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CANALS, CULTURE, AND CONTROL: A POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE SOUTHERN ANDES OF PERU By TIMOTHY E. PODKUL A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2012 1 © 2012 Timothy Eden Podkul 2 To Joe and Rose Kline, Ted and Ida Podkul, and all of the inspiring and supportive family I have thanks to them. And to Deb, for everything. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my committee for supporting and guiding me throughout this graduate school process. Thanks to my chair, Dr. Chris McCarty who willing took me on as a student and not only mentored me, but never hesitated or stopped supporting me when I needed it most. He always found ways to provide me opportunities and support, reinforcing his belief in me as a researcher and the importance of this project. To Elizabeth Guillette, who took a chance on me and invited me to the University of Florida. Without your kindness and belief in me, I would not have been here at all. Thanks to Marianne Schmink who has helped inform this study theoretically and methodologically since the beginning, and always reminded me of the importance of my ethnographic contributions. To Sandra Russo who constantly showed me the wider implications of my work and helped me think through the theoretical and the empirical relationships in this work. I also want to thank Sandra and the International Center at UF for the support they provided to me in the field. I am forever grateful. And thank you to Pete Collings who agreed to join this project in its later stages, though his excitement and perspectives were valuable to this product and its completion. This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and input of all of the residents of Charcana, Antabamba, Tomepampa, Cotahuasi, Puyca, and many other district communities in La Unión Province in the Arequipa Department of Peru. The institutions involved got me to communities, and I would especially like to thank the Junta de Usuarios de La Unión, the Agencia Agraria, and the Autoridad Local del Aguas. A very special thank you goes to the Asociación Especializada para el Desarrollo Sostenible (AEDES), who helped me think through this project since its 4 inception. Mis compañeros de AEDES include Ing. Jose Guevara Cubas, Ingrid, Karen, Cristiam, Tomas, Marcela, Ruth, Berta, Vilma and Angel. A very special thanks to AEDES Executive Director Dr. Karen Kraft and her husband Cesar, who not only helped with logistics and conceptual ideas, but who also opened AEDES’ (and their own) doors when I needed it most. And lastly thanks to Ligia, for whom I owe a great debt of gratitude. Your companionship, selfless heart, passion, friendship and assistance in the most crucial times of my fieldwork will never be forgotten. Deb and I both appreciate you in our lives so much, and in spite of what you say, I have nothing but “abrazotes” for you, hermanita. In Charcana I would like to thank Sr. Fortunato Lopez and Sra. Luz Torreblanca for accepting me, and every other gringo I brought with me into their home, like family. I learned so much from you both, and hope I was able to help you in some way as well. In Antabamba I would like to thank Sr. Juan Camargo Romero and Sra. Veronica Camargo as well as their children Richard, Jeni and Juan for hosting me. After the 3- hour journey it was a pleasure knowing I was walking into your home. You are truly the spirit of Antabamba and everything that is beautiful about that place. I also want to thank the water commissions of Charcana and Antabamba for tolerating me hanging around and permitting me to speak at their meetings. I also want to express gratitude to all of the irrigators of both communities who let me accompany them to their fields, pester them with questions, eat their potatoes and drink their chicha. I can only hope this work represents you in the most honest fashion and provides you some comfort to know other people are thinking of you in your daily struggles to endure in the canyon. 5 A warm thanks to all of my friends at the University of Florida and in the Department of Anthropology. Thanks to Nick Kawa, Jeff Hoelle, Michael Degani, Rafael Mendoza, Ryan Morini, Ryan Peseckas, David Garcia, Bixo, Piechart and Reminington Flutarsky III. You all helped me think through these concepts long before they materialized and I hope our bizarre string of collective successes continues on. Thanks to Joe Feldman for rallying up to Charcana and providing some important anthropological perspective at the halfway point of my fieldwork. Special thanks go to Forrest Stevens for coming down to Peru. I know that could not have been an easy trip for you, but I am forever grateful that you decided to come and help me revisit the most beautiful place in the world, and conclude this research on my own terms. I am appreciative of the financial support that made this research and writing possible. Thanks to the United States Department of Education Foreign Language Area Studies (FLAS) Program and the UF Center for Latin America Studies, who together afforded me the opportunity to study Quechua. Thanks to the UF Anthropology Department, the UF Bureau of Economic and Business Research, Allan and Alba Burns, Paul and Polly Doughty and Elizabeth Eddy for awards in their name that allowed me to pursue preliminary research and complete my dissertation. I am also grateful to the Tropical Conservation and Development Program for providing a space and curriculum to foster the type of interdisciplinary thinking and training that was required to complete this project. The majority of this field research was funded by a National Science Foundation BCS grant #0920928 and a US Department of State’s William J. Fulbright Scholar Award. Additionally, I would like to thank the National Science Foundation for sponsoring the Summer Institute on Research Design (SIRD) 6 program, of which I was lucky enough to have been a participant. This research would not have happened without that program. I would like to extend heart-felt thanks to Dr. H. Russell Bernard, Dr. Jeffrey C. Johnson, and Dr. Susan Weller for taking the time to work with me, and dedicating every summer to training young scholars in the importance of research design. Last but certainly not least, I want to thank my mother, father, Jen, Craig and Sienna. I know these types of travels and efforts have gotten in the way of us spending time together, and I am grateful for your support of this work. Mom and Dad, you have made many sacrifices for me to be here today, and I appreciate you holding off on some of your dreams so that I could live mine. Finally, I want to thank my best friend, best collaborator, and never-ending source of support, my wife Deb. You are the only person who has seen every detail of this project unfold, and your input and support throughout this process reminds me daily how lucky I am to have you in my life. Deb, what happened in all of these experiences and adventures has reshaped our lives forever. I hope this work helps you think fondly of Peru, and the beautiful people there. I know it does for me. I am sincerely sorry for what I dragged you into, but so grateful to have you and be here on the other side of it all, together. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 13 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 14 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 17 Background ............................................................................................................. 17 Relevance ............................................................................................................... 20 Geographic Setting ................................................................................................. 22 Social Context ......................................................................................................... 25 Overview of Dissertation Structure ......................................................................... 27 Contribution of Dissertation ..................................................................................... 35 2 THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES .................................. 38 Theoretical Foundations ......................................................................................... 38 Political Ecology Framework ............................................................................ 38 Social Capital ................................................................................................... 39 Defining social capital ................................................................................ 40 From theory to action ................................................................................. 42 Methods .................................................................................................................
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