousehold and the village levels, and a vastmajority of theother stakeholders consultedbelong to the tribal populace.Therefore, no separateconsultation was requiredfor tribal population,as is customaryin projectsin otherstates/regions. Revisedby LeaAssociates xv October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT.CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:Executive Summary

A 100% samplewas taken up for individualhousehold consultation (door-to-door personal interviews). The consultationsbroadly discussed various issues related to minimising social impacts, project road design, resettlement and rehabilitation policy and the resettlementaction plan. Village meetings or the Public Information and Consultations (PIC) sessions were conducted at 7 locations on the project-stretch. However, such meetings (which often took the form of multiple 'group discussions)covered 100% of the villages (by inviting people from the respective cluster of villages to attend). Such meetings/PICwere conducted at: (1) Melriat, (2) Muallgunthu,(3) Falkawn,(4) Aibawk, (5) Hmuifang,(6) Thenzawl,and (7) Buangpui. The following steps were generallyadopted for conductingthe village level meetings: • Disseminationof informationthrough public address system 14 and requestingvillagers to attendthe publicconsultation meeting. * Conductinga publicmeeting fulfilling all the objectivesas givenin sub-section8.2 above. * Conveyinginformation (related to the scope,purpose, design of the project,and impacts of the project)during the socialsurveys to the communityand the likelyPAPs. • Gatheringinformation related to the opinionsand preferencesof the communityand the likelyPAPs. , Recordingthe perceptionsof the peopleon various issuesrelated to Resettlement& Rehabilitation * Involvementof the communityand the likelyPAPs in the decisionmaking process. State level consultationswere held through a StakeholdersWorkshop (The RoadShow) at Aizawl in July 1999. This workshopwas attended by the prominent personalitiesfrom the state, including the Chief Minister of the state. The other participants included the following: • The PAPs * The NGOs * The PWDOfficials * The ProjectCo-ordinating Consultants, and * TheOfficials from the RevenueDepartment.

7.2 KEY OUTCOMESFROM CONSULTATION From all consultation sessions(household, village and state levels) it was found that the participantswere aware of the project. They also made several recommendationsabout the plan and design of the project. The various issuesand suggestionsthat emerged during public consultationsare: In most of the villages,the communitieswere in favour of developingthe roadalong existingalignment through the village.Conversely, people were not in favourof bypasses. (This is relatedto the fact that the villagesettlement pattern in Mizoram,otherwise a difficultterrain, was entirely dependent on the roadsand the road-form.)

14 Eachvillage in Mizoramhas a 'public addresssystem'.

Revised by Lea Associates XVI October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.Executive Summary

Peopleliving on the valleyside of the roadwere concernedabout the difficultyto move their propertiesaway from the road(as the valleyswere very steep),and hadsuggested cuttingthe hillsidefor wideningthe road. * The communitieswere of the view that they shouldbe consultedat variousstages of the project,from preparationto projectimplementation. * Peopleexpressed concern about safety of the local inhabitants(as the residentialand/or commercialproperties in the villagesare locatedvery closeto the road,and the roadwayis notvery wide). * The likely PAPswere concernedabout the compensationpayment, particularly regarding the procedureof disbursement. * The peoplebelieved that wideningof the roadwould lead to developmentof the areaand generatelocal/regional business opportunities, as the trafficwill increase. * With bettercommunication links, people felt that skilledlabour and bettermaterials would beavailable to the remotevillages (which are notvery wellconnected now). * Consultationhelped in convincingall the communitiesfor their positiveparticipation during projectimplementation.

7.3 CONSULTATIONDURING IMPLEMENTATION Consultationswill continue during the constructionperiod, particularlywith respectto the implementationof the social and environmentalcomponents of the project. Contractual and binding provisions to this respect have been included in the R&IPDP, the Environmentalmanagement Plan (EMP) and the Environmentaland Social Management Plan(ESMP) for the maintenanceworks underthe project.

8. INSTITUTIONAL & IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

The PIU will coordinate the resettlement process with other project components and departments. The specific issues in R&R and the delivery of entitlements will be implementedand managedby the Environmentand Social Cell in collaborationwith the NGOand the SelectCommittee.

8.1 GRIEVANCE REDRESSALCOMMMEE The objective would be to provide a step-by-step processof registeringand addressing the grievances. It is expectedthat this mechanismwill ensure redressto the aggrieved party. The PAPswill have accessto the committee, which will function throughout the project period.

8.2 BUDGET The total budget for implementing the R&R component in Phase-I of the Project is Rs.29.77million, of which the World Bankwill finance Rs.14.72million, and the remaining amount of Rs.15.06million will be borne by the Governmentof Mizoram(see Table 15.1) The estimatedbudget for Phase-II of the project is Rs. 48.10 million, of whichthe WB will finance Rs. 20.82 million, and the remaining Rs. 27.28 million will be financed by the

Revisedby LeaAssociates XVII October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:Executive Summary

Governmentof Mizoram(see Table 15.3). The Phase-II estimate is basedon extrapolated data from Phase-I,and will be updated during preparationof Phase-II of the project.

Table 8-1 Consolidated RAP Budget- Phase I & II, MSRP (INR in million)

Budget Component Phase I Phase ll GoM WB GoM WB Acquisition of Agricultural Land 1.95 3.04 2.21 4.00 Acquisition of Residential and Commercial Land 7.23 6.05 19.40 10.48 Acquistion of public lands 1.84 0.88

Assistance towards Loss of Livelihood 2.84 0.61 3.44 1.83

Assistance for Encroachers and Squatters - -

Common property resources 0.75 0.90 Institutional Capacity Building and Implementation 0.45 3.52 0.45 3.52

Other provisions including measures as HIV/AIDS - 1.5 1 Total 15.06 14.72 27.28 20.82

8.3 PROJECTMONITORING & EVALUATIONSYSTEM A list of impact performanceindicators has been developed,which will be used to monitor project objectives. These indicatorswill form the basis for monitoring and evaluationof the implementation of the R&IPDP.The socio-economicsurvey undertaken during the project preparationwill provide benchmarksfor comparisonon the socio-economicstatus of the PAPs(all of whom are ScheduledTribes) in the post project period. Monitoringwill be the responsibilityof the PWD.The SocialCell will compile all the reports so as to be able to form an overview of the implementationof the R&IPDP.Where the SocialCell perceivesemerging problems, it will have to issue instructionsto the concerned NGOand the GRC.The SocialCell will submit a copy of its monthly report separatelyfor physical and financial componentsto the PWD. The external evaluator will monitor and evaluatethe progressand processof the implementationof the R&IPDPquarterly for one year and annually in the subsequentyears.

Revisedby Lea Associates XVIII October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I PROJECT BACKGROUND...... 1-i 1.1 BACKGROUND...... -.....- 1-1 1.2 THE PROJECT...... 1-2 1.2.1 CurrentStatus...... 1-2 1.2.2 Proposedlimprovements ...... 1-3 1.3 R&R ISSUES IN THE PROJECT ...... 1-5 1.3.1 Objectivesof the Resettlement& IndigenousPeople Development Plan ...... 1-5 1.4 INTEGRATION OF RAP & IPDP ...... 1-7

CHAPTER 2 APPROACH & METHODS...... 2-1 2.1 THE SURVEYS...... 2-1 2. 1.1 Reconnaissance...... 2-1 2.1.2 CollectingData from Secondary Sources ...... -...-..... 2-1 2. 1.3 Strip Mapping(Inventory of SocialImpacts)...... 2-2 2.1.4 BaselineCensus ...... 2-2 2.1.5 BaselineSocio-Economic Surveys ...... -...... 2-3 2.2 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION...... ~2-3 2.2.1 VillageLevel Consultations...... 2-4 2.2.2 StateLevel Consultations...... --...... -2-4 2.3 ANALYSES & PLAN...... 2-4 2.3.1 Identificationof the Corrdorof Impact...... -..... 2-4 2.3.2 Analysesof Data& DatabaseDesign ...... 2-4 2.3.3 Minimnising/Avoiding Socialimpacts ...... 2-5 2.3.4 Addressingof otherSocial issues...... 2-5 2.3.5 AddressingSocial Impacts/IEntitlement Framework ...... 2-5 2.3.6 finaiisat,onof R&IPDP...... 2-5

CHAPTER 3 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION POLICY ...... 3-1 3.1 PRINCIPLES FOR R&R...... 3-1 3. 1.1 Compensation& Assistance ...... 3-1 3.1.2 EntitledPersons ...... 3-2 3.2 ENTITLEMENT, COMPENSATIONAND ASSISTANCE...... 3-2 3.2.1 Entitlementsfor ProjectAffected Families (PAFs)...... 3-2 3.2.2 SummaryEntillement ...... 3-2 3.2.3 Entitlementsfor Projectaffected Persons (PA Ps)...... 3-5 3.2.4 Entitlementsfor ProjectAffected Groups (PAGs) ...... 3-6

CHAPTER 4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF MIZORAM...... 4-1 4.1 PROFILE OF THE STATE...... 4-1 4.1 1 Location...... 4-1 4.1.2 Demography...... 4-I 4 1.3 Literacy...... 4-2 4.1 4 SettlementPattemn...... 4-2 4.1.5 Land use...... 4-3 4.2 ETHNICITY ...-...... 4-3 4.2.1 Composition...... 4-3 4.2.2 Religion& Culture...... 4-4 4.2.3 CustomaryRights ...... 4-4 4.2.4 Statusof Women...... --...... 4-4 4.3 ECONOMIC PROFILE...... -...... 4-5 4.3.1 Net DomesticProduct ...... 4-5 4.3.2 Urbanisation...... 4-5 4.3.3 OccupationalProfile ...... - 4-5 4.3.4 Agricultureand Allied Activities...... 4-7 4.3.5 Induslrialisation...... 4-8 4.3.6 Forestry...... 4-9 4.3.7 rinfrastructure...... --...... --...... 4-9 4.4 Development Programmes...... 4-1 1 4.4.1 Agriculture...... 4-11 4.4.2 Horticulture...... 4-12 4.4.3 S ...p ...... -...ic ,,,.,,.,,,,e s ...... ,,,,,,.,,,,., 4-12 4.4.4 Floriculture...... 4-12 4.4.5 MushroomDevelopment . 4-13 4.4.6 PlantationCrops .4-13 4.4.7 Marketingof HorticultureProduce .4-13 4.4.8 RuralDevelopment .4-14 4.4.9 New Land Use Policy.4-14 4.4,10 Forestry.4-15 4.4.11 Industry.... , 4-15

CHAPTER 5 POVERTY .. 5.1 5.1 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION.5-1 5.1.1 PovertyAlleviation through Road Improvement.5-1 5.2 POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN MIZORAM.5-2 5.2.1 PovertyAlleviation Programs .5-2 5.2.2 Programsin the ProjectArea .5-3 5.3 POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN THE PROJECT.5-4 5.3.1 ProbableImpacts of ImprovedRoad Network .5-4 5.4 PUBLIC OPINION ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION ISSUES .5-7 5.4.1 Measurestowards Income Restoration and Uplift of VulnerablePeople .5-7

CHAPTER 6 HIV / AIDS ...... 6-1 6.1 THE INDIAN CONTEXT .. 6-1 61.1 Trendsin HIV/AIDSSpread . 6-2 6.1.2 STD /STIIHIV/AIDS as HighwayDiseases .6-3 6.1.3 HIV/AIDS& IndianRoads .6-4 6.1.4 GovernmentInitiatives .6-5 6.2 AIDS IN MIZORAM...... - ...... 6-6 6.2.1 Spreadof HIVIAIDSin Mizoram.6-6 6.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF IDU RELATED HIV/AIDS IN MIZORAM .. 6-8 6.3.1 Roleof IDUs in IntroducingHIV into the GeneralPopulation .6-8 6.3.2 Estimatesof Sero-Positiveityamong IDUs in Mizoram.6-1 1 6.3.3 Interventionsin Mizoram...... 6-11 6.3.4 Transmissionfrom the IDUs.6-12 6.3.5 PossibleActions .6-12 6.4 INTERVENTIONS FROM THE PROJECT ...... 6-13 6.4.1 TARGETGROUP ...... 6-14 6.4.2 CurrentProgrammes ...... , ,,, ,, 6...... 6-14 6.4.3 RecommendedActions .6-15

CHAPTER 7 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT . . .7-1 7.1 MINIMISING RESETTLEMENT ...... 7-1 7.1.1 R&R in the Project...... 7-1 7. 1.2 MinimisingR&R ...... 7-2 7.2 ACQUISITION OF LAND & PROPERTIES ...... 7-5 7.2.1 Estimatesof LandRequired .7-5 7.2.2 Impacton Peopledue to LandAcquisition .7-6 7.2.3 Impacton AgriculturalProperties .7-9 7.2.4 ProjectAffected Community Resources .7-9 7.2.5 Culturalproperties impacted ...... - ...... -...... 7-10 7.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS ...... 7-11 7.3.1 Family Sizeand Structure...... 7-12 7.3.2 Literacy...... -- ...... 7-12 7.3.3 Occupation...... 7-13 7.3.4 Income... , 7-13 7.3.5 Skills...... , 7-13 7.3.6 Women& GenderIssues ...... 7-1...... 7-16 7.3.7 Health...... 7-17 7.3.8 TemporaryImpacts ...... 7-17 7.4 PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF THE PHASE II PROJECT . . 7-18

CHAPTER 8 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ...... 8-1 8.1 OBJECTIVES ...... 8-1 8.2 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION PROCESS ...... 8-2 8.2.1 StateLevel consultations...... 8-3 8.2.2 Householdand Villagelevel consultations...... 8-3 8.3 KEY OUTCOMESFROM CONSULTATION ...... 8-5 8.3.1 Local Level Consultations...... 8-5 8.3.2 Special Consultationwith HealthDepartment ...... 8-5 8.3.3 Specific DesignIssues ...... 8-6 8.3.4 Viewson Resettlementand Rehabilitation...... 8-7 8.3.5 PerceivedImpacts ...... 8-9 8.3.6 CommunityDevelopment Needs ...... 8-10 8.3.7 SuggestionsSpecific to Compensation...... 8-10 8.4 PLAN FOR CONTINUED PARTICIPATION ...... 8-10 8.4.1 InformationDisclosure ...... 8-10 8.4.2 ContinuedConsultation ...... 8-11

CHAPTER9 LAND ACQUISITION& LAND RELATEDLAWS ... 9-1 9.1 LAND SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN MIZORAM ...... 9-1 9.1.1 Allotment of Land...... 9-2 9.1.2 Landownership ...... 9-2 9.1.3 Conversionof Pass or Permit to PeriodicPatta ...... 9-3 9.1.4 Transferof Land...... 9-3 9.1.5 Notificationfor ReserveLand ...... 9-3 9.1.6 Rulesfor Appeal againstan Order...... 9-4 9.2 LEGISLATION - LAND AND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION IN MIZORAM ...... 9-4 9.2.1 TheLushai Hill Districts (HouseSite) Act 1953...... 9-4 9.2.2 The Mizo District(Agricultural Land) Act, 1963...... 9-4 9.2.3 The Mizo District (Land& Revenue)Acts, 1956...... 9-5 9.3 LAND REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT ...... 9-5 9.4 LAND ACQUISITION PROCEDURE ...... 9-6 9.4.1 Acquisitionof privatelands ...... 9-7 9.4.2 Free Lands, JhumAreas & VillageCouncil Lands ...... 9-8 9.4.3 Land belongingto the Churches...... 9-8 9.4.4 Land/Structuresof Non-GovemmentalOrganisations (YMA, MHIP) ...... 9-8 9.4.5 Lands/Structuresbelonging to variousGovernment Departments ...... 9-9 9.5 LAND ACQUISITION PLAN ...... 9-9

CHAPTER 10 INCOME RESTORATION .. . 10-1 10.1 INCOME GENERATION IN MIZORAM ...... 10-1 10.1.1 IntegratedSustainable Development Programme ...... 10-1 10.2 LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION IN THE PROJECT ...... 10-3 10.2.1 Livelihoodof AffectedFamilies ...... 10-3 10.2.2 IncomeRestoration Programs ...... 10-4 10.2.3 Issuesin AppropriateIR Activities...... 10-5 10.2.4 Alternativesfor IncomeRestoration ...... 10-7 10.2.5 Successof Income GeneratingSchemes (IGS) ...... 10-8 10.3 INCOME RESTORATION PLAN ...... 10-9 10.4 MONITORING OF IR SCHEMES ...... 10-9

CHAPTER11 INSTITUTIONALMECHANISM & SCHEDULE... 11-1 11.1 OVERALLCOORDINATION OF R&R ...... 11-1 11.1.1 Coordinationwith the GovemmentAgencies ...... 11-2 11.1.2 NGO Partnerships...... 112...... 11-2 11.1.3 Role of Community-BasedOrganizations ...... 11-3 11.1.4 District-LevelCommittee (DLCs) ...... 11-3 11.1.5 Villagelevel Committees...... 113 11.2 SOCIAL CELL- STRUCTUREAND STAFFING ...... 11-4 11.2.1 Trainingand CapacityBuilding ...... 11-5 11.2.2 ImplementationResponsibility ...... 11-5 11.3 INITIATIONACTIVITIES ...... 11-5

CHAPTER12 GRIEVANCEREDRESSAL MECHANISM .. 12-1 12.1 GRIEVANCEREDRESSAL COMMITTEE . 12-1 12.2 GRIEVANCEREDRESSAL . 12-1 12.3 RESPONSETIME ...... 12-1 CHAPTER 13 MONITORING & EVALUATION ...... 13-1 13.1 MONITORINGPROJECT OBJECTIVES .13-1 13.2 TYPE OF MONITORINGAND SCHEDULE.13-1 13.3 MONITORINGPROJECT INPUT AND OUTPUT.13-2 13.4 EXTERNALEVALUATION .13-4 13.5 REPORTING.13-5

CHAPTER14 IMPLEMENTATIONMECHANISM & SCHEDULE...... 14-1 14.1 MAJORSTAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION ...... 14-1 14.2 IMPLEMENTATIONMEASURES . .142 14.2.1 Pre-ImplementationMeasures .14-2 14.2.2 R&R ImplementationMeasures .14-3 14.3 GENERALACTIVITIES ...... 14-4 14.4 LAND ACQUISITION...... 14-54 14.5 RELOCATION .. 14-5 14.6 REHABILITATION .. 14-6

CHAPTER 15 RESETTLEMENT & REHABILITATION BUDGET ...... 15-1 15.1 UNIT COSTS .. 15-1 15.1.1 Valueof land.15-1 15.1.2 Replacementvalue of structures.15-2 15.1.3 Transitionalallowance .15-2 15.1.4 Economicrehabilitation grant .15-2 15.1.5 Shiftingallowance .15-2 15.1.6 Rentalallowance .15-2 15.1.7 Standingcrops and trees.15-3 15.1.8 Resettlementsites .15-3 15.1.9 InstitutionalCosts .15-3 15.2 BUDGET...... 15-3 15.2.1 Funding...... 15-4 15.2.2 Disbursementof Assistance...... 15-4 15.2.3 Compensation.15-4 CHAPTER 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 BACKGROUND The Government of Mizoram is seeking a World Bank loan (WB Loan no. 4114 IN) availablewith the Governmentof India, for upgradation and maintenanceof the state road network. The project envisagesmajor augmentation of capacity and structural quality of the road network in the state of Mizoram. The project preparationactivities includingthe project planningand designis being carried out by the PWD,Government of Mizoram(PWD), through projectco-ordinating consultants (PCC). A Strategic Options Study (SOS), covering 3,534 km of the state road network, was conducted during October 1998-January1999 with the objective of establishing a rationale for determining investment priorities for the road improvement program and identifying roads for the further examination of engineering, economic, social and environmental feasibility. For the roads so identified, Feasibility Studies, including engineering analysis and design, social and environmental screening and economic evaluationwere carried out (completedin January 2000). Basedon the findings of these studies and discussionsbetween the PWD and the World Bank, corridors have been identified as candidates for (a) improvement/upgradationand (b) major maintenance works. The corridors that have been identified for improvement in two phases of the project are listed in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Work Programme

Phase I Phase II Total Typeof Work Road Section Length Road Section Length Length ______~~~~~~(kmn)______(kmn) (kmn) PIA: Aizawl - Thenzawl- PI B: Buangpui - Lunglei 71.000 Upgradation Buangpui (via Hmuifang) 98.710 BP1: Aizawl Bypass 16.000 185.710 Work s______Sub-Total: Phase I 98.710 Sub-Total: Phase 1I 87.000 Ml: Kawlkulh-Ngopa-Tuivai 96.625 M2: Kanhmun - Zamuang- 90.440 M4: Keitum-N.Vanlaiphai 45.780 Tuilutkawn Major M5: Lungsen - Chawngte 47 .670 M6: Zobawk - Hualawng 31.000 Maintenance 518.615 Works M7: Damdiai - Sialsuk 30.100 M15: Serchhip - Thenhlum 105.000 M9. Khawzawl-E.Lungdar 58.000 M16: Selesih-Thuampui 14.000 Sub-Total: Phase I 278.175 Sub-Total: Phase II 240.440

Locationmaps of the above project roads are enclosedas Figure1.1 and 1.2.

Revised by Lea Associates 1-1 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:1 - ProyectBackground

This report addressesthe Social Impacts and the R&R Issues along the Priority road' Aizawl - Thenzawl- Buangpui (via Hmuifang)to be implementedunder PhaseI. For Phase II, a separate R&IPDPwill be prepared (along with the detailed engineering designs).

1.2 THE PROJECT

1.2.1 CURRENTSTATUS The project route (P1-A) follows the existing alignmentsof the road for Aizawl-Buangpui section, except that in between Damdiai and Sialsuk, the route is on the existing alternative road via Hmuifang.Geographically, the project road (about 100km2) can be divided into the following three sections. * Aizawl- Damdiai approximately35km * Damdiai- Sialsukvia Hmuifang approximately30km * Sialsuk- Thenzawl- Buangpui approximately35km The characteristicsof these road sectionsare presentedin table 1.2 below.

Table 1.2: Existing Characteristicsof the Project Alignment (P1-A) Section Length Carriagewaywidth Formation Shoulders Aizawl- Damidiai 35km 3.5mpaved 5.Om Absentor bad Damidiai- Sialsuk 30km Unpaved(Jeepable) 4.0m Absent Sialsuk- Buangpui I35km 3.5mpaved 5.Om Absentor bad The sections between Aizawl-Damdiaiand Sialsuk-Thenzawl-Buangpuifollow natural contours of the hills with generally steep slopes (both on the hill and the valley). These slopesare proneto landslidesduring rainy seasons. The section between Damdiai-Sialsuk(via Hmuifang) passesthrough five main villages (Lungsai,Thiak, Sumsuih,Hmuifang and Chamring),and is popularlyknown as the "Five Villages Road". It is an unpaved jeepable road without shoulders and with no proper arrangementsfor drainage. The formation width does not generally exceed4m. With a beautiful scenicview to the west, clean air and a generallysalubrious climate, the route offers potential for developingtourism aroundthe area.

' For the corridorsto be taken up for major maintenance,no wideningof the existingalignment is envisagedand the improvementsshall be restrictedto the provisionof hard shoulders,which will be carriedout withinthe existingroad width. As no adversesocial impacts are envisageddue to the major maintenanceworks, this part of the project is coveredunder the resettlementaction plan or the indigenouspeople's development plan. However, an Environmentand Social Management Plan (ESMF) has beenprepared, for maintenanceroads to mitigatethe socialand environmentalimpacts that may be temporarilycaused during the constructionstage.

2 The 100kmroute length has been reduced to 98.7kmafter design(this is a resultof minorimprovement of horizontal/verticalcurves at severallocations).

Revisedby Lea Associates 1-2 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBli) MlzoramState RoadsProject 7 PhaseI R&IPDP:1 -Project Background

There are 18 villages (19 settlements3) falling along the project road.The location of the villagesalong the project road is shownin Figure7.1.

1.2.2 PROPOSEDIMPROVEMENTS The improvementsworks envisagedfor the priority road (P1-A) are: * Wideningof the roadto an intermediatelane carriageway (5.5m wide) with sidedrains and shoulders; * Construction/replacement/reconstruction4 of bridgesand culverts; * Constructionof retainingwalls, breast walls and other slope protection works; * Improvementof the roadgeometry and junctions wherever necessary; and, * Provisionof roadsigns and other road furniture required for makingtravel on theseroads safeand comfortable.

Carriageway and formation width For anticipatedlow volumes of traffic, a single lane (3.75m) carriagewaywith 0.5m wide shoulders(as per IRC:52) should more than satisfythe capacityrequirements. This would require a formation width of 5.95m. However,considering the difficult hilly terrain, the formation width of 5.95 m cannot be consideredadequate for the safe movementof traffic. Therefore,from the safety point of view, a double lane (7m) carriageway,with shouldersneeded to be proposed.However, while such a provisionmay assuresafety, it cannot be consideredeconomically viable for the low volumesof traffic and the low incidenceof passingvehicles. A compromise between the two options above, which can reasonably satisfy the requirementsof both safety and economy, would be to provide an intermediate lane carriageway(5.5m) with additionalformation to accommodateshoulders and side drain. Providing0.5m wide shouldersand 0.6m wide side drains,the project road would need a formation width of 7.1m. This formation width will also provide reasonably safe and adequatelateral clearancesfor the passingvehicles. A minimumformation width of 7.1m5 on the straight portion and a maximumof 8m near curves are proposed in the project. This formation width was also determinedto minimizeimpacts on the settlementsalong the project road. A typical cross sectionproposed for the priority road has been presented in Figure 1.1.

3 VillageMaubong has two settlements,Damidiai and Lungsai.

4 Whererequired, new culverts will beadded. 5 Keepingin viewthe minimumformation width of 7.1mon straightsand a maximumof 8m on curvesof the projectroad, a COI of 8m was consideredfor assessingsocial impact caused by the proposedproject. However,all propertieswithin a corTidorof 12mwidth had been covered in thecensus. Revisedby LeaAssociates 1-3 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:1 - ProjectBackground

Realignment sections The improvementsproposed under the project are almost exclusivelyalong the existing alignment, except for some minor realignmentto avoid acquisitionof propertiesand for improvementof the road geometry. The list of locationswhere realignmentshave been worked out is presentedin Table 1.3.

Table 1.3: Realignment Sections

Si. Location From To Length Reasonfor realignment No. (kmp) (kmp) (in) 1. FalkawnVillage 15.816 16.011 195 Followingexisting shorterroute 2. 25.883 25.939 56 Cutting the hill to straightenthe curve 3. Tachhip village 20.100 20.300 200 Realigningon the valleysite to straightencurve 4. 33.521 34.320 69 On valleyside to avoid sharp curve& ridgejoints 5. 40.347 40.438 91 Realigningon valleyside by dumping 6. Thiak village 41.760 41.797 37 Realigningon valley side by dumping 7. Thiak village 41.880 41.969 89 Realigningto straightentwo curves 8. 1 42.100 42.215 115 Realigningon valleyside to straighten2 curves 9. 43.260 Realigningon valley side to straightencurve 11. 48.925 48.953 28 Realigningon valleyside to straightencurve 12. Village Sialsuk 62.365 65.070 2705 Sialsukbypass 13. 78.687 78.823 136 Realigningon valleynear stone quarry 14. 86.530 86.540 10 Realigningon valley side to straightena curve 15. Near pond 86.767 86.860 93 Realigningto avoid curves 16. 86.936 87.003 67 Realigningto avoidcurves 17. 87.223 87.443 220 To avoid3 curvesby cutting acrossvalley 18. Near pond i 88.524 88.641 117 Realigningto straighten2 curves acrossvalley 19. 88.774 88.835 61 Realigningto avoid curves 20 Near pond 92.379 92.438 59 Realigningto avoid difficulthorizontal curve. 21. 95.920 95.956 36 Realigningtowards valley side 22 97.306 97.350 44 Towardsvalley side to straightencurve 23 97.523 97.504 19 Towardsvalley side to straightencurve 24 97.754 97.818 64 Towardsvalley side to straighten2 curves 25 98.082 98.450 368 Towardsvalley side to straighten2 curves 26 98.975 99.030 55 Reducedlength (55m insteadof existing 550m)

For each of the realignmentsections, a comparisonof the route options along the existing and realignment sections has been worked out as part of the feasibility study for the project. This comparison indicates that the alternative routes along the realignment sections are (a) shorter, (b) better horizontalcurvatures, (c) better sight distances6 , and (d) without any additionaladverse social implications (or displacement).These alternative routes have thereforebeen preferredover the existing routes.

6 Although,the gradient of the realignedroad would be slightlygreater than on the existingalignment

Revisedby Lea Associates 1-4 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&1PDP:I - ProjectBackground

Because of the above changes in the road alignment for improvement in the road geometrics, the design length of the project road is 98.712km as against its original surveyed length of 100km.

1.3 R&R ISSUES IN THE PROJECT

The project corridor between Aizawl and Buangpui via Hmuifang passes through 18 villages (19 settlements). With the non-avaiability of flat lands for the spread of settlements, the development of settlements is restricted to the transportation routes, with residential and commercial development just abutting the road (very close on the valley side). As residential/commercial structures are located on the edge of the road, even minor widening will result in displacement of a few of these structures.

The available formation in most cases is less than the 7.1m required for accommodating the intermediate lane cross-section suggested, which calls in for an acquisition of private land and properties. Apart from the acquisition of private land and properties, the project will also involve the acquisition of land belonging to several community organisations and governmental departments.

The Resettlement & Indigenous People's Development Plan (R&IPDP) details the approach, principles and measures adopted in minimizing and mitigating negative social and economic impacts caused by the project. The R&IPDP also includes the magnitude of displacement, detailed time schedule for implementation and the principles and procedures that will govern implementation of the R&R components of the project.

1.3.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESETTLEMENT & INDIGENOUS PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Resettlement Action Plan

The World Bank's operational directive (OD 4.30) on involuntary resettlement provides for the guidelines to be followed in minimising or avoiding displacement and mitigating the negative impacts (for details, see Box 2.1). The PWD, Government of Mizoram also has adopted a resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) policy, which is the basis of preparation of this R&IPDP. The Policy also provides for a framework for entitlements and categorization of the project affected persons (PAPs).

* Indigenous People Development Plan

As per the 1991 census, 97% of the state population belong to the scheduled tribes (STs). All the project-affected persons would belong to STs. In this context, the project needs preparation of an Indigenous People's Development Plan (IPDP). In accordance to the OD.4.20 (see Box 2.2) on Indigenous People, the IPDP needs to, * Ensurethat indigenouspeople benefit from developmentprojects, and * Avoidor mitigatepotentially adverse effects on indigenouspeople caused by the project.

Revised by Lea Associates 1-5 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) ,1v-oram State Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.1 - ProjectBackground

Box 2.1: Objectives of the World Bank's OD 4.30 - Salient Points

a) Involuntaryresettlement should be avoidedwhere feasible,or minimised,exploring all viable alternativeproject designs such as realignment of roadsmay significantly reduce resettlement needs. b) Whereinvoluntary resettlement in unavoidable,resettlement activities should be conceivedand executedas sustainabledevelopment programmes, providing sufficient investment resources to give the personsdisplaced by the projectthe opportunityto sharein the projectbenefits. Displaced personsshould have opportunitiesto participatein planningand implementingresettlement programmes. c) Displacedpersons should be assistedin their effortsto improvetheir livelihoodsand standardsof livingor at leastto restorethem, in realterms, to pre-displacementlevels or to levelsprevailing prior to beginningof projectimplementation, whichever is higher. Displacedpersons should be (i) compensatedfor their lossesat full replacementcost prior to the actualmove; (ii) assistedwith the moveand supportedduring the transitionperiod in the resettlementsite and (iii) assistedin their effortsto improvetheir formerliving standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least to restorethem. Particularattention to be paid to the needsof the poorestgroups to be resettled. d) Communityparticipation in planning and implementingresettlement should be encouraged. Appropriatepatterns of socialorganisation should be established,and existingsocial and cultural institutionsof resettlersand their hostsshould be supportedand used,to the greatestextent possible. e) Resettlersshould be integratedsocially and economically into hostcommunities so that the adverse impactson host communitiesare minimised.The best way of achievingthis integrationis for resettlementto be plannedin areasbenefiting from the projectand throughconsultation with the futurehosts. f) Land,housing, infrastructure, and othercompensation should be providedto the adverselyaffected population,indigenous groups, ethnic minorities,and pastoralistswho may have usufructor customaryrights to the land or otherresources taken by the project. The absenceof legaltitle to landby suchgroups should not bea barto compensation.

Box 2.2: Pre-requisitesof an IPDP - OD4.20

(a) Thekey step in projectdesign is the preparationof a culturallyappropriate development plan based on full considerationof the optionspreferred by the indigenouspeople affected by the project. (b) Studiesshould make all effortsto anticipateadverse trendslikely to be inducedby the projectand developthe meansto avoidor mitigateharm. (c) Theinstitutions responsible for governmentinteraction with indigenouspeoples should possess the social,technical, and legal skills needed for carryingout the proposeddevelopment activities. Implementationarrangements should be kept simple. They should normally involve appropriate existinginstitutions, local organizations, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) with expertisein mattersrelating to indigenouspeoples. (d) Localpatterns of socialorganization, religious beliefs, and resource use should be taken into account in the plan'sdesign. (e) Developmentactivities should support production systems that arewell adapted to the needsand environmentof indigenouspeoples. (f) Theplan should avoid creating or aggravatingthe dependencyof indigenouspeople on project entities.Planning should encourage early handover of projectmanagement to localpeople. As needed,the planshould include general education and training in managementskills for indigenous peoplefrom the onsetof the project. (g) Successfulplanning for indigenouspeoples frequently requires long lead times, as well as arrangementsfor extendedfollow-up. (h) Whereeffective programs are already functioning, support can take the form of incrementalfunding to strengthenthem rather than the developmentof entirely new programs

Revisedby LeaAssociates 1-6 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsPro)ect - PhaseI R&IPDP:I - ProjectBackground

1.4 INTEGRATION OF RAP & IPDP The entire populationin the project region belongingto tribal community,the R&Rissues in the project would involve only those of the tribal households.Therefore, to addressthe R&Rand indigenouspeople's issuestogether, a combinedResettlement and Indigenous PeopleDevelopment Plan (R&IPDP) has been prepared.

Scopeof the R&RIPDP The project's social impacts and R&R component includes assessmentof the social impactsof the project and developmentof appropriatemitigation plans as required.While the RAPaddresses the problems and issues of the entire affected population, it gives specialemphasis to sociallyand economicallyvulnerable characteristics of the PAPs.The RAPensures that the economicopportunities of the impactedpersons are not disrupted and they are able to regain their previousliving standard.These R&IPDPcomplies with the appropriatenational and local laws and guidelinesand with the WB policy directives. The R&IPDPpreparation was carried out in close co-ordinationwith the design and the environmentalcomponents of the project, and included active participationamongst the project stakeholders, local communities and the various project affected groups. The entire processwas worked out adoptinga peoplecentred development principles. The R&IPDPpreparation process comprised the following major elements: * Socialscreening and impact assessment as part of the feasibilitystudies * Censusand baseline socio-economic survey of the potentiallyaffected population • Consultationsat village,district and state levels - Finalisationof entitlementsand preparation of the R&IPDP. e Finalisingimplementation arrangements for the implementationof the R&IPDP,including monitoringarrangements. The R&IPDP is a living document and will be updated as and when necessary.The R&IPDPdata would be verified at site before implementation7. The methods that had beenadopted for preparingthe R&IPDPare presentedin Chapter3 of this Report.

7 The data has gone through several checks,even in the preparationstage, and during an independent review.

Revisedby Lea Associates 1-7 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) A S S A M

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0 Settlement (Aizawl - Hmuifang- Buangpui) ~~~~River FLEAAssociates South Asia Pvt. Ltd.@ CHAPTER 2 APPROACH & METHODS

The approachand methodsfollowed for preparingthe R&IPDPfor the project is discussed in this Chapter. Socialimpact assessmentwas an integral part of the project preparation, and the social inputs were integrated into the engineeringdesigns at all stages of the project-preparation(from the economicprioritisation to the finalisationof the design). Social assessmentwas carried out on the basis of primary data collected, consultation with the stakeholdersand information from secondarysources. Socio-economic baseline survey and the censuswere carried out using structuredquestionnaires. Information had also beencollected through focus-groupdiscussions and interactivePRA methods. The varioustasks and issuesinvolved in the methodologyare outlinedin Figure2.1. The socialassessment process had the following major components: * Earlyscreening and assessmentof magnitudeof socialimpacts as part of feasibilitystudies * ContinuousConsultation with the variousstakeholders and the affectedcommunity throughoutthe project * Censusand Baseline Socio-economic survey of the potentiallyaffected population, and; - Preparationof the R&IPDP for the project. * Assistanceto the PIUin the preparationof landacquisition plans for the project.

2.1 THE SURVEYS Surveysundertaken for social impact assessment,and in the preparationof the R&IPDP for the project are describedin the following sub-sections.

2.1.1 RECONNAISSANCE Teams comprising of social scientists,engineers and environmentalplanners undertook reconnaissanceof the project route to carry out a preliminaryassessment of the likely extent of impacts on people due to the project. This helpedin initial conceptualisationof the project, and about its designparameters.

2.1.2 COLLECTINGDATA FROM SECONDARY SOURCES Secondarysources of information such as the District CensusHandbooks and District Gazetteers (of the districts of Aizawl and Lunglei) were examined. Understandingwas developed about the physical, social, economic,and cultural set-up of the project area before undertakingdetailed field investigations.

Revised by Lea Associates 2-1 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:2 - Approach& Methods

Information was collectedon the socio-economicand demographicprofile of the affected villages. The village profiles created/examinedincluded information on the infrastructure facilities, institutional mechanismsand power structure within the villages including genderequity factors,and women'srole, relationshipand status in the villagesat present. Information was collectedon the roles, activitiesand responsibilitiesof the variousNGOs active in the state.

2.1.3 STRIP MAPPING (INVENTORY OF SOCIAL IMPACTS) To inventorise the existing environmental and social features within the existing formation, and to assessthe land use in the immediatevicinity of the corridor,strip plans of the project road have been prepared.The sampleformat was pre-testedand perfected prior to use and application.Field teams comprisedof socialand environmentalplanners, field investigators,economists, and engineers. The inventorisationexercises included collectionof informationon owner/occupantof the structures,type of the structures, building uses,approximate dimensions and sizes.Also, the variouscommon propertyresources and public structureswithin 15m on either side of the project roadwere inventoried.

2.1.4 BASELINECENSUS To assessthe extent of loss to the PAPs,a 100% censuswas carried out of the properties falling within a CoI' of 12m (i.e., 6m on either side of the existing centreline of the carriageway). All structuresand land falling within this width were listed and household informationobtained through structured questionnaires.The questionnaire(see Annexure 2.1 in Volume II of this Report) was finalizedafter pre-testingon the site. Thesesurveys were conducted after prior information about the survey was communicatedto all the PAPsthrough the villagecouncil presidents2. Eachstructure and land parcelfalling within the COI was surveyed.As part of the survey, the following were surveyedand measured,including: * Footprintof the structureand plot of the land; * The aerialdistance of the structure/landfrom the existingcentreline of the carriageway; * Locationof thestructure/land with respectto the existingroad (by chainage); * Thetype of construction(permanent, semi-permanent or temporary)for a structure;and, * The numberof floorsin a structure

Measuredhorizontally, without bias to the slopeof the sides,6m on eitherside from the centrelineof the existingcarriageway (or centreline of theroad-width available, where paved carriageway is not available).

2 Thefirst step in conductingthe Census was to contactthe Village Council President in each village, explain to himthe importance of the project and tell him that the survey team would visit the particular village at a designatedtime and date. He in turnannounced this information through the public address system to allthe villagers and asked them to bepresent at theirhomes at the designated time.

Revisedby LeaAssociates 2-2 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:2 -Approach& Methods

Each affected building structure was given an identification number (which was painted on the building for ready reference in future surveys) of the following type: R/V/Side/Number Where,R is the identificationfor the projectroad (invariablyP1-A); V is the nameof the village(using 3 or 4 initial alphabets); Sidedenoted by "L" or "R" for left or right hand sidestraveling North to South Numberis the 3-digit serial identificationnumber of each structurein each village. The recorded data from census included the owner's name, address of the property, and availability of the "village council pass" with the owner/tenant and the category of loss. The database prepared provides the profile of the people surveyed including family structure, occupation of the family members, literacy level and income of the family. Information about assets such as boundary wall, public property, institutions, private land occupants and tenants were also recorded.

2.1.5 BASELINESOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEYS

A socio-economic survey was conducted for 25% of the households covered under the census. The basic objective of these surveys were: * To assessthe socio-economicstatus of the peoplebeing affected due to the project; and, * To developa baselinefor future monitoringof the impactsand resettlementprocesses. The survey recorded details pertaining to the following: e Socio-economicfeatures; * The quality of life of the people; * The expenditurepattern; * Incidencesof migrationfor work; and, * Type and frequencyof diseasesencountered. These details helped to provide a database to develop indicators for the monitoring and evaluation of implementation of R&IPDP. A structured questionnaire, which was pre- tested in the field, was used for conducting this socio-economic survey. This questionnaire is enclosed in Annexure 2.2 in Volume II of this Report.

2.2 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION

Public consultation was considered to be an extremely important process and the R&IPDP was prepared on the basis of people's perceptions about the project impacts and felt needs. The details of these issues discussed with the public are given in the checklist enclosed in Annexure 2.3 in Volume II of this report. The details of the public information campaigns and consultations are provided in Chapter 8 of this Report.

The objective of public consultations was to disseminate information about the project to the potentially affected population and to incorporate their views and suggestions for preparing the R&IPDP and design. Two levels of consultation were undertaken-at the village level (at strategic sections along the project road), and at the state level.

Revised by Lea Associates 2-3 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:2 -Approach& Methods

2.2.1 VILLAGELEVEL CONSULTATIONS The consultationswere conducted during 1999-2001,at all important settlementsand villagesalong the project road. Consultationswere held with potentiallyimpacted people; village council members; prominent persons from the villages, like teachers, health workers,doctors, etc.; and women from the villages. The consultationswere also carried out with help of a structured questionnaireprepared and circulatedin advanceto the various groups through the village council presidents. The consultationsdiscussed various issues related to minimizing social impacts, project design, resettlement and rehabilitation policy and the resettlement action plan. These village level consultationsalso helpedto finalizevarious solutionsfor relocationof water tanks, bus stops, hand pumps; and to locationof proposedconstruction camps, dumping sites, etc.

2.2.2 STATE LEVELCONSULTATIONS State level consultationswere held through a StakeholdersWorkshop (The RoadShow) at Aizawl in July 1999. This workshopwas attended by the prominent personalitiesfrom the state, including the Chief Minister. The other participants,along with the PAPs,included the PWD officials, the PCCpersonnel, and officials from the revenue department. The basic objectiveof this workshopwere: * To buildawareness about the projectamong the people,district level administration, non- governmentorganizations (NGOs); and, * To facilitatebenefit from their suggestionsand ideasand implementationof the project with their support.

2.3 ANALYSES & PLAN

2.3.1 IDENTIFICATIONOF THE CORRIDOR OF IMPACT The corridor of impact (CoI) along the improvement routes, which might need to be clearedfor the project, was worked out, basedon the likely magnitudeof social impacts from the strip mapping exercise. Based on the cross-sectionsworked out, and the minimum safety zone requirements,a CoI of 12m was worked out. This 12m width along the project route formed the basisfor the carryingout of the censusof properties.

2.3.2 ANALYSESOF DATA & DATABASEDESIGN The surveyformats filled up were scrutinizedon site everyday,and the data was verified on the same day. Any data gaps were rectified on the field and the data updated. Analysiswas carried out separatelyfor the census,socio-economic survey and the public consultations. The census data analysedincluded the socialstratification of the project-affectedpeople (PAPs),their income sourcesand levels, their assets and types of losses among other

Revisedby Lea Associates 2-4 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) Mizoram StateRoads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:2 -Approach& Methods

details. The analysessocio-economic data coveredthe expenditurepattern of the PAPs, their quality of life, and other socio-economiccharacteristics. The analyses of the communityconsultation findings.looked into the preferencesand opinions of the people regarding the project, possibility of public collaboration, and resolution of perceived conflicts of interest. General social systems, the socio-cultural issues, and other characteristicspertaining to the overall socio-economicand cultural baselineof the people were also analysed.

2.3.3 MINIMISING / AVOIDING SOCIAL IMPACTS Minimisingsocial impacts through modificationsin design and the shifting of alignment have been worked out throughout the project preparationperiod. Efforts were taken up to minimisethe extent of socialimpacts by continuousinteraction of the socialteam with the designteam. The extent of minimisationat the various locationshas been presentedin the Chapter7 of this Reporton socialimpact assessment.

2.3.4 ADDRESSING OF OTHERSOCIAL ISSUES Apart from the issue of R&R (for the private properties to be impacted), surveys have been conducted and detailed analysiscarried out for severalsignificant social issuesof direct relevanceto the project, includingthose on: * HIV/AIDSissues in the project; * Povertyalleviation perspectives; and, * Incomerestoration Schemes. Measureshave been suggestedfor addressingthese issues,which have been detailedin later Chaptersof this Report.

2.3.5 ADDRESSINGSOCIAL IMPACTS / ENMLEMENT FRAMEWORK The Governmentof Mizoramhas preparedan R&Rpolicy to addressthe socialimpacts in the project, which is in line with the WB operationaldirectives. The Entitlementsto the various categoriesof the project-affectedpersons have been worked out based on the EntitlementFramework, which forms a part of the said R&Rpolicy.

2.3.6 FINALISATIONOF R&IPDP The R&IPDPfor the project has been preparedin accordancewith the R&R Policy(see Section 2.3.5), addressing the various social issues. The R&IPDPincludes mitigation/ compensationmeasures for each type of losses,a grievanceredressal mechanism, an institutional framework and implementationschedule, a monitoring and evaluation plan (includes recommendedmonitoring/evaluation indicators), and a budget. The R&IPDP documenthas been finalised in continuousinteraction with and inputs from the PWDand the World Bank.

Revisedby Lea Associates 2-5 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:2 - Approach& Methods

Figure 2.1: Methodologyfor the Resettlement Action Plan

Preparationof the ResettlementAction Plan

Corridor of Impact(COI) l DesignFormation width l SocialImpact Assessment

Stage 1 Social Surveys

Census survey Socio-Economic Survey Public information & Consultations

Numbering: Project Road No.Nillage Village Level Code/LHS/RHS/001 -N

Major impacted villages 2 5 % Of Census * Village councilmembers; 1000/l Affected Households Prominent persons from the 100%/o Affected village

Households . Women members of the villag

State Level Stakeholders' IF Workshop Conductedthrough a Conducted Through A structured questionnaire Structured Questionnaire q |

| Conducted through a well defined checklist

_~~~0 Oupus (Cmpie Dt)

Note: Figure continued next page

Revised by Lea Associates 2-6 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:2 -Approach& Methods

Stage 2

......

Outputs from Stage 1

Census Socio-economic Public Information & Survey Survey Consultation

* Social Status a Expenditure pattern . Social Systems . Inoial Staturs * Quality of life index * Socio-cultural issues IncometsSource* Socio-economic features of . Marriage system .* TypesAssets of LossesLossesthe region * Awareness of the project _ Acceptance of the project - Types of benefits likely to be opted . Other support mechanisms from or for the project from the people

Note: Figure continued next page

Figure 2.1continued

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Stage 3

Output from Stage2 (Impact Assessment)

Legal Framework | -

Governmentof Mizoram Governmentof India Guidelines World Bank guidelines Guidelines

Preparing R&IPDP

. Lossof Assets - Institutional * Monitoring& classification framework& Evaluation . Entitlement mechanism . Budget framework . Implementation . Grievanceredressal framework& schedule

Figure 2.1continued

Revisedby Lea Associates 2-8 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) CHAPTER 3 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION POLICY

The R&Rpolicy for the project has beenprepared by the Governmentof Mizoram,PWD in accordancewith the principleslaid down in the OperationalDirective (OD 4.20/4.30) of the World Bank. This Resettlementand Indigenous PeoplesDevelopment Plan (R&IPDP) has been preparedon the basis of the broad outlines laid down in the policy.The PWD may from time to time make amendmentsin this R&R Policyas and when considered necessary.

3.1 PRINCIPLES FOR R&R The principles contained in the R&R policy guided an action plan to resettle and rehabilitatethe peopleaffected by the project.The detailed R&Rpolicy has been given in Annexure 3.1 in Volume II of this report. The Government of Mizoram Order for endorsementof the Resettlementand Rehabilitation(R&R) Policyis enclosedas Annexure 3.2 in VolumeII of this Report. The principlesof R&Rpolicy are that: * Involuntaryresettlement shall be avoidedto the extent possibleor minimizedwhere feasible,exploring all viablealternative project designs; * Wheredisplacement is unavoidable,people losing assets, livelihood or other resources shallbe assistedin improvingor at a minimumregaining their former status of livingat no costto themselves;and, e People'sparticipation shall be soughtin planningand implementation of the project.

3.1.1 COMPENSATION& ASSISTANCE The R&IPDPdelivers a comprehensivepackage of compensationand assistanceto entitled persons, families and groups suffering losses as a result of the project. It provides mitigation/compensationfor: * Lossof assets,including lands and house; * Lossof livelihoodor incomeopportunities; and, * Collectiveimpacts on communityassets, such as lossof commonproperty resources. All losses will be compensated (and additionally assisted) at replacement value, irrespectiveof their legal standing' in the project area. As all personsaffected by the project belong to indigenous/tribal communities, the entitlements for compensation/ assistanceconsider particular needs of the indigenouspopulation. Specialassistance will

The R&RPolicy prescribes that the legalstatus of the projectaffected or displacedshall not bea binding factorfor the decisionon the compensationand entitlements.

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be extendedto the more vulnerablesections of the communityto enhancetheir earning opportunities.

3.1.2 ENTITLEDPERSONS The eligible families for support have been defined in the R&Rpolicy. Accordingto the policythe following definitionsare of importance: * In casesof landacquisition, the cut-offdate would be thedate of issuingthe noticeu/s 4 sub-section(1) of LandAcquisition Act 1894as amended in 1984. * All peopleabove the age of 18 yearshave been defined as a separatefamily and will be eligiblefor support,if affectedby the project. • Vulnerablepeople are those whose annual income is lessthan the designatedsum fixed by the PlanningCommission, Government of India and earningup to 25% abovethis sum. Vulnerablegroups for the projectalso includes households belonging to scheduledcastes and tribes,women headed households, disabled, widows, divorced, single unwed mothers andaged persons regardless of their income.

3.2 ENTITLEMENT, COMPENSATION AND ASSISTANCE As part of the R&IPDP,all social impacts due to the project have been inventoried,and the likely impacts on propertiesassessed. All propertieswithin the corridor of impact have been surveyed, based on findings and analysisof which, the entitlement framework has been worked for all the various categoriesof entitled personsto be affected on all the project corridors for future projects. Three types of entitlements are defined and summarizedin the following sections.

3.2.1 ENTITLEMENTSFOR PROJECT AFFECTED FAMILIES (PAFs) These entitlementsare to cover loss of accessto land, structuresand other assets,such as crops. Also included are shifting allowances,rights to salvagebuilding materials, and counsellingon alternativeassistance. There are nine general actionsfor the PAFcategory. They are:

* Consultation, counseling regarding alternatives, and assistance in identifying new sites and opportunities PAPsare eligible to receiveconsultation and counsellingwith regard to their entitlements and compensation. Additionallythey will be shown alternativesavailable for relocationof their business or households. They will receive assistanceto identify new sites for relocationand will be guided on what opportunities are availableto them for vocational and training opportunities.

3.2.2 SUMMARY ENTITLEMENT The Summaryentitlement matrix for the project is given in Table 3.1.

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Table 3.1: Summary Entitlement Matrix

l ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~TitleholdersTenants l Types of Project Affected People Within COI (12m) V | TenaNV IV NV V N Loss of land and other assets Unit of Entitlement: Project-affected Household (PAH) Consultation, counseling regarding alternatives in identifying Yes Yes Yes Yes new sites and opportunities Compensation for land at replacement cost, plus allowances Yes Yes No No for fees or other charges Advance notice to harvest non-perennial crops, or Yes Yes Yes Yes compensation for lost standing crops Compensation for perennial crops and trees, calculated as Yes Yes Yes Yes annual produce value times remaining producing years Replacement or compensation for structures or other non-land Yes Yes Yes No assets Right to salvage materials from existing structures Yes Yes No No Inclusion in existing Government housing schemes Yes Yes Yes Yes Shifting assistance (new housing must be available before Yes Yes Yes Yes people are made to move) Option of moving to resettlement sites or cluster, incorporating Yes Yes Yes Yes needs for shelter and livelihood Loss of livelihood Unit of Entitlement: Project-affected Person (PAP) l Rehabilitation and assistance for less or diminished livelihood Yes Yes Yes Yes Additional support mechanisms for vulnerable groups in Yes No Yes No reestablishing or enhancing livelihood Employment opportunities in connection with project to the Yes Yes Yes Yes extent possible Loss of community structure/facilitiesl Unit of Entitlement: Project-affected Group (PAG) Restoration and improvement of common property resources such as public water pumps, sanitation and drainage facilities, shrines and temples, churches, cultural heritage, etc. Provision for women's needs particularly related to location of sources of water and firewood, social forestry programs may be considered Provision for safe space and access for business purposes, local transport and public use. Safety measures for pedestrians, particularly children and other non-motorized transport Landscaping of community common areas in urban environments

Notes: 1) Tenants can include vulnerable (V) and non-vulnerable (NV) groups. Where their entitlements differ, the following applies: No - non-vulnerable PAPs are not entitled, Yes - vulnerable PAPs are entitled. 2) If PAPs are displaced within the 2-month notification period and permanent housing is not available, temporary housing will be provided until their permanent structures are ready. 3) The numbers will have to be verified by the PIU/NGOs. 4) The components of the R&IPDP compensation and assistance package for categories of loss are arranged against eligibility criteria.

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Compensation for land at replacement cost, plus allowances for fees or other charges All PAFsholding a village council(VC) passare consideredas titleholders2 and are eligible for compensationunder the Land AcquisitionAct. The PAFsare also eligiblefor provision of other support mechanisms.One of these could be the provisionof replacementland for the land acquired for the project. All fees, taxes and other charges incurred in the relocationand reestablishmentof the EPswill be met by the project.

. Advance notice to harvest non-perennial crops, or compensation for loss of standing crops The PAPswill be informed in advancethat the land on which their crops are plantedto be used by the project in the near future and that they must harvesttheir crops in time. If adequatetime for harvestingstanding crops is not given, the EPswill be compensatedfor the loss.

* Compensation for perennial crops and trees will be calculated as annual produce value times remaining productive years The value would be calculatedby multiplying the annual productionvalue by the number of productiveyears remaining.

Replacement or compensationfor structures or other non-land assets The EPsare eligible for replacementor compensationfor structuresand other non-land- related or land related assetsthat are impactedby the project.

* Right to salvage materials from existing structures The EPsare eligible to salvagematerial from their existing structuresand sites, with the exceptionof trees.

• Inclusion in existing government housing schemes Only those EPsbelonging to a vulnerablegroup, as definedby the project,are eligiblefor the existing housingschemes for the weakersections of society.

Shifting assistance The EPsare entitled to a shifting allowanceto move their belongings.If their relocation site is not ready for them, at the end of the two-month notification period, the project must make temporary arrangementsuntil their permanentstructures are ready. (Note: Replacementhousing must be availablebefore peopleare madeto move.)

2 With documentaryor verbal proof, they can be consideredas titleholders as declaredby the Government of Mizoram.

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Option of moving to resettlement sites, or clusters, incorporating needs for shelter and livelihood The EPs will be given the option of voluntary relocation to a site they have chosen themselveswherever possible, otherwiseto a site chosen by the implementationteam (includesthe PIU and the NGO). Whicheveroption the EPchooses he/she will receiveas much support from the PIU as is requiredto resettleand rehabilitatethe household.

3.2.3 ENTITLEMENTSFOR PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS (PAPS) Everyhousehold member in the age group of 18 years and aboveis eligiblefor assistance for loss of livelihood. Thus, there may be more than one person eligible in each household.The project will provide rehabilitation and assistancefor lost or diminished livelihoodfor any individual impacted by the project. Additionalsupport mechanismswill be made availableto vulnerablegroups to re-establishor enhancetheir livelihoodthrough existing governmentemployment programs. If available,employment associated with the projectwould be provided.Three actionsare possible:

* Rehabilitation and assistancefor lost or diminished livelihood The EPs are eligible for help to regain their original levels of economic well being. Vulnerablegroups will receive the most targeted support. All EPswill be counselledon options to improve their economicstatus.

* Additional support mechanisms for vulnerable groups in reestablishing or enhancing livelihood Membersof vulnerable groups who are also EPs will receive targeted support from the PIU. Counsellingon alternatives,guidance on appropriatetraining programsand advice on marketing new productswill be given.

e Employment opportunities connectedwith the project to the extent possible To the persons whose livelihood is impacted by the project employment as unskilled labour during construction and maintenanceworks will be offered, wherever possible. However, this employment is not linked to the entitlements necessaryto restore EPs livelihood, but is an additionalopportunity. Also, collective entitlements will usually include some employment opportunities for construction,operation and maintenanceof the community resourcescreated. The EPs and PAPswould be given priority over others, should such a demandarises. A clausewill be incorporatedin the contract documentsrequiring contractorsto give a percentageof the employmentopportunities to local peopleif the communityso desires3

3 However,it should be notedthat demandfor construction-relatedjobs is quite limited in the projectarea.

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3.2.4 ENTITLEMENTSFOR PROJECT AFFECTED GROUPS (PAGS)

Community based entitlements will be provided where possible, and targeted especially at vulnerable and weaker groups. Six actions are listed under this category. * Restorationand improvementof commonproperty resources, such as publicwater pumps, sanitationand drainagefacilities. • Provisionfor a woman's needs, particularlyrelated to location of sourcesof water and firewood. Socialforestry programs may be considered. • Provisionof safe spaceand accessfor businesspurposes, local transport, and publicuse. * Safety measuresfor pedestrians,particularly children, and other non-motorizedtransport in the form of hospitals. * Provisionof roadsiderest areasand motorgarages and petrolpumps. * Provisionfor public water facilities at various points along the road at high altitudes for travellingpeople and vehicles.

Revisedby Lea Associates 3-6 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) CHAPTER 4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF MIZORAM

The socio economic profile of the project influence area is describedin the following sections.It draws on secondarydata at the state and district levelsavailable from various governmentpublications and departments.

4.1 PROFILE OF THE STATE

4.1.1 LOCATION

Mizoram is a mountainous region that becamethe 23rd state of the Indian Union in February19871. It was one of the districts of Assamtill 1972 when it becamea Union Territory. After being annexedby the Britishin 1891, for the first few years, LushaiHills in the north remained under Assamwhile the southern half remained under Bengal. Both these parts were amalgamatedin 1898 into one district called Lushai Hills District under the Chief Commissionerof Assam. Mizoramis bounded by Myanmarin the east and the south, Bangladeshin the west, Tripura in the north-westand Assamin the north.

4.1.2 DEMOGRAPHY The state has a total area of 21,087km2 , and a population of 891,058 personsas per provisional results of the Censusof India 2001. District wise population, density and growth rate of the state as per the 2001 provisionalCensus is given in Table 4.1. The state has a population density as low as 42 persons/km2 . Aizawl is the most populated district followed by Kolasib,which is also growing at a fast rate. As against decadalgrowth rate of 21.3% percentat the nationallevel, the state has recordeda very high growth rate during 1991-2001,although the rate declined in comparisonto the previous decade. Kolasib is the only district registering higher growth rate than the previousdecade whereas, district Mamit has recordeda negativepopulation growth rate. The sex ratio2 of 921, which was marginallylower than the national average of 927 in 1991, has exceededthe nationalaverage in 20001, with a sex ratio of 933.

WithW the implementationof the North-EasternReorganisation Act in 1972, Mizoram became a Union Territory and as a sequel to the signing of the historic memorandum of settlement between the Governmentof India and the Mizo NationalFront in 1986, it was grantedstatehood on 20 February1987.

2 Numberof females per 1000 male population

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Table 4.1: District-wise Population Characteristicsin Mizoram

state/ Population2001 DecadalGrowth Sex Ratio fDensity District l , Rate l | Persons Males Females 81-91 91-01 l1991 2001 1991 2001

Mamit 62,313 32,766 29,547 23.57 -3.50 891 9 02 21 121 Kolasib 60,977 31,874 29,103 26.82 36.01 924 938 32 1 44

Aizawl l 339,812 173,930 165,882 57.23 39.24 917 913 68 | 95 l Champhai T 101,389 51,869 49,520 32.31 29.77 969 954 25 l 32 Serchhip 55,539 28,445 27,094 20.36 18.45 959 955 33 139

Lunglei 137,155 l 71,353 65,802 28.79 23.10 910 953 25 30

Lawgtlai 73,050 38,425 34,625 52.68 34.78 885 922 21 29

l Saiha 60,823 31,121 29,702 47.72 33.16 939 90143

Total 891,058 459,783 l 431,275 39.70 29.18 921 l 938 l 33 l 42 Source:Census of India, 2001

4.1.3 LITERACY Total literacy in the state has risen to 88.5% in 2001 from 82.3% during the 1991 Census. The male literacy is 90.69 % and female literacy is 86 %. The average literacy rate in 2001 was very high comparedthe national literacy rate (65.4 %). The literacyrates among the different districts, the growth of literacy between 1991-2001,and the gender-wise distribution are given in Table 4.3.

Table 4.2: Literacy Rate 1991 & 2001-Mizoram

District Literacy Rate 1991 Literacy Rate 2001

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

Mamit 67.98 73.61 61.56 80.09 84.04 75.66

Kolasib 86.24 89.12 83.07 90.49 91.50 89.37

Aizawl 93.14 94.17 92.01 96.64 97.20 96.06

Champhai 87.98 91.76 84.11 91.88 94.00 89.64

Serchhip 90-44 92.82 87.94 96.16 97.24 95.02

Lunglei 77.73 82.37 72.58 84.20 87.36 80.74

Lawgtlai 42.71 51.3 32.79 56.45 65.13 46.68

Saiha l79.24 84.98 73.06 82.43 86.28 78.39

Total 82.27 85.61 78.60 88.49 90.69 86.13

Source: Census of India, 2001

4.1.4 SETTLEMENT PATrERN The area is characterisedby hilly terrain with deep gorges formed by rivers that flow either northwards or southwards.Being landlockedand surroundedby mountains, with steep ridges and forests, the communicationnetwork remainsunder-developed causing a major bottleneckfor development.Availability of plain land is limited and the populationis scattered.The populationdensity is about 42 persons/km2. The inhabitantslive on hilltops or on the valley side of the hills with some tribes remaininglocalised in isolatedpockets.

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The typical villages fall under 'shapelesscluster' type, where a number of houses are clusteredin a convenientway accordingto the nature of the terrain. However,following the disturbancesin 1966, the village pattern has undergonrea change. A number of villagesare groupedwith a big village nearthe roadside.This has led to the emergenceof 'linear cluster'type of villageson both sidesof the highway.

4.1.5 LAND USE The land use pattern of the State is presentedin Table 4.2. It is seen that 76 per cent of the total geographicalarea is underforests. The net sown area is only 5 per cent.

Table 4.3: Land Use Pattern

Si. No. Land Use Area (ha) Percentage 1. Forests 1598.5 76 2. Barrenand UnculturableLand 64.62 3 3. CulturableWaste 173.95 8 4. Fallow Lands 162.81 8 5. Net sown area 108.81 5 Total Area 2108.69 100% Source: StatisticalAbstract, Departmentof Agriculture & Minor Irrigation,Mizoram, 1997-98

4.2 ETHNICITY

4.2.1 COMPOSITION The majority of population (97.0%) belong to the ScheduledTribes (STs). The tribes in India are protected under the Constitutionand are listed in the Fifth Scheduleof the Constitution (of India Part X). This Constitution provides for protection of the STs on account of their disadvantages.All Mizo tribes also come within the purview of this schedule. The term 'Mizo' is a generic term and its stands for several tribes in the area. The major tribes are Lusei,Sailo, Ralte, Hmar, Paite, Lai and Mara. In addition to these tribes there are many other tribes existing in this region, like the Chakmasand Reangswho also come under the broad division of 'Mizo'. The tribes preferred to identify themselvesas Mizos and this was formalized when the Lushai Hills District (Changeof name) Act, 1954 was enacted. The Mizos came under the influenceof the British Missionariesin the 19thcentury. Now most of the Mizos are Christians.As the Mizo languagehad no script of its own, the missionariesintroduced the roman script for the Mizo language along with formal education.

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4.2.2 RELIGION & CULTURE Beforethe advent of Christianity,the Mizoethnic groups followed animisticrites. Sacrifice of animals and offerings to variousforms of nature was the main feature of their religious activities.However, after the comingto Aizawlin 1894 of the pioneeringmissionaries Rev. J.H.Lorrainand Rev. F.W.Savidge,proselytisation work went on in full swingand within a lifetime of one generation, more than 96 per cent of the population have embraced Christianity.Today the indigenousform of religion is a matter of history. However,due to the Government'sinitiative and intervention,some of the festivalsof the bygoneage (Kut) are being revived and observed. Mizosare basicallyagriculturists and all their activities centre round Jhum cultivation and their festivals are linked with such agricultural operations(Kut is the Mizo word for festivals). Mizos have three major festivals called Chapchar Kut, Mim Kut and Pawl Kut. The dance forms like Cheraw, Khuallam and Chheilamare also encouraged.

4.2.3 CUSTOMARYRIGHTS Generallythe Mizosfollow endogamy,though, marriagewith other groups/communitiesis also found nowadays.In the present day situation of the Mizo society, some of the old customslike the bride price are still in vogue, but marriage is solemnisedin the Church. Eldersons after marriage settle down and set up a new family. Thus a joint family is split into elementary families and the stem family. In view of migration and mobility for employment and other compulsions, the process of urbanisation and psychological adjustability, nuclearfamily pattern has now becomea regular feature in the Mizosocial structure. The Mizo society is by and large free and open. Kinshipand co-residenceare the most important factors for the formation of a Mizovillage and the socialrelations. Marriage between first cousins is discouraged. Polyandry is forbidden. Divorce is permitted. Nvula-rim(or courtship) is quite commonamong young boys and girls, though the consent of the parents is normally obtained in the selection of the bride and consequentmarriage. Widow remarriageis not prohibited. Bride price has to be paid by the groom's family beforea marriageis finalised.

4.2.4 STATUSOF WOMEN After the consolidationof the British administrationthe inheritance of the chiefs started through the eldest son. However,the LushaiDistrict (Inheritanceof property)Act No.1 of 1956 has invested women with the right of inheritance.The Mizosfollow the patriarchal pattern of family. The male head of the family controls the social, economicand religious affairs. However, women in social life enjoy freedom. Nowadayswomen are engagedin variousjobs (womenwork even as traffic police in the streetsof Aizawl).

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4.3 ECONOMIC PROFILE In general from the major sectors of the economy agriculture, trade, hotels and restaurantstogether account for over 600/oof the total state income in Mizoram.The shareof forestry is about 4.30/oand that of manufacturingis 4.80/o.

4.3.1 NETDOMESTIC PRODUCT The Net State Domestic Product (NSDP-a substitute for relative state income) and per capita (sample)income at current and constant pricesare presentedin Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: NSDP and Per Capita Income of Mizoram (1981-96)

i Year NSDP(Rs million) Per Capita Income (Rs) Current Prices 1981 Prices Current Prices 1981 Prices 1980-81 62.18 62.18 1289 1289 1985-86 157.25 90.92 2658 1537 1990-91 305.60 110.23 4474 1614 1995-96 761.12 194.38 9570 2444

The NSDPat current prices has gone up from Rs.62.2 million in 1980-81 to Rs.761.1 million in 1995-96, registering the growth rate of 18 .20/o per annum. The per capita incomeat current prices has increasedfrom Rs.1289in 1980-81to Rs.9570showing an averagegrowth rate of 14.3%. In real terms (at constant 1980-81prices), the NSDPhas increasedfrom Rs.62.18million in 1980-81to Rs.194.38million in 1995-96 (an average annual growth rate of 7.91%). The correspondingreal average annual increasein per capita incomeis 4.4% over a period of 15 years.

4.3.2 URBANISATION There are 22 towns includingAizawl city in the state. Share of urban population is 49.5 percent, which is above the national averageof 27.8 percent. However,the urbanisation is limited in space,with only Aizawl,Lunglei and Kolasibare significantlylarge settlements (together these settlementsaccount for more than 7 0% of all urban population in the state). The rapid urbanisationof 38.7% (see Table 4.5), and limitation in spaceis causing severestrain on the infrastructurein the few higher order towns. Distributionof population amongtowns has been given in Table4.6. Around50 percentof the urban population is concentratedin the city of Aizawl attaining primacy over other towns.

4.3.3 OCCUPATIONALPROFILE Generallythe Mizos depended upon the available natural resourcesaround them for subsistence.Their traditional occupation is agriculture, and the traditional system of cultivation is called 'jhum' cultivation. With 8 0% of the population deriving their

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sustenancefrom agriculture and allied activities, the state is not self-sufficientin food production. After the advent of the missionaries,the formation of a union territory and subsequently,a state, there has been a gradual shift from traditional forms of occupation to the servicesector, trade, etc. As per the 1991 census,48.9% of the total population constitutesthe workforce. Of the main3 workers, 61.4% are cultivators,3 .3 % are agricultural labourers,1% is employedin household industries, and the remaining (34.3%) are in the service sector. It is anticipated that a majority of the service sector workers are employed with the government in one form or other. The workforce participation ratio among females is much higher in Mizoramcompared to the nationalaverage (seeTable 4.7).

Table 4.5: Rural-Urban Distribution of Population, 1991-2001

Population Mizoram India 1991 2001 Growth 1991 2001 Growth Rate (%) Rate(%) Total 690 891 29.1 838,568 1,027,015 22.5 Rural 372 450 21.0 622,796 741,660 19.1 Urban 318 441 38.7 215,772 285,355 32.2 Source: Censusof India, 1991and2001

Table 4.6: Distribution of Urban Populatuion, 1991

Class of Town Number of Town Total population Share (%) I . 1 155,000 48.8 _I 0 0 0.0 iII 2 56,000 17.7 IV 3 41,000 12.8 iV 5 32,000 10.0 VI 11 34,000 10.5 Total 22 318,000 100.0 Source: Censusof India, 1991

Table 4.7: Work Force Participation Ratio, 1991

Work Force Mizoram India ParticipationRate (%) Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Workers 48.9 53.9 43.5 37.5 51.6 22.3 Main Workers 42.1 49.6 34.0 34.1 50.9 15.9 MarginalWorkers 6.8 4.3 9.6 3.4 0.6 6.3 Non Workers 51.1 46.1 56.5 62.5 48.4 77.7 Source:Census of India, 1991

3 Mainworkers are the ones who are employedfor more than 180 daysin a year.

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About 56.07 per cent of the State's populationstill lives below the poverty line (1993-94) basedon a surveyundertaken in 1992.

4.3.4 AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED ACTIVmES Agriculture is one of the main occupationsof the population and continuesto play an important role in the economyof Mizoram.In 1980-81,area under Jhum rice cultivation was 55,264ha,which came down to 36,716hain 1990-91, but again increasedto 46691ha in 1997-98.The area under Wet Rice Cultivation(WRC) is showingconstant increasefrom 6924ha in 1980-81to 16586hain 1997-98. Principal crops grown are rice, maize, pulses and oilseeds. Vegetables,fruit crops, sugarcane,tea, coffee and spices are also grown. However the yield is of low order in comparisonto cereals(see Table 4.8).

Table 4.8: Area and Productionof Crops in Mizoram

1 1977-78 1987-88 i 1997-98 Principal crops l

l. Cereals Rice (Total) 68000 23300 48464 49227 68114 110573 Jhum 37803 35226 46691 59286 1 WRC 10641 13899 16586 38279 HYV 20 62 4837 13008 2 Maize 5600 4200 4248 7500 8260 16499 3 Wheat Nil Nil Nil Nil 22 11 Pulses 98 31 1742 l 2232 4180 7053 11.Cash Crops 1 Potato 250 2000 227 982 460 2499- 2 Colacasia 1532 2500 1329 6051 1988 * 8727 -

3 Sweet Potato 300 430 312 2211 626 ' 3453 '

4 Tapioca 230 410 102 462 478 6956 5 Tobacco 825 326 671 662 377 415 6 jCotton 1085 167 1172 249 962 427 7 |Sugarcane 1900 38000 955 2956 1252 7488

8 Spices Ginger NA NA 1244 4500 939 * 7908 _Chillies 3960 1450 2481 3300 3091 * 3132

Turmeric 75 250 49 58 476 * 1731 - 9 Oil Seeds 1802 560 1920 1700 7946 8060 l1l.Horticulture 1 [Fruits 4075 3662 3760 21933 10694 47071' 2 Vegetables 8339 | 12500 1831 8661 7248 51877

* Value of the year 1993-94. Source: Statistical Abstract, Department of Agriculture and Minor Irrigation, 1997-98

Revised by Lea Associates 4-7 October 2001 (Original Document by ]CT, CES, LBII) MlzoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.4 - Soao-EconomicProflle of Mizoram

The cultivating seasonis split into well-definedparts. The Mizoagricultural year beginsin Decemberwhen the village councilsand village elders decideand allot jhum'lands for the ensuing year The allotment procedure for a piece of land is once in five years. For instanceif a pieceof land is allotted to a farmer in the first year for cultivation, the same pieceof land is allotted to any other farmer only after the next four years, i.e., in the fifth year for cultivation.This allotment goes with the belief that the fields should be used only for one year, becauseif they are cultivatedfor two years in succession,the bamboo'sand the trees deteriorateand the land is renderedunfit for cultivation. Duringthis gap period of four years the land is supposedregenerate for cultivation in the fifth year. The people have now started concentratingin larger settlementslike Aizawl and Lunglei. This has brought in scopefor more commercialand economicactivities and an increased potential for employment. There has been the growth of the tertiary/service sector, which was a result of this change. Lately, the government is promoting the idea of settled cultivation. The state continues to be deficit in food grains production to meet the needs of the population growing at the rate of 29 per cent. At the same time, it is proposed to abandon shifting cultivation and to switch over the permanentcultivation so as to restore fertility, rebuild forests and convertthe retrieved land for meaningfulpurposes. It may be noted that the agro-climaticconditions are quite suitable for raising other food crops to meet the total requirements. However, due to poor irrigation facilities, Kharif is the predominantcrop. Scope of medium irrigation is limited due to the hilly terrain. There are very few minor irrigation projects among which a few are in the pipeline. The ultimate surface irrigation potential is estimated at 70,000haof which 45,000hais under flow and 25,000hafor river lift irrigation. The irrigated area has now gone up to 7,260ha by constructing and completing69 pucca minor irrigationprojects for raising doubleand triple crops in a year.

4.3.5 INDUSTRIALISATION There are no medium or large industriesin the state. Mizoramis an industriallybackward region in comparisonto the rest of the country. Industrial Policy of Mizoramwas first announcedin 1989, accordingto which, priority was plannedto be given to agricultural and forest based industries followed by handloom, electronicand consumerindustries. Moreover the state being a newly formed unit has to primarily improve its basic infrastructure, which would give impetus to industrial growth in Mizoram. The public sector will have to play an important role in setting up viable industriesparticularly in medium and large scale sectorsand provide incentives to Small ScaleIndustries, Khadi and Village Industries and Handloom and Handicrafts. The Governmentwill have to provide the required marketingsupport for these small industriesto sustain.

Revisedby Lea Associates 4-8 October2001 (OriginalDocument by [CT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project- PhaseI R&IPDP:4 - Soco-EconomicProfile of Mizoram

The peak load requirementof power of the State is 88 MW against which only 39.88 MW is available(43 per cent of the total requirement).The Governmenthas, therefore,drawn up long-term developmentschemes for implementationthrough diesel generation,hydel generation and thermal generation. These will be in addition to the renovation and modernisationof the existingdiesel power station in rural areas and modernisationof four hydel power stations. There are also other programs like the transmissionschemes to improvethe power situation in the state. Constructionof Tuirial Hydel Project capableof generating 60MW is in progress.DPR of Kolodyne Phase-I with a capacity of 120MW has been handed over to the state governmentby the Brahmaputra Board and Central Water Commission.A 3MW Teirei HydelProject was commissionedand 23 diesel power houseshave been functioning.

Social Infrastructure Godownsand Warehouses:In 1996, Mizoramhad 189 godowmsand warehouseswith a total capacityof 34860tonne. There were 113 in Aizawl district with a capacityof 21080 tonnes and 30 in Lungleiwith a capacityof 6320tonne. Fair Price Shops: There were 953 fair price shops in the state during 1996. Out of this 641 were in Lunglei,174 and 138 in the two districtsof Chhimtuipui. Health Services: There are 7 Hospitals,38 Primary Health Centers, 12 other types of Health Centers and 314 sub-centers. In total 383 health service units were located in different parts of the state. Doctor-populationratio in Mizoramis 1:3600 comparedto 1:5880 at all-India level as per 1991 census. Education: The level of literacy though is about 90%, the education level after the primary level is not very high. The number of educationalinstitutions after the primary level is alsolow.

Table 4.10: Educational Institutions in Rural Development Blocks

SI.No. Educationalinstitution Aibawk Serchhip 1 Primary School- Government 28 48 2 Primary School- Private 4 7 3 Middle School- Government 12 20 4 Middle School - Private 3 8 5 High School-Government 4 11 6 High School- Private 4 4 7 Higher SecondarySchool 0 1 8 College 0 1 Source: StatisticalHandbook, Mizoram 2000. The villages abutting the project road fall in the two Rural DevelopmentBlocks of Aibawk and Serchhip. The educationalinstitutions in these two Rural DevelopmentBlocks are given in Table 4.10.

Revised by Lea Associates 4-10 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:4 - Soclo-EconomicProfile of Mi2oram

* Transportation

All roads in the state pass through the north-south ridges. The zigzag roads with vicissitudes adversely affect the mobility of vehicles and transportation of materials. This scenario affects pace of development in the area.

There is only one rail link at Bairabi, a town about 130km from Aizawl. There is one domestic airport in Lengpui, 44km from Aizawl. The airport started functioning from December 1998 and has expansion possibilities. There is a proposal for starting helicopter services in the state. Due to lack of navigable waterways and hilly terrain, the scope of introducing water transport is extremely limited. There are some possibilities on river Tlawng and there are proposals for constructing inland waterways on the rivers Tuichang and Tuivai.

The existing road network comprises of 6,808km of primary secondary and tertiary roads. Out of this, National Highway 54 is 566km long connecting across the state. State highways and major district road networks are 240Km and 1,498km respectively. Most of these are single lane roads and are in a very poor condition.

- Tourist Centres

Aizawl located at nearly 4,000 feet above sea-level, is a religious and cultural centre of Mizoram. Champhai is a beautiful resort on the Myanmar border. Tamdil, a natural lake with virgin forest is 60km from Aizawl and 10km from the tourist resort of Saitual. Vantawng falls, 5km from Thenzawl, is the highest and most beautiful waterfall in Mizoram.

The Department of Tourism has opened tourist lodges at Aizawl, Lunglei, Champhai; wayside restaurants at Thingdawl and Hnahthial; a recreational centre at Beraw Tlang; and an alpine picnic hut at the District Park near Zobawk.

4.4 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES

4.4.1 AGRICULTURE

The Directorate of Agriculture has carried out project-wise surveys for potential land development for wet rice cultivation (WRC), its present utilisation and further balance area that could be developed. The potential area for development of WRC is estimated to be 49,920ha, out of which 22,546ha had been developed by 1994, leaving a balance of 27,374ha. The district-wise status of WRC-land development is given in Table 4.11.

Revisedby Lea Associates 4-11 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MlzoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:4 - Soclo-EconomicProfile of Mizoram

Table 4.11: Status of WRC Land Development

Name of District Total Potential Area Already Area Yet to be Area(ha) Developed(ha) Developed(ha, %) KolasibAgricultural District 7394 6103 1381 18.70 % Aizawl West AgriculturalDistrict 8753 5050 1703 25.20 % Aizawl EastAgricultural District 10137 6033 4104 40.50 % LungleiAgricultural District 12832 2320 10512 81.90 % ChhimtuipuiAgricultural District 12804 I 3130 9674 75.60 % Total Mizoram ! 49920 22546 27374 54.80 %0 Scurce: Directorateof Agnculture It is seen that land developmenthad been rapid in Aizawl district where only about 30% area remained to be developed. However, in the cases of Lunglei (81.9%) and Chhimtuipui( 7 5.6 %) a large areaof land remainsto be developed.

4.4.2 HORTICULTURE The Horticultureand VegetableDevelopment is being managedby a separatesDirectorate since 1993 after bifurcation from the Departmentof Agriculture. The climatic conditions are congenialfor growing citrus fruits. The area under oranges, lemon and in particular bananashas gone up considerablyduring the last few years. The other fruits grown are passionfruit, pineapple and hatkora. The Directoratehas programmeto purchaseand distribute planting materialsof improvedvarieties at subsidisedrate. It is also proposedto constructlink roads to connectthe orchardswith the villages. The important vegetablesgrown are tomato, cabbage,brinjal, squash,ladies finger, and pumpkin. The state is, however, still far from being self-sufficient. The Directorate proposesto give a major thrust to growing of various vegetablecrops to meet the local needs to also improve nutrition intake of the people.Seeds, seedlings, bulbs and tubers are proposedto be distributed at subsidisedrate of farmers.

4.4.3 SPICES The climate and soil are suitable for growing different spice crops line ginger turmeric, chillies, pepper, garlic etc. The Governmenthas programmetowards expansionof the area and high yielding spice crops through distribution of seeds, seedlingsof improved varieties on a subsidisedrate.

4.4.4 FLORICULTURE More than 200 varieties of orchids grow in Mizoram. The Government proposed to develop floriculture on commerciallines by introducing good varieties and multiplying seeds/plantingmaterials in green housesetc. Opening of tissue culture laboratoriesfor orchids is also planned. Fundsfor developmentof floriculture have been providedin the Ninth Five Year Plan.

Revisedby Lea Associates 4-12 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:4 - Soclo-Economic Profileof Mizoram

4.4.5 MUSHROOM DEVELOPMENT

Government has programmed for encouraging mushroom cultivation. In this regard, spawn is being supplied to growers at a nominal rate. Arrangements for imparting training to growers for increasing their grown is also planned at Aizawl and Lunglei laboratories. Figure 4.1 shows the Agriculture and Horticulture Areas in Mizoram.

4.4.6 PLANTATION CROPS

In Mizoram , Coconut, Areca nut, Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Teak, Gamaria, Betelvine, Tung are grown. Local people grow tea bushes near their houses for their own consumption. Climate is conducive for tea cultivation especially on mild slopes of hill ranges in eastern part of the state and midpoints. Already 500ha of area have been covered under tea plantation. Coffee has been found suitable for plantation in the mild hill ranges in western part of the state from Bukpui up to Thingfal. The yield of bushes in the backyard planting in plantation is being carried on in the low hill tracts up to elevation of SOOmin the western border of the state covering an area of 376ha Tung cultivation is observed all over the state. It produces non-edible oil, which is used largely in dyes and pain industry. The Horticulture Department further propose to further encourage Tung cultivation which at present is being grown in homestead and garden lands in a scattered manner. Teak is grown extensively. There are more than 8000ha of private teak plantations spread all over the state.

4.4,7 MARKETINGOF HORTICULTUREPRODUCE There is no regulated marketing system for fruits and vegetables in the State to enable the farmers to dispose off the marketable surplus and earn sufficient profit, which at present is being pocketed by traders and commission agents. The farmers thus do not have incentive to make investments for improving the yield of the existing crops. The marketing centers can be organised once there are proper road communications. At present transporting the produce is very difficult for the farmers and it is estimated that transport cost has alone gone up to 50% of the marketing cost.

The Mizoram Agriculture Marketing Corporation (MAMCO) set up in 1993 with a share capital of Rs.100 million is handling the marketing of surplus agriculture produce outside the state. In the Ninth Plan, promotion and regulation of markets is being taken up. The scheme provides for facilities to market users such as supply of drinking water, electricity, shelter, parking places, approach roads etc. The development of 36 markets is proposed through assistance from NABARDin the form of loans.

The State Government is further taking steps to establish Border Township for trade with Myanmar. The Department of Trade and Commerce being a nodal agency for border trade, land for trade complex, godown and warehouse has been allotted to the Department. The Government also expects that surplus agricultural produce can be exported to Gulf Countries through Bangladesh. As such, provision has been made in the current state Plan for installation of market, complexes, godowns and check gates at

Revisedby Lea Associates 4-13 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:4 - Socio-EconomicProfile of Mizoram

Tiabung, Marparaand Kanhmunborder towns. This will check illegaltrade activitiesalong the border at the same time ensure adequate prices of products to the producers.This will also improvethe living conditionsof the farming community. It is obvious that creation of infrastructure facilities like roads are very essential for organised market and export facilities. Thus investments on roads, particularly those linking productioncenters with market complexes,are of urgent importance.

4.4.8 RURALDEVELOPMENT There at present 20 Rural DevelopmentBlocks and two additional Rural Blocks in the State Block level administration is responsiblefor implementation of their normal rural developmentschemes. Most of the villages are inaccessibleand the Departmentfinds difficult to manage. It is plannedto create 10 additional Rural DevelopmentBlocks by bifurcating the existing R.D Blocks.The Rural DevelopmentDepartment is constructing link roads for the interior villagesthroughout the state.

4.4.9 NEW LAND USE POLICY The New Land Use Policy (NLUP)aims at complete eradication of the unproductiveand traditional method of shifting cultivation (jhum) by giving the "jhumia" families viable schemes for permanent occupation. Each family has been given 2ha of land for settlement. The Programmewas initiated in 1990-91 and so far 12 Blockshave already been coveredand 47,554 families have beenassisted. It is programmedto cover the rest of the Blocksby year 2002. The State RuralDevelopment Department has been entrusted with the implementationof the programme. The target group under the programme coversalso those familieswho do not have permanentmeans of livelihoodirrespective of poverty level. Instead of mono schemesunder the "Jhum Control Project", a composite scheme has been introduced which can provide suitable subsidiary trades to the beneficiariesfor generationof employmentsectors under NLUPare the (i) agricultureand allied sector; (ii) animal husbandry;and (iii) industry sector. The agriculture and allied sector includes schemesrelating to plantation of betelvine, hatkora, oranges, tung, pineapple,banana, Assam lemon, apple, passionfruit, Valencia and sugar cane. Further, wet rice cultivation, wet terracing, cultivation of grapes and squash,sericulture and piscicultureare also encouraged. The animal husbandry and veterinary sector covers dairying, hill cattle rearing, mithun rearing, piggery,goat and sheep rearing,poultry farming, ducking and rabbitry. As regardsthe Industry Sector, schemeslike bakery,chow making, handlooms,tailoring, knitting, radio and watch repairing,tin and blacksmithy, shoe repairing,art painting,cane and bamboo works, motor workshop, steel fabrication, rice huller and carpentry are covered. The individualsare free to opt for any of the three sectors for which financialassistance

as well as in kind (machinery, etc.) are made available. It ranges from Rs.34,850to -

Revised by Lea Associates 4-14 October2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) Ati.oramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.4 - Socio-EconomicProfile of Mizoram

35,000 under the agricultureand allied sector; Rs.20,000to Rs.45,000under the animal husbandryand veterinary sector; and Rs.33,420to Rs.58,000under the industry sector. The period of implementationof various schemesranges from 2 to 4 years. The shift from Jhum cultivation to permanentland use with emphasison cash crops and horticulture and coverageof sectoralschemes will provide better employmentand income opportunities.It is, therefore, essentialto introduce effective mode of transportationof raw materialsand finished productsto marketsin other parts of the country. In case it is delayed, the farmers may go back to traditional farming and the economicdevelopment of the tribal populationas envisagedmay suffer.

4.4.10 FORESTRY Since the accessof the tribals to protected areas is prohibited,alternate schemeto take care of their essential needs including income-earning avenues are being initiated by the Government. Under the Ninth Five Year Plan, forestry research program has been taken in respect of improvement and development of seed through seed production areas, seed orchards, maintenance of sample plots of orchids, etc., survey of minor forest products like cane, orchids, medicinal plants, etc., and their development for better utility.

4.4.11 INDUSTRY

The State Department of Industries plays a major role for development of medium, cottage and small industries. There is no large industry in the state. The Mizoram Food Allied Industries Corporation (MIFCO) was set up in 1989 and looked after 4 production units, which are: * Fruit PreservationFactory at Vairengte * Gingeroil and oboresinplant at Sairang * Maizemilling plant at Khawzawl * Fruit juice concentrationplant at Chhingchhip

Village and cottage industries

Two common facility centers for upgradation of skill of local workers are being established at Lunglei and Saiha. The grants-in-aids are provided to the rural artisans for setting up of Village and Cottage industries. Subsidy is available as below: * Interest subsidy; * Powersubsidy; * Landsubsidy; * Transport subsidyand subsidyfor plant and machinery; * Factoryrent subsidy; * Subsidyon manpowerdevelopment; * Powergeneration subsidy; and, * Subsidyon cost of project preparation.

Revisedby Lea Associates 4-15 October2001 (OriginalDocument by [CT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.4 - Socio-EconomicProflle of Mizoram

Otheractivities for industrialpromotion Industrial Growth Centre at Luangmual,Aizawl has been set up costing Rs.150 million with Central Government'scontribution of Rs.100million and State'scontribution to the tune of Rs.50 million. The Zoram Industrial DevelopmentCorporation (ZIDCO) has been set up as a financial institution for providing loan assistance to industrial units with the refinance scheme of IDBI/SIDBI. * DistrictIndustries Centre- Thereare three suchcenters functioningin the State. * Underthe schemefor Industrial Infrastructure,the following are under implementation: Industrial Estatesat Zuangtui,Kolasib and Chawngte Establishmentof integrated development center at Pukpui, Lunglei under the CentrallySponsored Scheme Further,ten growth centersare proposedat Bairabi,Serchhip, Champhai, Sairang, Vairengte,Chhingchhip, Saitual, Thenzawl, Lunglei and Hnathial * Electronic Cell in the Directorate of Industries for propagating electronic culture and creationawareness amongst the publicas well as in GovernmentDepartments. * Zoram Electronic DevelopmentCorporation Limited (ZEDCL)has been set up to provide diversifiedfacilities for this purpose. ForthcomingVertical Industrial Estates are at Lunglei and Saiha. The mini industrial estates expected by the next 15 years are presented in Table 4.12. The estimated investment is also provided in the table.

Table 4.12: Mini Industrial Estates

S.No. Location Programme Period Estimated Investment (Rs. Crores) 1 Champhai 2002-2005 1.0 2 Serchhip 2002-2005 1.0 3 Tialbung 2002-2005 1.0 4 Hnanhthial 2005-2008 1.0 5 Darlawn 2008-2011 1.25 6 West Phaileng 2008-2011 1.25 7 Lawngthlai 2009-2012 1.50 8 Saitul 2009-2012 9.50

The grand total of investment for development of industrial infrastructure for Industrial Growth Centre, Industrial Estate and Vertical Industrial Estate is Rs.132.55 crores.

* Handloom and Handicrafts

The State Government proposed to initiate following schemes for the development of handloom and handicrafts. * GroupInsurance Scheme * IntensiveHandloom Village Development * CommonFacility Centre * DecentralisedTraining Program

Revisedby Lea Associates 4-16 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 4 - Soclo-Economic Profile of Mizoram

* Fairs,Exhibitions and Publicity * TribalHandloom Development * Constructionof MizoramPavilion at Calcutta * WorkShed-cum-housing * Provisionof subsidyand rebates

Sericulture Sericultureis one of the most labour intensive agro-basedindustry and ideally suited to the state of Mizoram where unemployment and under employment are the major problemsbeing faced by the people. The greatest advantageis the effective employment of family labor, particularlyyoung and aged, handicapped,illiterate and womenfolk with nominal investment. Sericulturewas introducedas early as 1947-48in this region by the Governmentof Assamwhen Mizoramwas the Lushai Hills district of Assam. The climate and the soil conditionswere found quite congenialfor cultivation of silkworm food plants and rearingof silkworm. The Department has set up Training Institute at Zemabawkfor conducting training to farmers and refreshercourses to DepartmentOfficials in advancedsericulture techniques. Technicalhelp has been given under NLUPprograms to Jhumiaswho had agreedto give up shifting cultivation. Mulberry plantation has been taken up under the Social Forestry Program. Along with mulberry cultivation, Muga culture, OAK Tussar culture and Eri culture in Mizoramhave also been taken up. Sericulture Department is the only purchasing agency of cocoons from the private producers. It processesthe cocoonsto convert into silk and silk madegoods, which has a large market both in and outsidethe State. Morethan 50 private Sericultureco-operative societiesare functioning in silkworm rearing and cocoon production. Someare engaged in marketing also. Due to the cooperativemovement, the Departmentis in a positionto supply inputs and collectoutputs from a single placedper society. The silk handicraft has become popular in respect of making silk quilts, dolls, purses, bags, greeting cards, garlandsand silk cloth for dress purposes. These productshave a very good market outside the state. The cocoon marketing and silk processingcan developvery well providedproper infrastructurefacilities are available.

Revised by Lea Associates 4-17 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) CHAPTER 5 POVERTY

Roadsare often argued to be the conduit of wealth. Citations are there to indicate that vigorous road development precedes rapid economic development of a nation. As connectivity and accessibility improves, social networks are strengthened, economic opportunitiesgalore. This Sectionof the Reportexamines the context and possibilitiesof povertyalleviation through the MSRP. Road is a vital infrastructure. Developmentin the road sector is not isolated from the developmentof other infrastructure. Also among the various infrastructures,there is a dual 'cause and effect' relationship. Therefore, road development is difficult to be examinedin isolationfrom the developmentof other infrastructure.In many sub-sections, road development and overall development of infrastructure will be discussed as complementary. Poverty alleviation is a basic need of the nation. It is also a constitutionalduty'. Any project therefore, has to addressthe issue of being of assistanceto achieve a national goal.

5.1 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION Infrastructure development and poverty are inversely related and good infrastructure raises productivity and lowers production costs and thereby reduces poverty. Major infrastructurefailures quickly and radicallyreduce community's quality of life, productivity and causes poverty. Conversely,improved infrastructureservices enhance welfare and foster economic growth. The poor are inherently more vulnerable to inadequate infrastructure settings and the specific infrastructure problems affect the poor disproportionately. Access to at least minimal infrastructure services is one of the essentialelements to attain welfare. Different infrastructuresectors have different effect on improvingthe quality of life and reducingpoverty.

5.1.1 POVERTYALLEVIATION THROUGH ROAD IMPROVEMENT Road improvementis only not about people gaining accessto places, but also involves improvesthe resourcebase of the society.As a result of the later, there is an increased capacity to improve the lives of the people and influencedecisions that affect them. Thus, it is necessaryto promote socially sustainable development and ensure that developmentimproves the lives of people,especially the poor.

Theconstitution of Indiaupheld the rightof life,which includes the right to "livewith dignity". Poverty alleviationhas been a recurrenttheme in the Indian polity.

Revisedby LeaAssociates 5-1 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES. LBII) Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPOP: 5 - Poverty

Investment in road projects plays a strategic,but indirect role in the overall development process. Unlike sectoral development in agriculture or industry, infrastructure development in roads does not directly increase output, but makes a significant contribution towards growth by increasingthe factor production process. Theoretically speaking, economists proceed from the premisethat the creation of infrastructureby generating externaleconomies leads to widespreadbenefits. The crucial role of transport in economic development has been universally accepted. Good roads and improved transport meansincreased level of mobility. Transport improvementsreduce the cost of moving agricultural products to market and, therefore, extend the market, thereby encouragingcultivation. The improvementof the roads would also have an important impact on the rural economy, which is prominent in the project road stretches. Investment in the state roads improvementresults in reducingthe cost of transportation of goods and passengersand will increasethe share of farmersin the final realizationof farm products,thereby increasingtheir welfare. Similarly, MSRPis expectedto bring about a number of opportunitiesto the poor people of the region like increasedemployment, increased market facilities, increasedmobility of human resources, increased local economic and credit opportunities, increased institutional networks, increased awareness level and increased scope for better managementof public schemes.

5.2 POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN MIZORAM Mizoramis situated in the northeast region, which is one of the most backwardregions. The majority of the Mizo populationare cultivatorsand shifting cultivation is the mainstay of the rural people in Mizoram.Shifting cultivation is not only ecologicallyharmful and destructiveto environmentand forestsbut also unproductive.

5.2.1 POVERTYALLEVIATION PROGRAMS There are 22 Rural DevelopmentBlocks in Mizoram.All the normal rural development schemesand other poverty alleviation schemesare implemented through these Rural DevelopmentBlocks. The developmentactivities in the Blocksare restricted to the most essential and processingneeds of the rural people that can be implemented through public participation. The various programs focused on the poverty alleviation, by the District RuralDevelopment Agency (DRDA) are listed in Table 5.1. A short descriptionof the various poverty alleviation programmesthat are being carried out in the state are presentedbelow: The Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) is a mass poverty alleviation program based on bank loan to marginalfarmers, agriculturallaborers, rural artisansand other rural poor in the region. Presently,all the poverty alleviation programsincluding IRDPare coveredunder Swarnjayanti Gram Yojana.

Revisedby Lea Associates 5-2 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.5 - Poverty

Table 5.1: Poverty Alleviation (Rural Development) Programsin Mizoram

Si. No. PovertyAlleviation (Rural Development)Programs 1 IRDP IntegratedRural DevelopmentProgram 2 IAY Indira AwaasYojana 3 MWS MillionWells Scheme 4 JRY JawaharRozgar Yojna 5 EAS EmploymentAssurance Scheme 6 SITKRA Supplyof ImprovedTool Kits to Rural Artisans 7 TRYSEM Trainingof Rural Youth for Self Employment 8 CRSP Rural SanitationProgramme 9 DWCRA Developmentof Womenand Childrenin Rural Areas 10 JGSY JawaharGram Samriddhi Yoiana

Development of women and children in rural areas (DWCRA) isk a sub-component of IRDP with the objective of assistinggroups of 10-15 rural women living below poverty line in order to provide them with opportunities of self-employmenton a sustainable basis. The need for a special programdesignated exclusively for women is provideddue to non-fulfillmenttarget of 40 per cent coverageby women beneficiariesunder IRDP. Prime Minister Roigar Yojana (PMRY) is a centrally sponsoredprogram for providing self-employmentto identified educated youth whose family income does not exceed Rs.22, 000/- per annum in rural, semi-urbanand urban areas by setting up small scale industry (SSI) or business enterprise up to Rs.1,00,000with credit dispensation by commercialbanks. The other programsthat are being implementedin the state are TRYSEM,JRYand IAY. These programs are also being sponsoredunder the SwarnjayantiGram Swayamrojgar Yojanascheme. In addition to these programsthe DRDAis also supporting piggery, pineapplecultivation and handloom production. Under these programsthere have been various groups that have been formedto promote these livelihoodactivities in the backwardvillages. Families below poverty line (BPL) are considered as vulnerable in the MSRPfor the considerationof compensationand other assistances.It is always found that the poor peopleare exposedto the worst of the negativeimpacts of any developmentproject.

5.2.2 PROGRAMSIN THE PROJECTAREA The two RuralDevelopment Blocks of Aibawkand Serchhipcover all the villagesthat are abutting the PhaseI project roads. In Aibawkblock through which the major part of the project road passesout of a total numberof 2852 households,75% householdsare below poverty line.

Revisedby Lea Associates 5-3 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MlzoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.5 - Poverty

The families assistedunder the IRDPprogram during 1996-97within Aizawl district are 1900, where 176 families were from Aibawk. Similarly under DWCRAone group was formed in Aibawk and total groups of 30 have been formed in Tlangnuam(Aizawl) RD block.

5.3 POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN THE PROJECT The project, as a major infrastructuredevelopment project has an intrinsic scope for poverty reduction.The project is not only meant to serve the road users in a better way or to providefor incomerestoration to the affectedvulnerable social groups; but also has a scope for wider poverty reduction in the state. The project is expected to serve the societyof the state as a whole in a much larger way.

5.3.1 PROBABLEIMPACTS OF IMPROVED ROAD NETWORK The possible positive impacts of improved road networks would generally result in the following.

Increased Employment Opportunity The immediate benefits of road construction and improvement come in the form of employment opportunities for the roadside communities. People engaged as wage labourers, petty contractorsand suppliersof raw materials.These seasonal employments supplementtheir incomesources from agricultureand traditional occupation. The scope of commercialactivity along the roads is not very high due to the limited movementof the vehiclesand people.The widening of the road is likely divert substantial traffic from the NH, thus opening up opportunities for roadside commercialactivities providing alternate employmentto the local community.

Increased Market Opportunities Improved road networks provide for better backwardand forward linkages among the settlements, which provide wider marketing facilities, and catchments. Speedy and efficient transportationhelps savingtime and reducesthe wastage,particularly in caseof perishablecommodities. Horticulture and floriculture sectorswould benefitthe maximum. Transportdevelopment also helpsthe small and marginalfarmers to grow vegetablesand other high value crops on their tiny plots and to find a market for these in nearbytowns. Improved transportation also meansdecentralisation and sub-urbanisation(in a limited scale in the Indian context, as the value of time for the averagecitizen is not too high). Linkages also help the richer sections to divert their investment from limited credit marketsto non-agriculturalactivities in rural areas. This also helpsin providing additional employmentto rural labour. The cottage and handloom industry would get better exposure with the improved networks and also attract entrepreneursto invest in the region considered poorly

Revised by Lea Associates 5-4 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT. CES, LBII) Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: S - Poverty

accessible at present. Agricultural growth also induces growth of labour-intensive manufacturingactivities in rural areas, very ideal to the Mizoramsituation, that provide employment to the poor in allied and non-farm occupations. All these would help increasedlevels of commercialisationand industrialisation.

Increased Mobility of Human Resources Roadnetworks not only links the communitiesto better markets,but also opens up wider work opportunities in distant places.People can shuttle to distant work sites and towns and engagein construction,factories, business as well as domesticworks. The time taken to major urban centres like Aizawland Lungleiwill be reduced.At presentthe distribution of urban population is skewedwhere 50 percent is concentratedin Aizawl itself. People get regular works with higher wages without migrating permanentlyor seasonallyif the transportation is efficient. This would also give rise to 'dormitory' settlements,close to larger urban settlements. With the implementationof the road improvementproject, economicdevelopment in the fringe area will improve, and all the villages along the road would look for reaping the potential benefitsat a rapid pace. Largevillages like Aibawk and Thenzawlcould become growth centresto the rural hinterland.This will be, not only due to the size of the villages, but also becauseof their location along the project road. Eachof the major villages like Melriat, Aibawk and Thenzawlwill develop as major junctions along the project road. With the increasingtraffic and movementof people,there is likely to be an increasein the businessactivities like, establishmentof more tea stalls, groceryshops, eating joints, etc.

Increased Local Economic and Credit Opportunities Improved road networksencourage urban entrepreneurs to invest in far and remote areas in different sectors like commercial farming, small-scale industries, horticulture, floriculture, sericulture and real estate developments.Villagers lease out their lands and houses for higher prices, make new business partners and this develops their entrepreneurshipsskills. With moremoney flowing to the villages,there will be more work opportunities.With the improvednetworking and cash management,the communitiescan tap new institutionalcredit institutesand financialservices. This helps in increasingproductivity, and reducing credit constraints,which is the main instrument of exploitationin the rural setting. Thus, by increasingthe incomeof the rural people, road developmentcan also be instrumentalin breakingthe strangleholdof money lendersand reducingthe impactof interlockingbetween land, labourand credit markets.

Increased Institutional Networks Improved roads help people building strong institutional network with outside agencies. They can put forward their demandsand increasethe accessibilityto governmentand non-governmentsectors. Frequencyof interaction will increaseamong peopleand outside agencieswill pay more attention. The smaller settlementswill be under constantvigil by the higher governmentofficials, politicians,development agents that helps in regularand

Revised by Lea Associates 5-5 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES. LBII) AlizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.5 - Poverty

efficient maintenance of village school, health centres, electricity, irrigation, drinking water, veterinaryand other developmentschemes; essential and emergencyservices like mobile librariesand bookshops,mobile health centresand publicdistribution systems, etc. The improvedroad will allow for better accessto publicfacilities and institutionalservices like health care, education and credit. The public amenities and the infrastructure availablein the two Rural DevelopmentBlocks of the project road are given in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2: PublicAmenities in the Project Area

Population I MedicalFacilities

Si. RD block m E6 o No. 4 C M F T E Z .u . C.0)

1 Aibawk~~~ O= 0 M = 0 0 1 0

1 Aibawk 20 '2853 2852 8903 7737 15830 20 20 153 0 2 0 0 2 Serchhip 19 15623 5950 17312 16814 4126 21 19 93 1 1 19 [Total |39 8476 8802 26215 4551 49956 [1 39 246 1 3 19 0 Source:Statistical handbook of Mizoram,2000. PHC = Public Health Centre.SC = HealthSub Centre.

, Increased Awareness Level Increased frequency of interaction with outsiders increases awareness level of the communitieswith regard to new agriculturalpractices, other allied sectorslike sericulture, horticulture, sericultureetc.., their health and nutrition, living style, and proper utilisation of available resources.With the increasingemphasis on participatory developmentand democratisation,people would becomemore aware of their duties and responsibilitiesand will accruemore bargainingpower. The diffusion of agricultural technology is facilitated by developmentin transport and marketing. The accessto modern inputs is facilitated as a result. Farmers can readily obtain high yield variety (HYV) seeds and fertilizers. Similarly, they can also take advantageof the repair facilitiesfor the implementsin market towns and bigger villages.

Increased Scopefor Better Management of Public Schemes Interaction with the government, non-governmentand other developmentagents, help people gain new knowledgeon improved farming, land development,development and maintenanceof natural resourcesthrough the formation of various economicand social development committees. Recently implemented development schemes like forest protection/managementcommittees, watershed committees, farmers association,etc., can work better with the easy, efficient transportationthat connectsprogressively the peopleand the developmentagents.

Revisedby Lea Associates 5-6 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) AlIzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 5 - Poverty

5.4 PUBLIC OPINION ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION ISSUES The issue of poverty and improvementsin the quality of life of the peoplewas addressed during the course of public consultations. The overall opinion among the villagers in generaland the project-affectedpeople (PAPs) in particularwas very positivetowards the project. The people welcomedthe idea of road improvementand informed the social survey team members that they were also willing to participate in the project activities whereverpossible. The PAPsforsee that the projectimplementation would lead to developmentof tradeand commerce,which would lead to an overallincrease in the standardof living. In particular the economicand industrialactivities that are lackingin Mizoramwould get an impetus from this road improvementproject. The generalbusiness community and industrialists wouldnow explore opportunities for investmenthere. * Secondly,the improvedroad would facilitate in savingtime, moneyand fuel, whichwould be a directpositive impact to thestate's economy. * The accessto betterhealth care system at the majortowns would be fasterdue to the improvedroad. * The roadimprovement project will haveits positiveimpact on the agriculturalsector also. The significantimpact would be a transformationfrom shifting systemof cultivationto the settled system. This could be achieveddue to better and wider interactionof the Mizos with the outside world. The frequencyof the agricultural departmentofficials would also increaseand allow for effectiveextension activities. * With improvedagricultural system,the productivitywould increaseand the peoplewill be able to sell agriculturalgoods more profitably as they will be able to accesswider market area. * A spurt of commercialstructures (tea stalls, restaurantsetc.) along the project roadswill also be seen. Influx of touristsand visitorswill bring in moneyto the local entrepreneurs. Value of land will increaseafter the project is completed.Communication with residentsof other villagesand urban areaswill be facilitated.

5.4.1 MEASURESTOWARDS INCOME RESTORATIONAND UPLIFT OF VULNERABLEPEOPLE

The project has taken a number of measures towards resettlement and rehabilitation of the vulnerable families including the women headed households, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and the poor (BPL) getting affected by it. The considerations therein have been compiled as follows: * All the affected families falling under the vulnerablecategory includingthe BPLare going to be compensatedand/or assistedirrespective of their ownershipstatus. Thus it implies that, whether they do or do not possesslegal title of the lands/assets,whether they are tenants or encroachersor squatters, they will be paid with the compensationand/or assistanceamounts. * For private property holders,if the type of loss is agricultural land and assetsan entitled person (EP) from the vulnerablegroup can claim the compensationfor the entire land by means of land-for-land instead of accepting pecuniary compensationto the loss at replacementvalue, providedland of equal quality or more productivevalue is available.All the other assistances remain the same as those for others including transitional allowances,additional grant for severanceof land, residualplots, expenseson fees, taxes, etc. and alternative economic rehabilitationsupport and training for up-gradationof the skills. In case of loss of non-agriculturalprivate property, option for residential/commercialplot at resettlementsite will be providedfree of cost to vulnerablefamilies if so opted by them

Revisedby Lea Associates 5-7 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:5 - Poverty

apart from all other considerationslike compensationat replacementvalue, transitional allowance, shifting allowance, rental allowance for disruption caused to BPL tenants, compensationfor advancerental deposit, right to salvagematerials from the demolished site, etc. There is a provisionfor additionalsupport to the vulnerablepeople who have beenaffected by the loss of livelihood/ primary source of income.The assistancewill be equivalentfor one year towards income generatingor vocationaltraining option of the EP'schoice. The training will include starting of a suitable production or service activity. Economic rehabilitation support and training and in case the money not spent for the training programme,the equivalentamount is to be paid as per EP'schoice. Apart from the abovementioned specific considerations, the vulnerable persons are also going to avail of provisions / assistances generally meant for all affected persons, in the case of loss of common property resources. There is a consideration of creation of employment opportunities in the project, if possible. Moreover, they can enjoy adequate safety measures, particularly meant for pedestrians and children, landscaping of community common areas, improved drainage, roadside rest areas etc. that will come up in integration with the project.

Revisedby LeaAssociates 5-8 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) CHAPTER 6 HIV / AIDS

Rapid urbanization has been associatedwith the introduction of STD and HIV in new placesand new populationgroups. Developmentof roadsall over India is no exceptionto this. Improvement in road condition not only enhances scope of socio-economic development of the area but also simultaneously accelerates mobility of different population group (local inhabitants, construction and transport workers, maintenance staff, road users like truckers, mobile sex workers, staff of road developmentoperation and related services).

6.1 THEINDIAN CONTEXT The HIV/AIDSepidemic represents the most seriouspublic health problem in India. Since the first case of AIDS detected in 1986, its prevalencehas highlightedits spread from rural to urban areas and from high risk to general population.Though the initial casesof HIV/AIDS were reported among sex workers and IDU, the epidemiccontinues to shift towards women and young peoplewith an accompanyingincrease in vertical transmission and pediatric HIV. It is estimatedthat as on March 2001, 20,304 people are infected by AIDS while nearly 3.5 million people are having HIV infection (NACO)The Sero-Positivity rate for the country as a whole is 24.64 per thousandin 1999(NACO) (see Figure6.1)

Figure 6.1: AIDS Scenario in India (1986-01)

25000 uf 20000 20304 0) 15000/

0 10000 0 5000 z 500 5 1 14 34 60 t08 290 639 l01 21+ - 's 0

Years -..- No of cases

Although the HIV prevalenceis low in majority of the states, the number of HIV infections is increasing. As on March 2000, 11251 AIDS cases were reported to NACO. It is establishedthat the presenceof STDincreases the risk of HIV transmissionby 8-10 times. A host of opportunistic infectionsare seen in increasingnumbers in the AIDS patients of which Tuberculosisaccounts for about 6 20/o of the total cases.

Revisedby Lea Associates 6-1 October2001 (OriginalDocument by [CT, CES, LBII) Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP.-6 - HIV AIDS

6.1.1 TRENDSIN HIV/AIDS SPREAD As evident from the figure 6.2, AIDS is common among males though it has shown a meagredecline in their numbers.There has been an increasein female casesdue to their vulnerability as commercialsex workers and its spread in antenatal mothers. Currently, the estimated HIV infection rate among adult population between 15-49 years of age is 0.7%. The majority of AIDS casesare concentratedin the reproductiveage group both among males and females.These are the high-risk age group as consists of the main work force population,which is highly mobile. Amongfemales the group consistsof those who are into sex work and are probable mothers. Migration of labour, low awareness, gender disparities, prevalenceof STD and STI are some of the factors attributed to the spreadof HIV/AIDSamong them.

Figure 6.2: Age and Gender wise distribution of AIDS in India AgeWise Distribution of AIDSin India GenderDistribution of AIDSCases in India (1999-2001) (1999-2001)

150 100 CD 80 100- w 6

S'5°o ; _; s82°o-LL0 40

0 - 1999 Years 2001 1999 Years 2001

r30-14 *15-29 r330-44 0345&above O3Males - Females

Figure 6.3 Risk/TransmissionCategories of AIDS Cases(1999-01)

RisklTransmissionCategories of AIDS Cases 120 (1999-2001)

100 , 80 _Others

60U _ 4 .l 51| rAln]ectable Drug users 0 40o10 SBIood and BloodProducts 20 -3-g .Perinatal Transmission o R . _ _ . l l a13R Sexual 1999 Years 2001

The main source of transmission of STD/HIV/ is through sexual interactions, which accounts for 80%/0of the total cases. Spread of the disease through IDUs is mainly concentratedin the North Easternpart of India though it has a share of 6%, while blood transfusion revealeda decliningtrend (7% to 4 %). The occurrenceof the diseaseamong antenatal mothers showsthe future spread of the diseaseamong the general population whose share has increasedfrom 10/%to 2 % of the total AIDS casesin India during 1999- 01 (see Figure6.3)

Revisedby Lea Associates 6-2 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:6 - HIVAIDS

While other modes of transmission can be plugged through appropriate training and supervisionof biomedicalprocedures, spread through IDU and indulgenceof unprotected sex with multiple partnerscan be containedby makingthose at risk aware of it.

6.1.2 STD ISTI/ HIV/ AIDS AS HIGHWAY DISEASES Vehiclescarrying people or goods over long distancesare the frequent usersof highways. It has been found that the drivers and helpers/assistantsof such long-distancevehicles like trucks often spend many days, being out of their families. The factors of financial insecurity, tensions at work, being away from home for longer periods give rise to irregular habits among the truck drivers and their assistants.Taking to alcohol and commercialsex is one of the meansof entertainmentand releasingtensions. For these solitary mobile men it is difficult to refrain from physical urges for over longer periods. These drivers and helpers or assistants take halts at different resting places designated/naturally developed along the corridors. There the truckers and their assistantsare found to indulge into high-risk sexual behaviourand often have sex with many women on their way. Married mobile men often chose CSWsfor satisfying their sexual urge of oral and anal sex that they do not practiceat home with their wives. Cases of men having sex with men, and sometimes,young (male) assistants being sexually abused by the truck driversare not very uncommon. Apart from having irregular sexual habits, mobile peopleare often found to indulge in high-risk behaviourrelating injecting drug use (IDU). With this kind of a high-risk behaviouralpattern these mobile peopleare found to act as vectors of spreadingSTD/ HIV/ AIDS, by contacting the diseasefrom some placeand spreadingthem in other locationsalong the corridorsthrough which they ply. Thus sexual diseasesare often found to spread rapidly along the road and highway corridors.

Mobility, Migration and High-Risk (Sexual) Behaviour Mobility is believedto give rise to high-risk sexualbehaviour. Various studies on high-risk sexual behaviourof mobile people,conducted along highwaysboth in India and abroad, revealedsupportive information in this regard (referencesto be sited In general, it is understoodthat peoplein their own socio-culturalsettings like village or urban neighbourhoodsshow restraint from getting into high-risk sexualbehaviour. On the contrary, peopleon the move, staying out of their families and normal surroundingsfor longer periods easilyfall prey to such high-risk behaviourconcerning sex or IDU. There are a lot of reasons behind such behaviour emerging out of economic and socio- psychologicalbackground of these people. Along with mobility, migration also gives rise to high-risk sexual behaviour.However, in this kind of studies relating to highwaysand mobile population,importance of migration as a contributing phenomenonis usually underminedin most cases. But, migrationmay have a lead role to play in giving rise to high-risk behaviour.

Revised by Lea Associates 6-3 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.6 - HIV AIDS

Economyrelated migration in most casesinvolves adult males.This group of peoplestays out for longer periodsmigrating from their own regions.There is thus a chanceof them being prone to high-risk sexual behaviour. This group through their high-risk sexual behaviouralpattern may contact STD/ HIV/ AIDSinfections and consequentlypass on the sameto their communitycounterparts while visiting their placesof origin. Intra-regional migrants who remain out of their families for shorter durations also are subject to exposure of high-risk sexual behaviour.In such a situation, they may act as vectors of spreadingsuch diseasesthat they have contactedout of their high-risksexual behaviourto their spouses/regular sex partners.

Displacement due to Highway Development Projects / Resettlement Issues Displacingpeople from their settlementsand thereby disruptingtheir socio-economicand cultural setting may throw them opento high-riskseeking behaviour. The project affected persons (PAPs) of any highway development project may also fall prey of such happenings.The initial shock of displacementand thereby movement,economic insecurity and psychologicalinstability coupledwith disruption of stable social networks may give rise to high-riskseeking behaviouramong the PAPs.

- Bypasses Developmentof bypassesalways involvesacquisition of huge amount of agriculturalland. This creates a great pressure on the agrarian economy. Moreover,in resource scarce regions this is found to have more negative impacts. This phenomenon may have relations in throwing people open to high-risk seeking behaviour in the context of economicinstability.

* Lossof Livelihood/ Business Lossof livelihood or one's businesshas a great role to play in allowing peopleto seeking high-risk behaviour. Economicinstability caused due to loss of livelihood may have a direct influence on increasinghigh-risk behaviour in the context of easier avenues of incomeearning and releasingtension through pleasureactivities.

6.1.3 HIV/AIDS & INDIAN ROADS Improvement in road conditionnot only enhancesscope of socio-economicdevelopment of the area but also simultaneouslyaccelerates mobility of different population groups (local inhabitants, constructionand transport workers, maintenancestaff, operation and related services).This increasesthe exposurerisk of the communitiesalong the corridor to a larger population, which can increasethe vulnerabilityto various infectiousdiseases, includingSTDs and HIV/AIDS. Human activity plays a critical role in the spread of such diseases.Changes in the size, density, or distribution of human populations,due to large-scaledevelopment activities, both during and after the construction of the facility, contribute significantly to the

Revisedby Lea Associates 6-4 October2001 (OriginalDocument by [CT, CES, LBII) Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&1PDP:6 - HiVAIDS

transmissionof infections.An influx of large numbersof peoplecan produceovercrowding and inadequate supplies of safe water, which in turn leads to problems in hygiene- a combinationthat is ideal for the spread of infectious diseases.Population mobility has alwayscontributed spreadof communicablediseases either to reach unaffectedarea and among different group or enhancingexisting scenario of low level epidemic. In India it's estimated that 3 to 5 million peopleare living with HIV/AIDS- the largest number of HIV infected people in any country of the world. Actual prevalencerates are under 1% of the total adult population, which is relatively low when compared to Thailand's rate of 2.3%. The lack of an aggressiveresponse from Governmentof India makes the situation very concerning. Highways often act as vehicles of spreading diseases.Heterosexual contact with a commercialsex worker has been a major risk factor in HIV transmissionin western and southern areas, and surveillancestudies report rates among commercialsex workers of 51% in Mumbaiand 45% in Pune. Most of India's goods are transported through road. It is estimatedthat road transport amountsto 70 % of the total transportationin the country.The number of mobilepersons engaged in road transportation comprisesof almost 5 million truck drivers and their helpers/assistants.These people are often, accusedof spreading HIV/AIDSalong with STDs.Apart from them, their sex partners in most cases the commercialsex workers (CSW),also act as key agentsin spreadingsuch diseases.

6.1.4 GOVERNMENTINITIATIVES Soon after reporting of the HIV/AIDScase in the country,the Governmentrecognised the seriousnessand NationalAids Control Programmewas launchedin 1986 along with HIV Surveillanceto generateawareness and assessthe geographicalspread of HIV inspection along with determining the major nodes of HIV transmission. The programme concentrated on the following areas that confirm to the global AIDS prevention and control strategy: * ProgrammeManagement * Surveillanceand Research * Information, Educationand Communicationthrough NGO * Control of STD * CondomPromotion * CondomProgramming * Blood safety * Reductionof impact

Revisedby Lea Associates 6-5 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:6 - HIVAIDS

6.2 AIDS IN MIZORAM The social system of the state of Mizoram,predominantly a tribal society, has a setup uniqueto itself. The system of marriageis neither strict nor (unduly) regulated,and free sex is not a taboo. The systemaccepts single unwedmothers (some' point out this group as one of the vulnerablegroups for the spread HIV, although no specificor corroborative data exists). Even,the relatively more socialfreedom enjoyed by the women of Mizoram is seen by some2 as a factor in the spreadof the disease(here again, there is no concrete data to suggest such association).Several other studies suggest injecting drug users (IDUs) to be the main reason for the spread of HIV/AIDSin Mizoram(see subsequent sub-sectionsof this Report). However,HIV is no more confinedto high-risk groups of sex workers, truckers,migrant labourersor intravenousdrug users, but it is movingfrom high-riskgroups to the general populationincluding pregnant mothers.It is in this context, that possibleactions as part of this Projectbecomes important.

6.2.1 SPREADOF HIV/AIDS IN MIZORAM

Geographical Context Mizoram,due to its geographicallocation is vulnerable to HIV/AIDS.It is bordered by Myanmar (which is seen as the epicentre of the HIV epidemic in Asia), and Manipur (which is the epicentre of IDU related HIV infection in India). The following examples would suffice. Prevalenceof HIV/AIDS in Myanmar is high and the rate among the (a) injecting drug users is between 56.5% to 76.3%; (b) commercialsex workers (CSWs)is 16% to 18%; and (c) pregnantwomen is 1.3% to 2%. Manipurhas conductedstudies to establishthe spread of HIV among the people. From a total of 48,807persons tested 6,118 persons (12.5%) tested positive.During 1992-1995, 301 personshad developedAIDS, and 94 died of AIDS.The prevalencerate among(a) IDUsis 55.6%;(b) pregnantwomen is 0.63%;blood donors is 2.05%,and (d) commercial sex workers is 3.82% In Thailand there are about 750,000 Burmese people, of which about 20,000 are reportedly involved in activities like drug addiction,alcoholism and sexual relations with multiple partners. There are reports of an influx of these Burmesepeople into Mizoram. There has been simultaneousincrease in the commercialavailability opium (heroin), and the usage of injecting drugs. Further, Myanmar and Thailand that are part of the 'Golden Triangle' supply opium to other destinations through Mizoram. Enforcementsand interceptionsby the police and other drug traffic prevention agencies have not been very effective. The state has

I ICT,CES, LBII. Study of HIV/AIDs,Mizoram State Roads Project. May 2001.

2 Sameas above.

Revisedby LeaAssociates 6-6 October2001 (OriginalDocument by iCT,CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.6 - HIVAIDS

prohibited consumptionof alcohol, but unlawful alcohol supply is availablein all parts of Mizoram.

Growth in the Spread of HIV/AIDS Since 1990 October onwards the Health Department and ICMR (Kolkata) have been conducting periodic blood tests to establishthe incidenceof HIV/AIDSin Mizoram.The resultsare shown in Table 6.1. The health department/ICMRdata is supplementedby the test and survey records3 at the Civil Hospital(Aizawl) since 1990.

Table 6.1: Growth in the Incidence of HIV/AIDS in Mizoram

0 CL N L ' c" w rL eZCL" '' co CD r-to X U) ri ul rs 0 O: IL:: ne ) m 0 0U Oown) 0uou Particulars

o CDo v o o e 0 2 0 .o 0> 0 ~~ ~~00 . 0 a 0 C 0 0 a.a. CIP .(

InjectingDrug Users 103 9 166 11 180 4 263 13 125 6 110 3 57 7 99 4 STD/ CSW 31 - 292 4 130 - 277 4 170 3 151 6 225 16 287 22

Blood Donors 6 2520 - 2747 3 4435 2 4433 5170 - 4715 - 8468 -

Others (Volunteers, - 4 3 233 2 4 2 257 etc.) Others 124 - 316 - 9 - 202 - 7 - - 102 - Total 164 | 9 3294 15 3066 7 5181 22 4375 9 5664 9 5103 25 91113 26

. InjectingDrug Users ACET/EHA4survey amongst 800 IDUs (2206) reveals that 700 73.79% are using Proxyvon 600 441 500J4 (propoxyphene), which is 400 peculiarto Mizoram.Even in 300 Manipur the percentage of 200 100 2 Proxyvon users is not as 0 high as in Mizoram. The <15 16-20 21-26 26-30 >30 survey also establishedthat in the sample, 1,929 of the Figure 6.4: Age-Group Distribution of the IDUs 2,206 classified themselves as unemployedyouth (whether the same peopleare schooldropouts has to be clarified).

3 The Civil Hospitalstarted the HIV tests and the periodic surveysfrom 1990. The hospitalkeeps records in an appreciablemanner, and also documentsthe findings, periodically.

4 EHA/ACETrun a projectcalled SHALOM in Mizoramto extendsupport for intravenousdrug users.

Revised by Lea Associates 6-7 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:6 - HIV AIDS

Women and Children

The survey found that there are about 900 Divorced Marritalstatus of commercial sex workers (CSWs) in IOlDU's in Mizoram Mizoram. The majority of them come from Married poor and/or broken families and a number 26% of them are divorcees. r The ACET/EHA survey reported meeting with a group of CSWs whose needs were p many and varied. Many of these women were homeless and had spent much of their time in government-run Women - ill Protective Homes to which they were referred to by the police who arrested them from different themfrodiferet pace.places. ThThe suveysurvey Figure 6.5: Marital Status of IDUs in also speculated possible harassment by Maral people who belong to welfare associations. The CSWs shared openly their stories with the SHALOM staff: their background, why and how they have entered into their profession, their needs and problems. From the survey of the commercial sex workers, the survey recommended that running a home for women affected by drugs, HIV and/or prostitution was an immediate need (in Aizawl) where they could be provided with counselling and vocational training in various trades.

6.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF IDU RELATED HIV/AIDS IN MIZORAM

Until 1989, it was believed that India would belong to the low HIV prevalence group of countries, with heterosexual transmission as the major route of transmission. It was also thought that transmission among IDUs would not be an important issue for India. In 1986, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) began sero-surveillance for HIV among different risk groups in different parts of India, including the north-eastern state of Manipur. Within six months of detection of the first case in Manipur, the seroprevalence among IDUs increased 540/o. This was a clear example that HIV infection can jump alarmingly, if preventive measures are not implemented against high-risk behaviours even with no or low prevalence of HIV.

6.3.1 ROLEOF IDUS IN INTRODUCINGHIV INTO THEGENERAL POPULATION

HIV is spread from IDUs to the general population through unprotected sexual contact. Virtually all studies of risk behaviour among IDUs in both developed and developing countries find that IDUs are sexually active, having both injecting and non-injecting

Revised by Lea Associates 6-8 October2001 (Original Documentby ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.6 - HIV AIDS

partners, and use condomsinfrequently. While most studies5 find that there is a stronger associationbetween injecting behaviourand HIV sero-positivity,some do indicate that sexual behaviorcontributes to HIV risk among IDUs. One study6 in Manipur, India, an area that has experiencedan explosivespread of HIV among injecting drug users, has found that 50-70 percent of injectors have reported a sexual experienceswithin the last 5 years. The mediannumber of heterosexualpartners was three in the five years before the study. Although sexual activity among the drug using population was lower than the general population,there was still evidenceof at least some sexual activity in this group. In addition,condom use was extremely low, with only 3-5 percent of injectors reporting even occasionaluse of them. Another study in India found that over 30 percent of married male and female injecting drug users had extramarital sex, and less than 2 percent of them used condoms. Data on rates of condom use among IDUs and non-injectingdrug users indicate that rates may be lower among injectors.One study in Delhi, India revealedthat condom use among IDUs was lower than among non-injectingdrug users7.

Sexual Contact with Commercial Sex Workers There is also evidencethat IDUs have sexual intercoursewith commercialsex workers. About 50 percent of IDUs in Mizoram8 had multiple partners,including prostitutes. Studies in Manipur9 have found high rates of sex with commercialsex workersamong IDUs, with 10 to 16 percent of injecting drug users having a history of exposureto commercialsex workers. The prevalenceof injecting amongprostitutes is another important factor when examining the role of IDUs in introducing HIV into the general population. Injecting is a relatively commonpractice among male and femaleprostitutes as well as among male transvestites engaged in prostitutionThe HIV sero-positivityin these particulargroups of injectors and their sexual behaviourclearly place the larger populationat risk for contractingHIV.

o TransmissionRates from IDUs to the General Population Evidencementioned above suggests that IDUs can transmit the virus to their heterosexual partners, and through these partnersto children.The pattern found in most countries is that once HIV infection is well establishedin the IDU population,they act as a "bridge" through which HIV reaches the wider heterosexualpopulation. Prevalencedata and

5 Schoenbaum,et al. 1989; Anthony, et ai. 1991; Narain,et at. 1994; Singhet at. 1993; Jain, et at. 1994; Sarkar,et at. 1996; Sarkar,et at. 1993; Zheng, et at. 1994; Vanichseni,et al. 1991; Lima, et al. 1992; Surratt, et al. 1996a;McBride, et at. 1996; Cavailari,et at. 1994; Chitwood,et al. 1995

6 Sarkar,et al. 1993.

7 Kumar,et al. 1996

8 Narain,et at. 1994. 9 Sarkar,et al. 1993.

Revisedby Lea Associates 6-9 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 6 - HIVAIDS

additional researchin certain areasshow that HIV has begunto spreadfrom the high-risk population of IDUs to the general population. HIV sero-prevalenceof 0.5-1 percent among pregnant women in the city of Bombayand in the state of Manipur was found in 1991, just a few years after the first AIDS caseswere found. In Manipur,the majority of AIDS cases have occurred among the IDU population,so it is likely that HIV in pregnant women has been transmitted mainly through IDUs. In addition, among non-injecting sexual partners of IDUs tested, 6 percentwere found to be HIV-positivewithin 2 years of the first HIV case in the IDU population'°. Researchersinterviewing both IDUs and their spousesin three counties found that 49 percent of IDUs were seropositive,none of the wives of IDUs used condoms,and 10 percent of the wives were HIV positive. Basedon the duration of infection amongIDUs, it was estimatedthat the heterosexualtransmission rate here was 6.4 percent per annum per person

Models of Transmissionfrom IDUs to the General Population Theoreticalwork and modelinghave been done in additionto empirical studies regarding intra- and inter-group HIV spread. HIV transmissionfrom IDUs to the general population dependson "mixing," that is, the extent to which injecting drug users practice sexual activity only among themselves (assortative mixing) or with non-injecting drug users (disassortativemixing). The shape of the AIDS epidemiccurve (i.e., how fast prevalence rises, when it plateaus, and the differencein saturationamong distinct groups) depends on proportionsof the populationin high, medium,and low risk groups, and the pattern of mixing that occurs.

, Transmission to General Population in Mizoram As the sexual partners of the IDUs in Mizoramcould be high risk groups, the rate of transmissionto the general population is anticipatedto be very high. Although specific data on the high-risk behaviourof the sexual partners of the IDUs in Mizoramis not available,the following suggestthat the high-riskgroup might be abundant. . There are alreadyabout 900 commercialsex workersin Mizoram,which has a total population below900,000. These commercial sex workers (although their clienteleconsists of people from outsidethe state) themselvesare at a very high risk of contactingHIV, and passon to the generalpopulation. The IDUs in Mizoramare reportedto have multiple sexual partners.About 500/0 of the Idus have multiple sexual partners(including commercial sex workers, but also includingcasual and/or non-commercialsex partners).As free sex is not a big socialtaboo in Mizoram,the risk of spreadingHIV from the IDUsis high. Though most of the IDUs in Mizoramare male, injecting drug use among women is widely reported.Therefore, the increasein sero-positivityamong the childrenis a high risk. Assortativemixing among IDUs is there, but most of the sexual partners of the IDUs are non-IDUsthemselves. Although awareness among the IDUs is relatively high, awareness among the sexual partners of the IDUs is low. These non-IDU partners include

10 Sarkar,et al. 1993. " Zheng,et al. 1994.

Revised by Lea Associates 6-10 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 6 - HIVAOS5

(predominantlymale) population originating from outsidethe state (mostlythe highway- users),many of whoare reportedto be totallyignorant about HIV/AIDS. There is a trend that many peoplefrom outsidethe state (Myanmar,Bangladesh, and districtsof Assam and other north-easternstates) are settlingdown in Mizoram,the numberof high-risk grouppopulation is increasing.

6.3.2 EsTiMATESOF SERO-POSMVEITYAMONG IDUs IN MIZORAM Systematicstudies were conductedin Manipurand it was found that there were at least 15,000 IDUs in the areas near the highways or sharing a border with Myanmar. Therefore, there were at least 7,500 HIV-positiveIDUs in Manipur.The profile of the IDUs in Mizoramis expectedto be similar to that of Manipur.The IDUs were quite young (the median age was 20) and overwhelminglymale (95%). They used mainly ink droppers fitted with a needle, and there was evidenceof extensivesharing of equipmentwithout cleaning.The major reason for drug use was availability, as cheap ($15 for one gram) heroin with a purity of more than 90% was availableacross the Myanmarborder.

* Mizoram Surveys"zalso found that in Kohima and Nagaland,the areas near the highway from Myanmarthrough Manipur had a higher prevalenceof both drug use and HIV infection. The 1991-92 ICMR study in Kohimasupported this finding. The HIV seroprevalencein Kohima and Dimapur was more than 50% among IDUs, and 1% of the populationin Dimapur were IDUs. The ICMR also surveyed Mizoram, which shares a border with Myanmar,and found a similar high prevalenceof drug use. All these estimateswere based on stratification of the city into high, medium, and low zones of drug use based on secondary data sources, such as customs, police detox centers,and key informants.Thus ICMRhad estimatedthat there would be at least 1,500 and 2,800 injectors respectivelyin the surveyed areas of Nagalandand Mizoram.The sero-prevalencein Mizoramwas 6% to 10% in two different surveys.

6.3.3 INTERVENTIONSIN MIZORAM The ICMR had conducted surveys of IDUs and college students to compare their knowledge,attitudes, behavior,and practices(KABP) related to HIV. It was found that in 1990 the knowledge of the IDUs about HIV and its modes of transmission were significantly higher than the knowledgeof college students who were more educated. (The medianeducational status of IDUs was less than secondaryschool.)

Health Campaigns However, all the public health campaignsrelated to HIV prevention among drug users were restrictedto the preventionof drug use and abstinencefrom drugs. There were too few psychiatrists,almost no counselors,and only a handfulof detox beds. The message

12 Dr. SwarupSarkar, Indian Councilof MedicalResearch AIDS Unit, Calcutta.

Revised by Lea Associates 6-11 October2001 (OriginaiDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPOP:6 - HIVAID5

from all these centerswas restricted to drug abstinencealone. Therefore,there was not much impact on individuallytargeted interventionsthrough existing medicalfacilities. At the same time, two-thirds of the drug users were being imprisoned,and half of them were being taken to the prisons by their families. Despitesuch large numbers of drug users being imprisoned, only 2% decided to end their addiction becauseof their jail experience.

Prevention of Drug Traffic The other interventioncame from customs,where in Mizoramvirtually all the heroincould be seized, making it too costly for the common user. However,this intervention did not have any impact on HIV prevention, as the IDUs switched to synthetic analgesicssold over the counter, and the injecting risk behaviour"3 did not changeat all. The risk of other infectionssuch as cellilitis due to the use of cotton for filtering the drug solution-which even led to even occasionalamputation of the extremities-washigher. The total effort, then, from the police, customs, and the medical services was aimed primarily at preventionof drug use. The messageof harm reductionor cleaning needleswith bleach for HIV prevention was not promoted.In fact, bleach is still unheardof by most of the IDUs as a cleaningmethod; condomsare alsorarely used.

6.3.4 TRANSMISSION FROM THE IDUs The other issue that playeda possiblerole in unabatedpractice of risk behaviorwas the IDUs' lack of direct experienceof seeingpeople with AIDS.As it takes a medianof 8 to 10 years to develop full-blown AIDS, most of the IDUs had not encounteredpeople with AIDS.Thus the IDUs may not be acceptingthe possibilitythat they may developAIDS. All these factors led to uninterrupted HIV transmissionamong the IDUs in Mizoramand other north-easternstates 14 . The virus has clearly been passedonto sexual partners,as 6.30/oof the spousesof IDUs have been found to be HIV positiveand more than 1% of the antenatalmothers are HIV positive.Perinatal transmission has alreadybegun. The impact of other diseases is already visible. The ICMR had documentedthe first satellite epidemic following HIV, as herpes zoster has significantly increasedamong the patients attending the dermatology departmentof the hospital. As herpes zoster is an early HIV-relateddisease, The ICMRsuggested that the epidemicof tuberculosisto follow very soon.

6.3.5 POSSIBLEAcTIONS The ICMR KABPstudy has shown that among IDUs there had been a changein the risk behaviour practice of sharingwithout cleaning needles.However, a multivariateanalysis

13 In terms of injecting behaviour,the MizoramIDUs were comparableto the IDUs in Manipurand Nagaland.

" Where,as a result, the sero-prevalencein 1993-94had reached81% to 90%.

Revised by Lea Associates 6-12 October2001 (OriginalDocument by lCT. CES. LBII) AlizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:6 - HIVAZDS

showed that these changesare not attributed to any of the interventionsthat have been offered on a large scale or counselling"5. In the past few years there have been several outreach projects that promote bleach and condoms, but their impact has yet to be evaluated.This showsthat there is a needfor community-basedinterventions rather than individually targeted interventions, and that harm reduction as a policy requires endorsement. The ICMR evaluation of the outreach project showed that the police still arrests large numbersof IDUs if they are found to be carryingneedles and that communityleaders and parents are still reluctant to discuss non-sharingor cleaning of injecting equipment. Successof the outreach project will depend on the acceptanceof the harm reduction policy by societyand by the police.

NGOsworking in Mizoram To make actions to prevent and arrest the spreadof HIV/AIDSa community-basedone, the NACOhas involvedthe following NGOsto work as partners. • Care Project (A project of WorldVision of India) Chanmari, Aizwal-796001. • BathesdaCounselling & De-addictionCenter Luangmual,Aizwal-796012. Tel.: 0389- (8) 32410 * Societyof HIV/AIDS& LifelineOperation in Mizoram(SHALOM) YA-3, ChaltlangDawrkawn, Aizwal-796012. Tel.: 0389-341365 * Mara ChanoPy. Office of the MaraChano Py. Headquarters:Saiha, Mizoram-796901 - CommunityHealth Action Network(CHAN), P.O.Box No. 5, Aizwal. Tel.: 0389-326106/27609 There are other smaller NGOs (including community-based organisations), which are working in the area of HIV/AIDS. The services of all these NGOs could be mobilised, if required in this Project.

6.4 INTERVENTIONS FROM THE PROJECT

Interventions from the project would have a two-fold objective. One, the project would aim to supplement the various government and non-government programmes those are currently being implemented, as far as practicable within a road development project. Two, the project would ensure specific health and monitoring facilities, as per provisions of the contract for the project, and overall mandate for the PWD, to reduce risk of HIV/AIDS to the people employed in the project.

15 Testing facilitieshave been offered on a largescale in Manipur,but the counselingthere has not always been adequate.

Revised by Lea Associates 6-13 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 6 - HIV AIDS

6.4.1 TARGET GROUP

The target groups for the project would consist of the (a) construction workers, (b) the host population with respect to the construction camps, hot-mix plants, etc., and (c) the commercial sex workers located near the project site16 The construction labourers' camps would be the most important target for HIV/AIDS related interventions from the project. The interventions would need to ensure that areas around the physical boundary of these camps (at least the nearby settlements either side of the camps) would be targeted with respect to the interventions. This and the other host population during the construction period; and all population close to the project road (particularly at traffic nodes) during the operation period would need to be targeted.

Studies in various other road projects in India have revealed that one of the main carriers of STD is truckers. These groups would also need to be targeted at a macro-level, if substantial progress is to be made in reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS.

6.4.2 CURRENTPROGRAMMES

A number of programmes, both in the government and the non-government sector are currently being implemented in Mizoram. The following strategies are more or less common among all these programmes. * Planningfor the RequiredPhysical Infrastructure * Involvementof the NGOs * Designingan appropriatehealth care system (counseling,diagnosis, and treatment) * Behaviorchange communication (BCC), which againconsists of the following: Intensivehealth education through NGOs Counselingto enhancerisk perceptionfor effectivebehavior change Peereducation with the involvementof truckers wherever possible,including road side hotel workers,brokers, mechanics, etc. Organisinghealth camps as an inter-educationalapproach Creatingan enablingenvironment by sensitizingthe local opinion makers Efforts to enhance the knowledge and skills of NGO staff by investing in capacitybuilding of staff, through trainingsand exposurevisits. STD case management,using syndromeapproach, which includesthe involvementof the NGOsin the following: * Runningstatic clinicsat strategic locations * Managingmobile clinics * Settingup referral linkages,and * Organizinghealth camps. Condom promotion: this is linked to BCC as well as STD treatment, consisting of the following: * Developinga systemfor condomprocurement, storage and distribution

16 It is anticipatedthat not manycommercial sex worker are currentlylocated along the projectroad. There are reportedflying CSWs. However, the numbermay changeonce the projectstarts, as CSWsfrom the nearbyAizawl and other towns move into the vicinityof the project.

Revisedby LeaAssociates 6-14 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:6 - HIV AIDS

Addressingbarriers to condomusage through BCC sessions/counseling Impartingskills of correctusage during BCC sessions and STDtreatment Increasingaccess to condomsby settingup outlets * Involvingpeer educators in condompromotion. The project will take advantageof all these current programmes,and would co-ordinate with the relevant governmentand non-governmentagencies to extend their programme to the roadsidevillages, if not alreadycovered.

6.4.3 RECOMMENDEDACTIONS Specificactions to be carriedout in the project for controllingthe spreadof HIV/AIDS/STD are describedin the following sub-sections.

* Information campaign/advertisement Signage/Hoardings: Suitable information materials would be designed to impart knowledgeregarding STD/AIDS, the nature of their spread, control measuresetc., among road users and truckers. Propersignage and hoardingswill be designedand displayedin suitable locations. Vehicle stickers: Stickerson information related to STD/AIDSwill be procuredfrom the current government or non-governmentprogrammes (highlighting the use of condoms, treatment facilities, etc.). In the information booths located on the truck parking areas (and in the bus terminal near Aizawl) these stickers would be kept and distributed to every truck/bus parkedthere.

CCondom vending machines Location: Roadsidecondom vending machineswill be establishedin every 40km stretch in the operation stage of the project, with help of the NGOs.To make these more effective, machinescould be placed in such a way, and on such a site, where people would be using these machineswithout hesitation'7.

Co-ordination with other agencies Co-ordinationwith agencies/organisationslike ICMR,ACET/LHA and NationalAIDS Control Mission(NACO) working towards the control and treatment of HIV/AIDSwill be arranged.

Construction camp/ rest areas/ truck lay-byes Provision of vending machines: The constructioncamps as well as truck lay-byes would be provided with the facilities of condomvending through machines.In this case too, machineswould be placedin not-so-publicplaces.

17 It is reported that, use of condomvending machines in public placesis limited, as peoplefeel shy to use the machines.

Revisedby Lea Associates 6-15 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT. CES,LBII) CHAPTER 7 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The proposed improvementsto the Aizawl-Thenzawl-Buangpui (priority road P1-A) via Hmuifang, to be carried out in the Phase-I of the project' are expected to have both beneficial and adverse impacts on the environment and the community (on or in the vicinity of the highway). As part of the project preparationand design, there have been conscious efforts to minimize impacts on the communities. However, due to the constraints in absolutely minimising social impacts (in the context of limited width of currently available land, and safety zone requirements), a section of the communities along the highway will be adverselyimpacted. Apart from the private properties, a few community properties and cultural properties are also going to be adverselyimpacted. These adverseimpacts of the Project (PhaseI2), and their minimisationor compensation are describedin this Chapter.

7.1 MINIMISING RESETTLEMENT The following sections deal with the assessmentof the various social impacts and also present the various measuresworked out as part of the designexercise to minimizesocial impacts.

7.1.1 R&R IN THEPROJECT An intermediate lane carriageway(5.5m) with just sufficient formation to accommodate shoulders and side drain (0.5m wide shouldersand 0.6m wide side drains) has been proposed. To accommodatethe cross-section,the project road would need a formation width of 7.1m. This formation width will also provide reasonablysafe and adequatelateral clearancesfor the passingvehicles. A minimumformation width of 7.1m on the straight portions and a maximumof 8m near curvesis required. The existing formation variesbetween 5 and 7m along sections1 and 3 (Aizawl-Damdiai, and Sialsuk-Buangpui),and around 4m to 6m along section 2 (Five Village Route).The corridor passes through 18 villages (19 settlements).Given the constraints in terms of land availability, especiallyin the village stretches,there would be a requirementof land for widening, strengthening, and realignmentsthat have been proposed. There is no major encroachmentonto the highway.The R&IPDPfor this project needsto addressthe

Referredto as the "Project" in the subsequentpart of this Report,unless otherwise stated.

2 The estimatesgiven for Phase-II of the Project in this Chapter are extrapolatedfrom the Phase-I estimates.During preparationof Phase-l1,detailed surveys (induding a Censusof all impacted familieswill be undertaken)to validate these numbers.

Revised by Lea Associates 7-1 October 2001 (Original Document by lCT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:7- SocialImpact Assessment

issuesof the project affectedand shall aim at minimisingthe hardship of the displaced and the otherwise impacted people. The R&IPDPof this project aims to restore the livelihoodof the PAPsand to provideadequate compensation to lossesaccrued due to the project

7.1.2 MINIMISING R&R The successof the projectwill be gaugedby its achievingthe ultimateobjective of bringing out improvementsin the living standardsof the people, both the road users and the adjoiningcommunities. Although land acquisitionis unavoidable,a numberof measureshad been taken to minimisesuch land acquisitionand to avoid other impactson the people,as far as possible. The prime considerationat the projectpreparation stage shouldbe to minimizethe adverse impactson the communityin the projectarea within the limitationof technicalrequirement and cost effectiveness. The projectcorridor passes through rural and settlementstretches. The built-upareas in the settlementsgenerally have continuousdevelopment (both residentialand commercial)on one side, mostly on the valleyside of the existingroad. The rural stretcheshave abutting agriculturalland holdingsboth on the hill and valleysides of the highway.Apart from these agricultural lands, there exist large patchesof forestlandsthat have been categorisedas UnclassifiedForests. At severallocations, the impactshave beenavoided by lateral shifting of the roadalignment dependingon the land availability.The participatoryplanning with peopleand continuous interactionwith the communitiesthrough the variousstages of the projectpreparation has helped minimisationof losses,saving of residentialand commercialproperties, cultural propertiesand communitystructures.

Delineation of the corridor of impact (CoI) The corridor of impact (CoI)3 is the width requiredfor the actual constructionof the road including the carriageway,shoulder, embankments, longitudinal drainage and necessary safety zones. The requirementof the project demandsthat the entire corridor of impact should be free from any encroachment, human habitation and structure causing hindrancesto traffic. Table 7.1 illustrates the extent to which the possible negative impacts have been minimised or avoided4 after integrating the social issues into the project design and

3 The corridorof impacthas been found to bea usefulway of minimisingthe socialimpacts. The project will notdisplace anyperson outside the corridorof impact,even if withinthe RoW. Whilethe socialsurveys were carriedout withina corridorof 12m width,the impactswere assessed only for those peoplewho wouldbe actuallyaffected by the constructionof the projectroad. Keepingin viewthe densesettlements andthe consequentsocial impacts along the road,and in orderto minimizethe socialimpacts the impactassessment wasmade only Fora corridorof impactof 8mwhich corresponds to the maximumdesign formation width of theproject

Revisedby Lea Associates 7-2 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:7 - SocialImpact Assessment

planning. Basedon the findings of the primary socialsurvey, a comparisonof the impacts producedin 12m and 8m is given in Table 7.1. As can be seen from the Table 7.1, there is a marked decreasein the numberof project- affected properties assessedfor 8m as against 12m corridor of impact. Accordingly,the project has been designedto conform to the 8m CoI, as far as practicable.Consequently, the assessmentof impact and entitlements were determinedfor the project-affected persons and the project affected families based on the 8m corridor of impact (or variationsthereof, as per the final designof the Project).

Table 7.1: Impacts on Residential/CommercialProperties in Phase-I A Comparisonbetween 12m and 8m Corridorsof Impact

Nameof Village Numberof Project-AffectedPersons Numberof Project-DisplacedPersons (Residential/CommercialProperties) (Residential/Commercial Properties) 12m Col 8m Col 12m Col 8m Col Melthum 173 212 124 57 Saikhamakawn 165 217 140 20 Meiriat 263 180 94 0 Kelsih 91 36 17 0 Faikawn 392 254 125 15 Muailungthu 280 236 85 0 Tachhip 1 15 2 0 Aibawk 330 254 108 15 Sateek 124 95 37 0 Damdiai 734 5 0 Thenzawl 199 3 20 0 Buangpui 61 95 35 8 Lungsai 37 74 16 6 Sumsuih 33 42 14 6 Thiak 31 25 15 5 Hmuifang 12 18 5 8 Chamring 33 50 7 0 Total 2273 1813 849 140 Source:Primary Survey It should be noted that the efforts for minimisationof resettlementwas not limited to the establishment of the CoI, as a guideline for Project design. During finalisation of the designs, the project has further minimised the impacts on properties (and people), examiningthe options in a case-to-casebasis. As a result, the final number of persons (losing residential/commercialproperties) affected by the Project (in Phase-I) has come

road. Thishas resultedin the numberof ProjectAffected Persons getting reduced from 2273 for corridorof impactof 12mto 1813for corridorof impactof sm.

Revisedby Lea Associates 7-3 October2001 (OriginalDocument by [CT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:7 -SocialImpact Assessment

down from 1813 to 1037. This was a significant achievementof the social impact assessmentprocess in the project5.

Set-Back Line The engineering designs have consideredthe minimum width required for the road improvementas per the safety and the traffic needs. With this in the backgroundthe minimum set back safety line of the existing structures along the project road after its upgradation, generally is lm from the edge of new carriageway.Table 7.2 shows the details of the minimum setbackavailable in different villagesalong the project road. Figures7.2, 7.3, 7.4 & 7.5 providedetails of the new alignmentand the setbackdistance availablefrom the edge of the new carriagewayto the existingstructures at some typical settlement locationsof the project road. In these figures, the two red lines indicatethe boundariesof the new carriageway;the first green line from the edge of the red line indicates an lm safety line and the second green line is 1.5m from the edge of the carriageway.Since structures fall within a COI of 8m, i.e. a distance of 4m or either side of the centre line, would be consideredas impartedand relocated,a minimumsafety set back of about 1.25 metre from the edge of new carriagewaywould be generallyavailable after the upgradationof the project road.

* Concentric / Eccentric Expansion To minimise acquisition of structures on either side of the highway, especiallyin the settlement stretches, one side expansion, has been found to be a viable solution to minimiselosses of built structures. Table 7.2: Setback Distances Name of the Village Set-BackLine - The MinimumDistance Available on Either Side from the Edgeof the New Carriageway(m) Left Right Melthum 1.0 0.5 Saikhamakawn 0.5 1.0 Meiriat 1.0 1.0 Kelsih 1.0 1.0 Falkawn 1.0 1.0 Muallungthu 0.5 1.0 Tachhip I 1.0 1.0 Aibawk 1.0 1.0 Sateek 1.0 0.5 Damdiai 1.0 1.0 Lungsai 1.0 0.5 Sumsuih 1.0 1.0 Thiak 1.0 1.0 Hmuifang 1.0 0.5 Chamring 1.0 1.0 Thenzawl 1.0 1.0 Buangpui 1.0 1.0 Source:Engineering Drawings

Although,the numberof project-displacedpersons (losing residential/commercial property) has been revised from 140 to 335,only 58residential/commercial properties are being displaced.

Revised by Lea Associates 7-4 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.7 -SocialImpact Assessment

Realignments

Realignments have been worked out at several locations to improve the geometrics and to minimise the land acquisition requirements for the project. In case of each of these major realignments, an evaluation of the options of the various alternative realignments versus the existing highway have been evaluated in terms of social, environmental and engineering concerns, to arrive at the most promising option. The list of realignment section is given in Table 1.3. All realignment sections are small, and none of them involve any additional impact/displacement of people (in fact, most of these realignments involve lesser resettlement/displacement).

7.2 ACQUISITIONOF LAND & PROPERTIES

The project requires land for widening, strengthening, realignments and other development of the project highway stretches, siting of construction sites and labor camps etc. The project shall involve the acquisition of: * Privateproperties, within the settlements,with a valid passfrom the VillageCouncil; * Agriculturalproperties, with or without permissionfrom the Government; • Landsbelonging to communityorganisations as NGOs; • Landsbelonging to the governmentalagencies/departments, and; • Free lands.

7.2.1 ESTIMATESOF LANDREQUIRED

The total land required for widening the project corridor is about 47.8ha. The distribution of such land is as follows: Total LandRequirement: 477,899m2 (47.79ha) * Total LandAcquisition Requirement: 317,354.4m2 (31.74ha) iLand with PrivateOwnership or Rights: 297,872.4m2 (29.79ha) • Communityor NGOs'Land 6: 19,482m2 (1.95ha) * Landto be Transferredfrom other Agencies: 160,545m2 (16.05ha) * Free Land7: 128,835m2 (12.88ha) * GovernmentDepartments' Land: 31,71mM2 (3.17ha)

Village-wise details of land requirement are presented in Table 7.3.

The land acquisition plan for the project is given in Table 9.3, detailing the targets and schedules.

6 Non-GovernmentOrganizations include Churches, YMA, etc. community land belongs to the VillageCouncils. 7 Freeland is landvested in thegovemment, and not allottedto anybody,or for anydesignated purpose.

Revisedby Lea Associates 7-5 October2001 (OriginalDocument by lCT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.:7-Social Impact Assessment

Table 7.3: Land Requirement in the Project

Village | Homesteadl Agricultural2 Community2 | FreeLands Total (in ) (in )~ ~~~~~(inM2) 2 (m2) Land (m2) Lands(m2) _l_(m2) (m ) Melthum

Saikhamakawn - - - Melriat 1677.20 1811.20 636 1 1500 5624.40 Kelsih 3819.00 1683.10 70 0 5572.10 Falkawn 1331.55 208.00 1686 0 3225.55 Muallungthu 2787.00 14265.00 578 1600 19230.00 Tachhip 225.00 20240.00 3410 0 23875.00 Aibawk 2979.10 0 1370 1500 5849.10 Sateek 1910.00 22370.00 0 3715 27995.00 Damdiai/ Lungsei 1099.00 29269.00 1200 15360 46928.00 Thiak 2545.00 17775.00 2075 16820 39215.00 Sumsuih 2470.00 10035.00 0 3800 16305.00 Hmuifang 1155.00 3790.00 5888 6125 16958.00 Chamring 1145.00 9600.00 960 2000 13705.00 Sialsuk 150.00 44760.00 0 51470 96380.00 Sailam 0 44250.00 0 13790 58040.00 Thenzawl 3112.25 48425.00 1109 2000 54646.25 Buangpui 1511.00 1475.00 500 9155 12641.00 Total 27916.10 269956.30 19482.00 128835.00 446189.40 Source: Compiledfrom PIU UpdatedSurvey of Social Impacts,Government of Mizoram Note: In additionto the above estimate,a total of 3.171haof land belongingto 23 different governmentestablishments will be transferredto the project(this does not involvelegal acquisitionof iandiproperties).

7.2.2 IMPACT ON PEOPLEDUE TO LAND ACQUISION The project affects and displacesa number of properties, (residential, commercialand agricultural) within the 8m Corridor of Impact8. The overall impacts of the Project (both Phases-I and II) are given in Table 7.4.

Table 7.4: Overall Impacts of the Project (Phases I & II)

Phase SevereImpact on MinorImpact on Total Impacton Families Persons Families Persons Families Persons Phase I 58 335 426 2452 484 2787 Phase II 1 156 820 618 2821 774 3641 Total 214 1155 1044 5273 1194 6428 Severe Impactincludes displacement or direct loss of livelihood.Minor Impactsinclude partial lossof propertiesand indirect partial lossof livelihood. The Phase II Estimatesare based on initial social screening,and extrapolationfrom the PhaseI Censusand

The 8m corridorof impacthas modifiedfrom locationto locationto absolutelyminimise impacts on properties, particularlythe residentialand the commercialproperties.

Revisedby Lea Associates 7-6 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:7 - SocialImpact Assessment

other surveys. It is expected that the actual impacts in Phase II will be substantially lower than the estimates presented above (particularly, if the Lunglei and Ramlaiyui Bypasses are found viable and built. There are 173 PAF residential/commercialproperties affected by the project of which 58 families are displacedin Phase-Iof the Project.A total of 311 agricultureproperties are affected, but none of these are displaced due to the project. The list of affected and displacedfamilies in every village is givenin Table 7.5. As part of the project, no widening has been proposed for the initial 10km stretch9 of the corridor between Aizawl and Melriat.

Table7.5: ProjectAffected and ProjectDisplaced Families (Phase I)

Village Project Affected FamiliesfPersons Project Displaced Families/Persons Residential/ Agricultural Residential/ Agricultural Commercial Commercial Families Persons Families Persons Families Persons Families Persons Melthum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Saikhamakawn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meiriat 19 108 4 23 15 86 0 0 Kelsih 18 142 7 55 2 16 0 0 Falkawn 12 71 1 6 9 53 0 0 Muallungthu 29 180 16 99 9 56 0 Tachhip 17 36 209 1 6 0 O Aibawk 23 120 0 0 6 31 0 0 Sateek 5 25 30 150 1 5 0 0 Maubang 6 37 17 104 2 12 0 0 Lungsei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thiak 9 34 20 76 1 4 0 0 Sumsuih 8 60 12 90 1 8 0 0 Hmuifang 5 17 6 20 5 17 0 0 Chamring 9 66 11 80 3 22 0 0 Sialsuk 1 6 46 267 | 0 0 0 Sailam 0 0 32 186 0 0 0 0

Thenzawl 16 83 70 364 | 1 5 0 | 0 _ Buangpui 10 71 3 21 2 14 0 Total 173 1037 311 | 1750 58 335 0 0 Source: Compiled from PIU Updated Survey of Social Impacts, Government of Mizoram

Impact on Residential/CommercialProperties A total of 58 structures are to be displaced due to the project. Most of these are residential structures with valid Residentialpasses from the Village Councils.These

Primanly due to the proposedAizawl Bypassalignment, which joins at kmB.0 of the Project Corridor.There is a formation width of 8m availablein the uninhabitedstretches and a width of 6.5m in the settlementsof Melthum.It has been proposed that there shall be no wideningin this stretch and the improvements,as part of the project shall be limited to resurfacingand maintenance.

Revised by Lea Associates 7-7 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.7 - Social ImpactAssessment

displaced structures have their land holdings extending beyond their structure, which enablesthem to relocatewithin their plot'0 . By the constructionmaterials, the structures to be impactedcan be categorisedbroadly into four types: * Permanentwith roofs,walls, floors of cementconcrete/mortar * Semi-permanenthaving roofs of tin/corrugatediron sheets, walls of asbestoscorrugated sheet and concretefloors, with concretepole supportingstructures * Temporary(Assam type) with roofs of tin/corrugatediron sheet, walls of asbestos corrugated sheet / timber and wooden floors, with poles of timber supporting the structure * Others: Boundary walls, fences; etc. Detailsof loss(homestead land) for these displacedstructures are providedin Table 7.6.

Table 7.6: Lossof Assetsfor the ProjectDisplaced Families (Phase I)

Village Residential Commercial Mixed Residentiall Total Properties Properties Commercial Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area 2 2 2 of PDF Lost (m ) of PDF Lost (mi) of PDF Lost (m ) of PDF Lost (m ) Melriat 13* 1045.70 1 35.00 1 40.00 15 1120.70 Kelsih 2 217.50 2 217.50 Falkawn 9 1062.15 . 9 1062.15 Muallungthu 7 462.00 2 124.00 9 586 Tachhip 1_ Aibawk 2 127.5 2 43.7 2 142.90 6 314.10

Sateek 1 200.00 - - - 1 200.00 Maubang 1 160.00 2 320.00 Thiak 1 ~~~~450.00 1 450.00 Sumsuih 1 750.00 - - - - 1 750.00

Hmuifang 5- 200.00 I 5 200.00

Chamring 3 400.00 - 3 400.00

| Thenzawl 1 30.00 l 1 30.00 Buangpui 2 | 376.00 l 2 376.00 Total 49 5480.85 4 238.70 5 | 306.90 58 6026.45__ Source:Compiled from PIU UpdatedSurvey of Social Impacts,Government of Mizoram.

* Includesone tenant family residing in the YMA property. Is a tenant family residingin a propertyowned by the TachhipVillage Farming Co-operative Soceity. -Ilncludes 3 tenantfamilies residingin properties(a) ownedby the F&C Department,(b) owned by Village Council, and (c) the Anganwadi. Note: The above estimateof loss is of the homesteadland. The structuresroughly occupy half of the plot area for the larger buildings,and about 70% of the plots area. All except 1 mixed residential?commercial property (at Aibawk)are single-storeystructures. Each of these buildingshas beenmeasured to estimatethe replacementcost (see budgetfor replacementof buildingstructures).

The project envisages the acquisition of up to a maximum 3m strip of land in settlements and up to 5m in the rural stretches. Though the structures are partially affected, the

' Thoughthese properties are not displacedfrom their originalplace of shelter/businessto a new location,there is a physicalrelocation of theproperties within or outside(adjacent to, asfar aspracticable) the sameplot. Revisedby Lea Associates 7-8 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:7 -SocialImpact Assessment

entire structure needs to be dismantled,as the structuresimpacted are mostly wooden structures. Also certain structures have been identified,which though will not be impacteddue to the proposed widening, will certainly be vulnerable in terms of their structural stability, as vertical cuts are being proposedat the base of these structures. These structures have also been categorisedas project displaced. As per the proposed alignment a total of 173 residentialland parcels/ structures are identified as project affected properties.These include, in addition to the propertiesthat are to be displaced,the following: * Vacantresidential plots within the villages * Propertieson the upperreaches of the hill, whoseproperty boundaries extend upto the highway'1 . The identified project affected structuresinclude 9 commercialstructures (4 of which are isolated commercialestablishments, and 5 are mixed residential/commercialstructures), which are to be displaceddue to the project. These are grocery shops and restaurants, mostly operated within the residential structure. As these structures are not to be relocatedto a new location,and the structurescan be shifted back within their own lands, there is no major impact envisagedon the present businessactivities. Therefore, the loss of incomedue to the displacementof commercialstructures will be small and temporary.

7.2.3 IMPACT ON AGRICULTURALPROPERTIES A total of 311 agricultural properties are to be impacted. None of these propertiesare to be displaced,and a strip varying from 3 to 5m need to be acquiredfor the project. Based on the census survey carried out for each of these agricultural properties, it was found that many of these properties do not have permissionfrom the government,and are carryingout agriculturalactivities with agriculturalpasses from the villagecouncils' 2 .

7.2.4 PROJECTAFFECTED COMMUNiTY RESOURCES In the settlement stretches,there are severalcommon property resourcesin form of bus shelters,community buildings,schools, play grounds, parks, hand pumps,water taps and public urinals that exist within the existing formation of the highway. Though all the members of the community use these common properties, the ownership is with the NGOs (including Christian Missionaries)or government authorities/departments.Any widening along this route shall impact these. As part of the design preparation,though care has been taken to minimise impact on these resources,wherever it was of great value to the community, the avoiding of many of these was not possible.The common property resourcesto be impacteddue to the project are presentedin the table below.

i' Thewidening is mostiycarried out towardsthe hillside,which necessitates the acquisitionof theselands. The LushaiHills District(House Sites) Act of 1953,enacted to providefor the allotmentof sitesfor residentialor non-agriculturaluses, empowers the Villagecouncls as competentauthorities to allot siteswithin its jurisdiction for residentialand other non-agncultural purposes. The VCs are not competentto allotagricultural passes.

Revisedby Lea Associates 7-9 October2001 (OriginalDocument by [CT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:7 - SocialImpact Assessment

The project impacts 3 schools, 1 anganwadi13, and 6 properties owned by NGOs and cooperative societies. Apart from these, 7 parks 3 playgrounds as well as a farm are impacted/ affected.

Potable water supply exists in all villages mainly in the form of hand pumps, but not all are in working condition. At 6 locations the hand pumps are located with in the COI. Apart from the hand pumps as water source the village administration has provided water taps in the residential areas. The geometric improvements and widening affects water taps at 3 locations. Most villages also have water supply from springs and streams on the hills. In the absence of any piped water supply system, the Public Health Engineering (PHE) Department has supplied water storage drums free of cost where piped water supply has not reached. The water from the roof during rains is collected in drums and kept in front or at the backyard of the house.

Apart from the water drums, pigsty is another feature present in almost every household, and is normally located in the front of the property, along the road.

The water drums / pigsty of the 58 structures which are to be displaced will need to be shifted. Apart from this, there are several structures, whose water drum/pigsty only have to be shifted, as they have been placed very close to the road. The common property resources to be impacted due to the project are presented in Table 7.7.

Table 7.7: Community Resources affected by the project Village School/ Property(NGOs | Play Park! Urinal Bus Hand Water Anganwadi* Co-Op Society) ground Farm shelter Pump Tap Melriat 1 1 - 1 __1 2 Kelsih - 1 - Falkawn 1* 1 - - - 2

Tachhip - 2 { 1 1 - Aibawk 1 2 - 2

Sateek -- 2 -

Lungsai - 1 I 1 Thiak 2 Hmuifang . 2 5 Chamring - I - Thenzawl 1 2 - 3 Buangpui - - - - Total 4 6 3 7 2 2 6 8

7.2.5 CULTURALPROPERTIES IMPACTED

There are no major protected or archaeological monuments to be directly impacted due to the project. However, there are several structures as graves located within the formation width for the road apart from which there are lands belonging to church etc that will be impacted. There are 12 such cultural properties are located with in the COI. These include

13 Day-carecentre for pre-schoolchildren. Revisedby Lea Associates 7-10 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&ZPDP:7 -SocialImpact Assessment

compoundwalls, quarters, farms and other buildings of the churches.Apart from those structures that are directly impacted, there was a request from a Church Authority in Hmuifang,that their structure is to be located away from the highway,which has been acceptedand alternativerelocation site has been identified(see Table 7.8). Table 7.8: CulturalProperties to be Impacted SNo Village Churches ChurchProperties 1 Melthum 2 Saikhamakawn 3 Melriat 1 4 Kelsih 5 Falkawn 1 6 Muallungthu 1 7 Tachhip 1 8 Aibawk 2 9 Sateek _ 10 Damdiai 11 Lungsai 1 12 Thiak 1 13 Sumsuih _ 14 Hmuifang 1 15 Chamring - 2 16 Sialsuk 17 Sailam 18 Thenzawl 1

19 Buangpui - Total 11

7.3 SOCIO-ECONOMICPROFILE OF PROJECTAFFECTED PERSONS This section discussesthe socio-economicprofile of the project-affectedpersons along the corridor. These have been based on the findings of the sample survey that has been carried out for a Col of 8m. A total of 401 Families'4 (locatedwithin the corridor of impact of in 15 village settlements abutting the project road) with residential/commercialstructures likely to be impacteddue to the project were surveyed.The distributionof the surveyedpopulation is given in Table 7.9. The detailed results of the surveyedpopulation by category of likely loss are given in the Annexure7 in VolumeII of this Report.

14 The sampleof 401 familiessurveyed covered only thosefamilies who were likely to lose residental/commercial property. No family likely to lose agnculturalproperty was coveredin the socio-economicbaseiine survey (charactensticsof thesefamilies are anticipated to be similarto the otherfamilies surveyed). Also, retrievable data is availablefor 343 of the 401 familieswithin the 12mCorndor of Impact(again, characteristics of the 58 familiesare expectedto be similarto the 343families, for whomsurvey data was analysed). Therefore, the socio-economicprofile of all the project-affectedfamilies has beenworked out on the sampleof 343 families.The NGOprocured for implementingthe R&IPDPwould undertake a finalfield verificationof all the PAPs(induding the PDPs),durtng which the socio-economicprofile all 484 project-affectedfamilies (which consists of 173 familiesaffected by impacton residential/commercialproperties, and 311 families affected by impacton agniculturalland) would also be updated.

Revisedby Lea Associates 7-11 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:7 - Scial Impact Assessment

Table 7.9: Distribution of the Surveyed Population

Name of Village PersonsSurveyed FamiliesSurveyed Melthum 275 47 Melriat 275 53 Kelsih 86 12 Falkawn 383 71 Muallungthu 265 47 Tachhip 0 0 Aibawk 306 64 Sateek 114 25 Damdiai 39 7 Thenzawl 187 39 Buangpui 45 7 Lungsai 38 6 Sumsuih 34 5 Thiak 31 9 Hmuifang 12 4 Chamring 33 5 Total 2123 401 Source:Primary Survey The profile of the PAPs,as based on the socio-economicsurveys carried out along the project-corridorare presentedin the following sections.

7.3.1 FAMILY SIZE AND STRUCTURE As per the census, the average size of the PAFs is 5.3. The family structure is predominantlynuclear. There are very few joint and extendedfamilies amongst the PAPs. Only a few of the PAFsare headedby women.

7.3.2 LITERACY The educationalprofile of the PAPssurveyed revealed a close to 100% literacy rate, with only one individual found illiterate. There are 10.6 % of the PAPswho are just literate'5 . Only 9 .0% of the PAPshave attained graduation and only 3 persons have undergone technical /Professionaleducation, which is less then 0.25 percent of the PAPs.Seventy- three per cent of the PAPshave attained secondaryto intermediatelevel education.The details are given in Table 7.10.

'5 Thiscategory includes people who thoughhave not undergoneformal schooling, are just literatethrough the various educationcampaigns and adult education programmes by theGovemment and NGOs.

Revisedby Lea Associates 7-12 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.7 -Social Impact Assessment

7.3.3 OCCUPATION Most of the people involved in primary sector work as cultivators and agriculture labourers, with majority of the PAPs involved in agriculture6, especially as jhum cultivators. The extent of involvementin secondaryand tertiary sector activitiesis very limited. The involvementof PAPsin commercialactivities is restrictedto minor businesses, like running grocery shops or tea stalls. There are 11 unemployedPAPs who are in the working age group (between21 years and 60 years). Gender analysis for the project-affected population shows that women are equitably engaged in income earning activities. The occupationalstructure shown in Table 7.11 mainly revealsthat agricultureand allied activities(349 persons)is prominent,followed by employmentin the governmentsector (90 persons).

7.3.4 INCOME Main source of income for the PAPsis from cultivation (4 8%) followed by that from governmentservice (15%). About one-thirdof the PAF(114 families) have incomemore than the averageannual family income(Rs 54,894)of all the PAFs.Women's earnings are mainly from cultivation (36%) and allied activities such as poultry, dairy, rearing goats and pigs, business/trade,and service. Most women are employedin cultivation, trade or servicefor more than 100-200days per year. The socio-economicsurveys reveal that about one-third of the PAFs(110 families) have income below poverty level (of Rs 20,000 per annum). Amongstthe PAFsbelow poverty level, 46 familiesare womenheaded households. Those families having incomebelow poverty level are engagedin primary sector activities as marginalfarmers, agriculturelabourers, poultry and animal rearing etc. Thosewho are above average PAFannual income are engaged in non-agricultureactivity or have more then one source of income.

7.3.5 SKILLS The primary surveysrevealed that the levelof skills among the PAPsis low. It is important to note here that appropriatemeasures are to be devisedand diversifiedskill identification and upgrading have to be conducted for the PAPs.Considerable number of households rear pigs and are involvedin poultry activities.There were few casesof peoplewith other skills like carpentry, tailoring, handicraft, masonry and car /jeep/tractor mechanics.

16 Riceis cultivatedin river flowingareas and the agrcultureproduce is mainlyfor self-consumption.Fruits such as banana,oranges, pineapple, are grown in addibontocoffee, ginger, and turmerc. Revisedby LeaAssociates 7-13 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) R&IPDP. ;7 - Social Impact Assessment Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I

Table 7.10: Educational Profile of Affected Population Intermediate Graduate PostGraduate ITI Engineer Others Nameof Village Illiterate Just Literate Primary Middle Secondary M F M F M F M F M F __M F M F M F M F M F M F 1 9 3 7 3 6 2 1 Saikhamakawn 2 3 4 9 14 10 34 29 13 8 2 3 3 2 1 1 Melthum 5 1 S 2 16 11 38 31 6 5 2 1 5 5 0 Melriat 5 13 10 8 13 9 21 15 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Kelsih 0 0 0 2 2 2 4 10 2 3 4 2 5 1 0 Falkawn 1 2 7 0 28 29 53 34 5 6 7 0 0 3 3 Muallungthu 1 6 5 6 8 18 10 28 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Tachhip 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 5 1 0 Aibawk 5 6 2 10 24 23 29 45 7 9 2 2 3 3 0 3 0 Sateek 1 5 2 3 5 10 11 12 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Damdiai 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 _- Thenzawl 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Buangpui 2 1 0 1 9 11 7 4 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 .__ Lungsai 0 0 4 3 4 4 3 9 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 Sumsuih 3 0 2 2 5 3 4 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Thiak 1 0 5 3 8 5 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hmuifang 1 0 0 1 3 4 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 Chamring 2 1 1 1 2 5 4 0 0 46 26 19 24 23 6 0 0 1 0 1 0 Total 27 41 48 51 142 142 232 232 69 Source: Primary Survey

7-14 Oclober 2001 Revised by Lea Associates (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP: 7 - Social Impact Assessnient

Table 7.11: Occupational Structure of Adults of the affected population

Nameof Village Agriculture Agricultural AlliedAgri ForestLab Govt. Ser Pvt. Ser HH ind Commerce Professional ShopOwners Helpinghand in Labour shos _M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F Saikhamakawn 11 7 1 0 12 8 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 6 1 1 Melthum 15 13 2 4 11 3 3 2 1 1 1 Melriat 13 9 3 2 2 4 2 1 8 1 2 1 1 Kelsih 6 1 0 0 1 4 0 2 . Falkawn 27 17 7 9 1 12 4 4 1 3 2 5 1 Muallungthu 20 11 1 0 4 3 1 1 2 3 Tachhip 0 1 3 2 0 Aibawk 12 14 3 3 2 12 3 7 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 6 2 1 Sateek 18 18 2 3 0 3 Damdiai 1 0 0 0 1 1

Thenzawl 3 1 0 0 - 0

Buangpui 8 3 4 0 - 0 1 Lungsai 6 8 0 0 1 1 1 Thiak 8 3 1 0 2 Sumsuih 6 5 0 1 1 1

H-muifang 2 2 2 2 0 ______Chamring 7 2 4 2 1 0 Total 163 115 33 28 3 7 3 S 64 26 21 4 7 2 7 9 7 3 10 16 3 4 Source:Primary Survey

wvisedby Lea Associates 7-15 October2001 riginal Documentby ICT. CES, LBII) MIzoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:7 - SocialImpact Assessment

The project will benefit the community through generation of direct and indirect employment.This could be at the road site with contractors,minor repair or maintenance works with the PWD. This could be obtainedwith the help of the VCsand NGOslike YMA. Afforestationprograms taken on by PWDwith the help of the ForestDepartment can also benefit the villagers in procuring employmentduring the period to generateemployment opportunity. Unskilledand semi-skilledworkers from the local communitywill be engaged constructionactivities. The unemployedPAPs and those who are engaged in agriculture activates having education level above high school level can be assistedwith technical training to start their own business. The details of the income generating programmesfor the PAPsare presented as a separateChapter in this report.

7.3.6 WOMEN& GENDERISSUES It is expected that women will experience socio-economicimpacts in infrastructure development projects. Women as a vulnerable group, women-headed households, livelihoodand training for women are important issuesthat need to be addressed.With a sex ratio of 926 femalesto 1000 males,the populationof women amongthe affectedand displacedpopulation in the project area is high. The socio-economicanalysis reveals that many of the women headed PAFsare in below poverty lelvel. Though many of the women PAPs participate in income generating activities, they are restrictedfrom higher incomeactivities, in a number of ways. Analysis of surveyed PAPswork schedulesshowed that women were on an average working for between 14 -16 hours a day. Women are gainfully employedin residentialshops and hotels. Alternateland allotted for the displacedwould be away from the roadsidein case of houseson the valley side. The women, in such caseswould face a setback in their business.And it may take quite some time to recover from the losses incurred. Appropriate measureswould be required to avoid or minimizethe impacton this categoryof women operatedbusinesses. An majority of women revealed(during the survey)that they had decisionmaking powers on issuesrelated to financialmatters, health, property, purchaseof assets and children's education. Involvement of women, even beyond the scope of the relocation is foreseen in the project, especiallyduring the construction and operation stages. Specialsignificance to women issuesis requiredfrom the implementer'sside during construction.Participation of women has been envisagedspecifically in the following areas in various stage of the project implementation: * In the pre-planningand planning stages participation from womenwill be soughtthrough allowingthem taking part in the consultationprocess. For this, the locallevel agencies of implementation,i.e. the NGOshave an important role to play. * Eachfield team of the NGOwill includeat leastone women investigator/facilitator.

Revised by Lea Associates 7-16 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MlzoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.7 - SocialImpact Assessment

Compensationfor landand assets lost being same for all the affectedor displacedfamilies, specialcare would be takenby the NGOsfor womengroup while implementing the process of acquisitionand compensation. • It is imperativethat the projectimplementation unit ensuresthat the womenare consulted and invitedto participatein group-basedactivities, to gain accessand controlover the resourceas part of the R&IPDP. * The NGOswill makesure that womenare actuallytaking part in issuanceof identitycards, openingaccounts in the bank,receiving compensation amounts by chequesin their name or not, etc. This will further widenthe perspectiveof participationby the womenin the projectimplementation. * Underentitlement framework there is a numberof provisionskept for compensationand assistancestowards the lossesincurred upon the impactedwomen headed households by the project. On the other,some provisions, mostly those of the assistances,have been createdtowards reducing the probablehardship to be experiencedby themin the process sideby sidecreating scope for theirsustainable socio-economic development. * Assistanceswould be providedto womenas a vulnerablegroup in creatingalternative livelihoodfor themto ensuretheir sustainable socio-economic upliftment. . The implementingagencies would providetrainings for upgradingthe skill in the alternativelivelihoods and assistthroughout till the beneficiariesstart up with production andbusiness. • To improvethe economicstatus of womena self-helpgroups should be initiatedin eachof the villages affected by the project. These groups can then be linked to special developmentschemes of the Government,like DWCRAand with financialinstitutions like NABARDand Co-opBanking societies. Various development programmes availed by the governmentare detailed in Chapter5 (Poverty). , During monitoringand evaluation,there would be scopefor women'sparticipation. Monitoringof projectinputs concerning benefit to womenwould involve their participation that will makethe processmore transparent to them. * Womenwould be encourageto evaluatethe projectoutputs from their pointof viewand their useful suggestionswould be noted for taking necessaryactions for further modificationsin the project creating better and congenialsituation for increasing participationfrom women.

7.3.7 HEALTH No outbreak of epidemic / serious diseaseshave been registered in the recent past. Malaria,dysentery, heart or liver ailmentswere not reported during consultationswith the people. ICDS, Health sub-centers are functional. The existing medical facilities and available infrastructure are inadequate to serve the large population, but new infrastructurefacilities are under construction(such as the medicalcentre at Falkawn)or are being planned. For serious cases,people go to district hospitalsat Lunglei/ Aizawl rather than the PHCwhere often medicinesare not available.In addition, the issue of HIV/AIDSwas seen to be a prominentfeature of the project area that has to be tackled with the project. This issue of spread of AIDS is being addressedin Chapter6 of this Report.

7.3.8 TEMPORARYIMPACTS Some temporary impacts are envisagedduring the constructionstage of the project. These temporary impacts could be of various kinds. They may be related to the work-

Revisedby Lea Associates 7-17 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&ZrPDP:7 - Social Impact Assessment

zone disturbancesor closure of the road traffic during construction period, or to the location of the construction camps, the hot mix plants, the dumping sites, etc. The relevant mitigation measureshave been detailed in the EnvironmentManagement Plan (EMP). Even in the maintenancecontracts, a few temporary impacts are expected to occur. These temporary impacts have been addressedthrough the Environmentaland Social ManagementPlan (ESMP) for the maintenancecontracts. In most cases, the labourers will come from outside (as employeesof the contractors) and will stay in the camps throughout the period of construction.To meet the basic necessitiesof these people, recommendationsfor adequateprovisions have been made in the EMP/ESMP.The provision enlisted gave special emphasison the women and the childrenof the constructionworkers. The impact of a substantial migrant population, in any area entails its own special concerns.However, some componentsof project planningaddress the critical issues,such as the location of the constructioncamps away from the host population; or, provisionof facilities and supplies(especially fuel) to the constructioncamps, so that conflict with the host populationdoes not arise. Issues in relation to the spreadof HIV due to the establishmentof the migrant labourers near the settlementshave been discussedin Chapter6 of this Report.

7.4 PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF THE PHASE II PROJECT

Bongpui-LungleiSection The total length of this road is 71km. There are 14 villages17 and 1 town (Lunglei) falling along the Phase II Project Road. The width of the carriagewayin this section varies between 3 and 5m. The stretchhas a number of sharp bends and curves. The people expected the project to have an impact on their daily life such as loss of house, land, commercialstructures, relocation and noise and dust pollution. Thesewere the major adverse issues that the respondentswere concernedabout. However, the respondentsalso envisagedpositive impacts from this project, like the increasein the economicactivity and employmentopportunities in the region. Basedon the discussions with the people during the survey, trucking stations were suggested at Haulawng and Pukpui. Regardingrelocation, the people would like to shift to places nearby to their existing settlement. Consideringthe scale of resettlementsissues, it could be further suggestedthat the possibilitiesfor bypassesat Lungleiand Ramlaituibe exploredduring preparationof Phase-IIdesigns.

' The villages abutting the Phase1I project roadsare: (i) Buangpui,(ii) KanghmumSouth, (iii) Ramlaitui,(iv) Sekhum,(v) Mualthum North, (vi) Saichoohamlet of Haulawng,(vii) Haulawng(main), (viii) Mausenhamlet of Mausen(formerly knownas Arbai), (ix) Mausen(main), (x) Pukpui,(xi) Zotlang, (xii) Serkawn,(xiii) Zohnuai,and (xiv) Kikawn.

Revised by Lea Associates 7-18 October 2001 (Original Document by lCT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:7- SocialImpact Assessment

Aizawl Bypass Apart from this road the Aizawl Bypasswill also be constructedin PhaseII. This bypass will enable the through traffic to Lunglei,presently moving on NH54,to use the project road without entering Aizawl City. The length of this bypass is 16km. The settlements along the proposedbypass are very few. There are about 10 housesand sometemporary shedsof the BorderRoad Organization. There are two quarry sites along this bypass,one is at the kmp3, and the secondis nearthe end of the bypass. The bypass passesthrough the hilly terrain, forest and agriculturallands. The alignment will acquire not only agriculturalland, but alsothe governmentand forestland. The peoplewho were contactedduring the preliminarysurvey had not been averseto the project, they are willing to providethe land and allow their structuresto be shifted for the project. One of the quarry operatorscontacted opined that this bypass was very much required and would also help in increasingthe developmentactivities, which is limited to the city of Aizawl. Further, the PWD will take up the shifting the BRO camp from its current place,or shift the requiredarea structuresonly.

Estimated Impacts The impacts along the PhaseII would be on about 40 utilities. About 40ha of land would also be required for Phase-II. About 775 families would be affected by the project (including an estimated 300 residential/commercialproperties), of which about 150 families would be displaced(these are all higher-sideestimates, and are likely to be reducedand absolutelyminimised during designof Phase-II Project).

Revisedby Lea Associates 7-19 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) CHAPTER 8 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION

Public participationand communityconsultation has been taken up as an integral part of socialand environmentalassessment process of the Project.Carried out at variousstages of the project preparation,public participationhas been viewed as a continuoustwo way process, involving promotion of public understandingof the processesand mechanisms through which developmental problems and needs are investigated and solved. Consultationwas used as a tool to inform and educatestakeholders about the proposed action both before and after the development decisions were made. It assisted in identification of the problems associatedwith the project as well as the needs of the population likely to be impacted.This participatoryprocess helped in reducingthe public resistanceto change and enabled the participationof the local people in the decision making process. The involvement of the various stakeholdersensured that the affected population and other stakeholders are informed, consulted and are allowed to participate at various stagesof project preparation.

8.1 OBJECTIVES Community consultationsin the project was undertakenwith objectives, which may be grouped into (a) information sharing; (b) appraisal and assessmentof the community needs, and (c) development of specific design solutions. These objectives are listed below:

Information-Sharing . To promote public awarenessabout the proposedproject especiallyamongst the potentiallyimpacted communities/individuals. * To educatethe potentiallyimpacted communities/individuals about the proposedcourse of actionand the projectalternatives. * To explainthe projectrelated terms and definitions for easierunderstanding of the project, the policyand the R&IPDP. * To explainto the communitythe importanceof their role in supporting/facilitatingthe implementationof the R&IPDPin the project. * To introduceand explainthe rolesof the Resettlementand RehabilitationOfficers of the PIU, and other officersof the PWDto the PAPsand the affectedcommunities (for developinga mutuallysupportive working relationship).

Revised by Lea Associates 8-1 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MlzoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&JPDP:8 - CommunityConsultation

Appraisal & Assessment To inform Project Affected Persons(PAPs) about the entitlementframework and ResettlementAction Plan (R&IPDP), and to settletheir problemswith mutualconsent and to assistthem during relocation and resettlement. * Deduceinformation from the local peopleabout their socio-economicstatus and the resourcesthey dependupon for their livelihood. * Collectpeoples' perceptions about the projectand howthe negativeeffects of the project shouldbe mitigated.

* Devising Specific solutions * To solicit the views of affectedcommunities/individuals on environmentaland social problems. * Receivesuggestions from the villagers/PAPswith regardto the preferencesand options aboutthe projectin general,avoidance measures, mitigation/compensation measures, and benefitsbeing provided, in particular. * To ensurelessening of publicresistance to changeby providingthem a platformin the decisionmaking process.

8.2 COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONPROCESS The consultationprocess established for the project has employeda range of formal and informal consultation tools including, in depth interview with key informants, village meetings,workshops and even door-to-doorpersonal contacts. Such consultation sessions have been carried out at all stagesof the project preparationand will be continuedduring the implementation, which will subsequentlybe monitored during the operation of the project. The consultationprogramme has been conductedat severallevels, such as: * Headsof the householdslikely to beimpacted; * Membersof the householdslikely to beimpacted; * Clustersof PAPs; * Villagers; VillageCouncil Presidents; * Localvoluntary organisations, and CBOs/NGOs; * Governmentagencies and departments; * Otherproject-stakeholders', such as women,prominent persons from the villages(such as teachers,health workers, doctors). In order to solicit the views of the project affected personsand other stakeholdersabout the project and its impact on them public information and consultation(PIC) meetings were conducted at different stages of project-preparation during 1999-2001. The following section describesthe methodsused in the consultationprogramme during the project preparationstage.

All personsconsulted at the household and the village levels, and a vastmajority of theother stakeholders consultedbelong to the tribal populace.Therefore, no separateconsultation was requiredfor tribal population,as is customaryin projectsin otherstates/regions.

Revisedby Lea Associates 8-2 October2001 (OriginalDocument by [CT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPOP:8 - Community Consultation

The methods used in community consultations varied given the stages of project- preparation, levels of consultation, target groups consulted, etc. In general the communityconsultations included the stepsdescribed in the following sub-sections.

8.2.1 STATE LEVELCONSULTATIONS State level consultationswere held through a StakeholdersWorkshop (The RoadShow) at Aizawlin July 1999.This workshopwas attendedby the prominent personalitiesfrom the state, including the Chief Minister of the state. The other participants included the following: * The PAPs * The NGOs * The PWDOfficials * The ProjectCo-ordinating Consultants, and * The Officialsfrom the RevenueDepartment. The objectivesof this workshopwere the following: To buildawareness about the projectamong the people,district level administration, and the NGOs. * To benefitfrom the suggestionsand the ideasof the participantsin the Workshop. To ensurethat the project is implementedwith the support of the variousstakeholders.

8.2.2 HOUSEHOLDAND VILLAGELEVEL CONSULTATIONS Efforts had been made to contact each and every PAPwhile conductingthe censusand the baseline socio-economicsurvey, which was conducted door-to-door. At the village level, PAPsand local governmentleaders (the VillageCouncil Leaders), the local voluntary organisations (including the "Young Mizo Associations') had been consulted. The community at large was consulted through the village meetings. Techniques like participatory rural appraisal (PRA), formal questionnaire-basedinterviews, personal interviews, and other consultativeand assessmenttechniques had been deployed.Most of the village meetings were conductedin the form of group discussions,based on an open- ended schedule.The minutesof the village meetingshad been recorded/documented. The main objective of the household/villagelevel communityconsultation was to generate feedbackto minimisenegative impact inflicted upon the local communitiesby the project, and to spread awarenessregarding the project. During the consultations,efforts were also made to: * Understandviews of peopleaffected with referenceto the environmentalimpacts of the road; * Identify and assessall major environmentaland socialcharacteristics of the villageto enabieeffective planning and implementation; * Resolveissues relating to impactson communityproperty; and, * To establishan understandingfor identificationof overalldevelopment goals and benefits of the project.

Revisedby Lea Associates 8-3 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:8 - CommunityConsultation

A 1000/%sample was taken up for individualhousehold consultation (door-to-door personal interviews). The household level consultationswere carried out with the help of a checklist prepared and circulatedin advanceto the various groups through the Village Council Presidents'. The consultationsbroadly discussed various issues related to minimisingsocial impacts, project road design, resettlementand rehabilitationpolicy and the resettlement action plan. The details of these issuesdiscussed with the public are given in the checklistenclosed in Annexure2.3 in VolumeII of this report. Village meetings or the Public Information and Consultations (PIC) sessions were conducted at 7 locations on the project-stretch. However,such meetings (which often took the form of multiple 'group discussions')covered 100% of the villages (by inviting people from the respective cluster of villages to attend) The locations where such meetings/PICwere conductedare presentedin the following table.

Table 0-1: Location of Public Information and Consultations(PIC) sessions Date Village Partidcatingvillages Participants Participants Male Female 23.08.99 Melriat Melriat,Hualngohmun, VCP/PAPs/Other Villagers 97 13 Kelsih 23.08.99 Aibawk Aibawk,Tachhip, PAPs/Othervillagers 67 4 Sateek,Damdiai 24.08.99 Sialsuk SialsukSamlukhai PAPs/Othervillagers 102 20 25.08.99 Thenzawl Thenzawl PAPs/Othervillagers/PHC, 87 2

I ______Doctor/Health officer 14.04.2000 Falkawn Falkawn PAPs/Othervillagers 10 7 14.04.2000 Thiak Thiak PAPs/Othervillagers 4 2 15.04.2000 Hmuifang Hmuifang PAPs/Othervillagers 7 3 14.03.2001 Melriat Meiriat PAPs/Othervillagers 8 6 14.03.2001 Muallungthu Muallungthu VCP/PAPs/Other 6 7 Villagers/WomenHealth Workers 14.03.2001 Aibawk Aibawk PAPs/Othervillagers 10 4 15.03.2001 Buangpui Buangpui PAPs/Othervillagers/Male 10 4 Health workers The following steps were generallyadopted for conductingthe village level meetings: * Disseminationof information through public addresssystem 2 and requesting villagers to attend the publicconsultation meeting. * Conductinga publicmeeting fulfilling all the objectivesas given in sub-section8.2 above. * Conveyinginformation (related to the scope, purpose, designof the project, and impacts of the project) during the socialsurveys to the communityand the likely PAPs. * Gathering information related to the opinions and preferencesof the communityand the likely PAPs. * Recording the perceptions of the people on various issues related to Resettlement & Rehabilitation * Involvementof the communityand the likely PAPsin the decisionmaking process.

2 Eachvillage in Mizoramhas a 'publicaddress system'.

Revised by Lea Associates 84 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) AS S5 AM

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Ah 7 Z ~Meith -zo xSaik9 kw °- ; 2 ' KelLh(km 12 30)~~Meiriat(km 10.40) **\

Muallungth (km 16.50) tFa1kawn (km 14.00) ** Tachhip (km 20.40) -*g ! Aibaw (km 27.00) ** . , _' d fSateek (km 28.50) uge Dam iai (km 34.40)

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S suih (km 47.

Hmuifang ( 52.00) **

Chamring (>i 54.50) J/ / . Chhingchhip Sials

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** Location of Public Consultations Held * Location of Villages

Location of Villages and Places of Public Consultations Conducted MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:8 - Community Consultation

8.3 KEY OUTCOMESFROM CONSULTATION The detailed records of the discussionsand the responsesof the communitiesduring the PICprograms are given in Annexure8.1 in VolumeII of this report. Further, photographic documentationduring the PIC meetingsis given as Annexure8.2 in the same volume. The state-levelstakeholders' workshop had beenvideo graphed.

8.3.1 LOCALLEVEL CONSULTATIONS From all consultation sessions(household, village and state levels) it was found that the participantswere aware of the project. They also made several recommendationsabout the plan and design of the project. The various issues and suggestionsthat emerged during public consultationsare: * In most of the villages,the communitieswere in favourof developingthe roadalong existingalignment through the village.Conversely, people were not in favourof bypasses. (This is relatedto the fact that the villagesettlement pattern in Mizoram,otherwise a difficultterrain, was entirely dependent on the roadsand the road-form.) * Peopleliving on the valleyside of the roadwere concernedabout the difficultyto move their propertiesaway from the road(as the valleyswere very steep),and hadsuggested cuttingthe hillsidefor wideningthe road. * The communitieswere of the viewthat they shouldbe consultedat variousstages of the project, from preparationto projectimplementation. * Peopleexpressed concern about safety of the localinhabitants (as the residentialand/or commercialproperties in the villagesare located very close to the road,and the roadwayis not verywide). * The likely PAPswere concernedabout the compensationpayment, particularly regarding the procedureof disbursement. Trhe peoplebelieved that wideningof the roadwill leadto developmentof the areaand generatelocal/regional business opportunities, as the trafficwill increase. * With bettercommunication links, people felt that skilledlabour and better materials would be availableto the remotevillages (which are not verywell connectednow). Consultationhelped in convincingall the communitiesfor their positiveparticipation during project implementation. The principal issues raised during the various stages of community consultation (particularly pertaining to compensation,land acquisition,resettlement and rehabilitation) and the perceptionsabout the project are summarisedin Table 8.2.

8.3.2 SPECIALCONSULTATION WITH HEALTH DEPARTMENT A primary health sub-centreis located at Falkawnvillage (serves both Muallungthuand Falkawn villages). The female health worker of this sub-centreis from Muallungthuand the male health worker is based at Falkawn.A referral hospital is under constructionat Falkawn. General diseases that are reported are malaria, dysentery, diahorrea, and bronchitis among children. This sub-centre has mother and child care facilities. For treating major ailments, people have to go to the hospital at Aizawl (such trips would reduce once the referral hospital at Falkawnis operationalised). Supplyof medicinesto this sub-centreis

Revisedby Lea Associates 8-5 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:8 - CommunityConsultation

in once a quarter (the frequencyis inadequatefor the large number of patientsthis sub- centre serves). There is emergencyservices or facility (the nearestplace for availingsuch facility is Aizawl, which due to the poor road condition,is more than 90 minutes away, and serves little purpose in case of emergency). The health department officials were unequivocalthat the project will benefit the sub-centreand the hospital (by allowing specialistdoctors from Aizawl to visit thesefacilities as a result of reducedtravel time, and by increasing the frequency of medical supplies) and the community as a whole (by increasingthe service areas of the medicalfacilities, by reducingtravel time, by making accessto medicalshops easier).

Table 8.2: Principal Issues, Opinions & Perceptionsof the Communities

SI. No. Issue Perceptions,Opinions & Suggestions 1 Perceptionsabout the The generalview was that the projectis beneficialto the communities,and Project is a necessityfor the vast majorityof them. 2 Compensation Peoplewere not aware of the natureof compensationand how it will be decided. Public property (if any) affected should be compensated appropriately in consultationand co-ordinationwith the concernedagency (villagegroups, local governmentbodies, the church,the NGOs,and the govemment departments).Location of the publicfacility will be discussedwith the elders in the affectedvillages before relocation. 3 LandAcquisition Compensationhas to be on parwith the prevalentmarket ratesfor the land and the structures(on the land)that is beingacquired for the project. The distanceof alternatesite (or structure)should not be large (andshould never be more than about a kilometrefrom the existing settlement). Landshould be taken into possessionof the project authoritiesonly after allowingthe cultivatorsto harvestthe standingcrop. 4 Resettlementand Buildingstructures lyingoutside the proposedcorridor of impact (particularly Rehabilitation on the hillside)would be affectedduring and after construction. People recommendedconstruction of retainingwalls to protectthese buildings,or support/assistanceto be providedto the PAPsto constructit on their own. Peoplewere of the opinionthat disturbanceto the buildingstructures should be avoidedas muchas possible.If large-scaleimpacts on building structuresare unavoidable,then a bypass shouldbe provided. 5 Constructionwaste Dumpingof earth/soil residueshould be doneat a sites designatedby the disposal respectivevillage representatives.If crop or land is damageddue to waste disposal,the affectedpersons should be compensatedfully. 6 Power supplyto the Delay in providingadequate power/electricity connection to the building rehabilitated/ structures,which are relocatedor rehabilitated,was a big concern.To avoid relocatedbuildings any inconvenienceto the PAPsthe concerneddepartments of the state govemmentshould work in close co-ordination. 7 NaturalResources Bambooand other trees, proposedto be cut in the project,should be compensatedappropriately. (This issue has been addressedin the EnvironmentAssessment Report).

8.3.3 SPECIFIC DESIGN ISSUES During community consultations,suggestions and recommendationswere receivedfrom the participantsabout certain designsolution (specificto locations).Type of benefits that the people would like to accrueto the village from this project and suggestionsfor the

Revisedby Lea Associates 8-6 October2001 (Orginal Documentby ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:8 - CommunityConsultation

various camp sites, etc., required during the construction stage of the project were as follows: * South of the village of Muallungthu,vacant land (devoid of any individual/community resource) is available for disposal of construction waste. The village does not have a playground. People suggested that this parcel of land could be redevelopedas a playgroundonce disposalof constructionwaste is complete.(In the constructionperiod the levelleddisposal area could be usedas a labourers'camp). * In case of emergencythe nearestmedical centre is at Aizawl(at a distanceof 10km),thus the people of Muallungthuwished that they could be providedwith an ambulanceby the project. (However,the projectofficials explainedthat this is beyondthe direct possibilities from the project, but the PIU would seek the help of the Department of Health for providing such services,if possible.Also, the new referral hospitalat Falkawnwould be a operationalfacility in very nearfuture, it was pointed out.) * Villagers wished that some drinking water facility be provided in the villages under this project. (It was explainedthat this is beyondthe mandateof the PWDto provide directly; and that a schemefor providing drinking water to villages like Aibawk, Sateek, Damdiai, Lungsai, Thiak and Sumsuih is currently under construction by the Water Supply Department.) * Villagers (at Melrat, Kelsih, Falkawn, Muallungthu,Tachip, Aibawk and Damdiai) were concernedabout the loss of accessand closureof the road during the entire construction period. It was suggestedthat the impactdue to closureof road (work zone impacts)could be avoided by keepingthe road open during two time-slots a day (7.00-9.00 hours and 1600-1800 hours. Peopleopined that the work-trips, which is the only significant inter- village trips performedby villagers,are mostly restrictedduring such hours. Duringthe rest of the day, work zone closure would not significantly reduce access. (The traffic managementplan for the constructionperiod would take this into account.) * There is an old accessroad in Muallungthuvillage, which if maintained under this project would help the villagers. (The PWD would maintain this road, separatelyas a routine work.) These suggestions and the feasible solutions have been incorporated in the designs and contracts of the project (as per indicated in parenthesis along the issues described above).

The meetings also revealed the relatively more successful and effective rural development programs existing and operational in the project region. Among the many programmes/schemes, people perceived the following to be more beneficial: * IRDP- Integrated Rural developmentProgramme-targeted towards the youth and for severalother village welfarecomponents. * SGSY- Financialhelp is extendedto the villages for digging tube-wells, constructionof community/individualurinals, playgrounds, lined drain, etc., underthis programme. * IAY - Indira AwasYojana - housesfor the poor

8.3.4 VIEWS ON RESETTLEMENTAND REHABILITATION

Responses on the structured questionnaire (circulated for census the likely PAPs) indicate that the likely PAPswould like to be relocated /shifted within their own individual villages. Of the total sample households3, 79.5% wanted to be relocated within their own villages.

3 A sampleof 44, of a likelypopulation of 67 (thissample is basedon the elicitedresponses)

Revisedby Lea Associates 8-7 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:8 - CommunityConsultation

Only about 20/oof the householdsdid not have any reservationsregarding the place of relocation. However, about 18%/ohouseholds could not decidetheir relocation options at the time of the survey, and have indicated that they would form an opinion before implementationof the project starts. Regarding rehabilitation measuresmajority of the surveyed householdsin this stretch indicatedpreferences for both house sites and constructedhouses. The Resettlementmeasures were discussedwith the likely PAPs.Sixty-one per cent of the likely PAPshad clear opinions on the rehabilitation options, while 39% had no clear preference or were unable to articulate their options. The preferencesfor rehabilitation are given in Table 8.3. Interestingly, of the likely PAPs4 who had clear opinions on the preferred resettlement options, 170/o wanted no assistanceor compensation,22 0/o wanted only replacement value for the structure, while another 29% wanted only shifting assistance.Either residentialplot or constructedhouse was preferredby about 15% each. Such preference for (a) no assistanceor compensation,and (b) only replacementvalue for structures could be explainedby the absenceof formal ownershiprights on property in the villages. Most of the properties are built on land leased by the Village Councils,who are the deemed owners of the land. Land is generally freely available (by allotment from the Village Council),and therefore it is the building structure, which is important for the likely PAPs. The high preferencefor "only shifting allowance"could be explainedby the fact that a good number of residential buildings likely to be impacted are relatively lightweight construction (with Bamboo and/or timber as the major building material for floors and walls, and corrugatediron sheets as the roofing material).These buildingscan be easily dismantled and subsequently re-constructed using the same material, without very significant damage or debris. The shifting allowance is deemed to take care of the damageor loss of building materials. Among the householdslikely to lose commercialproperties, 50% want constructedhouse as a replacement.This is becausethere is no essentialdifference between the residential or commercialbuilding structures. In fact, most of the roadsidebusinesses (mostly petty shops)are home-basedoperations (part or full of the family room is used as the shop).

4 All of themare losingresidential or/and commercialproperties.

Revised by Lea Associates 8-8 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:8 - CommunityConsultation

Table 8.3: Owners Preference for Rehabilitation

Type of Residential Constructed Oxpenly Reply meS elf Others Total Impacted Plt Hue Expenses Value Rlcto

Residential 3 6 9 9 7 1 35

Commercial 3 - 3 - - - 6 Total 6 6 12 9 7 1 41 Source: Primary Survey (ICT et al.)

8.3.5 PERCEIVEDIMPACTS

The overall opinion, among the villagers in general and the PAPsin particular, was that the project is very beneficial to all of them. The people welcomed the idea of road improvement and expressed willingness to support the project activities in all possible/feasible ways. However, the people were able to identify and distinguish several beneficial aspects of the project, as well as some potential risks. These are described in the following sub-sections.

Perceived Positive Impacts The communities opined that, - The project would acceleratedevelopment of trade and commerce,which in turn would lead to an overallincrease in the standardof living in the villages. The projectwould enablethe peopleto savetime, moneyand fuel. * Travelling to placeslike Lungleiand Aizawlfor medicaltreatment would be easier. - PAPs would be able to sell agricultural produces more profitably as improved road condition will enable accessto a wider market area. More villageswould be able to sell perishablegoods to the urbancentres (which is difficult now due to the long travel time). * More individual householdswould be able to open small roadsidebusinesses (such as provision shops,'vehicle repairing' shops, restaurants)either as an alternative sourceof income,or to augmenttheir income. Influx of tourists and visitorswould help the local entrepreneurs. * Value of land will increaseafter the projectis operationalised. * Communicationwith other villagesand urbanareas will be improvedor facilitated.

* Perceived Negative Impacts

The following risks could be associated with the project, in the perception of the communities, unless adequate mitigation/management actions are taken: * There were apprehensiveabout just and timely payment of compensationby the government.(People were assuredby the PIU that all possible,and feasibleactions would be taken up to ensure that such issues do not arise in the project. People were also explained about the possible disbursementof "assistance"over and above the legally mandated"compensation".) * There were apprehensiveabout timely completionof, and quality control in the project. (The implementationschedule and arrangements,including the procurementof supervision consultantsand technicalauditors were explainedto the people.) * Dust, rubbles from demolished(or cut) hillside, and those from dismantling of building structures worried the community.Without proper precaution,the housesand gardens(or

Revised by Lea Associates 8-9 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:8 - CommunityConsultation

orchards)on the valley side would be impacteddue to dust, debris or constructionwastes. Noise pollutionwas also an issue(particularly on the stretch between Damdiaiand Sialsuk villages). * There were fear of an increasein landslidesdue to cutting of hillsideslopes and the trees. * A few likely PAPshad expressedtheir displeasurefor relocation;a few other households were not too keen to be rehabilitatedin a remoterplace in the village,away from the road. * The project might increasethe chancesof vehicularaccidents (due to current and potential inducedovercrowding) since heavy vehicleswould be plying on these roads,and traffic in general would increaseafter the project is completed. (The peoplewere informed about the different safety measuresthat are beingtaken in the project.)

8.3.6 COMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT NEEDS The communities also indicated the following felt needs, which are associated with the current poor road conditions in and around the villages: * Augmentationof telecommunicationnetwork in the villages(particularly in Thiak, Samsuih, Hmuifangand Chamring). * Ambulance service to transport patients requiring immediate attention to the district hospitals. * Betterment and constructionof the internal and the accessroads in the villages(including surfacingof the earthen roads, which becomeunusable during rains; and, constructionand upgradingof approachroads joining the highway).

8.3.7 SUGGESTIONSSPECIFIC TO COMPENSATION

All villagers being displaced unanimously wanted cash compensation at current market prices. However many people had no idea about the rates at all.

Village Councils/Village Council President were recommended to be involved in disbursement of compensation money since they enjoyed the trust of the people. Most of the PAPs had no objection to being displaced provided they were adequately compensated for their losses i.e. money to build a new house and live as they did prior to displacement.

Most of those who would get displaced wanted relocation sites to be within the village boundary and in the vicinity of the present settlement.

8.4 PLAN FOR CONTINUED PARTICIPATION

The following set of activities is required for proper implementation of the R&IPDP. These will help the process of resettlement and rehabilitation to be effective, and will ensure time-bound achievements.

8.4.1 INFORMATIONDISCLOSURE

The R&IPDP will be disclosed at several locations, for the benefit of the interested community, and the stakeholders. There are following components of disclosure of project information.

Revisedby Lea Associates 8-10 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) AlizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.S - CommunityConsultation

Public Disclosureof the R&IPDP Report The R&IPDPhas been disclosedand shall be kept for public referenceat the State Public Library, Aizawl and with the Village CouncilPresidents of the affected villages along the project road. All these places will be open to the public without any restriction whatsoeveron access. It is proposed that the copy of the R&IPDPreport should be placed in the referencesection of the librariesand at the residenceof the VillageCouncil Presidentin the village. Further, as only one copy of the R&IPDPwill be made available the project affected people can only refer at the place of availability and return to the respectiveauthorities and not taken from the library or the Village Council President's residence. The report shall also be availableat the World BankInfo Shop at WashingtonDC, as per the World Bank disclosurepolicy. In addition to this, the copy of the report shall be availablewith the PWDheadquarters at Aizawland the PIU office at Aizawl. The report from these placeswill be availableto the public on requestfor reference. PWD project implementationunit office will provide actual information on policies and other rehabilitation action plan to the people, in a regular basis. For this, the following actions are proposed: * The NGOsinvolved in implementationof the R&IPDPwill organisepublic meetings, and will appraisethe communitiesabout the progressin the implementationof R&Rworks. * There will be grievanceredressal committees (GRCs) for the districtthrough which the projectroad passes. The PAPsrepresentatives will beassociated with the committee. * The resettlementsites, and other amenities and facilities to be madeavailable to the PAPs will be madein consultationwith the communities. * The NGOswill organisepublic meetings to informthe communityabout the paymentand assistancepaid to the community. Regularupdate of the progressof resettlement componentof the project(summary version of the report submittedby the NGO)will be placedfor publicdisplay at PIU office. All monitoringand evaluationreports of the R&Rcomponents of the projectwill be disclosedin the samemanner as suggestedin this R&IPDPreport.

8.4.2 CONTINUED CONSULTATION To implement the R&IPDP in an appropriate manner, it is essential to provide for participation of communities and affected persons in the process. Stakeholders' participationthroughout the stages of project implementationand early operationwill be integrated in the project. Table 8.4 provides the mechanismfor continued communityparticipation in the project, detailing the different stagesof participation,and the roles of the stakeholders.

Revised by Lea Associates 8-11 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.8 - CommunityConsultation

Table 8.4: Mechanismsfor Continued Participation in the Project

Project Stage PAPs and their NGOs Local Officials(in Host Representatives Projectand Host Areas) Community Identification * Receiveinformation on * Designand carry * Assist in census and . Improve projectimpacts out information socio-economicsurvey informationand . Participatethe in and suggestion . Assist NGO in inputsto design coordinationcommittee . Assistin census information of income and socio- dissemination restoration * Participatein census economicsurvey *Priiaei n programs l surveys in Participatein a arrangePublic . Identifyexisting •Participateincoordiniateion arrngesubaicn right and consultationsto develop coordination Consultations income IR programs committee .Arrange PAPtransport to restoration . Keeprecords of . Participatein site schemes consultations consultations *Help to document * Discussareas * Chooseresettlement . Representationon consultations of possible alternativesor housing grievancetribunal . Supportthe village conflictwith schemes . FacilitatePAP councilswork in PAPs |- Inputs of design of inter-group implementation resettlementlocations meetngs * Examinefeasibility of IR . Participatein grievance programsand discuss tribunal with PAPs Implemen- . Monitorprovision of . Provideongoing . Process IR proposals . Assist PAPs in tation entitlements informationfor * Participatein grievance use of new * Laborand other inputsat PAPsand hosts redresssal production l site . Providesupport in Provideassistancesystems - Managementof site and group underlocal schemes . Form joint project input management management . Managementof common * Monitor implementation groupsfor propertyresources provisionand commiUtee resources . Managementof implementationof . Processdocuments for communitydevelopment IR programs welfare and socio- funds . Membersof economic services . Memberof implementation (raton card,BPL card) implementation committee committee Monitoring * Participatein grievance . Provide * Ongoinginteraction with . Provideinputs and tribunal informationto PAPs to identify to monitoring Evaluation projectstaff on problemsin IR programs and evaluation . Reportto projecton IR prjcstfon polminRpogas ndeluin schemes vulnerablegroups . PatcpnsinParticipants of R&R .Reportson service . Act as extemal correctionalstrategies qualityat site monitorsfor quality at site project

Revisedby Lea Associates 8-12 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) CHAPTER 9 LAND ACQUISITION & LAND RELATED LAWS

9.1 LANDSETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN MIZORAM The land settlement system and the legislation governing the land and revenue administrationare typical to the state of Mizoram.Mizoram, till 1972,was a district of the state of Assam (Lushai Hills District). In purusanceof the Sixth Scheduleof the Indian Constitution,the erstwhile LushaiHills District Councilor the Mizo District Councilpassed certainacts, which speciallyapplied to the District. In accordancewith this legislation,the ExecutiveCommittee of the defunctMizo District Council was the ChiefControlling Authority over the land, wherein the CEMwas entrustedto carry out all allotment of land for any purpose. '..And whereas,by cdause(a) of sub-paragraph(1) of paragraph 3 of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitutionof India, the District Councilfor an autonomous district is empoweredto make law with respect to the allotment, occupationor use or setting apart of land, other than any land which is a reservedforest, for the purpose of agriculture or grazing or for residentialor other non-agricultural purposeslikely to promote the interestsof the inhabitantsof any villageor town.' With the dissolutionof the erstwhileDistrict Counciland the elevationof the Districtto the status of a Union Territory, and the Union Territory to an independent state, by appropriate adaptation,these powerswere vestedwith the Administratoror the Governor of the State. The districts of the state have been sub-dividedinto blocks,which further have been demarcatedinto villages.Typically, a Villagein the state of Mizoramincludes: . The village area demarcatedwith definedboundaries for the purposeof residential developmentand the land area within this jurisdictionearmarked for non-agricultural activities,residential, business and any other non-agriculturalpurposes with defined boundaries. * The restof the land(outside the settlementarea) prescribed for agriculture. The various legislation, which provide for the land settlement system in the state of Mizoramare as follows: * The LiushaiHill Districts (House Site) Act 1953; * The MizoDistrict (Land & Revenue)Acts, 1956; * The MizoDistrict (land & Revenue)Rules, 1967; * The MizoDistrict (Agricultural Land) Act, 1963; * The MizoDistrict (Agricultural Land) Rules, 1971, and; * The MizoDistrict (Transfer of Land)Acts, 1963. The discussion on the features of each of these legislative provisions and their applicabilityto the present project are presentedin section 9.2.

Revisedby Lea Associates 9-1 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBii) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:9 - LandAcquisition & LandRelated Laws

9.1.1 ALLOTMENTOF LAND In accordanceto the Sixth Scheduleof the Constitutionof India, the District Council is empowered to make law for the allotment, transfer and setting apart of land within Mizoram.With the dissolutionof the district counciland the formation of the State, these powers are vested with the Administratoror Governorof the state through the Revenue Department. Further to this, in accordanceto the Lushai Hills District (House Sites) Act, 1953, the Village Councils,constituted for each of the villages in the state of Mizoramhas been vested all powers for the allotment of land for non-agriculturaluses within the respective village boundaries.The allotment of land can either be: * TemporaryAllotment * PermanentAllotment For the allotment of the agriculturalland, the Administrator(Governor) of Mizoram,or the officers authorised by it (the RevenueDepartment) have been vested the powersfor the allotment of land for agriculturalpurposes. For allotment of land an individual has to make an applicationto the ExecutiveMember in Charge or the officer appointed or authorized stating the periodicity of allotment (Temporary allotment/ PermanentAllotment). Applicationsfrom the villages should be submitted through the VillageCouncil President along with his recommendations. For temporary allotment of agriculturalland, the ExecutiveMember shall verify the land in a prescribedschedule. For Permanentallotment of agricultural land, the VC shall cause the land to be verified, surveyed measuredand demarcated.He shall also prepare a sketch map of the pieceof land showingits current land use. A boundary descriptionof the land shall also be preparedand submitted.The survey shall also whether the land is free and availablefor patta and alsofree from all encumbrances. In case of TemporaryAllotment on completionof the verification and making of further investigationas may be necessarythe ExecutiveMember or the designatedOfficer shall grant or reject an Application.However in case of allotment of land under permanent allotment the land shall be allotted or rejectedafter receivingthe report of the verification and the surveys and other investigationsas may be necessary.

9.1.2 LAND OWNERSHIP The land settlement system in Mizoram permits the following three categories of titleholders:

* Settlement Holder4 These are titleholders who have heritable and transferable rights over the land. Settlement holder means personsother than a pass holder, who has enitered into an engagementwith the Adminimstrator,to pay land revenue and is deemed to have the acquiredthe status of a Settlement holder under section 7 of the Mizo District (Land &

Revised by Lea Associates 9-2 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MlzoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:9 - LandAcquisition & LandRelated La ws

Revenue) Act. The settlement holder shall have heritable and transferable right of use on or of sub-letting in his land. These lands can be acquired for public purposes after payment of suitable compensation for the land-acquired u/s 4 of the Mizoram District (Agricultural Land) Acts, 1963.

Periodic Patta Holders

The periodic patta authorises a person to use a parcel of land for a definite period of time. These include persons who have not acquired Patta holder's rights u/s 7 of the Mizoram District (Agricultural Land) Acts, 1963. With this licence, the heritable and transferable right of use on or of subletting in his land subject to conditions in the Act. The land under Periodic Patta can be acquired for public purposes without compensation before the expiry of the period of allotment.

Pass/ Permit holders

This pass authorizes a person to use a piece of land but doesn't give them right of an owner. A pass holder shall have no right in the soil beyond a right of user for the period for which it is given and shall have no right or transfer, or of inheritance beyond the period of the pass or of the subletting.

9.1.3 CONVERSIONOF PASSOR PERMITrTOPERIODIC PATTA

The Executive Committee shall from time to time issue notices for the conversion of pass or permit previously granted by authority to Periodic Patta or Patta for a whole district or a circle. On issuance of such notices the pass or Permit holder shall submit an application in writing to the Executive Member or the designated Officer along with the pass or permit stating clearly whether the application is for conversion to a Periodic Patta or a Patta. Applications from the village should be sent through the Village Council Presidents along with his recommendations.

On receipt of such applications the Executive Member or the designated officer shall verify and survey the land and award the patta on payment of the specified fees.

9.1.4 TRANSFEROF LAND

To transfer the land partly or wholly the periodic patta holder shall have to apply for the same u/s7 of the Mizoram District (Transfer of Land) Acts, 1963 to the Secretary of the department along with the prescribed fees. If nothing is found against such transfer of land as per the terms and conditions of the patta such transfer shall be effected in the Register of Land Records and Patta documents on payment of the prescribed fees.

9.1.5 NOTIFICATIONFOR RESERVELAND

According to a notification of the Government of Mizoram dated 215' June 1982 the government has declared 5 meters in horizontal measurement on both sides from the

Revisedby Lea Associates 9-3 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R8IPDP.9 - LandAcquisition & LandRelated Laws

edge of all motorable roads other than National Highway, footpaths as reserve land. These lands should not be included for area recommendedfor allotment for sites for house, shop and stalls. For allotment of land adjoining any departmental land a " No Objection" certificatehas to be obtainedfrom the all suchdepartments concerned.

9.1.6 RULES FOR APPEALAGAINST AN ORDER Appealsagainst any action under the Mizoram,District (Land & Revenue)Act 1956 and Mizoram District (Agricultural Land) Acts 1963 shall be made to the Chief Executive Member within 60 days from the date of the order. The Chief ExecutiveMember shall dispose off the matter after giving a hearing to al the parties and witnessesconcerned. This however shall not debar any person from bringing a suit against such decisionin a competent court of law. A village council court shall not be consideredas a competent court for the purpose except in caseof the LushaiHills (HouseSite) Act 1953,where the order of the Administrator of the Village Council shall be consideredas a decree of a competentcivil court.

9.2 LEGISLATION - LAND AND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION IN MIZORAM Though all land acquisition is based on the Land AcquisitionAct of 1894 the salient features and provisionsof the state legislationsapplicable to the project are presentedin the following sections:

9.2.1 THE LUSHAIHILL DIsTRIcrs (HOUSESITE) AcT 1953 This legislation was enactedto providefor the allotment of sites for residentialor other non-agriculturalpurposes in the state of Mizoram. i The administrator or any other person or body authorisedin that behalf by the administratorsshall allot sites for residentialand other non-agricultural purposes in Aizawl, Lunglei,Demagiri, Sairang, Kolasib, Dhampai and Vanlaiphai and also sites for shops,stalls andother business purposes. * Apartfrom the urbanareas specified, for otherareas of the state,the Villagecouncil shall be competentenough to allot siteswithin its jurisdictionfor residentialand othernon- agriculturalpurposes with theexception of commercialestablishments. * In casesof protectedareas, the allotmentof villagesites shall be done by the village councilonly with the priorapproval of the administrator. * On the allotmentof the residentialsite, the allotteeshall be givena pattaas documentary evidence.

9.2.2 THEMIzo DISTRICT(AGRICULTURAL LAND) ACT, 1963 The Mizo District (Agricultural land) Act, was passed by the Mizo District council for providing for the control over the agriculturalland in the Mizo district. The act shall apply to all lands within Mizoramexcept, * Landincluded in the stateforest reserve a The soilof all Governmentand Public roads

Revisedby Lea Associates 9-4 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:9 - LandAcquisition & LandRelated Laws

* All lands in the station reserves of Aizawl, Lunglei, Sairang, Demagiri, Champhai or any other areas notified. * The Administrator or the officiers authorised by it, in writing shall have the power to allot any vacant land for the purpose of agriculture activities. * The allotment shall be in a patta form * No person shall occupy and taken possession of any land for agricultural activities unless allotted and patta obtained in accordance with the provisions of this act.

9.2.3 THE MIzo DISTRICT (LAND & REVENUE) ACTS, 1956

This legislation was passed by the Mizo Council, 1956, and was enacted to provide for the recognition of rights on land and assessment of revenue on such land by the district council. * This legislation elaborates the rights of the pass-holders over the lands allotted, settlement holders' right over land, the power of the administrator over vacant land, etc. * Works out the methodology for recording and demarcation of land, and the certificate of possession and assessment. * Details the procedure for the transfer of ownership of land * Fixes the rate of revenue for the land and the payment of the land revenue.

9.3 LAND REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT

The existing formation width on an average throughout the 100 Kms of the Phase I is about 5.0m. To accommodate the designed formation width of 7.1 m on straights and 8.0 m on curves (as required for the upgradation of project priority road P1A) there will be land acquisition involved. The land requisition for Phase-I of the Project given in Table 9.1. (Land requirement for the Phase-II of the Project is about 40ha, a large part of which would need to be acquired.)

Table 9.1: Land Requirementsof the Project for Phase I

TransactionRequirement Land Use/Utilization Aria

Residential 25,388.9 2.54 Commercial 1,105.8 0.11 MixedResidential & Commercial 1,421.5 0.14 Land to be Acquired Agricultural(Jhum & Plantation) 269,956.3 30.00 Sub-Total: Land with Private Ownership or Rights 297,872.4 29.79 CommunityLand (VillageCouncil or NGOs) 19,482.0 1.95 Sub-Total:Land Acquisition Requirement 317,354.4 31.74 Free Land (LandVested in the Government) 128,835.0 12.88 GovernmentDepartments' Land 31,710.0 3.17 Land to be Transferred ForestLand Sub-Total: Land Transfer Requirement 160,545.0 16.05 GrandTotal LandRequirement 477,899.0 47.79 Source:PWD, Govtof Mizoram Updateof Land AcquisitionRequirement

Revised by Lea Associates 9-5 October2001 (OriginalDocument by [CT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&JPDP.9 - LandAcquisition & LandRelated Laws

The details of the land to be acquiredfrom the private; government,Village Councils (or NGOs)are given in Table 9.2. This land area is 31.7ha. Further details for the private, NGOlands, the VC lands (and the Governmentlands) is providedin Annexures7.1 of this Report.

Table 9.2: Details of Land Acquisition- Category Wise Holding

village Homestead/ Agricultural Community Total ; (m2) Land (m2) Lands (mi2) (m2) Melriat 1677.20 1811.20 636.00 4124.40 Kelsih 3819.00 1683.10 70.00 5572.10 Falkawn 1331.55 208.00 1686.00 3225.55

Muallungthu 2787.00 14265.00 578.00 17630.00 Tachhip 225.00 20240.00 3410.00 23875.00

Aibawk 2979.10 - 1370.00 4349.10

Sateek 1910.00 22370.00 - 24280.00

Damdiai / Lungsei 1099.00 29269.00 1200.00 31568.00

Thiak 2545.00 17775.00 2075.00 22395.00

Sumsuih 2470.00 10035.00 - 12505.00

Hmuifang 1155.00 3790.00 5888.00 10833.00

Chamring 1145.00 9600.00 960.00 11705.00

Sialsuk 150.00 44760.00 - 44910.00

Sailam - 44250.00 - 44250.00

Thenzawl 3112.25 48425.00 1109.00 52646.25

Buangpui 1511.00 1475.00 500.00 3486.00

Total 27916.10 269956.30 19482.00 317354.40

Source: PWD, Govt of Mizoram Update of Land Acquisition Requirement

9.4 LAND ACQUISITIONPROCEDURE The Revenue/SpecialLand AcquisitionOfficer deputed with the PWD for this project in particular initiates the land acquisition,guided by the LandAcquisition (LA) Act of 1894, Amended in 1984. He is responsiblefor acquiringall land required for this project and provide for transfer of the land ownershipto the PWD free of all encumbrances.The general proceduresfor land acquisitionand the stepsinvolved are given here under.The project involvesthe acquisitionof: • Privateland holdings - Residential/ commercial/agricultural land parcels / sites * Encroachments within the PWD land * Jhumareas (land belonging to the VCand temporary allotment for jhum cultivation) • Free lands * Land belonging to church * Land/Structuresof Non-GovernmentalOrganisations (such as YMA,MHIP) * Landbelonging to the VillageCouncils * Lands/Structuresbelonging to variousGovernment Departments * Commonproperty resources as handpumps, bus shelters etc.

Revised by Lea Associates 9-6 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) MlzoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.9 - LandAcquisition & LandRelated Laws

The land acquisitionfor the project is being carried by the PIU through the SpecialLAO appointed for the project. The procedureto be adopted for the acquisition of the land requiredfor the projectis discussedin the followingsections.

9.4.1 AcQUISITIoN OF PRIVATE LANDS The acquisitionof private landsis to be carriedout in accordanceto the R&RPolicy and in accordanceto the provisionsof the LA Act, 1894, the procedurefor which is outlined below:

Section 3A * Schedule1 Requirespreparation of a list of affectedvillages indicatingthe District or Revenue Circleapplicable. * Schedule2 Requiresinformation to be providedin the following format. S.No VC Pass no Type of land Extent of land to Revenue be acquired CirclelDistrict Private Government

* Schedule3 Requiresinformation to be providedin the following format. S.No VC Pass No Village Direction Type of land Extent Name of Revenue Private Govt of loss pass Circle ______~~~~~~~ ~ _ ~ ~ _ ~~~~holder

At the outset the notification as per the LA Act, Section 4A, is given with the purpose definedfor the land acquisition. After the notificationis provided,the peoplewhose land is to be acquiredare allowedfor a minimumof 30 days to file any objectionsagainst Land AcquisitionNotification. If any objections are filed, then there is a public hearing where the PWD,the concernedRevenue officials and the local administrationorganize and solve any of the petitions that has beenfiled againstthe acquisitionin any sectionof the project road. After this the acquisitionis carried out and possessiontaken. There are 2 structures, encroachingonto the PWDland. In accordanceto the R&RPolicy that has been approved for the project, the legal status of the PAPis not binding in the decisionof the extent and amount of compensation.Therefore, the compensationshall be paid as that for the legaltitleholders.

Revised by Lea Associates 9-7 October2001 (OriginalDocument by lCT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:9 - LandAcquisition & LandRelated Laws

A total of 58 structuresare to be displaceddue to the project. However,most of them are found to have sufficient land behind their existing structureson the valley side. As was evidentfrom the continuedconsultation with thesepeople, most of them werewilling to shift back within the same plot. For propertiesthat do not have sufficientland, alternative resettlement sites have been identified, in consultation with the respective village councils.

9.4.2 FREELANDS, JHUM AREAS& VILLAGE COUNCIL LANDS Apart from the private properties,the project shall involve the acquisitionof Jhum lands and Free lands. For the acquisitionof the these lands, arrangementshave been worked out with the state revenuedepartment, wherein the compensationshall be made to the respectivevillage councilsand the moneyshall be used for the benefit of the villages. The areas that are used for jhum cultivation are plots of agricultural lands belongingto the VC and are allotted temporarilyfor jhum every year on a rotation basis.The jhum cultivators shall be given advance notice for harvest of standing crops, or paid the compensationfor the standing crops, in accordanceto the replacementvalue worked out for the project. Subsequentto the notices that have been issued to the RevenueDepartment and the Village Councils,the PIU has received No-objectioncertificates from each of the village councilsto the RevenueDepartment and the PIUthat they are willing to donate the lands (includingjhum lands, free lands and the lands belongingto the village councils)to the project. As has been agreed upon in the R&R policy for the project, all common property resourcesincluding handpumps, community buildings, play grounds etc shall be relocated at suitable locationsin accordanceto the needs of the community.

9.4.3 LAND BELONGINGTO THE CHURCHES The project impacts at severallocations, lands belongingto churches.At these locations, there have been extensiveconsultations with the church authorities, regardingthe land acquisition.At most of the locations,the church authoritieshave agreedupon for the land acquisition at the market value. At Hmuifang,though the churchbuilding is not directly impacted due to the project, there was a strong representation from the church authoritiesto shift the churchto a quieter zone. The PIU has taken up the identificationof a suitable land parcelfor siting the churchin consultationwith the VillageCouncil.

9.4.4 LAND/STRUCTURES OF NON-GOVERNMENTALORGANISATIONS (YMA, MHIP) Consultationshave been held with the various non-governmentalorganisations as the YMA,MHIPetc whose lands are being impacted.The various NGOshave agreedto donate their landsto the project.

Revised by Lea Associates 9-8 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.9 - LandAcquisition & LandRelated Laws

9.4.5 LANDS/STRUCTURESBELONGING TO VARIOUSGOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS The project requires the acquisition of lands belonging to various government departmentsincluding the F&C,Animal Husbandry, Health departments etc. The individual governmentdepartments have been contacted,and consentobtained for transfer of land at replacementvalue.

9.5 LAND ACQUISITION PLAN The action plan for Landacquisition for the phasesI and II of the project is given in Table 9.3. The table providesthe tentative target dates in relation to the activities involvedfor land acquisition.

Table 9.3: LandAcquisition Plan

SI. No. Particulars Timeline .______. ______Phase I I Phase II I LandAcquisition Requirement (ha) 43.13 hal 60.0 ha 2 Appointmentof CompetentAuthority 6.4.2000 6.4.2000 3 Issue of Section 5.9.2000 5.4.2002 3A(l) Notification 4 Issueof Section3C Notification 5.10.200C 5.5.2002 5 Issue of Section3D(1) Notification 25.10.2000 25.5.2002 6 Issue of Section4 Notification 28.11.2000 25.6.2002 7 |Issueof Section6 Notification 20.6.2001 30.10.2002 8 IDeclarationof Award 15.1.2002 15.12.2002

Revisedby Lea Associates 9-9 October2001 (OriginalDocument by [CT, CES, LBII) CHAPTER 10 INCOME RESTORATION

The main occupationof the peoplein Mizoramis agriculture. Further, they dependmore on their natural surroundings for subsistence.This dependenceon natural resources requiresfor adoptionof suchschemes, which could be easilycomprehended and practiced to reap economicbenefits. The Governmentof Mizoramrealising the need for designing alternativesfor traditional jhum (shifting cultivation) land use systems, has worked out the strategies and proposal for raising financial support for integrated development programmes' aimed at reducingjhum cultivation, and to provide a firm foundation for local resource based, less exploitative production systems, which give the producers greater economicopportunity.

10.1 INCOME GENERATION IN MIZORAM The general schemesthat could be suggestedto be taken up for improvementin the economic status of the people and add on to livelihood of the region are, dairying2 , piggery, poultry and horticulture. Especially,piggery which is gaining importance in Mizoramdue to the thrust of the RuralDevelopment Agency to promotethis as a income source. With support already from the government through its existing programs, integration of such schemesfor this project would facilitate to improve income levelsof the project affected persons.The piggery and poultry as income generating sourcesin also discussedbriefly in Annexure10.1 (A) in VolumeII of this Report.

10.1.1 INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME The MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSRF) has prepared an Integrated Sustainable Development Programmefor Mizoram State in October 1998. The key

Integrated SustainableDevelopment Programme for the State of Mizoramrecommended by the M.S. SwaminathanResearch Foundation, 1998. The StateGovernment is pursuingthe programmefor obtaining institutionalfinance from variousdonor agencies.There is every possibilityof taking up these schemesin the year 2000.

2 Dairying as seen in Gujarat, Maharastraand Andhra Pradesh,has proved to be very successfulincome generating sources. These states have also promoted women dairy cooperatives, which help empowermentof women to a large extent. One can also notice the transition of economicpower and decision-makingin the family shifting to the women in these states. Annexure10.(B) gives brief on Dairy Developmentthrough villagecooperatives as a incomegenerating source.

Revised by Lea Associates 10-1 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:10 -Income Restoration

components of sustainable long-term economy in Mizoram's marginal mountain environmentsare: * Specialefforts to introducenew, environmentallysound crops and trees to hilly areas * Aggressivepromotion of new appropriatecrop and tree possibilities.The cropsfor Mizoram include tea, coffee, rubber, pineapple,orange and other citrus fruits, passionfruit, areca nut, and coconut,betelvine, spices, tung and orchids. * Development of agro-forestry system which mixes production capabilitiesof traditional system and which can produce higher economic returns. The trees include teak, rung, gamari, etc., with existing pulsesand cereals. • Development of supplementaryenvironmentally sound micro-enterprisesto agricultural activities like apiaryand pisciculture. * An integrated local enterprise policy, which encouragesdevelopment of small enterprises within existing productionsystems. • Specificsupport for small enterprisesand new croppingstrategies during the initial phase. * A marketing infrastructure,which supportslocal production systems. * Financialsystem, which providesmodest levelsof credit for smallenterprise and self-help groups. * Training and extension by governmentor non-governmentalorganisations in support of small-scaleenterprises and appropriatetechnological innovation. Governmenti policy for aggressivepromotion of regional growth centres to encouragelocal productionand marketing. The most feasible proposal with tangible benefits considered in the economic evaluation of the project3 includes cultivation of tea, coffee, rubber and tung plantations, horticulture produce and fruit processing. The cultivation can provide assured income from the land, and supply firewood through pruning and shade lopping. It will also generate employment for most part of the year and act as a fillip for the economic uplift and better living standards for the rural farmers. Further, it will promote soil conservation and help in maintaining ecological equilibrium. That apart, the programme included orchid cultivation scheme yielding a net profit of Rs.308,000 for cultivating a unit of 1000 plants of Cymbidium hybrid Orchid cut flowers by the farmers and schemes for development of human resources and agro-forestry centres.

The report has laid emphasis on improving infrastructure, providing linkages from village to regional and national road network. This is considered essential for meeting the marketing needs to the rural produce, providing greater economic opportunities to rural people, balanced economic development of different economic sectors and regions, for increasing equity and rural sustainability. The project roads in the area in fact, form an integral part of development programme for the rural economy.

3 TheIntegrated Development Programme Report has given the economicanalysis for theseactivities based on the phasedplanting operation. The net profit accruingafter meetingall expenditure,from the preparationof landto establishmentof nurseries,raising the crops,plucking, processing, grading, packing and marketingof the produceare termedas net value added.Precisely "Net ValueAdded" (NVA) is consideredbased on the annualstream of expenditureand income for eachof the aboveactivities.

Revisedby LeaAssociates 10-2 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT.CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:10 - Income Restoration

10.2 LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION IN THE PROJECT The basic objective of the R&IPDPis to restoreand improve the economiclivelihood and standard of living of the PAPs.To restore and amelioratethe economicconditions of the PAPs,certain schemes have to be incorporatedin the R&IPDP,by which jobs, skills, training and credit can be madeavailable to the affectedpeople. Restoration to pre-project levels of income is an important part of rehabilitating individuals. To achieve this objective, preparationof an income restoration plan under the R&IPDPwas conceptualisedas an economicdevelopment plan. SpecificIR schemes will be designed in consultation with affected personsand explicit approval of the IR schemeswill be obtainedfrom the PAPs. The basic information on IR activities of PAPshas been drawn from the census,socio- economic surveys and public consultationsconducted for the project. The information collectedon variousfeatures of economicactivities of the PAPsincluded: * Land-basedeconomic activities; * Non-landbased economic activities; and, * Totalincome of PAPsfrom varioussources. This information has been the basis of the IR strategies.The strategiesand planningwill be worked out as per this informationat the time of implementationof the project by the Social Cell of the PIU and the Non-GovernmentOrganization (NGO) appointed for this purpose.

10.2.1 LIVELIHOOD OF AFFECTEDFAMILIES The project has taken a number of measurestowards resettlementand rehabilitationof the project affected and displacedfamilies includingthe women headed households,the scheduledcastes, the scheduledtribes and the poor (BPL) getting affected by it. The considerationstherein have been compiledas follows: * All the affectedfamilies are goingto be compensatedand/or assisted irrespective of their ownershipstatus. Thus it impliesthat, whether they do or do not possesslegal title of the lands/assets,whether they are tenantsor encroachersor squatters,they will be paidwith the compensationand/or assistance amounts. * Assistancesfor all projectaffected families as transitionalallowances, additional grant for severanceof land, residualplots, expenses on fees,taxes, etc. and alternativeeconomic rehabilitationsupport and training for up-gradationof the skillsetc. * In caseof lossof non-agriculturalprivate property, option for residential/commercialplot at resettlementsite will be providedfree of costto all projectaffected families if so opted by them apart from all other considerationslike compensationat replacementvalue, transitionalallowance, shifting allowance, rental allowance for disruptioncaused to BPL tenants,compensation for advancerental deposit,right to salvagematerials from the demolishedsite, etc. . There is a provisionfor additionalsupport to the vulnerablepeople, in the form of additionaltraining for thoseaffected by the lossof livelihood/ primarysource of income. The trainingwill includestarting of a suitableproduction or serviceactivity. Economic rehabilitationsupport and trainingand in casethe moneynot spent for the training programme,the equivalentamount is to be paidas per EP'schoice.

Revised by Lea Associates 10-3 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:10 - Income Restoration

All project-affectedfamilies will be entitledto an economicRehabilitation Grant to enable them to increasetheir earningcapacity. This will primarybe non-cashassistance, spent towards imparting training sought by the entitled persons,and towards non-cash assistanceto start alternativeincome-generating activities (but includessubsidy in buying implements,equipment, etc.). All familieslosing sources of livelihoodare entitledto productiveasset grant. This grant is expectedto be spent towardstraining and other supportto re-establishlivelihood. For productiveasset grant for commercialfamilies, only the displacedfamilies will be considered. Apart from the abovementionedspecific considerations, the vulnerable personsare also going to avail of provisions/assistancesgenerally meant for all affected persons,in the case of loss of common property resources. Loss of access to firewood will be compensatedby involving the communitiesin a social forestry scheme,in co-ordination with the Department of Forests, wherever possible.Loss of trees will be replacedby compensatory afforestation. There is a consideration of creation of employment opportunities in the project, if possible.They can take part in consultationfor conserving cultural properties. Moreover, they can enjoy adequate safety measures, particularly meant for pedestriansand children, landscapingof communitycommon areas, improved drainage, roadside rest areas etc. that will come up in integration with the highway project. The details of the eligible families for the income restoration are provided in Annexure 10.2 in Volume II of this report.

10.2.2 INCOMERESTORATION PROGRAMS The project will assist PAPsin liaison with NGOsto encouragePAPs to enlist themselves with the village committeesto work in the road construction services. Further certain income restoration programs had been suggestedto providefor options to the PAPsfor improving their standard of living. Basicallythere are two types of income restoration programs,namely, the short-term incomerestoration programs and the long term income restoration programs.These have been detailedbelow. In addition to these a few income restoration programshave been suggestedwhich would be relevantin Mizoram.

* Short-term IR Activities These activities are intended to restore the income of the PAPs before and after relocation.These activitieswill emphasizeon payment of adequatecompensation before relocation,transit allowancesand providing welfare-basedgrants and allowances.These would include: *One time relocationallowance . Transportationfree to resettlementareas (sites if any or the choiceof the PAP)or assistancefor transport *Subsidized or free items in the form of materialor householditems as per needand vulnerabilityof the PAP . Transitionalallowances or ex-gratiagrants until incomeis generated,with special allowancesto the vulnerablecommunities or groupsas identifiedduring various surveys

Revisedby Lea Associates 10-4 October2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.10 -IncomeRestoration

Promoting employment opportunitiesthe PAPswith better access to the opportunities during construction,operation and maintenancephases

Long-term IR Activities

PAPs will participate in developing a range of feasible long-term IR options. Long-term options are affected by the scale of resettlement which may affect the feasibility of various non-land based and land-based IR options. These options will not be project or government financed.

The PIU will coordinate with the departments of tribal welfare, social welfare and the district administration to assure access to all existing government schemes (for the identified PAPsfor income restoration).

Mechanisms to dovetail existing government poverty alleviation programs will be designed in consultation with the community and the officials of the district administration and the district level rural development department.

Impact Categories and IR Schemes

Project induced displacement may lead to loss of (or diminishing) income for the PAPs. The main categories of impacts envisaged as a result of the land and property acquisition are: * Lossof commercialestablishments (permanent/ temporary) : Loss of livelihood * Lossof residentialstructures (permanent/ temporary)

- Approaches to Income Restoration The following would be tried to restore the income of the project-affected persons: * Landfor land approach * Employmentbased rehabilitation * Self employment

10.2.3 ISSUES IN APPROPRIATEIR ACTIVMES

Limited Income Opportunities

The limitations of having an appropriate income restoration program in Mizoram could be the shrinking opportunities for jobs, the lack of skill and entrepreneurship and the increasing competition for the limited jobs.

A case for Land-for-Land Compensation Cash based compensation has been synonymous with resettlement and rehabilitation. This has always been seen as the best option to solve any problems of the PAPs. This helps in clearing the project road of any encumbrances quickly. Experiences in other R&R projects have, however, revealed long-standing negative impacts on the PAPs who are compensated in cash. The PAPs' economic and social condition deteriorates as they

Revisedby Lea Associates 10-5 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:10 -Income Restoration

squander the cash received and becomeworse off. The better option is land for land rather than cashfor land compensation. The state of Mizoramhas land availabilityin abundanceand it is appropriateto adopt the approach for providing land-basedcompensation. Further, as the governmentowns the land, it is easy to transfer user rights of land from governmentto the private individuals. The requirement for a linear project, especiallyroad development,is very meagre and acquiring about 2m strip of land horizontallyon either side of the road is not a problem (if compensatedby providingon the rear sideof the plot, which is alsovery feasible). For future expansion,it would be better to providenow, if required,by just demarcating the stretch of land horizontally as road reserve land and utilize it for future road improvement. It is only appropriate to either allow harvesting of the standing crop or compensatefor the standingcrop at the time of implementation. The project involves acquiring linear strips of land. The impacts on agriculture are not expectedto be significant. There could be limited impact on the homestead/housegarden plantations.Mitigation measuresto addressthe relativelyminor impacts anticipatedhave been plannedand will be implemented The compensationreceived may be deposited in blocked bank accounts.The accruing interest would supplement the PAPs income and money released on purchase of supplement land or some productive asset. This will discourage misuse of the compensationmoney for consumptionexpenditure by vulnerablePAPs. Lossof commercialstructure (permanent/4:This is a more complexproblem as it not only involves compensatingand resettling the structure lost, it also has the complementary issue of retaining the present customerbase which has to be looked into beforeplanning anything for the PAPs. Mitigation proposed in the R&IPDP is reconstruction of the demolishedcommercial structure in the adjacent area so that the presentcustomer base is retained or providesappropriate cash compensation. The more practical approach would be to let the PAPsarrange their own replacement structures. The compensationmoney can be depositedin blocked bank accountsand to be released only for construction or buying of the replaced structure. Since the constructionwill involve phasedactivities, the money should be releasedin installments coincidingwith pre-determinedstages in construction.

4 The primary survey revealedthat there are about 173 project-affectedresidential and commercialfamilies due to the implementationof this project. From amongst these families, 9 families will be loosing their livelihood source. The generalactivities followed by these families are petty businessesin the form of groceryshops and teashops.

Revisedby Lea Associates 10-6 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:10 - Income Restoration

10.2.4ALTERNATIVESFOR INCOME RESTORATION

Lossof Temporary Commercial Space This problem will be addressedcarefully as it often involves vulnerable sectionsof the PAPs whose income is less than Rs.2000 per month, scheduled population, women headed households,unwed mother households. They need to be assistedin identifying spacein adjacentareas for continuingtheir trade. The new locationswill be identifiedby the PIU through the local administrationand village councils and obtain the alternative space.

Alternative Individual IR Schemes The R&ROfficer along with the PIUand the identifiedNGO will considerthe resourcebase of the PAPsand their socio-economiccharacteristics and preferencesto tailor individual income restorationschemes as appropriate. The factorsthat will be consideredare: * Educationlevel of PAPs * Skillpossession * Likelyeconomic activities in the post-displacementperiod * Extentof landpurchased * Suitabilityof economicactivity to supplementthe income * Marketpotential and marketing facilities * Employmentopportunities in theregion Althoughit is widely recognizedthat the best option is to allow the PAPsto continue their former occupations, circumstancesmay not permit this option and PAPsmay elect to change activities. A list of possibleincome restoration options that will be explored in consultationwith PAPsand consideredin the light of local condition and opportunities is providedbelow.

Non-Land based IR Activities Income generationactivities can be related to variouscategories/areas of interest. In the state of Mizoram,the survey indicatedthat, poultry, tailoring, carpentry; driving, bamboo craft, basket weaving and knitting can be areas of income generation.The potential for electric wiring and repair, electric motor winding, auto mechanic,radio/TV mechanic, grocery stores, hotels,etc., is high. There is alsoscope for unskilledlabour employmentin the project during implementation. In order to have an improved economicsource of livelihood, it is necessaryto provide training to the PAPsin the above categoriesof skills and make arrangementsfor market linkages for sustainabledevelopment and constant source of income. Training could be arrangedlocally by groupingPAPs residing within a distanceof 10-20kmin one villageand utilize the community hall facility through the Village Council President.Skilled trainers could be transportedto these locationsfor providingtraining. This could be organizedas per skills at every location. For instance, bamboo craft and basket weaving could be

Revisedby Lea Associates 10-7 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.10 - Income Restoration

trained at most of the villages as this is common in the region due to abundanceof bamboo growth (organizedand wild growth). Credit facilities should be arrangedthrough financialinstitutions to establishthe business and arrange for market linkagesfor the sustenanceof the businessactivity. The skills should be providedin a mannerthat there are not too many peoplegaining the same skill in one village. Thus organizingthe skills as per demand and location would help in a long-term sustenance. The arrangementfor the training will have to be provided under the project cost. The items for costing would be: * The rentalcost for thevenue of training * Resourcematerial for thetraining * Equipmentrequired for the training * Stipendfor the trainees * Salaryfor thetrainers * Transportationfacility for the trainersand the traineesto andfro from the trainingcenter The marketing would include individualgroups and cooperativemarketing strategies. For skills like auto mechanic,radio/TV mechanic,welding, electric wiring and repair, motor winding, hotels, etc., activities can be carried out individually or by a group of 2/3 persons. Grocer stores, weaving, tailoring, bamboo craft making and poultry, can be successfulthrough the cooperativesystem by organizingthe PAPstogether to carryout the activity. The identification of trainers for various activities will be done at the time of implementation of the R&IPDPand would be conducted with the help of the various governmentagencies and undervarious schemes being implementedin the state. Self-employmentschemes also need to be looked into in order to improve economic standards and allow for sustainable development of the PAPs. The total financial assistanceper PAPis Rs.5000/-for the self-employmentor incomegenerating schemes. The illustrative list of schemesis given below: * For establishingprovision shops or makeimprovements to existingones * Forestablishing tailoring shops or makeimprovements to existingones * Forestablishing stationary shops or makeimprovements to existingones * Assistancefor landdevelopment for agriculturepurpose.

10.2.5 SUCCESSOF INCOME GENERATING SCHEMES (IGS) The successof the various income generation schemesshall depend on the following factors: Involvementof the PAPsduring identification, planning and implementationof IGS is very essential. The socialsurveys have definitelyrevealed certain areas of IGS and the possibilitiesin that direction,but the programshould be opento changeas the PAPshave a tendencyto changetheir opinionwith time on the availableoption. Thiswould help in gettingsupport for betterimplementation of the project.

Revised by Lea Associates 10-8 October 2001 (OriginalDocument by [CT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:10 - IncomeRestoration

Involvement of governmentagencies, NGOs and other externalagencies for planningand implementation provides additional credibility, technical and administrative support and confidence among the PAPstowards the successof the IGS. It also helps in putting confidenceamong the PAPsabout the market linkagesand support in that direction. * Even though the educationlevel and awarenessamong the PAPsis high, the PAPsopined that individual schemeswere better and in only certain uses like grocer items and craft making cooperation would work and these item could have subsidized prices with governmentsupport. Another major potential for a self-employmentscheme is providingfor PCOs. The lack of PCOsalong this stretch is very surprising. The State of Mizoram has a bad telephone network systemsome placesdo not havea telephonefacility at all. * There are certain areaswhere recurringemployment potential is availablewith the project; some of these are grass cutting and bamboo cutting along the roadside to help better visibility to vehicles, employment in maintenancework, etc. These works could be awardedto the local populaceand mostly to the PAPsor their family membersand support the economiclevel of the family.

10.3 INCOME RESTORATIONPLAN

The suggestive income restoration plan is provided in Table 10.1.

Table 10.1: Income Restoration Plan

Si. No. Particulars Details 1 Numberof DisplacedFamilies otal 58 Residential 52 Commercial 6 Residential+ Commercial 4 Target date for identificationof _ 3 30.9.2001 Alternateland identification .. ,,

arget date for completionof land ° 28.2.2002 ransfer/procurement oCD

Ic_ arget date for identificationof 0 ' 1.1.2002 raining skills _o

5 Target date for identificationof ' c 1.1.2002 trainingorganizations : E

6 lTargetdate for initiationand start o E _ 1.2.2002onwards ltraining for PAPs o c 1, ~~~~~~~~~~~cX 7 Target date for distributionof i E 1.2.2002onwards ncomegenerating support X CD E|

10.4 MONITORING OF IR SCHEMES

Monitoring of IR schemes will be carried out along with the monitoring of other components of the R&IPDP by an outside agency contracted for the purpose. The contract

Revisedby Lea Associates 10-9 October2001 (OriginalDocument by lCT, CES,LBII) MlzoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&ZPDP.10 -Income Restoration

will provide for regular (every six months) monitoring of IR of PAPs. The monitoringwill be carried out based on economicindicators. The IR schemeswill be internally monitoredby the NGO. The SocialCell will form a team comprising its representatives,representatives of the affected villages, educatedyouth and representatives of beneficiary PAPs. This team will supplement the external monitoring and submit reports every six months.The PIU will compile reports submitted by the external agency and the NGOto gain insight on the actual successrate of IR schemesand make correctivejudgments where indicated.

Revised by Lea Associates 10-10 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) CHAPTER 11 INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM & SCHEDULE

For the effective implementationof the R&R component there is a need to have the required institutional capacityand arrangementin place. This chapter details the staffing needs, plan for recruitment and training of the personnel at different levels and the capacity building for the implementationof the R&IPDP. All this will be coordinatedwith the project implementation scheduleto ensure that skilled staff will be available to implement the R&IPDPwithout causingany delay to the civil works. The responsibilities include the planning, implementationand monitoring of R&R related program and land acquisition. The implementationof the R&Rcomponent would be the responsibilityof the PIU. The PIU needs to focus on the following important activities: - Establishmentof a resettlementcell within the PIU * Initiatethe process,orientation and training programs for the R&IPDPimplementers

i Appointidentified NGOs with experiencein socialdevelopment and R&Rrelated work as partnersin R&IPDPimplementation. These NGOs will be engagedto supportthe district levelcommittee and the PWDpersonnel in implementation

11.1 OVERALLCOORDINATION OF R&R The PIU will coordinate the resettlement processwith other project componentsand departments. The specific issues in R&R and the delivery of entitlements will be implementedand managedby the R&Rcell. The R&Rcell will be responsibleto: * Establishoperational links within PWD and the otheragencies of Governmentinvolved in this projectin R&IPDPimplementation * Bridgethe gap betweenthe projectauthorities and the PAPsand the PAGs * Providethe meansand mechanisms for coordinatingthe deliveryof the compensationand assistanceto entitledpersons * Contributesocial development perspectives and inputsto the projectby workingclosely with the projectplanners, contractors and constructionsupervision consultants for effective implementation * Bridgethe link betweenthe projectwith state Governmentagencies, provide liaison with PWD field units and impactedcommunities, establish district level committee'sto coordinatesocial development and resettlement operations on the field,mobilize assisting NGOpartners and supportthe organizationof CommunityBased Organizations (CBOs) representingPAPs Engagerequired training services, oversee a grievanceredressal process, actively monitor R&IPDPimplementation, and cooperate with plannedproject evaluations

Revisedby Lea Associates 11-1 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.11 - Institutional Mechanism& Schedule

The important links to be established by the Social Cell responsible for the R&R implementationare: * Coordinationwith the GovernmentAgencies * NGOPartnerships * Roleof CBOs * DistrictLevel Committees * VillageLevel Committees

11.1.1 COORDINATION WITH THE GOVERNMENTAGENCIES The social cell will be responsiblefor representingthe social impacts and resettlement componentsof the project, disseminatingthe information availablein this regard to the public and providing additionalopportunities for public comment. The land acquisition unit will ensure that the compensationprocess is prompt and efficient to avoid project delays. Under the project's resettlement policy, PAPswill be suitably compensatedby productive assetassistance to reach replacementcost of the land or other assettaken. Entitlementsfor income restoration of PAGswill be the project authority's responsibility. Entitlements will comprise of services and benefits normally provided by other developmentprograms. Governmentpoverty alleviation programsand housing schemes will be tapped to replacehousing and restore lost livelihood. The socialcell will establish liaisonwith these programsat the state and the district levelsto facilitate PAPaccess and take advantageof servicesand programsalready in place.Where feasible, it will negotiate cost-sharingarrangements. Restorationof communityassets such as schoolswill require coordinationwith Education Department in district offices. Governmentprograms and schemesfor the upliftment of scheduledtribes will be linkedwith the project. A variety of state and centralGovernment programsaddressing women's needs may be associatedwith other group entitlements.

11.1.2 NGO PARTNERSHIPS The PIU will engagethe servicesof NGOswith experiencein socialdevelopment and with a track record in R&Rto partner R&IPDPimplementation at the district level and work closely with the District Level ResettlementCommittees (DLC) and the Village Level Committees.To assureeffective internal coordinationand maximizetransfer of skills, PIU staff will work closelywith the NGOs. NGOpartnership will providethe socialcell with the grass-rootskills and capacityfor field activities that are required. This will enhancethe PAPcounseling, encourage productive utilization of compensationand rehabilitation grants, facilitate PAP accessto financial assistanceunder various subsidy-relateddevelopment programs, and increasethe social acceptabilityand effectivenessof training programsorganized for PAPs,thereby electing participationin self employmentschemes or incomegenerating schemes. The key tasks that will be carried out by the NGOpartnership have been detailed in the R&IPDP. NGO

Revised by Lea Associates 11-2 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:11 - InstitutionalMechanism & Schedule

services will be required over the entire project period as mentioned in the R&R componentand the project budget.

11.1.3 ROLEOF COMMUNITy-BASED ORGANIZATIONS In coordination with the NGOsthe project will promote the formation of the community- based organizations (CBOs) representingPAPs and PAGsas far as possible. These organizations will be involved to the maximum extent possible in local aspects of resettlement planning, implementationand monitoring. Their representationwill provide an important link between local communities and the project that will facilitate the developmentof micro-levelplans for R&R. This will assist project authorities in making arrangementsfor the smooth relocationof PAPsand their businesses.These groups will also be involved in participatorymonitoring of R&IPDPimplementation.

11.1.4 DISTRICT-LEVELCOMMITrEE (DLCs) R&IPDPimplementation will be mediated through the DLC,established at the district level. A Deputy Commissionerof the district will head the DLC.These committeeswill provide coordinating nodes for land acquisition and compensation, relocation and resettlement, distribution of project provided assistance, and PAP access to most Governmentprograms in the entitlement package. The socialcell will service DLC with field staff allocatedto the constructioncontracts This District level committee is not a permanentbody. This committee will meet once a month to announce the replacement value and facilitate the implementation of the R&IPDP.The committeewill compriseof the District Magistrateor Official deputedby the administration, Land Acquisition Officer of the Revenue Department, Special Land AcquisitionOfficer of the PIU, Resettlementand RehabilitationManager, representatives of non-Governmentorganization and representativeof the projectaffected people.

11.1.5 VILLAGE LEVELCOMMITTEES A specialcommittee for each affectedvillage to determinereplacement value of landsand structures as a result of acquisition of private properties is formed with the Project Director as the Chairman and the Special land Acquisition Officer as the Member- Secretary. The following members shall constitute the committee in each of the 18 villagesalong the project route. NodalOfficer, R& D Cell,E&F Department or hisrepresentative. DistrictAgriculture Officer 'W', AizawlDistrict, Agriculture and Minor Irrigation Department or hisrepresentative. DivisionalHorticulture Officer, Aizawl, Horticulture Department or hisrepresentative. President,Mizoram Truck Owners Association or hisrepresentative. VCPand Secretaryof concernedvillages. Representativesof Project Affected Persons of concernedvillages (not morethan two). Representativesof YMA of concernedvillages (not morethan two).

Revised by Lea Associates 11-3 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MlzoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.11 -Institutional Mechanism& Schedule

11.2 SOCIALCELL - STRUCTUREAND STAFFING The socialcell establishedwithin the PIUto implementand managethe R&IPDPwill be structuredto providecoordination, technical support and servicesat severallevels of project implementation. The organizational structure and staffing is shown diagrammaticallyin Figure 11.1 and the staffing responsibilitiesof the social cell are detailed in the Table 11.1.

Table 11.1: Responsibilitiesof Social Cell

Grade Responsibilities Project Director 1. Overallresponsible for land possessiontransfer and R&R activitiesin the field 2. Makebudgetary provisions for land possession,transfer and R&R activities 3. Liaisonwith district administrationfor supportfor land ownershiptransfer and implementationof R&IPDP 4. Participatein the district levelcommittee Special Land 1I.Coordinatethe implementationof R&R activitieswith Corporateand field staff. Acquisition 2. Consolidatethe micro R&R plans preparedby the PIU on physicaland financial Officer needson monthlybasis. (Shouldbe at least 3. Organizingtraining for the PIUand NGOsfor capacity buildingto implement of the rank of an R&IPDP Executive Engineer) 4. Preparemonthly progressreport 5. Monitorthe progresson R&IPDPand land possessiontransfer 6. Preparingterms of referenceand facilitatingthe appointmentof externalagency for Monitoring& Evaluation(M&E) 7. Developterms of referencefor any studiesidentified to enhancethe implementation of R&R and facilitatethe appointmentof the consultantand coordinatethe studies. R&R Manager 1. Coordinatewith districtadministration and NGOsresponsible for land acquisition (Shouldbe at least and R&R of the rank of an 2. Translationof R&R policy in the local language Assistant Engineer) 3. Preparepamphlets on the policy 4. Printingof the policy and IdentityCards for the PAPs (Annexure7.1 1) 5.Ensurethat the contractorhas paidthe mutuallyagreed amount to the peoplefor the land taken over for the project 6. Prepareland ownershiptransfer and acquisitionplans and submit themto the district administrationfor acquisition/transferof ownership 7. Participatein the allotmentof residential,commercial and agriculturalplots 8.Liaisonwith district administrationfor dovetailingGovernments income generating and developmentalprograms for the PAPs 9. Coordinatewith the NGOsappointed for the implementationof the R&IPDP 10. Ensure the inclusionof those PAPswho may have not been coveredduring the census survey 11. Facilitatethe openingof joint accountsin local banksto transferassistance for R&R for ProjectAffected Families (PAFs). And organizethe disbursementof cheques for assistanceand compensationin the affectedarea in public 12. Monitorphysical and financialprogress on land ownershiptransfer/acquisition and R&R activities 13. Participatein regular meetings 14. Organizeby-monthly meetings with the NGOsto reviewthe progresson R&R NGO & CBO 1. Coordinatewith the R&R Officer to implementR&R activities (Community 2. Verificationof the PAFslisted out in the R&IPDP

Revisedby Lea Associates 11-4 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:11 - Institutional Mechanism& Schedule

Grade Responsibilities Based 3. Identifythose PAPs who may be not coveredduring the censussurvey Organization) 4. Issue identitycards to the PAFs 5. Developrapport with the PAPs 6. Participatewith the R&ROfficer to undertakepublic information campaign at the commencementof the project 7. Distributethe R&Rpolicy to the PAPs 8. Assistthe PAPsin receivingcompensation 9. Facilitatethe openingof jointaccounts 10. Generalawareness about the alternateeconomic livelihood and enablethe PAFs to maketheir choice 11. Preparemicro-plans for R&R 12. Enablethe PAFsto identifythe alternatesites for agriculture,residential and commercialplots 13. Participatein the consultationson allotmentof shops and residentialplots 14. Ensurethat the PAPs have receivedtheir entitlements 15. Ensurethe preparationof rehabilitationsites 16. Participatein the meetingsorganized by the PIU 17. Submitmonthly progress reports 18. Identifytraining needs of the PAPsfor incomegenerating activities 19. Participatein the disbursementof chequesfor the assistanceat public places DistrictLevel 1. Meetregularly to reviewthe progressof land ownershiptransfer/acquisition Committees 2. Facilitatethe implementationof Governmentprograms in the project affectedareas Village Level 1. Decideon the replacementvalue of lands and structuresas a result of acquisitionof Committees privateproperties

11.2.1 TRAININGAND CAPACITY BUILDING

To enhance capabilities, the Social Cell staff would require training to learn techniques in conducting participatory rural appraisal for conducting census and socio-economic surveys, dissemination of information, community consultation and progress monitoring and evaluation.

11.2.2 IMPLEMENTATION RESPONSIBIL.

It is the responsibility of the PWD to ensure that the R&IPDP is successfully implemented in a manner as suggested in the implementation schedule (see Table 14.1). The implementation schedule proposed will be updated from time to time, as per the requirement.

11.3 INITIATION ACTIVITIES

In accordance with the project implementation schedule the Government of Mizoram and the PWD will require initiating and carrying out the following activities on a priority basis. * Provide orientation and awarenessbuilding for the PWDand other key implementersto preparethem for their roles in the implementationto assuretimely preparedness. * Establishthe SocialCell within the PIU and creating requiredpositions in the PWDto staff the SocialCell. Revised by Lea Associates 11-5 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:1 - InstitutionalMechanism & Schedule

* Mobilize the task force to activate the land acquisitionprocess at the earliest for timely implementationof the R&Ractivities. * Conducttraining and orientation for the PIUand the SocialCell staff. The training modules would include project resettlementand rehabilitation responsibilitiesunder the GOM and World Bank policies;project induceddisplacement, project R&Rgoals and objectivesand basic provisionsof the project R&IPDP. The training and orientation will also include seminars/workshopsand initial field exposureto the PWDand the PIU staff. * Employ the services of a Social Scientist to provide technical support in the R&IPDP implementation. He/she should be experiencedin preparing R&R policies, R&IPDPand R&IPDPimplementation of other road projects. * Initiate NGO identification and contracting procedures. The NGO will be selected in consultationwith the SocialScientist, the Representativesof the PAPsand the PCC.

Figure 11.1: Organisational Structure of the Social Cell of the PIU

PWD CORPORATEOFFICE Engineer-in-Chief

PIU (ProjectDirector)

|S-pecial LandAc-quisition oW _,

. NGO Representatives Resettlement& Rehabilitation . CBO Representatives __- _-_-Manager *PAP Representatives

* DeputyCommissioner DistrictLevel committee ______Add. Dy. Commissioner * RevenueDept. Officials . NGO Representatives . PAP Representatives

. Nodal Officer,R& D Cell, E& Village LevelCommittees ----- ____-_____-_- Department. . DistrictAgriculture Officer * Divisional Horticultur Officer, . President, Mizoram Truc OwnersAssociation. * VCP and Secretaryof villages a Representativesof PAPs * Representatives of YMA

Revised by Lea Associates 11-6 October2001 (OriginalDocument by lCT, CES, LBII) MIZORAM STATE ROADS PROJECT NG'OConsultancy Services for Assistance in Implementationof Resettlement & IndigenousPeople's DevelopmentPlan (R&IPDP)- Phase I Roads

TERMSOF REFERENCE

1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

The Government of Mizoram is seeking a World Bank loan (WB Loan no. 4114 IN) available with the Government of India, for upgradationand maintenanceof the state road network.The project envisages major augmentation of capacity and structural quality of the road network in the state of Mizoram. The project preparation activities including the project planning and design is being carried out by the PWD, Government of Mizoram (PWD), through projectco-ordinating consultants (PCC).

A Strategic Options Study (SOS), covering 3,534 km of the state road network, was conducted during October 1998-January 1999 For the roads so identified, FeasibilityStudies, including engineeringanaly- sis and design, social and environmental screening and economic evaluation were carried out (com- pleted in January 2000). Based on the findings of these studies and discussions between the PWD and the World Bank, corridors have been identified as candidates for (a) improvementlupgradationand (b) major maintenance works. The corridorsthat have been identifiedfor improvementin two phases of the project are listed in Table 1.1. Improvementsto these roads consist mainly of, strengthening,widening, and minor realignments.

Table 1.1: Work Programme ProjectPhase Corridor Length(kin) Improvement/Upgradation Corridors I PhaseI Aizawl-Thenzawl- Buangpui(P1-A) 98.7

PhaseI S3uangpui - Lunglei(P1-B) 71.0 iAizawl Bypass i 6.0 Total 185.7

There are 18 villages falling along the project road Aizawl and Buangpui via Hmuifang measuring98.7 kms under Phase - I. The available formation in most cases is less than the 7.1m required for accom- modating the intermediate lane cross-sectionsuggested, which calls in for an acquisition of private land and properties. Apart from the acquisitionof private land and properties, the project will also involve the acquisition of land belonging to several community organisations and governmental departments.Ac- quisition of land may cause social disruptionand economic loss for project affected persons (PAPs) and their families. It is therefore importantthat disturbances and losses of PAPs due to project are minimised through proper planning.

It is against this background that PWD has carried out a social assessmentof Project Affected Persons (PAPs) on the project road under Phase-1 and prepared a Resettlement& IndigenousPeople's Devel- opment Plan (R&IPDP).The titleholders of various types of properties were identified in the social as- sessment and a detailed Action Plan was preparedfor the resettlementand rehabilitation.The R&R pol-

ToRfor NGOConsultancy Services - 1 - Governmentof Mizoram PublicWorks Department icy containing entitlementpackages for various categories of PAPs was prepared and approved by the Government of Mizoram. To keep the negative impacts to a minimum, various measures were under- taken such as redesigningof project roads and avoidance of common properties. These measures have considerably reduced the number of affectedfamilies. The total number of affectedfamilies is 484. The R&IPDP prepared fully complies with the requirementsof the Government of India and the World Bank. Successful implementationof the R&IPDPis an importantpart of the overall project.

The MPWD requires NGOs to assistwith the implementationof the R&IPDP.

MPWD now invites the services of eligibleNGOs under qualitybased lump sum contracts.

The distribution of families affectedand displacedis as below:

Village ProjectAffected Families/Persons ProjectDisplaced FamilieslPersons Residential/ Agricultural Residential/ Agricultural CommercialI Commercial FamiliesIPersons Families Persons Families Persons Families Persons Meltnum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Saikhamakawn 0 0 0 00 1 0 00° Melriat 19 I 108 23 15 i 86 0 0 Kelsih 18 142 7 55 2 i 16 0 0 Falkawn 12 71 1 6 9 i 53 0 0 Muallungthu 29 1lo0 16 99 9 56 0 0 Tachhip 3 17 36 209 1 6 0 0 Aibawk E 23 i120 6 : 31 0 Sateek 5 25 30 150 1 5 0 0 Maubang 6 37 17 104 2 12 0 0 Lungsei j O I O O O I O Thiak 9 j 34 20 76 1 i 4 0 0 Sumsuih 8 60 12 90 1 8 0 0 Hmuifang i 5 1 17 6 20 5 17 | hamring 9 i 66 11 80 3 22 0 Sialsuk 1 6 46 ! 267 0 . 00 0 Sailam 0 0 32 186 0 0 01| lThenzawl 16 83 70 364 1 5 0 I o Buangpu: 10 71 3 21 2 14 0 0 Total 173 1037 311 1750 58 335 | 0 1 0

2 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the NGO consultancy are to facilitate the resettlement process on Phase I of the Mizoram State Roads Projectby:

1. Educatingthe PAPs on their rights, entitlements and obligationsunder the R&IPDP. 2. Ensuring that PAPs obtain their full entitlements under the R&IPDP. Where options are available, the NGO shall provide advice to PAPs on the relative benefits of each option. 3. Assisting PAPs in the redressal of grievances through the system implemented as part of the R&IPDP. 4. Collect data and to submit progress reports on a monthly basis as well as quarterly basis (5 copies each) to allow PWD to monitorand evaluatethe implementationof the R&IPDP.

ToR for NGOConsultancy Services - 2 - Governmentof Mizoram PublicWorks Department 5. To provide support and informationto PAPsfor income restoration. 6. To assist the PAPs for relocationand rehabilitation.

3 TASKS OF THE NGO

The NGO will work as a link between the project represented by the Special Land Acquisition Officer (SLAO), the R&R Manager, and the affectedcommunity. The NGO will be responsible for assisting the PAPs during the resettlementand rehabilitationprocess and shall ensure that all of the provisionsof the R&R Policy and the R&IPDPwith regard to the well being of the PAPs are implemented.

The NGO shall play a role of secondary stakeholderin implementationof the R&IPDP and in mitigating the adverse effects of the Project. The NGO shall remain responsible for the development of a compre- hensive livelihood system to facilitatethe PAPs to take advantages of the options available (as per the R&IPDP).

Specifically, the selected NGO will:

1. Develop rapport between the PAPs and the project authorities particulariy the SLAO. This will be achieved through regular meeting with both the SLAO and the PAPs. Meetings with the SLAO will be held at least fortnightlyand meetings with PAPs will be held at least monthly. All meetings and decisions taken are to be documented.

2. Assist the SLAO to undertakea public informationcampaign at the commencementof the project to inform the affectedcommunities of:

(i) the need for land acquisitioninvolved in Phase-I roads (ii) the need for displacement (iii) the likely consequencesof the projecton the communitieseconomic livelihood (iv) identifying PAPs and verifying on the basis of the census survey carried out and facilitating the distribution of the identity cards (v) the R&R policy and entitlementpackages 3. Assist PAPs in gettingthe compensationfor their land and propertiesacquired for the project 4. Ensure in coordinationwith the Village Councilin the transfer of alternate landto PAPs. For the calculation of market value/replacementvalue, village committeeshave been set up. The NGO shall represent the entitled persons (EPs) in the committee to ensure that a fair assess- ment takes place. 6. Ensure benefits due to the PAPs under R&R policy and R&IPDP are provided to the PAPs. From the policy and the R&IPDP,the NGO will verify the entitlements of each PAP (being made by the SLAO). If there is a discrepancy, betweenthe two, the NGO will be responsible for assisting the PAP in coming to some agreementwith the SLAO and, if necessary, pursuing the matter through the grievance redressal mechanism. 7. Help project authorities in making arrangements for the smooth relocation of the PAPs and their business. This will involve closeconsultation with the PAPs. 8. Ensure proper utilization by the PAPs of various grants available under the R&R package. The NGO will be responsiblefor advising the PAPs on how best use any cash that may be provided under the R&IPDP.Emphasis should be placed on using such funds in sustainableway.

ToR for NGOConsultancy Services - 3 - Governmentof Mizoram PublicWorks Department 9. Assist PAPs in getting benefits from various government development programs particularly for house construction.There are a number of government housing and training programs for liveli- hood programs that can be used by PAPs.The NGOs will investigatethe availabilityof places in these programs and shall inform the PAPs of the opportunities that exist and their relative merits. The NGO will co-ordinatethe training programs for sustainable livelihood and assist in develop- ing the required skills for livelihood rehabilitation.The NGO shall co-ordinate with the Village Councils, government departmentsand other organisations as YMA, MHIP etc., working in the area to ensure that all the optionsavailable to the PAP are known and can be communicatedto them. 1a. Develop micro level plans for resettlementand rehabilitation(R&R) in consultationwith the PAPs and the SLAO. A planshall be preparedand agreed for each PAP and will include such thing as: (a) list of options open to and the choices made by the PAP. The NGOs will assist them in making their choices (b) a list of benefitsdue to the PAP (c) arrangementsfor shifting (d) proposed utilizationof any grant moneys due to the PAP (e) involvementof PAP in existing governmentdevelopment programs (f) update informationavailable of PAPs and collect information of PAPs coming in the project due to any changes. PWD will be monitoring the implementationof the R&IPDP and will require data from the NGO to monitorinput, output and impact indicators. (g) any other responsibilityas may be assigned by the SLAO for the welfare of the affected community.

11. To ensure that all common property resources and utilities likely to be impacted due to the pro- ject are replaced prior to the commencementof the construction on that particular sub-sectionof the road. 12. To ensure that the social impacts as the disruption of access and pedestrian safety during con- struction and adequatelyaddressed. 13. To identify and provide for special managementmeasures on a case-to-case basis for additional structures to be impacted/displaced.These would include propertieson the hillside,which might get impacted due to the proposedcutting. 14. Create awareness among road users, the community in the roadside settlementsand especially in and around the constructioncamps regarding HIV/AIDS/STDs. 15. Create awareness among the local population in the built up areas regarding the Community Road Safety duringconstruction through local consultationslcampaigns/workshops. 16. Also monitor the ban on use of child labour by the contractors of any civil works and related ac- tivities and will create awarenessregarding the ill effects of child labour.

4. RESPONSIBILITIESOF IMPLEMENTATION

Responsibilitiesof Implementationof the R&IPDPwill include:

Identification and Verification

The NGO shall undertake a survey of the project affected area and shail update the informationon the Eligible PAPs and project-affectedfamilies (PAFs). The NGO shall verify the information already avail- able on the individual losses of the PAPs collected by the PWD. The NGO shall establish rapport with PAPs, consult and provide information about the respective entitlements as proposed under the R&IPDP, and distribute IdentityCards to the eligible PAPs. An identity card should include a photograph

ToRfor NGOConsultancy Services - 4 - Governmentof Mizoram PublicWorks Department of the PAP, the extent of loss suffered due to the project, and the choice of the PAP with regard to the mode of compensation and assistance(if applies,as per the R&IPDP).

The NGO shall prepare a list of the project-displaced persons/families (PDPs/PDFs) for relocation, enlisting the losses and the entitlementsas per the R&IPDP, after verification. It shall also prepare a list of the project-affected persons/families(PAPs/PAFs) enlisting the losses and the entitlementsas per the R&IPDP, after verification.

During the verification of the eligible PAPs/PAFs,the NGO shall ensure that each of the PAPs are con- tacted and consulted either in groups or individually. The NGO shall specially ensure consultationwith the women from the PAP familiesespecially women headed households.

Participatory methods should be applied in assessing the needs of the PAPs. The methods of contact may include (i) village level meetings;(ii) gender participation through group interactions; (iii) individual meetings and interactions.

Post Design Consultation

NGO contracted shall also be responsiblefor post design consultationwith the community for disclosure of designs for specific measuresat individuallevel.

Counsellingthe Entitled Persons

The counselling shall include the followingactivities by the NGO: -

* The NGO shall explain to the PAPsthe need for land acquisition,the provisionsof the policy and the entitlements under the R&IPDP. * Distribution of the R&R Policy and the translated version of the policy (in Mizo,) for each and every PAP to make them understandthe entitlementsin correct perspectives. * The NGO shall disseminateinformation to the PAPs on the possible consequencesof the project on the communities' livelihoodsystems and the options available. Thel NGO shall initiate micro-level plans for income restoration, in consultation with the PAPs. Women's perceptions are importantto be incorporatedin the developmentof these plans.

In all of these, the NGO shall consider women as a special focus group, and deal with them with care and sympathy.

Representingthe EPs in VillageCommittees for Market Value Assessment

Village Committees have been establishedto evaluate the actual market value of the structures for each of the 18 villages along the project route. The NGO shall represent the entitled persons (EPs) in these committees to ensure that a fair assessmenttakes place. The project will assist the eligible PAPs/PAFs in gettingthe difference betweenthe assessed market price and the compensationaward as assistance.

Disbursing the Assistances

The NGO shall document the entitlementof each of the PAPs/PAFson the basis of the R&IPDP and compare it with the SLAO's data and Village committees market value assessment. In case of dis-

ToR for NGOConsuitancy Services - 5 - Governmentof Mizoram PublicWorks Department crepancies, the NGO shall resolveit in consultationwith the SLAO on the basis of the Policy guide- lines or take up the matter to the GrievanceRedressal Committee. The NGO shall assist the project authorities in ensuring a smooth transition (during the part or full relocation of the PAPs/PAFs),helping the PAPSto take salvaged materials and shift with proper no- tices. In close consultationwith the PAPs,the NGO shall inform the SLAO about the shifting dates agreed with the PAPs in writing and the arrangementsdesired by the PAPs with respect to their enti- tlements. * The NGO shall assist the PAPs in opening bank accounts, explaining the implications, the rules and the obligations of a joint account', and how s/he can accessthe resourcess/he is entitledto. * The NGO shall ensure proper utilisationof the R&R budget available for each of the packages.The NGOs shall ensure that the PAPs have found economic investment options and are able to restore against the loss of land and other productive assets. The NGO shall identify means and advise the SLAO to disburse the entitlementsto the eligible persons/familiesin a manner that is transparent, and shall report to the MPWDon the level of transparencyachieved in the project.

Assistina the EPs and the SLAO Negotiatefor the New Land for Resettlement

* Obtain the PAP's choice in terms of (i) shifting plan and arrangements;(ii) grant utilisation plan; (iii) community asset buildingplan and (iv) institutionalarrangements in maintainingthe assets. * Ensuring the replacementof the land lost in terms of quality and quantity. * Assist Village Council Officialsin negotiatingand transfer of altemate landto the PAPs.

Accompanying and representingthe EPs at the Grievance CommitteeMeetings

The NGO shall nominatea suitable person (from the staff of the NGO)to be a memberof the GRC. The NGO shall make the PAPaware of the grievance redressal committees(GRC). The NGO shall train the PAPs on the procedure to file a grievance applicationand to confirm that a statement of claim from the concerned PAP accompanies each grievance application. The NGO shall help the PAPs in filling up the grievance applicationand also in clearing their doubts about the procedure as well as the contextof the GRC award. The NGO shall record the grievance and bring the same to the notice of the GRC within 7 (seven) days of receipt of the grievancefrom the PAPs. It shall also submit a draft resolutionwith respect to the particular grievance of the PAP, suggesting multiple solutions, if possible, and deliberate on the same in the GRC meetingthrough the NGO representativein the GRC. To accompany the PAPs to the GRC meeting on the decided date, help the PAP to express his/her grievance in a formal manner if requested by the GRC and again informthe PAPs of the decisions taken by the GRC within 3 days of receivinga decision from the GRC. (The timeframefor the GRC to take a decisionis 15 days).

Assisting the eligible PAPs to take advantage of the existing Government Housing and Employment Schemes

With regard to the above,the NGO shall

Itis proposedn theRAP that the R&R assistance from the project will be paid in the joint name of the spouses,as applicable, exceptin tnecases of thewoman-headed households and the woman wage earners.

ToRfor NGOConsultancy Services - 6 - Governmentof Mizoram PublicWorks Department * Coordinate (and impart wherever required) the training and capacity building of the PAPs, for up- grading their skills for income restoration.This will include the training to be given by the NGO to women Self-help-group membersin accounting,record maintenance,skill acquisition in the chosen enterprise, and marketing,etc. * Help the PAPs in realising and optimising the indigenous technology knowledge (ITK) through use of local resources. * Define, evolve and explore alternativemethods of livelihood using the local skill and resources. * Contact financial institutions of the area in accessingthe credit requiredby the individualas well as groups of PAPs and the women's groups from the PAFs. The NGO shall maintain a detailed record of such facilitation, and planfor each PAFto repay the loan. * Establish linkages with the Village Councils for ensuring that the PAPs are benefited from the schemes available and those they are entitledto. The NGO shall maintaina detailed record of such facilitation.

Inter-AgencyLinkages for IncomeRestoration and other R&R Services

The NGO shall be responsiblefor establishinglinkages with

Financial institutions for facilitatingthe PAPs to access credit; Government departments,district administrationand Village Councils, etc. to ensure that the PAPs are included in the developmentschemes, as applicable; Training institutes for impartingskill and managementtraining for enterprise creation and develop- ment.

Monitoringand Evaluation

The R&IPDP includes a provision for mid-term and post-project monitoring and evaluation by external consultants. The NGOs involved in the implementationof the R&IPDP will be required to supply all in- formation, documents to the extemal monitoringand evaluation consultants.To this end, the NGOsshall keep proper documentationof their work and the R&R process involved in the project, and shall be re- sponsible for the upkeep and updating of such documents periodically and regularly.The documentation shall include photographsof the pre-interventionand the post-interventionscenario of all the properties, structures and assets affectedby the project.

Recommendingfor the Improvementof R&R Services

* Recommend and suggest techniques and methods for improvement of services extended by the concerned government departmentsand other agencies and committeesin disbursementlextension of R&R services in the project. * Document implementationof the R&R process and services, including difficulties faced and corre- sponding sotutions. Discuss with the MPWD on contingency management and other improvement of R&R services, within the project road.

Documentingof Tasks Carried Out by the NGO and Evaluationof the Achievementsof R&IPDP

The NGO selected for the assignmentshall be responsibleto Submit an inception report within three weeks; on signing up of the contract, including a work plan for the whole contract period, staffing and personnel deployment plan, and a withdrawal plan at the

ToRfor NGOConsultancy Services - 7 - Governmentof Mizoram PublicWorks Department end of the period of contract. The withdrawal plan shall be detailed and reflect how the assets cre- ated and transferred to the PAPs/PAFs,will be maintained. * Prepare monthly progress reports to be submitted to the SLAO, with weekly progress and work charts as against the scheduledtimeframe for R&IPDP implementation. * Prepareand submit quarterly reportson a regular basis, to the SLAO. *Submit a completionreport at the end of the contract period.

Reporting in writing as well as photographsetc., taken during the assignment shall be submittedin sup- port of the reports. Accounts / reports both on expenditure on administrationas well as training, and other heads shall be submittedwith the quarterlyand the completionreports.

In addition to the above,the NGOsshall Prepare and submit separatedescriptive reports on participatory micro-plans with full details of the Participatoryrapid Appraisalexercises conducted.

5. CONDITION OF SERVICES

The NGOs shall ensure that the R&IPDP is implementedin an effective and proper manner. The prme responsibility of the NGO shall be to ensure that each and every eligible PAPs receive appropriateand justified entitlement and that, at the end of the project R&R services, the eligible PAPs have improved (or at least restored to) their previousstandard of living.

Additionally the NGO shall help the MPWD in all other matters deemed to be required to implementthe R&IPDPin its spirit and entirety.

All documents created, generated or collected during the period of contract, in carrying out the services under this assignment will be the property of the MPWD. No information gathered or generated durng and in carrying out this assignment shall be disclosed by the NGOs without explicit permission of the MPWD.

6. TIMEFRAME FOR SERVICES

The NGOs will be contractedfor a period of two years from the date of commencement,with a with- drawal methodology in built into the proposalsfrom the NGOs. The acquisition and transfer of alternate land is expected to be completedby March2002.

7. PAYMENT SCHEDULE

Si. No. PaymentSchedule Percentageof the Contract Value Afteracceptance of letter of Award and Submission of Inception Report 5% 2 Oncompletion ofverification & consultation exercise and Submission ofUpdated dat 15% onPAPs and review of thesame by client 3 Onsubmission ofmicro level plans 15% 4 Onsubstantialcompletion of RelocationProcess 10/ I 4 Onsubcompletion of Relocation Process 10%

6 Oncompiebon of Rehabilitation Process 15% 0 7 On suibmissionof Final CompletionRepon 3 %

ToR for NGOConsultancy Services - 8 - Governmentof Mizoram PublicWorks Department 8. TEAM FOR THE ASSIGNMENT

The NGOs are free to recommenda team commensuratewith the requirements of the project, subject to the following conditions:

That the proposal should accompanya personnel deployment schedule, clearly indicating whether the deployment is home-officebased or in the field. * That the NGOs must propose at least one woman as part of the key personnel.The person-month deployment of the woman key personnel shall constitute at least 33% of the person-month deploy- ment of all key professionalsin the assignment.The proposed woman key person shall be available to work at site (project route) for at least 50% of the duration of the contract. * That the NGOs will depute a 'technical/professional'team to work at the site, which will consist at least 33% of women members.Junior support personnel and administrativestaff will not be consid- ered as 'technicallprofessional'members.

9. DATA TO BE PROVIDEDBY THE CLIENT

Client will provide to the Consultants(NGO) the copies of census data, R&IPDP,Land Acquisition Plan etc. collected/prepared.

10. COMPOSITIONOF REVIEWCOMMITTEE TO MONITOR NGOS WORKS

A reviewing committee consistingof the following officers of the MPWD shall review the progress of the work and the reports to be submittedby the NGO: -

1. Project Director Chairman 2. SLAO Member 3. R&R Manager, PWD Member

ToRfor NGOConsultancy Services - g - Governmentof Mizoram PublicWorks Department CHAPTER 12 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM

In the case of a project involving involuntary resettlement, the grievance redressal procedure and appeal mechanismare an important aspect related to R&R of the PAPs. Experienceshows that litigation causes unnecessarydelay and cost overrun of the project. Keepingin mind legalprocedures involving such cases, the PWDhas provisionfor a GrievanceRedressal Mechanism, which will provide a forum to peopleto expresstheir dissatisfactionover compensationand R&Rprovisions. It does not imply that the affected will be debarredfrom movingthe court on compensation,but all possibleefforts would be madeby the PIU to reacha mutually beneficialout of the court settlement.

12.1 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL COMMITTEE Accordingto the PWDR&R policy a GrievanceRedressal Committee (GRC) will be formed at each District HeadQuarter comprising of the following: * ProjectDirector, PWD * DistrictMagistrate * Representativesfrom VillageCouncils, NGOs and PAPs.

12.2 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL The main objective is to providea step-by-stepprocess of registeringand addressingthe grievances. It is expectedthat this mechanismwill ensure redressto the aggrievedparty. The PAPswill have accessto the committee, which will function throughout the project period. The procedurefor GrievanceRedressal is outlined in Figure12.1.

12.3 RESPONSE TIME The GrievanceRedressal Cell (GRC)will hear grievancesonce in 15 days. Sincethe entire resettlement processhas to be completedbefore the road constructionwork starts the GRC may meet more than once in every 15days dependingupon the number of such cases. The GRCwill inform the concernedEPs of their decisionwithin 15 days of the hearing of grievance.

Revisedby Lea Associates 12-1 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MlzoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.12 - GrievanceRedressal Mechanism

-- Entitled Person

Grievanc e Redressal Regarding |GivneRedressal Regarding R&R | Land Acquisition |Provisionsl

Redress L.A. Officer R&R Officer NGOILeadersof the PAPs

IFr District Magistrate Grievance Redressal Committee

Redress I

Redress

Figure 12.1: Grievance RedressalMechanism in the Project

Revisedby Lea Associates 12-2 OctobeT2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) CHAPTER 13 MONITORING & EVALUATION

The monitoring & evaluation (M&E) are critical activities in involuntary resettlement. Monitoring invoives periodicchecking to ascertainwhether activitiesare going according to the plans. It provides the necessaryfeedback for project managementto keep the program on schedule. By contrastevaluation is essentiallya summingup, the end of the projectsassessment of whether those activitiesactually achievedthere intendedends. This chapter addressesthe M&Eprocedure to be followed after the implementationof the R&IPDP.It contains elements of both compliancemonitoring to ascertainwhether the actions called for by the R&IPDP have indeed been carried out, and success or performance monitoring to determine whether these actions have achieved their objectives. In both cases,the purposeis to provide regular, rapid and reliable feedback to the PWD headquarters,so that they may initiate any required remedial actions. The proposedmonitoring programfro R&IPDPhas both internal and externalcomponents.

13.1 MONITORING PROJECT OBJECTIVES A list of impact performanceindicators will be developed,which will be used to monitor project objectives. These indicatorswill form the basis for monitoring and evaluationof the implementationof the R&IPDP. The socio-economicsurvey undertakenduring the project preparationwill provide benchmarksfor comparisonon the socio-economicstatus of the PAPsin the post project period. It will provide informationabout whether the project objectivesare being achieved. A key objective of the project is the restoration and improvementof affected people'sincome and quality of life.

13.2 TYPE OF MONITORING AND SCHEDULE The set of indicators for both internal and the external monitoring which will be used during the life of the project, will include: * Input indicators * Outputindicators * Outcomeindicators • Impactindicators Monitoring the inputs and the outputs will be carried out by the PWD as part of the internal monitoring. These are built in the design of the project and the reporting requirementas part of the QuarterlyProject Monitoring Reports.

Revisedby LeaAssociates 13-1 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:13 - Monltornng& Evaluation

The impact and the outcomemonitoring are, in effect, measuringthe qualitativeimpact of the project and how the project has changedthe lives of the people qualitatively. The impact indicators relate to the overall project objectives as per the R&R policy. The qualitative outcome and impact of the project will be monitored by an external agency through annual,mid-term and end-of-projectmonitoring. The progress and effectivenessof R&IPDPwill be monitored in terms of the progress madein respectof the following: * Physical Progress * Financial Progress * Social Development * Participation The method of measuring the indicators under different heads, facilitating input and output monitoring is detailedin Table 13.1. The logical framework of indicators is provided in Annexure 13.1 in Volume II of this Report.

13.3 MONITORING PROJECTINPUT AND OUTPUT

Impact indicators relate to overall project objectives as stated in the R&R policy. An external agency will be contracted to evaluate R&R activities on basis in the prescribed monitoring as per Tables 13.1 through 13.4, which will be further developed during the course of implementation of the R&IPDP. The reports will compare the progress of the project to targets set up at the commencement of the project. The R&R officer at the corporate office will consolidate the monthly reports. A tentative monitoring schedule is provided in Table 14.1.

Table 13.1: MonitoringFramework for FinancialProgress

No. Indicatorsfor FinancialProgress Methodology Output 1 Amountdisbursed for land compensation StructuredSchedule Compensation 2 Amount Disbursedfor structurecompensation StructuredSchedule Compensation 3 Amount disbursedfor productiveasset grant StructuredSchedule Assistance (Agriculture)______4 Amountdisbursed for productiveasset grant StructuredScheduie Assistance _ (business) SrcueShdle AsItac 5 Amount disbursedfor house constructiongrant StructuredSchedule Assistance 6 Amount disbursedfor transitionalassistance StructuredSchedule Assistance 7 Amountdisbursed for Rehabilitationgrant Structuredschedule Assistance 8 Amountdisbursed for rent Structuredschedule Assistance 9 Amount disbursedfor shiftingassistance Structuredschedule Assistance 10 Amount disbursedfor assistanceto tenants Structuredschedule Magnitudeof tenants

11 Amountdisbursed for communityinfrastructure Core RapidAppraisal CommunityWelfare 12 Amountdisbursed for extensionof income Structuredschedule Income Restoration

Revisedby Lea Associates 13-2 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 13 - Momntoring& Evaluation

No. Indicators for Financial Progress Methodology Output restoration programs

13 Amount paid towards training and capacity building StructuTed schedules and Coordination

14 Fees paid to M&E agency Structured Schedule Monitoring Costs 15 Fees paid to NGO's for implementation Core rapid appraisal Implementation Costs

Table 13.2: Monitoring Framework for Physical Progress

No. Indicators for Physical Progress Methodology Output 1 Total land acquired Structured schedule Compensation 2 No of EPs whose land was acquired Structured schedule Compensation 3 No of EPs whose Residential Structures was Structured schedule Compensation + affected Assistance 4 No of PAFs residential structures acquired and Structured schedule Compensation + demolished Assistance 5 No of EPs commercial structures acquired and Structured scheduie Compensation+

6 dofEPsrcivdpo dutveasesrnt Snutrdecedld reassilitation No of EPs received productive asset grant Structured schedule Economic 6 (agriculture) Srcueshdlerehabilitation 7 No of Eps receivedproductive asset grant Srcueshdle Economic (business) rehabilitation 8 No of EPs received house construction grant Structured schedule Shelter

j9 No of EPs received transitional allowance Structured schedule rehabilitation

10 | No of EPs received economic rehabilitation Structured schedule Economic 1 N Structured schedule Rehabilitation 12 No of EP s received shifting allowances Structured schedule Relocation 12 No of EPs received rentalallowance Structuredschedule Relocation

Table 13.3: Monitoring Framework for Social Development

No. Indicators for Social Development Methodology Output 1 Consumption pattern Structured schedule Economic well being

2 Occupation pattern Structured schedule available

3 Status of health Structured schedule Improved health 4 No of Eps brought above Poverty Line Structured schedule Poverty Alleviation 5 Literacy Structured schedule Access to education 6 Time disposition of women Structured schedule Increased productivity |7 Decision making by women Structured schedule Improved status 8 Dnnking water Structured schedule Basic needs met |9 Schools Structured schedule Increase facilities 10 I Health center Structured schedule Increase facilities 11 Community infrastructure Structured schedule Community development

Revised by Lea Associates 13-3 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:13 - Monitoring& Evaluation

Table 13.4: Monitoring Framework For Participation

No. Indicatorsfor Social Development Methodology Output 1- No of meetingsfor disseminationof R&R Structuredschedule Awarenessabout the project F2 No of meetingswith EPs to finalizetheir Structuredschedule Informedchoice of selection opinion on R&R 3 No of EPs approachthe Grievance Structuredschedule Participation RedressalCommittee No of EPs participatedin DistrictLevel S s D 4 Committees Structuredschedule Decisionmaking by EP

5 No of women gainfullyemployed Structuredschedule Increasedopportunities for women

6 No of EP s movedthe No ofcourt ER s movedthe Structuredschedule ~~~~~~withinImplementationthe time frameof the project Total area, no of structuresand EPs saved Minimizingnegative social from negativeimpact duringimplementation Structuredschedule impact

The Social Unit of the PIU will be responsiblefor monitoring the progressof all activities as per the plan. This progress will be reflected under the broad heads of physical, financial, social development and participation indicators, which are the quantitative aspects of monitoring and should be followed up systematically. The reports on a monthly basis will reflect the qualitativeaspects of the input and the output, carryingout a comparativeanalysis of the progressmade from the previoustime. The SocialUnit will consolidatethe monthly reportssubmitted by the NGOs. All reports will have to be compiled within fifteen days at the end of each month. A sample of the reporting formats for monitoring of activities related to the R&IPDPhas been prepareda providedin Table 13.5 to 13.9. It will be the responsibilityof the SocialUnit to compile all of the reportsso as to be able to form an overview of the implementationof the R&IPDP. Where the Social Unit perceivesemerging problems,it will have to issue instructionsto the concernedNGO and the GRC.The social unit will submit a copy of its monthly report separatelyfor physical and financial componentsto the PIU. The tentative time schedulefor monitoring and evaluationis providedin Table 14.1.

13.4 EXTERNAL EVALUATION An outside agency, a consultancyorganization or an NGO with prior experience in resettlementand rehabilitationor in carrying out other socialdevelopment activities will be engaged to carry out the evaluation and reporting o the implementationof the R&IPDP.This agencywill be independentof the project. This external evaluatingagency will conductan evaluationat least thrice during the life of the project. The first will be an annual evaluationand shall take place after the project- displaced families have been displacedfrom the corridor of impact. Any problems encounteredwill be assessedand necessarychanges will be recommendedto the PWD

Revised by Lea Associates 13-4 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&ZPDP:13 - Monitoring& Evaluation

for consideration. This is to ensurethat these issues do not linger throughout the life of the project. The other evaluationwill be standardmid-term and at the end of the project. It is suggested that the external evaluationshould be based on a recognizedsampling method to select the items or the performanceindicators to be monitored and the EPs within the project contract packages.

13.5 REPORTING The external evaluation agency is expected to submit three evaluation reports to the PWD. The report should contain all the data collectedas well as critical analysisof the same. It is expected from the agency to come out with a comparative analysis with referenceto pre-project and post-projectstatus in the socio-economicconditions of the PAPs. The external evaluationagency is expectedto prepare reports of evolutionaryform and content. The evaluationshould not be limited to only pre-projectand post-projectstatus. It must also include comparisonbetween the findings of the previousreports and present report. In the process of such comparison if the external evaluation agency finds changes,it will be necessaryon the part of the agencyto explain the reasonsthereof. If the external evaluation agency finds shortcomingsin the existing plan of action, the agency should include their recommendationswith the implementation details and procedures. The RRSCafter receivingreport from external evaluationagency would review the same within 15 days. Within a week thereafter, the Social Unit will submit a report to the PIU with consolidatedrecommendations from the evaluationreports. The PIU is authorized, and will initiate the necessarycontingency management or correctiveactions, if required, and if so recommended. The PIU will seek guidance from the PWD headquarters, speciallythe social unit the PWD headquarters regardingthe actions on the evaluation, and will submit a action taken report to the PWD headquarterswithin 15 days of receivingthe report from the SocialUnit. The action taken report will be updated by the PIU at intervals of 3 months (such updating will correspondto the quarterly reports on overall progressmonitoring of the project.

Revised by Lea Associates 13-5 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) CHAPTER 14 IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM & SCHEDULE

The implementation of the R&R component of the project will be coordinated with completionof the project-preparation,and the scheduleof constructionworks. This would have contractual implicationsduring procurementand construction. As a guiding principle, no construction will begin in a road stretch where relocation is incomplete1. Handingover the site (or the COI) free of encumbrancesto the Contractoris otherwise also a must, to avoid contractual difficulties. The contract documentsof the project therefore include the provisionof handing over the project site in "sections",at different points of time within the construction period. This arrangementwill assist in completingrelocation activities before start of constructionin any of the road sections.

14.1 MAJORSTAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION Overall, implementationof the R&IPDPwill consistof the following: Resettlementcomponent for the affected/displacedtitleholders. This wouldinclude * Issueof legalnotifications, and completion of othernecessary processes under the relevantland appropriationrules; taking physicalpossession of the land (includingproperty) to be acquiredafter completingthe processesnecessary to acquireland (including property, if any). Verificationl of the entitledpersons, and final estimation of their leveland type of loss; * Preparationfor relocationof the entitledpersons; and, * Relocationand resettlement of the entitledpersons. Resettlementcomponent for the affected/displacednon-titleholders (however, it may be notedthat noneof the affected/displacedfamily/household is a non-titleholder). * Livelihoodrestoration of all affected/displacedpersons. The scheduleof implementationfor the major R&Rtasks is shown in Figure 14.1. This schedulewill be continuouslymonitored and updated as the projectprogresses. As part of the monitoring, a simple summaryR&R implementation plan will be preparedby the PIU.

Note that completionof relocationdoes not mean completionof the resettlementprogramme. For explanation,see sub-section 14.5 of this Report.

Revisedby Lea Associates 14-1 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:14 - ImplementationMechanism & Schedule

14.2 IMPLEMENTATION MEASURES Implementationof the R&IPDPin this projectwould consistof certainpre-implementation measures,as well as the R&Rimplementation measures described in the following sub- sections.

14.2.1 PRE-IMPLEMENTATIONMEASURES The activitiesinvolved before actualstart of relocationand/or resettlementare as follows:

Procuring an NGO The PIU (or the Social Cell of the PIU) will procurean NGOfor the implementationof the R&IPDP.The procurement will be completed in accordancebased on the applications receivedfrom the pre-selectedNGOs (applications to be received in a given format for comparativeassessment), and the TORfor NGOs(see Annexure10.3). After selectionof the NGO,the PIU and the Social Cell should coordinateall the activities involvedin the R&IPDPimplementation with the contracted NGO.The NGOwill be appointed for the entire constructionperiod. The general terms of referencefor the NGOincludes the following (see Annexure10.3 for details): * Counselingthe entitledpersons; nDisbursing the assistance(to be paidby the project); . Accompanyingand representingthe entitled personsat the GrievanceRedressal Committeemeetings; * Representingthe entitledpersons in the MarketValue Assessment Committee; * Assistingthe entitledpersons and the SocialCell of the PIUin identifyingand negotiating for the newlands for resettlement; * Assistingthe eligiblePAPs to take advantageof the existinggovernment housing and employmentgeneration programmes; * Inter-agencyliaison for incomerestoration and other R&R services; • Assistingin monitoringand evaluationof the R&Rcomponent of the project(including recommendingmeasures to improvethe R&R services); and, • Documentationof the tasks carried out by the NGO(including evaluation of the achievementsand implementation of the R&IPDP).

* Appointment of Staff at the Corporate Office The required staff suggestedas part of the institutional capacity building plan has been alreadyappointed, and is in place.

* District and Village Level Committees The following committeeshave been proposedto be set-up for implementingthe R&IPDP: * TheGrievance Redressal Committees (at thedistrict level), and * The MarketValue Assessment Committees (for everyproject village).

Revisedby LeaAssociates 14-2 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT,CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP.14 -ImplementationMechanism & Schedule

Thesecommittees will be set-up before implementationof the project starts, to speedup the processof R&IPDPimplementation (this is an important parameterto ensurethat the administrativehiccups for R&IPDPimplementation can be smoothenedand the civil works can start on time).

Training the SLAO, R&R Manager & the NGO The training for the SLAO,R&R manager, the NGOand the other officials related to the project (within and outside the PIU) in resettlementand rehabilitationwill be crucial in ensuring effective implementation. Moreoversuch training is required to facilitate the government officials and the NGO to address the problems of the PAPsin a more responsibleand appropriatemanner.

Distribution of the R&R Policy (printed in local language) Preparationof pamphletson R&Rpolicy in local language(i.e., Mizo), distributionto the EPsand building awarenessabout the projectamongst the PAPs,would be undertaken. This is requiredfor spreadingawareness of the project and of what the Governmenthas devised for the benefit of the people.The policy has been preparedin consultationand inputs from the PAPs, and information regarding such earlier consultation and the continuing consultation process in the project will be an important component of awarenessbuilding. The awarenesscampaign will help the PAPsto learn about their rights, and examine whether the compensation/mitigationprepared for them is in accordancewith the policy and the norm of the Government(or about whether they are being misleadand kept misinformed)with regard to resettlement.

14.2.2 R&RIMPLEMENTATION MEASURES

* The Cut-off Dates for Entitlement This would involve identificationof the cut-off date as per the censussurveys conducted by the Project and/or legal notification for the required land acquisition to the PAPs throughout the project.

Verification of Entitled Persons& Estimation of their Type & Level of Losses This requires to be conducted as a updatingactivity to identify any EPsthat might have been left out during the Censusconducted by the PCCteam and refresh the list of EPs, their type of lossesand the cost involved in full-fledged resettlementas per the Project's EntitlementPolicy.

* Preparation of EPsfor Relocation The plans of relocation and entitlements will be discussedwith the identified EPs to preparethem for the subsequentresettlement.

Revisedby Lea Associates 14-3 October2001 (OriginaiDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:14 - ImplementationMechanism & Schedule

Relocation and Resettlement of EPs This will involve the following: Putting in place actual relocationof the EPs . Ensuringthat the EPs have started the activity desiredby the project for income generation,or buildingtheir structures,etc., at the newplace of settlement. This would help in the long run as it is requiredto monitor and evaluatethe quality of life of the EPsafter and during the definedimplementation period.

14.3 GENERAL ACTIVITIES These activitieswould includethe following:

Verification of the EPsand Updating the CensusDatabase The data collected during the census conducted by the PCCneeds to be verified and updated before implementation.This will provide the final list of EPsand a verification regardingthe actual loses incurred due to the Project, which in turn, would provide the actual estimate of eachof the resettlementmeasures that needto be undertaken.

* Distribution of Identity Cards The identity card with the photograph is an essential documentedproof for the EPs, particularly as many of the EPs do not have formally establishedlegal rights on the property (such as the tenantsin Melriat,Aibawk and Steek).The identity cards will also be a proof of the (jointly) measuredextent of losses,and the choice(among applicableR&R alternatives)by the EPs.

opening of Joint Bank Accounts After the updating of the list of EPs,joint bank accountswill be opened(for depositingin all cash compensationand all cash assistancesto be given to the EPs).The accountswill be opened in the names of the EPs and a representativeof the NGOresponsible for implementingthe R&IPDP.This would require liaison with the regional banks and rural bank branches nearby. This would avoid any misappropriationof the cash to be distributed. A further benefit of such joint account is that the NGOcan monitor that the money is being spent by the EPs for the desired purposes (such as for income regeneratingactivities).

Monitoring Physicaland Financial Progress Periodicmonitoring of the physicaland the financial progressof the implementationof the R&IPDPis an important activity. This would help in not only appropriateimplementation, but would also avoid any delaysin the implementation.

Revised by Lea Associates 14-4 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:14 - ImplementationMechanism & Schedule

Monthly Progress Reports

Based on the progress of the implementation a monthly report will be prepared. This will facilitate (a) reviewing the project and making necessary amendments in the R&R requirements, and (b) financial allocation required for the project at the appropriate times.

14.4 LAND ACQUISITION

The following activities will be required for acquisition of the land by PWD for the project. * Preparing land plans for acquisition with details about the total holding and the area affected. * Appointmentof the competentauthority. * Issue of noticesas legallyrequired, to the currentowners holding or cultivatingthe land. * Announcementof compensation/assistanceas per requirement. * Issue of chequesin publicplaces prior to taking possessions. * PAPsallowed salvagingthe materialfrom the demolishedstructures. For further details, refer Chapter 9 of this Report.

14.5 RELOCATION

For relocation of the PDPs,the following provisions will apply in the Project: * Civil works will begin after peoplehave beenrelocated, for all particularroad segments. . Verification of the displaced population and properties - agriculture, residential and commercial,will be completebefore relocation. Other activities required in the project before relocating any individual or family would consist of the following: * Identification of alternate plots in consultationwith the people. * Developmentof the relocationsites with basicinfrastructural facilities (where required). * Disbursementof shifting allowanceand rental allowances. * Setting up of temporaryresidential camps, if needbe. * Announcementand disbursementof the replacementof the property affected of EPsand payment through cheques(at least the assistanceparts of the paymentfrom the project) at a public meeting. If relocation encompasses the following processes, relocation may slowly proceed without inappropriate delay or large time-gaps. Allotment of plots to EPsthrough publicconsultations. Constructionof residenceand shops at the resettlementsites by the PAPsor the PIU as desiredby the PAPs(if required). Building/ Relocatingthe communityfacilities in consultationwith the community. Enhancementof the existing facilities identified in the R&IPDPand any other during the courseof implementationby the community. Completion of relocation will include consultation by NGO, final survey of assets impacted, agreement on (all) entitlements, distribution of photo-identity cards specifying the

Revisedby Lea Associates 14-5 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:14 - ImplementationMechanism & Schedule

entitlements and choicesof the PAPswith respectto each of the entitlements,relocation of each of the displaced person to a permanent/temporarysite/building, payment of relocation/shifting allowance, etc., as per the entitlement framework. Note that completionof relocationdoes not mean completionof the resettlementprogramme. Final payment of assistance and/or compensation, final resettlement to a permanent site/building, livelihoodrestoration programme, etc., may still remainunfinished.

14.6 REHABILITATION Rehabilitationof the EPsin the project will constitutethe following. * Verificationof EPsentitled to transitionalallowance, productive asset grant and economic rehabilitationgrant. * Providinginformation to EPsto make informed choiceabout the IG program. * Training for upgradationof skills for IG programs. * Paymentof the assistanceto synchronizewith the releaseof compensationpaid to EPs. * Income generatingactivity for each EPto be planned by the EPsin consultationwith the NGOs.

Revisedby Lea Associates 14-6 October2001 (OriginalDocument by iCT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.14 - IMp/e`77ea7tatio7Mechanism & Schedule

l able11.1 IlIlplemIcnIalio.i Schedule for RAP

I' l-tl-2'i-l'o-4K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-=-X ------1 - - - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I511191~~~~~~ ~~~ I-1

NT1,.-2...... l...... _A ______-_____1lllll

|~I IS 7I'IS _ \,.,',,a,""~~~~~~~~WoI",,\,XI-b4sNIOI .111 I}ttlkIIII 1 11NI,IIIIS0-NN.II1l,II. _...... ___,,.,.. ______IIIIIIIIL1 0___ 111I ______-- - - -t - - -1

1'1. ,1 (N111 9 S1NISINX INNIkA11- 111111,1;

Cl'"':"" ""''19t1...... 11------+--

111-19<111

_Revise0dby Le_aAs~sociate~s ___14-7 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) CHAPTER 15 RESETTLEMENT & REHABILITATION BUDGET

The R&R budget is an outlay of expenditure under different categories.The budget is preparedon the basis of informationcollected during the socio-economicsurvey and the censussurvey of the PAPs'.The costs calculatedmay need upwardrevision in the budget, due to the inflation rates varying. Also, there can be a variation in the replacementvalue, in accordance to the recommendationsof the special committees that have been constituted for each affected village to determine the replacementvalue of lands and structures.These will then reflect on the budget. Hence,a degreeof flexibility would need to be in built into the preparationof the budget so that each and every PAPreceives is/her due share. The budget is sub-dividedinto several componentsand sub-components,under different heads. The components and sub-componentsand their detail explanations are given below.

15.1 UNIT COSTS

15.1.1 VALUEOF LAND After extensivesurvey of the PAPsand verificationof local market rates from local people and revenue officials, it was observedthat at most of the settlementsapart from Aizawl, Aibawk, and Falkawn,there were not many land transactionsbetween private owners. This was largely due to the availabilityof lands for residentialpurposes with the Village Councils.The value of lands has beenworked out on the basisof the revisedclassification of land and land revenue as per the notification of the RevenueDepartment, 19982. Accordinglythe land valueshave beenworked out, in consultationwith the variousVillage Councils,Revenue Department and the PAPs.A land value of Rs.110,000/hectare has

1 Whileall the careis takento accountfor eachof the componentsin the budget, there may be certain casesof PAPswhose names were included later than the surveyor theymay be disputed cases, the expenditureon suchPAPs will haveto be includedlater.

2 In accordanceto these rules, the land within the village boundary has been divided into three grades for villagesand small settlements and four grades for largeurban areas, as follows: GradeI: Landwithin the core area of thesettlement; GradeII: Landaway from the corridor and situated in theoutskirts of thesettlement; GradeIII: Landoutside the settlement limits but within the village boundaries, generally not occupiedfor residentialuses.

Revisedby LeaAssociates 15-1 October2001 (OriginalDocument by iCT, CES,LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:15 - Resettlement& Rehabilitation Budget

been worked out for the agricultural lands and Rs.3,30,000/- for residential and commerciallands.

15.1.2 REPLACEMENTVALUE OF STRUCTURES The Replacementvalue of the structureshas beenworked out in accordanceto the rates specifiedin the Scheduleof Rates(SOR) for Mizoram,2000. After the identificationof the propertieslikely to be impactedand displaceddue to the project, the measurementof the individual structures including an assessmentof the specification and type of these structures has been carried out. This exercisehas been worked out by the SpecialLAO, PIU along with the Village council President,Representatives of NGOsas the YMA and MHIP,and the affectedpersons. Measurementswere done of the main structure, the type of constructionand materials. The measurementincluded those of the extent of shifting required of the water drums and pig sty within the residentialland.

15.1.3 TRANSmONAL ALLOWANCE Transitional allowance for 9 months will be given to those whose livelihood will be affected. For those householdswho will be partially affected, a transitionalallowance for 3 monthswill be given. A lumpsumof Rs.1,000/-per month has been worked out.

15.1.4 ECONOMICREHABILITATION GRANT

The objective of the R&Rpolicy is to provide support to the vulnerable families so that they are able to restore their livelihoodabove the poverty level. Therefore,an additional grant of Rs.5,000/- per family will be providedas an EconomicRehabilitation Grant.

15.1.5 SHIFTING ALLOWANCE All the displacedwill requireassistance to shift their belongingsand salvagedmaterial for which an amount of Rs.1,000/family is allocated.

15.1.6 RENTALALLOWANCE PDFswill further require assistancein case they are unable to build their houses and shops after the project has taken possessionof their property or after demolishingtheir structures. To meet the transit accommodation,Rs.500/family/month for 6 months is considered. In case of tenants, a rental allowanceof Rs.500 per householdshall be providedfor six months.

Revisedby Lea Associates 15-2 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:15 - Resettlement& RehabilitationBudget

15.1.7 STANDING CROPSAND TREES The valuation of the standing crops and trees have been carried out in accordance to the

Government of Mizoram, Revenue Department Notification dated 18th July 1991, which has fixed rates for the valuation of crops and plants that are acquired or damaged for public purposes.

The inventorisation of the standing crops and trees to be impacted have been carried out by the SLAO, PIU who has undertaken a joint verification of the individual residential and agricultural properties to be impacted, along with the village council President, Representative of the NGOs as the YMA and MHIP and the affected people.

15.1.8 RESETTLEMENTSrTES

The Entitlement Framework included the provision of resettlement sites complete with infrastructure and amenities. As is evident from the social surveys that have been carried out, most of the 58 households that are to be displaced have adequate land available for shifting, where they can reconstruct their structure, once their structure is impacted. However, there are 8 families that do not have an alternate land for shifting. As part of the project preparation, the village councils of these villages have been contacted so as to identify alternative land parcels for relocating these families. These lands will be allotted within the existing village boundaries. Therefore there is no need for the identification of separate resettlement sites and development of infrastructure.

15.1.9 INSTITUTIONALCOSTS Non-Government Organization (NGO) cost has been calculated for the first 3 Years © Rs. 800,000 as lump sum for the whole Phase-I Project.

The fees of the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) agency have been provided for a period of 3 years as Rs 1,000,000.

A lump sum of Rs.1,500,000 has been provided for in the budget for carrying out other additional studies on the impact on poverty and impact on women etc.

15.2 BUDGET The total budget for implementing the R&R component in Phase-I of the Project is Rs.29.77 million, of which the World Bank will finance Rs.14.72 million, and the remaining amount of Rs.15.06 million will be borne by the Government of Mizoram (see Table 15.1)

The estimated budget for Phase-II of the project is Rs. 48.10 million, of which the WB will finance Rs. 20.82 million, and the remaining Rs. 27.28 million will be financed by the Government of Mizoram (see Table 15.1). The Phase-II estimate is based on extrapolated data from Phase-I, and will be updated during preparation of Phase-II of the project.

Revisedby Lea Associates 15-3 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MlzoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP:15 - Resettlement& RehabilitationBudget

Table 15-1 Consolidated RAP Budget- Phase I & II, MSRP

(INRin million) BudgetComponent PhaseI PhaseII GoM WB GoM WB Acquisitionof AgriculturalLand 1.95 3.04 2.21 4.00 Acquisitionof Residentialand Commercial Land 7.23 6.05 19.40 10.48 Acquistionof publiclands 1.84 0.88 Assistancetowards Loss of Livelihood 2.84 0.61 3.44 1.83 Assistancefor Encroachersand Squatters - Commonproperty resources 0.75 0.90 - InstitutionalCapacity Building and Implementation 0.45 3.52 0.45 3.52 Otherprovisions including measures as HIV/AIDS - 1.5 1 Total 15.06 14.72 27.28 20.82

The details of the R&IPDP budgets for the Phases I and II are presented in Tables 15-2 and 15-3.

15.2.1 FUNDING

The budget for Resettlement and Rehabilitation would be a part of the overall project cost and would be provided as loan assistance to the Government of Mizoram by the World Bank.

15.2.2 DISBURSEMENT OF ASSISTANCE

A joint account will be opened in the local Bank. The signatories will be entitled persons (EP), Special Land Acquisition Officer (SLAO) and representative of the NGO. All the assistance will be given through cheques. Apart from shifting and rental allowance, the others will be deposited in the joint accounts.

The amount will be withdrawn against the purchase of productive assets. In case of structures, the withdrawal will be in three instalments against the progress of construction, i.e., for (a) foundation, (b) walls, and (c) roof.

15.2.3 COMPENSATION

The district administration, the R&R Officer and representatives of the NGO will be present for the purpose of distribution of cheques. As per the law the owner will receive cheques in the meetings.

Revisedby Lea Associates 15-4 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES,LBII) MizoramState RoadsProject - PhaseI R&IPDP.15 - Resettlement& RehabilitationBudget

Table 15.2:R&IPDP Budget -Phase I

Type Unit of Financed by Assistance by Category of Entitle. Entitlement Details Quanti4 Rate Unit GoAd W9b Loss moent

Compensation as per LAA

Compensabow tor and 1 110OD0 00 ha 1 650 Solatllum@30% 1______t 0 050 Compensallon as per _ LAA/NHA Interest on all of above at 12% 0248

c Assistance D-D-lerence f Ac,tul Market Value and Compensabon as received or PAG sq.m 0 00

n no Transitonal Allowauncefa t'orn9months if the residual Landis not vtable 40 98000 00 amnly 0 36

ru E Rs 1000, for 3 months if the residual and is viabie 271 31000 00 family 0 81 Asssdavcetoiards seVerance of bnd (TAddbonal 10% of toe amount paid for compensaulonrllI fC 5/atium sqinm 0000 000

Aosislunce lowards Ta.ee/Fees/OPening of Bank Accounts 311 1.000 00| No 0 311

Altemat,ve Economic Rehabilitation Grant 311 0.000 00 fmil 1 56

Sub-Total Acquisitlon of Agricultural Land 1.947 3.04

Compensabon as per LAA

Compensaton for Residencwaland commercial and 330.000 00 ha 0 921

Compensaton as pert LAA So/at.m @30X 0.276

interest on at of above at 12% 0.387

Assistance for Residencral and commercial sitsctore 2.78 SOR 2000 ha 5 330 448 A at replacement value c ix °~~~ Assistance to stnuctunes_ Compensation for Pro sty&vaierdrsms 100.00 500.00 Nos 0 050

ro : E Transitional Allowance i for 9 monthsf tdheresidual land is not orable 8 9.000 00 amily 0 07

c' 10001-Rs for 3 months d the residual land nsoable 185 3,000.00 tmdy 00

oArssistance Z Rental Alolsance tor 6 months @Rs 500/month St 3,00 famdiy 0 174 Slihing Alowance - o.mpsum ot Rs 1000 8 1t0)0 0 family 0 058

1tthe PAP s a tenant Rental Allomanre (6rsonths)n Shithng Ato"rance 7 4,000 0 famity 0 030 Assistance ioisads Ta,es and Fees and Opening of Bank Accounts 173 1.000 0 family 0 170 Aitemrtre Econol,c Rehathiitalion Grant 17 8.000 0t tmiiy 0 865 House consgrrcllon Giant Sf S.000 00 lmily 0 29

S.b-Total Acquisition of Residential and Cornmercial Land 7.226 f.052

Acquistion ot insiltulional and government lands

Compensation as per LAA

CDO Co,pensation totLand acq.-rvd 1 94 110,000 00 ha 0 213

0Gcorensotlon ior Landacquvedo 113 1100D00 o ha 1 252

Co,ovensal on lot tanr acq,,led 3 17 110.000 00 ha 0 349

SIb-otal Acquis,lan of P.bilo Lands 1.14

Assistance to Vulnerable Groups

8G p C _ .nommrM- -agsfor6inonths Rs100Iday lotS6 58 1560000 peson 05O0 rs (01 movrths9

o > § S.. v >£ | Towaros value of s OtOy-anvnyp 1 94

.d T_To_ards replacement of tnex yeas seeds 311 1 000 00 | tars 0 31

Revisedby Lea Associates 15-5 October2001 (OriginalDocument by ICT, CES, LBII) MizoramState Roads Project - PhaseI R&IPDP:15 - Resettlement& RehabilitationBudget

Typo Unit I Financed by Assist..ce bY Category of j Entnile, Entillemenl Details Quantity Rat. Unil GoM WBY Loss ment

c_ ~ c Fwitm Tree No 0 00

_ .

c > 5 r £ _ s Assistance to,,ards voca0ntal training tor I yr 5 2,500.0 tamily 0 15

c O Sc E sP > t n Assistance tomards starling a lelihood 5 2500.00 family 0 15 nEc SE c p I E aC5>, ~ 4 Sub-Total Additional Assistance C Vutlnrabt Groups 2.843 0ti1

co . r Componsatton fOr loss of community resources and enhancement of common property resources

a E , nu rQo 0 Village{councD - Lums village 075 000

, E I|______i3 | Sub-Total Loss o1 common pmoperty resources and *nhancement of common propertis 0 750 0.000 institutional Capacity Building and Implementation

Training o0 PWD andNGOs 5.001 25,00000 D 13

r Taimngr ol the PAPs s81 1.S00 -J lamily 0 09

Strengthernng of Social cell. Corporate Otfice ana0 < r PIU (Comouters.Softiares Pnnt,ng etc.) 0 000_0 50 Impact on poyerty 3 Lump sum years 0 50 r tmpacl on women 3 Lump sum yearn 0.50 cia £ NGO Assistance for RAP lmplementabon and Sie Lumpsum years 0 0 cPaticpatory Ptanning 3 Lump sum_yeans_0_8 oPerodic Monitong by PWO 3 Lump sum yearn 0 050 S_ Impacts durng constructoon Lump sum 0.200 MbE Consultants Lump sum years ' 00

= c o Govt schemes for PAPs Government schemes for PAPs 0 200 Sub-Total Institutional Capacity Building and Implementation 0.450 3.515

Other Activities including pronisions on HIVIAIDS, Income restoration etc 1.500 TOTAL (Rupees in Million) 15.030 14.716

Revised by Lea Associates 15-6 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII) Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP.: 15 - Resettlement & Rehabilitation Budget

Table 15.3: R&lPDPBudget -Phase II

Type Unit of Financed Categoy Loss Entitle. Entitlement Details Quanity Rate Unit GoM WB

Compensation as per LAA

for 1 870 Com ensalon and 17 l 110000 | ha

Solatum n309_ _ 0 056 Compensallon as per - I LAA NNA nilerest on all of abo0e at 125,6 0 2f1

<5 c Assistance n Diference of 'Actual Manret Value and Compensation as received or PAG ha 0 00

-n - mnslicral Alowance @ months if the residual land is nol viable 67 9.000 00 family 0 6C o n v O~~~~~~s10CC,- r_. z Rs 1 OCO Ilorc 3 mdnths if the residual land s viable 333 3,000 00 family l OC Assilance to,ards severance of land (Additional 105 of the amount paid fcr r colo.ensatior t0°. solahuLlm sq m 0 000 0 Cc

Assistance Icrualds Taesv'FeesiOpering of Bank Accounts 400 1000 No 0 4

Alternatiue Economic Rehatililalon Grant 400 S0000 00 family 2 00

Sub-Totalt Acquisition of Agricultural Land 2.207 4.00

Corpnensation as per LAA

Compensation for Residencial and commercial land 330,000.00 ha 7.920 24

Compensation as per LAA Solatiumr30% 2.376

Interest on all of above at 12% 3 326

t 10 structures Assistancefor Residencialand commercial structure 0 26 SOR2000 5 330 4 45 C5 5 As0Assistance tnc osrutrsat replacementvalue

ra r n Compensationfor pig sty&waterdnms 100500 No 0 05

rE Transitional Allowance $ tory months if the residual land is not stable 75 9 000 00 famly 0 68

c 1000/-uRs for 3 monihsid the residual land is vtable 545 3,000 00 family 1.64 AssIstance Renlal Allowance tor 6 months @ Rs 500rmofnth 75 300 family 0 225 Spitimg Allowance- lumpsum of Rs 1000 75 1 000 0 family 0 075f

If the PAP isa lenant Rental Allowance (6months) o Shifting Allo,vance 25 4.000 01 family 0100 Assistance towards Taxes and Fees and Opening of Bank Accounts 620 1D0000 family 0 620

Altemalnve Economic Rehaoblation Grant 620 5 0000 family 3 100

Sub-Total: Acquisitlon of Residential and CommercIal Land 19.402 10.4f0

Acquistion of Institutlonal and gonenmenet lands

Compensation as per LAA

O Compensalon or land acquired 2 110000 ha 0220 z D~~~~~~ 2 110000l

0. rc u compeinsalion for land acqured 6 110000 ha 0 660

Govt Compensation for land acqu red 2 5 110000 0 275

Sub-totalt Acquistlon of Public Lands 10.88 |

Assistance to Vulnerable Groups

st = m in c E Minimum wagesfor 6 months @ Rs t00ldayfor6 6 -, n6 = 0 Onh 60 15,600Our person 06940

o> So.| - s | Towards value of standing crop fLump sum 2 S00 1 SO

J0Z{X I5 L Towards replacement of nextyears seeds |34 1'000 ° 0° family 0 03

Revised by Lea Associates 15-7 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES. LBII) Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 15 - Resettlement & Rehabilitation Budget

Type| Unit ofFin CatefTory of Entile enfitlernct DetIls Oantity Rat Unit inancod by Assistance by of EiiIEtt..lDtil$Qatt a. Ui GoM CO Loss ment

EEc Fruit Tree No. 0 00

vC G c _ _ c Assistance lowards vocatlonal training for 1 yr 60 2.500 00 family 0 IS

6e 9 c e o rc - rc vS Assistance towards starting alelihood 60 2500.0 family 0 1

>g . u Sub-Total.AdditiDnal Assistance for VulnerableGroups 3.4t0 1.83

o* Compionsation forl1os of community r-soures and enhancement of common property resources o : dE ° E t ° u IVillagecouncil Lump-sum 00 0*~ ye E e *councaa (2 2

Sub-Total Loss of common property resources and enhancement of common propertles 0.900 0.000 Institutional Capacity Bul ding and lmplementaUon Tra-mng of PWO andNGOs 5,0 25.000 00 0 125

0* r Training of the PAPs S 1 500 0 family 0 09

Strengthening of Social cell, Corporate Office and

irE r 5 Impact on poverty Lump sum years 0.B0 i E Impact on women Lump sum years 0 60

EE*0* NGO Assislance for RAP lmplementalion and Sile O- vi 'E Pamspavory Planning~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lump sum years ~ ~ ~~~~0 90 0* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ParticipatoryPlanning ______Penodic Monilonng by PWD Lump sum years 0 00 S Impacts dunng construction Lump sum 0.200 M&E Consultants Lump suo. years 1.20

7* Govt schemes for PAPs a PAPs lGovemment schemes for PAPs |Lumpsum 0200

______Sub-Total Institutional Capacity Building and Implementation 0.450 3.515

Other Activities Including provisions on HIV/AIDS, income restoration etc 1.000 TOTAL (Rupees in Million) 27.279 20.824

Revised by Lea Associates 15-8 October 2001 (Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)