Nike's Unethical Sweatshops

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Nike’s Unethical Sweatshops By George Burke, Kristine Irwin, Bozhong Liu, Byren Malone, Phillip Rodriguez, Yawen Fan BACKGROUND ● 1970--Remove factories from where people asked for Higher Wage Rate ● 1990--Sell Goods From the Sweatshop Nike is just making profits! What were the ethical issues? Nike products are made in sweatshops where workers are treated terribly. -Up to 15 Hour Days -6-7 days a week -13-20 cents an hour Slums are equally bad -Open sewers that flood during rainy season -Giant Cockroaches and Rats Ethical Lens: -Nike was just acting in the results lens. Everything they did was just focused on making a profit. It gets worse The company supervisors pay off political leaders Rubber is burned in field where children play Children of workers don’t go to school, community is stuck in this cycle Stakeholders The Trouble-Makers The Victims Activists - Nike Inc. - Workers in Vietnam, China, - Fair Labor Association Indonesia, Taiwan and South Korea - Upper Management, CEO Phil - Worker Rights Consortium Knight - Communities surrounding Factories - United Students Against Sweatshops - Nike Contractors, Supervisors - Workers mainly young women - Team Sweat - The 1992 Barcelona Olympics - Feminist Groups - Athletes (Sponsored, like Michael - College Students Jordan, Collegiate Athletes) - Individual Activists: Ballinger, Kathy Lee - Investors and Shareholders Gifford, Andrew Young - Companies associated within Nike’s - Consumers all over the world, Supply Chain especially in the America Ethical Alternatives and Alternative Impacts What Nike did… ● Did not pay much attention to manufacturing companies ● Focused on lowering costs ● Denying use of sweatshops What Nike should’ve done… ● Evaluate outsourcing manufacturing companies carefully ● Taken human rights and legal requirements into consideration ● Admitted the use of sweatshops from the beginning ● Label products sweatshop free Outcome… ● Sweatshop workers would live a better lifestyle ● Nike’s public image would have not taken such drastic downfall ● Nike would have higher credibility in the public eye ● Public would be willing to pay higher prices due to sweatshop free labels Best Outcome ● 2005 Nike began to publish complete list of factories it contracted with conditions and pay rates for each ● Started to acknowledge social responsibility ● Most ethical outcome would be to decrease or stop outsourcing to eliminate problem ● Strict labor laws in US to protect workers and ensure fair wages ● Company wants to make most money possible Lessons Learned ● Corporate decisions are heavily criticized by the public ● Being clear and transparent provides companies a better public image ● Actions always have consequences ● Owning up to consequences provides credibility Conclusion ● Nike’s use of sweatshops was unethical ● Using sweatshops in order to increase profit can hurt a company’s reputation ● Worldwide companies like Nike are under the public scope and need to behave accordingly Thank-you! Bibliography http://www.businessinsider.com/how-nike-solved-its-sweatshop-problem-2013-5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5uYCWVfuPQ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Sweatshops http://sweatshopsandnike.blogspot.com/2009/07/nike-sweatshops.html http://www.rarasuperstar.com/archives/6230/nike-sweatshops http://www.glogster.com/softpretzelexperience/sweatshops/g-6mqv6bs59vrs960q59dbsbt http://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/dec/12/british-high-street-sweatshop-probe http://www.rstreet.org/op-ed/the-case-for-boycotting-the-sochi-olympics-and-the-rio-ones-too/ http://www.teamsweat.org/2009/05/07/more-consumers-join-the-fight-against-nikes-sweatshops-2/ http://steverunnerblog.blogspot.com/2010_04_01_archive.html http://arteknyc.wordpress.com/tag/nike/.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

NIKE Inc. STRATEGIC AUDIT & CORPORATE
NIKE Inc. STRATEGIC AUDIT & CORPORATE A Paper Presented as a Final Requirement in STRAMA-18 -Strategic Management Prepared by: IGAMA, ERICA Q. LAPURGA, BIANCA CAMILLE M. PIMENTEL, YVAN YOULAZ A. Presented to: PROF. MARIO BRILLANTE WESLEY C. CABOTAGE, MBA Subject Professor TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. I. Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………………...……1 II. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………...………1 III. Company Overview ………………………………………………………………………….2 A. Company Name and Logo, Head Office, Website …………………………...……………2 B. Company Vision, Mission and Values……………………………………………….…….2 C. Objectives …………………………………………………………………………………4 D. Organizational Structure …………………………………………………….…………….4 E. Corporate Governance ……………………………………………………………….……6 1. Board of Directors …………………………………………………………….………6 2. CEO ………………………………………………………………….………….……6 3. Ownership and Control ………………………………………………….……………6 F. Corporate Resources ………………………………………………………………...……9 1. Marketing ……………………………………………………………………….….…9 2. Finance ………………………………………………………………………………10 3. Research and Development ………………………………………………….………11 4. Operations and Logistics ……………………………………………………….……13 5. Human Resources ……………………………………………………...……………14 6. Information Technology ……………………………………………………….……14 IV. Industry Analysis and Competition ...……………………………...………………………15 A. Market Share Analysis ………………………………………………………...…………15 B. Competitors’ Analysis ………………………………………………………...…………16 V. Company Situation.………… ………………………………………………………….……19 A. Financial Performance ………………………………………………………………...…19 B. Comparative Analysis………………………
[Show full text]
From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Audi Type Private Company
Audi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Audi Private company Type (FWB Xetra: NSU) Industry Automotive industry Zwickau, Germany (16 July Founded 1909)[1] Founder(s) August Horch Headquarters Ingolstadt, Germany Production locations: Germany: Ingolstadt & Neckarsulm Number of Hungary: Győr locations Belgium: Brussels China: Changchun India: Aurangabad Brazil: Curitiba Area served Worldwide Rupert Stadler Key people Chairman of the Board of Management, Wolfgang Egger Head of Design Products Automobiles, Engines Production 1,143,902 units (2010) output (only Audi brand) €35.441 billion (2010) Revenue (US$52.57 billion USD) (including subsidiaries) €1.850 billion (2009) Profit (US$2.74 billion USD) €16.832 billion (2009) Total assets (US$25 billion USD) €3.451 billion (2009) Total equity (US$5.12 billion USD) Employees 46,372 (2009)[2] Parent Volkswagen Group Audi do Brasil e Cia (Curitiba, Brazil) Audi Hungaria Motor Kft. (Györ, Hungary) Audi Senna Ltda. (Brazil) Automobili Lamborghini Subsidiaries Holding S.p.A (Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy) Autogerma S.p.A. (Verona, Italy) quattro GmbH (Neckarsulm, Germany) Website audi.com Audi AG (Xetra: NSU) is a German automobile manufacturer, from supermini to crossover SUVs in various body styles and price ranges that are marketed under the Audi brand (German pronunciation: [ˈaʊdi]), positioned as the premium brand within the Volkswagen Group.[3] The company is headquartered in Ingolstadt, Germany, and has been a wholly owned (99.55%)[4] subsidiary of Volkswagen AG since 1966, following a phased purchase of its predecessor, Auto Union, from its former owner, Daimler-Benz. Volkswagen relaunched the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series.
[Show full text]
Justice Delayed Is Justice Denied
BEHIND THE SWOOSH NIKE SWEATSHOPS AND SOCIAL JUSTICE an EDUCATING FOR JUSTICE BY LECTURE PROGRAM JIM KEADY NIKE’S REVENUES/PROFITS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2011 Revenues: $20,900,000,000.00 Profits: $2,100,000,000.00 NIKE’S GLOBAL MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS 1,000,000 Workers 1,000 Factories 52 Countries NIKE’S PUBLIC RELATIONS LIES Right issue… wrong company.” - Official Nike Statement September 2000 2005 NIKE CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY REPORT •In 10% to 25% of Nike’s partner factories, freedom of association is prohibited by law (e.g. China, Vietnam). •In 25% to 50% of Nike’s partner factories, workers report verbal, physical, sexual and /or psychological abuse. •In 50% to 100% of Nike’s partner factories, work hours exceed Nike’s Code of Conduct. •In 10% to 25% of Nike’s partner factories, the wage calculation rate is inaccurate. 2011 REPORTS OF ABUSE OF NIKE WORKERS • Sun Drenching • Verbal Abuse (being called pig, dog or monkey) • Physical Abuse (kicked, slapped, scratched, pelted) • Forced Overtime • Wage Cheating Sources: Associated Press, Educating for Justice, Nike Inc. WHY FOCUS ON NIKE? WHY FOCUS ON NIKE? • Top 50 brands in the world • Produce 50,000 products per year • Sell products in more than 160 countries WHY FOCUS ON INDONESIA? Nike’s Global Production • Vietnam 41% • China 33% • INDONESIA 25% • India 1% WHY FOCUS ON INDONESIA? • More than 43 contract factories • More than 160,000 workers • Almost 20 years of research • Greater freedom of association • Solid history of worker organizing ORGANIZING STRATEGY • INDUSTRY LEADER – NIKE • ONE STRATEGIC COUNTRY - RI • WIN: CBAs AND LIVING WAGES Create a model for change that can be adjusted, scaled, and replicated.
[Show full text]
Self-Publishing in the Field of Australian Poetry Exegesis and Artefact
Bonfire of the Vanity Presses Self-Publishing in the Field of Australian Poetry Exegesis and Artefact David Prater SID: 539063X PhD Candidate Institute for Social Research Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Australia 2009 Abstract This thesis explores the practice of self-publishing in the field of Australian poetry. Self-publishing today can be seen as part of a long tradition of alternative publishing. Despite changes in the technologies of self-publishing, including the continuing reinvention of non-book publishing activities, poetry remains an area of the arts where the self-published book contains both symbolic and social capital. Rather than offering a basic defence of self- publishing or a textual analysis of self-published works, the Exegesis ‘re- imagines’ self-publishing within what Bourdieu might term the "field" of Australian poetry. The thesis also incorporates an Artefact composed of published, self-published and privately-published books. Despite technological changes in the way books are published, it argues that non-mainstream print publishing forms such as the chapbook still play a significant role in fostering innovation in poetic forms. In doing so it seeks a more sophisticated understanding of the literary field, and the role of books as signifiers of prestige within that field. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors Julian Thomas and Denise Meredyth and my colleagues at the Institute for Social Research for their support during the period of my candidacy. My thanks also to Ian Hunter and Robert Hassan for their comments on early drafts of this thesis. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the friendship and camaraderie of my colleague Scott Ewing, a true Renaissance man.
[Show full text]
Unleash Your Lady Power
ENTERTAINMENT FOR FREE THINKERS JANUARY 2021 • $4.00 UNLEASH EXCLUSIVE! YOUR HOW TO CASH IN ON THE MIDLIFE LADY CRISIS! POWER NEW YEAR, NEW US (SERIOUSLY, SNEAK YOU’RE NOT GONNA PEAK: BELIEVE IT) OUR NEW MANSION ACROSS MEET THE POND PLAYBOY’S NEW HEAD CREATIVE... 1 CONTENTS Introduction 6 Brief 10 1 2 INTRODUCTION CRITICAL POSITION Critical 18 position Exploratory 32 question Key readings 34 2 Research 87 CONTENTS conclusions Game plan 89 Design 91 starting points 3 4 5 BACKGROUND CONCLUSION FORMALITIES INFORMATION Client 38 Confirmation 104 statement Site 51 List of figures 105 User 70 Bibliography 112 Women 76 3 Fig. 2 - Caution tape. 4 1 15 SCANDAL 6 SCANDAL Scandal… It often stems from a negative story. It commonly causes harm or upset to at least one party and can even create divisions within society. Nevertheless, the public love it! The press thrives on it and in the end, the parties involved regularly receive some sort of gain; be it financially, socially or publicity. In his book Deciphering… Advertising, Art and Architecture, Graham Cairns describes how in the 90s, ad agencies actively worked to create campaigns which would be banned, as this generated a stir and gave the brand more publicity than a legal one (2010: 11-25). This indicates that not only are consumers attracted to naughtiness and controversy, but these features can work in a brand’s favour. Success through scandal cannot be easy though, or else everyone would be famous and impropriety would no longer be scandalous. Which leads me to infer that there is a formula, or rule book, to handling such situations.
[Show full text]
Organic Cotton Clothing: Is It Helping to Raise the Bottom?
© 2014 KATHLEEN M. BOYLE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ORGANIC COTTON CLOTHING: IS IT HELPING TO RAISE THE BOTTOM? A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Kathleen M. Boyle August, 2014 ORGANIC COTTON CLOTHING: IS IT HELPING TO RAISE THE BOTTOM? Kathleen M. Boyle Thesis Approved: Accepted: _______________________________ ________________________________ Advisor Dean of the College Dr. Teena Jennings-Rentenaar Dr. Chand Midha ________________________________ ________________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Virginia Gunn Dr. George R. Newkome ________________________________ ________________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. David Witt ________________________________ School Director Dr. Virginia Gunn ii ABSTRACT Evidence is pointing to the re-emergence of sweatshop and/or exploitive working conditions within the textile and apparel industries, possible today because of the concentration of players and the move to off-shore production. Today, globally, cotton is the primary fiber of choice for apparel. The globalization of the cotton industry has had detrimental effects on small-scale farmers. Environmental and social activists are documenting evidence of the disparities of cotton production due to globalization. Small-scale cotton farmers, in today’s arena, have to compete with large cotton agribusinesses that are highly subsidized. Fair trade and/or organic cotton have met standards demonstrating environmental and social responsibility. Large retail companies are now making clothing from organic cotton for the eco-conscious consumer. Does organic cotton apparel equate to better working conditions for the farmer-to-garment supply chain? One of the goals of this research paper has been to compile a literature review from disparate points of view in order to establish the relationship of organic cotton to the working conditions within the textile and apparel industry.
[Show full text]
Tuesday Regina Hall First to Undergo Master Plan Renovations Academic
•• l Moe. for the money Just don't do it Moe. jams right into Rolling Stone's Top 10 Former St. John's soccer coach James Keady Tuesday Bands ... and into Chicago. speaks out against Nike's sweatshop violations. Scene • page 12 News • page 6 SEPTEMBER28, 1999 THE The Independent Newspaper Serving Notre Dame and Saint Mary's VOL XXXIII NO. 25 HTTP://OBSERVER.ND.EDU Regina Hall first to undergo Master Plan renovations • Madeleva, Regina Koith Dennis, vicn presidont for "We're in schematic "It shouldn't be an inconve also isn't sprinkled. We need to financn and administration. design development right nienrn." lknnis said. "Th!! only make.. surn the building is up to slated for summer "Tiw noxt stop is figuring out thing that students will see •:ode. construction what wn want out of the pro now. The next whih~ tlwy arn hnre are materi Mad•dnva is scheduled to be .i•~ct." step {s .figuring out what als n~oving in, maybe some completed in March 2001, ThP Collnge s1dnclnd we want out of vans. nwaning construction will take By NOREEN GILLESPIE rvt a tllw w s, I' ruck n n r. and Honovations to Madeleva placP during classes. Saint Mary's Ediro1 Arwlla lnr .. a local architecture the project." classr.ooms will to begin in July "W() can be in construction firm. for tlw l{ngina projncl 2000. while -students are in class. A tim ol·i ne of' tlw Camp us which tnntativnly includ1~S Keith Dennis Spot:il'it: ronovatiotis arn still What that will mean is that we improvnmnnts to windows, uncl•~ar.
[Show full text]
Conspicuous Compassion
Conspicuous Compassion Why sometimes it really is cruel to be kind Patrick West Introduction to the Australian Edition by Paul Comrie-Thomson CIS Occasional Paper 91 2004 First published in February 2004 by The Institute for the Study of Civil Society (Civitas) The Mezzanine, Elizabeth House 39 York Road, London SE1 7NQ Reprinted with Introduction to the Australian Edition in December 2004 by The Centre for Independent Studies Limited PO Box 92, St Leonards, NSW 1590 [email protected] www.cis.org.au Views expressed in the publications of The Centre for Independent Studies are those of the authors and do not necessarily reﬂect the views of the Centre’s staff, Advisers, Directors or ofﬁcers. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: West, Patrick. Conspicuous compassion : why sometimes it really is cruel to be kind. ISBN 1 86432 094 X. 1. Compassion. 2. Empathy. 3. Social perception. 4. Altruism. I. Centre for Independent Studies (Australia). II. Title. (Series : CIS occasional papers ; 91). 152.41 ©2004 The Centre for Independent Studies Glass Tears (1932) by Man Ray, reproduced with permission Printed by Harding Colour, Brisbane, Queensland Typeset in Garamond 11pt Contents Foreword by Kenneth Minogue vii Introduction by Paul Comrie-Thomson ix Acknowlegements xxv 1. Conspicuous Compassion 1 2. Mourning Sickness 7 3. Nonce-sense 15 4. Silence of the Critics 19 5. Lapel Louts 23 6. Animals Wrongs 27 7. Any Spare Change? 33 8. Not in My Name 39 9. You’ve Got Junk Mail 43 10. Drop the Slogans 49 11. Relief from Celebrities 53 12.
[Show full text]
Nike's Evolving Supply Chain
Chazen Society Fellow Interest Paper The Rise of the Corporate Citizen: Nike’s Evolving Supply Chain CLELIA PETERS MBA ’09 These days, your new sneakers are far more likely to have spent more time traveling than you have. Every day, each of us comes in contact with a multitude of products that have been produced outside the United States. In fact, in marked contrast to the U.S. business landscape as recently as 30 years ago, it would be hard to identify a major corporation today that does not rely heavily on overseas labor for some aspect of its production. Producing goods cheaply overseas has become a strategic necessity for many producers in a wide variety of industries. But the growth of the global supply chain has also created a new class of ethical questions, particularly for those in management roles in global companies. Like so many ethical issues, those related to labor conditions tend to be seen as black-and-white. Working conditions in overseas factories are perceived by many to be inherently exploitative, a perception fueled by a series of extremely effective popular campaigns aimed at motivating change in corporate behavior in this area. In several high-profile instances, these campaigns documented the physically taxing work, the long hours and the exposure to potentially unhealthy conditions facing many overseas factory workers. On the other hand, proponents of the global labor market argue that overseas factory labor fuels the growth of the global economy and often provides a way out of dire poverty for many people. In fact, proponents argue that in many parts of the developing world conditions in existing occupational options, such as subsistence farming and other forms of hard labor, may be even more unhealthy and exploitative than factory labor.
[Show full text]
Naomi-Klein-NO-LOGO
Preface Born in Montreal in 1970, NAOMI KLEIN is an award-winning journalist and bestselling author. Her articles have appeared in numerous publications including the Nation, New Statesman, Newsweek International, the New York Times, Village Voice, Ms., The Baffler, and Saturday Night. She writes a weekly column in the Globe & Mail, Canada's national newspaper. She is a frequent media commentator and has guest lectured at Harvard, Yale and Mew York University. Naomi Klein lives in Toronto. No Logo was shortlisted for the Guardian First Book Award 2000. Reviews: 'Naomi Klein brilliantly charts the protean nature of consumer capitalism, how it absorbs radical challenges to its dominance and turns them into consumer products.' MADELEINE BUNTING, Guardian 'The bible for anti-corporate militancy.' Select 'This entertaining exposure of corporate culture resonates with disillusion.' CHRISTOPHER HIRST, Independent 'Personable and well-informed, prescient, necessary and ultimately optimistic, No Logo paints a vivid picture of spirited, creative rebellion.' WILLIAM GEORGIADES, Literary Review 'Naomi Klein catches the anticapitalist mood so well it seems unbelievable that No Logo was written before the "Battle of Seattle". She expresses brilliantly the rage that so many people feel about what is going on in the world, giving us ammunition against the bosses and governments.' JUDITH ORR, Socialist Review 'Zipping between corporations, countries and human rights violations with all the self- assured effortlessness of a multinational transferring capital
[Show full text]
Audioguided Shopping Tour Vorschläge Zur Nachbearbeitung Im Unterricht
AUDIOGUIDED SHOPPING TOUR VORSCHLÄGE ZUR NACHBEARBEITUNG IM UNTERRICHT MATERIAL FÜR DIE 9. BIS 13. SCHULSTUFE NEUAUFLAGE 2013 Sebastian Howorka, Isabella Weiss AUDIO GUIDED SHOPPING TOUR Vorschläge zur Nachbearbeitung im Unterricht – 2013 2. Auflage Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP- Einheitsaufnahme Ein Titeldatensatz für diese Publikation ist bei Der Deutschen Bibliothek erhältlich. Impressum ISBN 978-3-7063-0399-6 2. Auflage, 2013 Copyright © , Herausgeber, Verleger: Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte für Wien, Abteilung Bildungs- politik – Arbeitswelt & Schule Hersteller: Eigenvervielfältigung Layout: Oona KroisleitnerFoto Titelseite: Springer/Grandegger Verlags- u. Herstellungsort: Wien 2 INHALT Einleitung Unterrichtsmaterialien 5 1. Schein und Sein: Unternehmen kritisch portraitieren 6 2. „Schummeln“ erlaubt: Quiz mit Online-Recherche 8 3. Arbeiten mit Zeitungsartikeln 9 3.1. iPhone, Nintendo Wii & Co: ArbeiterInnen in der Elektronikbranche zwischen Selbstmord und Arbeitskampf 9 3.2. Sportlich und schick: KonsumentInnen kämpfen gegen ausbeuterische Arbeitsbedingungen in der Textilbranche 11 4. Materialien, Kopiervorlagen 14 4.1. Unterlagen und Informationen zu den Unternehmensportraits 14 4.2. Das Quiz 21 4.2.1. Musterantworten 24 4.3. Fragenkataloge zum „Arbeiten mit Zeitungsartikeln“ 28 4.4. Links, Literatur und Filme 30 Zu den AutorInnen 39 AUDIOGUIDED SHOPPING TOUR 4 AUDIOGUIDED SHOPPING TOUR EINLEITUNG UNTERRICHTSMATERIALIEN Vielen Dank dafür, dass Sie die Audio Guided Shopping Tour mit Ihrer Klasse besucht haben. Wir hoffen, den SchülerInnen einen interessanten und spannenden Einstieg in die Themen „kritisches Konsumver- halten“ und „Produktionsbedingungen“ geboten zu haben. Angesichts der Vielzahl an Informationen, mit denen die SchülerInnen im Verlauf des heutigen Vormittags konfrontiert waren, haben Sie vielleicht schon über die Nachbereitung des Workshops im Unterricht nachgedacht. Die hier zusammengestellten Unterlagen sind genau dafür gedacht und bieten Ihnen Vorschläge, wie diese Nachbereitung aussehen kann.
[Show full text]
Book Proceedings CATAC-3.Indb
CATaC 2014: Culture, Technology, Communication Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Culture, Technology, Communication Oslo, Norway, 18-20 June 2014 edited by Michele Strano Bridgewater College, Virginia, USA Herbert Hrachovec University of Vienna, Austria Suely Fragoso Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Charles Ess University of Oslo, Norway Maja van der Velden University of Oslo, Norway 9th International Conference in Culture, Technology, Communication: Celebration, Transformation, New Directions Oslo, Norway, 18-20 June 2014. V M.C. Deyrich M. Dahan C. Oyugi, S. Camara, J. A. Nocera S. Sugiyama D. E. VandeCreek, J. L. Schumacher S. Lundmark, F. Jonsson M. Machniak P. Schettino D. Stuedahl G. Sutherlin M. van der Velden F. Brady, L. E, Dyson S. Fragoso S. G. Joshi M. M. Strano, W. Canter VI M. Sveningsson VII Charles Ess Maja van der Velden University of Oslo Co-chairs In 1998, Fay Sudweeks (Murdoch University, Australia) and I (Charles) organized the f rst conference devoted to questions of “Cultural Attitudes to- wards Technology and Communication” (CaTaC), held in the Science Muse- um, London, July 31-August 2. T e conference was inspired by a kind of cul- ture shock on my part, as I visited Oslo in 1997 for a conference on technology and democracy. T e Oslo visit was the f rst time I had been out of the States since the “PC Revolution” of the early 1980s. Despite everything I had learned from earlier travels and studies abroad about the naïveté of presuming that everyone else in the world thinks, believes, feels, and behaves pretty much as “we” do – I nonetheless went to Oslo assuming that my colleagues and others in this part of the world would use the various communication technologies and venues made possible by ICTs, and most especially the Internet, in ways more or less identical to those familiar to me from my U.S.-based experiences and research.
[Show full text]