Enumeration of Medicinal Plants of Ramagiri-Khilla Forests of Karimnagar District, Telangana, India E

Explorer Research Article [Murthy & Madhav, 6(4): April, 2015:4405-4416] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & LIFE SCIENCES (Int. J. of Pharm. Life Sci.) Enumeration of Medicinal Plants of Ramagiri-Khilla Forests of Karimnagar District, Telangana, India E. Narasimha Murthy* and N. Venu Madhav Department of Botany, Satavahana University, Karimnagar, (Telangana) - India

Abstract Ramagiri hill forest is a good reserve of medicinal plants in Karimnagar district of Telangana, India. It is a sacred groove and historical site. There are 150 medicinal plant taxa recorded which represent 55 angiosperm families. Papilionaceae are the dominant family with 10 species, followed by Caesalpiniaceae eight, (seven each) Apocynaceae, Combretaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Mimosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae and Rubiaceae (five each). Plant habit-wise, the herbs dominante (57 species), followed by trees (50), shrubs (36), climbers (6) and parasites (1) as source of medicines. This study underscores the need to declare Ramagiri hill as a Medicinal Plant Conservation Centre.

Key-Words: Ethnomedicinal plants, MPCA, Ramagiri Khilla, Ramagiri hill fort, Karimnagar district, Telangana, India

Introduction Plant-based traditional medical systems continue to Kapoor and Kapoor (1980) were the first to publish the provide the primary health care to more than three- medicinal plant wealth of Karimnagar district. Later, quarters of the world’s populace. WHO has estimated Hemadri (1990) enlisted 436 medicinal plants (mere that over 80% of the global populations rely chiefly on botanical names and vernaculars only) for Karimnagar traditional medicine (Akerele, 1991). Indigenous and Warangal ditricts. Ravishankar (1990) studied the herbal treatment is a part of the culture and dominant ethnobotany of Karimnagar and Adilabad districts. An mode of therapy in most of the developing countries. It estimation of tribal dependency on local forest was officially recognized that 2500 plant species have (Mahadevpur reserve) was made by Reddy (1996). medicinal value while over 6000 are estimated to be Rao et al. (1998) reported plants used in ethnomedicine explored in traditional, folk and herbal medicine by the tribals of Mahadevapur. Reddy et al. (2003) (Huxley, 1984). More emphasis is being placed on reported the ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by possible economic benefits, especially of the medicinal the Gonds of Karimangar district. Naqvi (2001) use of tropical forest products (non-woody forest discussed briefly some of the ethnomedicinal plants produce) instead of pure timber harvesting (Pimbert from the district as part of his study of the flora. and Parks, 1995). In many developing countries, a Murthy et al. (2008) recorded ethnomedicinal plants large population especially in rural and forest areas, used by the tribes of Mahamuttaram and Yamanpally depends on traditional medicines for their primary villages of Karimnagar district. The present report is health care. Ramagiri hill forest is located in the inventory the ethnomedicinal plants from Ramagiri Karimnagar district of Telangana. It not only known Hill forests of Karimnagar district of Telangana, India. for its rich wealth of medicinal plants but also Material and Methods historical value with the fort built by Kakatiyas. Study site During the Telugu month of Shravana (Aug.-Sep.), the Ramagiri hill forest is located 40 km away from fort attracts pilgrims to offer their rituals and many Karimnagar, the district head quarters. It includes botanists and Ayurvedic doctors to explore the plant seven forest beats of Manthani forest range of wealth there in. Karimnagar East Forest Division, viz. Mydambunda, Kundaram, Lakkaram, Peddapally, Sabbitham,

Kalvacherla and Maredugonda (Fig. 1). It lies between * Corresponding Author 79 0 25' E - 79 028' E long. and 18 0 34' N – 18 0 38' E.mail: [email protected], lat. The hills extend over 14.7 km, attaining an altitude [email protected] 679 m. The hill top is plateau of surface area over 40 sq

km in which a rock fort was built, called Ramagiri Hill

Explorer Research Article [Murthy & Madhav, 6(4): April, 2015:4405-4416] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 Fort or Quilla. The total forest area of Ramagiri hill Now the glory of the fort is history and it is in ruins ranges is 3205.16 sq ha. Ramagiri hill is often referred due to the negligence (Rajagopal, 1974; Naqvi, 2001; as Ratnagiri or Ratnagarbha. The history of Ramagiri Rajesham, 2006). Hill fort began from the first century AD. This fort was Ramagiri hill ranges and the surrounding forests are once called Vajra kootami. Gowthami Puthra Shri known for its medicinal plants. Many families of herbal Shathakarni (62 AD) and Pulomavi (86 AD) ruled this vendors, traditional medicine men, village vaidyas and region. The historians believe that the fort was folk healers gather the medicinal plants. Some collect developed by the Mouryan emperors - Chandragupta, the crude medicinal plants to be sold in towns like Bindusara and Asoka. Kakatiyas defeated Chalukya Karimnagar, Peddapally, Manthani, Jagitial, Siricilla Gunda Raju and occupied the fort in 1158 AD. Later, and Huzurabad. Local students visit this place to the fort went under the rule of Bahamani Sultans collect the plant to prepare the herbarium specimens. (1442-1457) and till 1597 AD under the rule of There is a great scope to develop and preserve the fort Moghuls. In 1606 AD, Golconda Nawabs occupied the area as a Medico-botanical centre. fort. Muslim Kings ruled the fort till the Nizam regime.

Fig. 1: The study area Data collection the Herbarium of Botany Department (KUH), Kakatiya The medicinal plant survey included repeated University, Warangal, India. interviews with aged local people, herbal healers, Results and Discussion shepherds, tribal headmen, owners of cattle herds, etc. Key findings and Empirical observations in different seasons for two consecutive years. Field There are 150 medicinal plants recorded from the trips were conducted during 2009-2011. The Ramagiri hill forest representing 55 Angiosperm information on useful plant species, parts used, local families. The detailed list of medicinal plants are names and mode of utilization was collected. Plants enumerated in the table1 with their local/vernacular used in their traditional uses were identified with the names, habit, medicinal uses and part used etc. help of regional floras (Gamble and Fischer, 1915- 35).The plant specimens were pressed and deposited in © Sakun Publishing House (SPH): IJPLS 4406

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Table 1: Ethnomedicinal plants of Ramagiri Hill forest, Karimnagar District, Telangana, India S/N Vernacular Part Latin Name Habit Family Medicinal Uses o. Name Used Abelmoschus ficulneus Contraceptive, boils, 1 H Malvaceae Adavi benda L (L.)Wight & Arn. sprains, sores Aphrodisiac, anti- 2 Abrus precatorius L. C Papilionaceae Gurija Sd inflammatory, eye-troubles Abutilon indicum (L.) 3 S Malvaceae Tuturu benda Leprosy, urethritis W Sweet Antihelmenthic, hysteria, 4 Acalypha indica L. H Euphorbiaceae Pippenta W rheumatism 5 Acacia catechu Willd. T Mimosaceae Chandra Skin diseases, diarrhoea B Acacia chundra 6 T Mimosaceae Chandra bheda Skin diseases, toothache B (Rottl.)Willd. Acacia farnesiana 7 T Mimosaceae Murki tumma Toothache, gum swelling B (L.)Willd. Acacia leucophloea 8 T Mimosaceae Tella tumma Stringent B (Roxb.) Willd. 9 Acacia nilotica (L.)Del. T Mimosaceae Nalla tumma Toothache, gum swelling B Piles, diuretics, easy child 10 Achyranthus aspera L. H Amaranthaceae Uttareni W birth Actinopteris radiata 11 H Actinopteridaceae Mayur sika Antihelmintic W (Sw.)Link. 12 Adiantum incisum Forssk, H Adiantaceae Rajahamsa Skin diseases, diabetes W Aegle marmelos (L.) Dysentery, vomiting, colic, RB,L, 13 H Rutaceae Maredu Corr. deafness, piles, jaundice Fr Dyspepsia, bronchitis, 14 Ailanthes excelasa Roxb. T Simaroubaceae Pedda manu B,L. arthritis Alangium salviifolium 15 T Alangiaceae Uduga Poisioning, dog bite L.R.Sd (L.)Wang Albizia lebbeck (L.) 16 T Mimosaceae Dirisena Snake-bite, scropion sting B Benth. 17 Aloe vera (L.)Burm.f. H Liliaceae Kalabanda Piles, menorrhagia L Alternanthra sessilis 18 H Amaranthaceae Ponaganti Snake-bite W (L.)R.Br. Andrographis paniculata 19 H Acanthaceae Nalavemu Fevers, antihelmintic W (Burm.f.)Nees Anisochillus carnosus 20 H Lamiaceae Bhutankusham Diaphoretic, expectorant W (L.f.)Wall. 21 *Annona squamosa L. T Annonaceae Seethapalam Paste of seed to kill lice Sd Anogeissus acuminata 22 T Combretaceae Peruleni chettu Wound healing B (DC.)Guill. &Perr. Anogeissus latifolia (DC.) 23 T Combretaceae Chiru manu Snake-bite, scorpion sting B Bedd. Syphlis gonorrhoea, 24 *Argemone mexicana L. H Papaveraceae Brahma dandi leprosy, eczema, eye W trouble 25 Aristolochia bracteolata H Aristolochiaceae Gaddapaku Antihelminthic, W © Sakun Publishing House (SPH): IJPLS 4407

Explorer Research Article [Murthy & Madhav, 6(4): April, 2015:4405-4416] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 L. amenorrhoea

26 Aristolochia indica L. H Aristolochiaceae Nalla eeshwari Snake-bite, arthritis W Asparagus recemosus 27 C Liliaceae Pilli teegalu Stomach-ache L Willd. Fevers, antiseptic, malarial 28 Azadiracta indica Juss. T Meliaceae Vepa W fever, febrifuge Balanites roxburghii Leprosy, wounds, B,Fl,S 29 T Simaroubaceae Gara Planch. antheimantic, snakebite d Baliospermum montanum 30 H Euphorbiaceae Danthi Purgative, stimulent L,R,Sd (Willd.)Muell.-Arg. 31 Barleria prionitis L. S Acanthaceae Mulugorinta Sprematorrhea, ootitis SD Catarrha affections bilious, 32 *Basella rubra L. C Basellaceae Batchali teega W vomting 33 Bauhinia racemosa Lam. T Caesalpiniaceae Arechettu Headache, malaria L Urinary disorders, 34 Boerhavia diffusa L. H Nyctaginaceae Galli jeru W anthelmentic, fever Buchanania lanzan 35 T Anacardiaceae Charapappu Urinary dissorders Fr Spreng. Butea monosperma 36 T Papilionaceae Moduga Leucorrhoea B,Fl (Lam.)Taub. Butea monosperma 37 (Lam.)Taub. var. lutea T Papilionaceae Tella moduga Tonic after delivery B Maheshw. C 38 Butea superba Roxb. Papilionaceae Tiga moduga Leucorrhoea B,Fl (Liana) Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Emmenagogue, gastic 39 S Caesalpiniaceae Gachapoda Sd Roxb. tonic Alterative, tonic, Calotropis gigantean (L.) 40 S Asclepiadaceae Tella jilledu spasmodic, expectorant, Sd R.Br. eye trouble Alterative, tonic, Calotropis procera 41 S Asclepiadaceae Jilledu spasmodic, expectorant, W (Ait.)R.Br. eye trouble R 42 Capparis zeylanica L. S Capparaceae Are donda Sedative, diuretic

Caralluma adscendens 43 var. attenuata (Wight) H Asclepiadaceae Kundeti kommu Analgetic, toothache W Gravely &Mayur. Cordiospermum Diuretic, laxative, emetic, 44 C Sapindaceae Budda teega W helicacabum L. rheumatism, piles Dyspepsia, psoriasis, 45 *Carica papaya L. T Caricaceae Boppayee Fr, St chronic eczema Fevers, stomachc, 46 Carissa spinarum L. S Apocynaceae Kalimi Fr digestive 47 Carissa carandas L. S Apocynaceae Kalimi Digestive, carminative Fr Senna auriculata (L.) 48 S Caesalpiniaceae Tangedu Diabetes, bed wetting Fr, L Roxb. Laxative, diabetes, gout, 49 Senna fistula L. T Caesalpiniaceae Rela Fr, S rhematism

Explorer Research Article [Murthy & Madhav, 6(4): April, 2015:4405-4416] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 Senna occidentalis (L.) Asthma, skin deseases, 50 H Caesalpiniaceae Kaasinta W Link laxative 51 Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. H Caesalpiniaceae Chennangi Antiseptic W Leprosy, psoriasis, plague, 52 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. H Caesalpiniaceae Kasivinda W gout, sciatia, pains Bilious affectious, 53 Cassytha filiformis L. P/C Lauraceae Pachi teega W urethrilis, skin diseases *Catharanthus roseus 54 H Apocynaceae Billa gannera Cancer, blood pressure W (L.)G.Don Catunaregum spinosa 55 S Rubiaceae Konda manga Emetic Fr (Thunb.) Tirv. Ear diseases, wounds, 56 Cleome gynandra L. H Cleomaceae Vamintaku L ulcers Infalmnation of middle 57 Cleome viscosa L. H Cleomaceae Kukka vaminta L ear, applied to wounds Clerodendrum phlomidis Gonorrhoea, pherperal 58 S Verbenaceae Takkali L L.f. diseases Coccinia grandis (L.) 59 C Cucurbitaceae Donda teega Cooling effect Fr Voigt Cocculus hirsutus Acute gonorrhoea, 60 C Menispermaceae Dusara teega L (L.)Diels rhemnatism, syphilis Cochlospermum 61 C Cochlospermaceae Konda gogu Diarrhoea, dysentery B religiosum (L.) Alston Commelina benghalensis Laxative, diabetes, gout, 62 H Commelinaceae Venna veduru W L. rhematism 63 Crotalaria verrucosa L. H Papilionaceae Telleshwari Scabies W Throat affections, sun 64 *Cucumis sativus L. C Cucurbitaceae Dosa kaya Fr stroke Polyurea,aphrodisiac,scrop Curculigo orchioides 65 H Hypoxidaceae Nela tadigadda ion bite,menstural W Gaertn. disorders 66 *Datura innoxia Mill. H Solanaceae Tella ummetha Diarrhoea, poisonous bites W 67 *Datura metal L. H Solanaceae Nala ummetha Aphrodisiac, insanity L Dodonaea viscosa 68 Sh Sapindaceae Bandarae Broken bones, wounds L (L.)Jacq. Nervine tonic, diuretic 69 Echinops echinatus Roxb. H Asteraceae Brahma dandi W aphrodisiac Skin diseases, hepatic 70 Eclipta prostrata (L.)L. H Asteraceae Gunta galagara W tonic, bites Euphorbia nivulia Buch.- 71 T Euphorbiaceae Bonta jemudu Rhumatism Latex Ham. Evolvulus alsinoides Fevers, dysentery, 72 S Convolvulaceae Vishnu kranta W (L.)L. anthelmintic 73 Ficus benghalensis L. T Moraceae Marri Rhematism, toothaches B Flacourtia indica Snake-bites, gout, 74 T Flacourtiaceae Porika Sd (Burm.f.)Merr. rheumatism Antiseptic, authelmintic, L,Fr,S 75 Gardenia gummifera L.f. T Rubiaceae Bikki bleeding piles d 76 Gisekia pharnaceoides L. H Aizoaceae Irshi-rashkura Diuretic W © Sakun Publishing House (SPH): IJPLS 4409

Explorer Research Article [Murthy & Madhav, 6(4): April, 2015:4405-4416] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 Abortificient, leprosy, 77 Gloriosa superba L. H Liliaceae Nabi chettu W gonorrhoea Galactogogue, gonorrhoea, 78 Gmelina arborea Roxb. S Verbenaceae Gummadi teku B fevers, indigestion Gymnema sylvestris Stomachic, diuretic, 79 H Asclepiadaceae Poda patri L (Retz.)Roem. &Schult. diabetes Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) 80 T Rubiaceae Batta ganepu Tonic after delivery B Ridsdale 81 Oldenlandia umbellata L. H Rubiaceae Chiruveru Snake bite, asthama W 82 Helictris isora L. S Sterculiaceae Nul tada Febrifuge Sd 83 Hemidesmus indicus H Asclepiadaceae Pala sgandhi Nutritional disorders, R (L.)R.Br. leucorrhoea, rhematism

Hybanthus enneaspermus 84 H Violaceae Rathna purusha Aphrodisiac W (L.) F. Muell. Holorrhena 85 T Apocynaceae Kodisha pala Anthelmintic, carminative B antidysenterica (Roth)DC. Purifies the blood,skin Ichnocarpus frutescens 86 C Apocynaceae Pala teega diseases,syphilis,elephanti L (L.)R.Br. asis Sedative, piles, diuretic, 87 Indigofera tinctoria L. H Papilionaceae Neeli chettu W dropsy Burning feet, small pox, 88 *Lawsonia inermis L. S Lythraceae Gorintaku L,Sd rheumatism, wounds Hygrophila auriculata Aphrodisciac, diuretic, 89 H Acanthaceae Neeru golimidi Sd (Schumach.)Heine dropsy Leucas aspera Insecticide, scabies, snake 90 H Lamiaceae Tummi kura W (Willd.)Link bite Lepidagathis cristata 91 H Acanthaceae Mulla banthi Fevers W Willd. Luffa acutangula Expectoraut, splenitis, 92 C Cucurbitaceae Beera Fr,Sd (L.)Roxb. haemorrhoides, leprosy Luffa acutangula var. 93 C Cucurbitaceae Chedu beera Diabetes, dropsy Fr amara (L.)Roxb. Luffa cylindrica 94 C Cucurbitaceae Venna beera Cool, demulcent Fr (L.)M.Roem. Madhuca longifolia var. Asthma, epistaxis, gives 95 T Sapotaceae Ippa B,L,Fr latifolia (Roxb.) A. Chiov. vigour, vitality Atonic dyspepsia, 96 Mangifera indica L. T Anacardiaceae Mamidi Fr constipation, bleeding Dregea volubilis Cooling, alterative, 97 C Asclepiadaceae Penujittu L, St (L.f.)Benth. ex Hook.f. gonorrhoea 98 *Martynia annua L. S Martyniaceae Telu gondi Used in scorpion stings Fl Anthelintic, nervous 99 *Melia azadirach L. H Meliaceae Turekapa Fl, Fr headaches Piles, fistula, scorpion 100 *Mimosa pudica L. H Mimosaceae Ati pati Sd sting, menstrual disorders Mitragyna parvifolia Stomachache, stimulant, 101 T Rubiaceae Batta ganapa B (Roxb.) Korth. emetic 102 *Moringa oleifera Lam. T Moringaceae Munaga Rheumatism, gout, B,Fl,S © Sakun Publishing House (SPH): IJPLS 4410

Explorer Research Article [Murthy & Madhav, 6(4): April, 2015:4405-4416] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 syphlilis, paralysis d Moringa concanensis 103 T Moringaceae Chedu munaga Blood purifier Sd Nimmo ex Dalz. Aphrodisiac, leucorrhoae, 104 Mucuna pruriens (L.)DC. C Papilionaceae Duli dundi L spermatorrhoea *Murraya koengii (L.) 105 S Rutaceae Karivepa Stimulant L Spreng. 106 *Musa x paradisica L. S Musaceae Arati Haemoptysis, diabetes Fr Diabetes, leprosy, piles, 107 Momordica charantia L. C Cucurbitaceae Kakara Fr jaundice 108 Momordica dioica Roxb. C Cucurbitaceae Karkotaki Diabetics Fr 109 *Nerium indicum Mill. S Apocynaceae Ganneru Conjuctivities, syphilis Fl 110 *Ocimum tenuifloiun L. H Lamiaceae Tulasi Expectorant, antiseptic W *Opuntia dillenii Whooping cough, 111 S Cactaceae Naga jamudu W (Ker-Gawl)Haw. gonorrhoea Pergularia daemia 112 C Asclepiadaceae Dishtapu teega Asthama, leprosy L,St (Forssk.)Choiv. Phoenix sylvestris Opthalmia, opacity of 113 T Arecaceae Eetha Fr (L.)Roxb. cornea Phyllanthus amarus Jaundice, gonorrhoea, 114 H Euphorbiaceae Nela-usiri Fr Schumm.and Thonn. insect bites Asthma, menstrual 115 Phyllanthus emblica L. T Euphorbiaceae Usiri Fr disorders 116 Plumbago zeylanica L. S Plumbaginaceae Chiramulamu Piles, skin diseases W Pterocarpus marsupium 117 T Papilionaceae Teddagi Toothace, boils B Roxb. Pongamia pinnata 118 T Papilionaceae Kanugu Skin diseases, pyorrhea B (L.)Pierre 119 *Punica granatum L. S Punicaceae Danimma Diarrhoea, anthelmentic Fr,Sd Rivea hypocrateriformis 120 C Convolvulaceae Teega boddi Piles, constipation W (Desr.)Choisy Sapindus emarginatus B,Fr,S 121 T Sapindaceae Kunkudu Migrain, abortifacient Vahl d Sarcostemma acidum 122 S/C Asclepiadaceae Atukudu teega Wounds, cuts, leprosy W (Roxb.)Voigt Ledebourea hyacinthina 123 H Hyacinthaceae Adavi ulligadda Rheumatic pains W Roth Gen. Debility, boils, 124 Sida acuta Burm.f. H Malvaceae Parasukamp W absciss 125 Sida cordifolia L. H Malvaceae Bhoomi bala Paralysis, anaemia W *Solanum americanum 126 H Solanaceae Kamanchi Heart diseases, hiccough Fr,L Mill. Cough, urinary tract 127 *Solanum virginianum L. H Solanaceae Nalavakudu Fr infections Soymida febrifuga 128 T Meliaceae Somi Fevers, vaginal infections B (Roxb.)Juss. Eye trouble, tonic, lice 129 Sphaeranthus indicus L. H Asteraceae Boadataram W killer © Sakun Publishing House (SPH): IJPLS 4411

Explorer Research Article [Murthy & Madhav, 6(4): April, 2015:4405-4416] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 130 Strychnos nux-vomica L. T Loganiaceae Vishmushti Paralysis, fevers Fr,L Urinary treat infections, 131 Strychnos potatorum L.f. T Loganiaceae Chilla Fr eye diseases Syzigium cumini B,Fr,S 132 T Myrtaceae Neredu Diabetes, Diarrhoea (L.)Skeels d 133 Tamarindus indica L. T Caesalpiniaceae Chintha Oedema, piles Fr,L Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Diabetes, spleen, level 134 T Papilionaceae Vempali W Pers. disorders 135 Terminalia alata Roth T Combretaceae Nalla maddi Bactericidal, ulcer B Terminalia arjuna Heart diseases, urinary B,Fr,S 136 T Combretaceae Eru maddi (DC.)Wight & Arn. tract infections d Terminalia bellerica 137 T Combretaceae Tanikya Urinary calculi, asthma B (Gaertn.)Roxb. 138 Terminalia catappa L. T Combretaceae Badam Diabetes, back pain B 139 Terminalia chebula Retz. T Combretaceae Karakkaya Piles, jaundice B Tinospora cordifolia 140 C Menispermaceae Tippa teega Fevers, gout W (Willd.)Hook.f. & Thoms. Trianthema Night blindness, urinary 141 H Aizoaceae Galijeru W portulacastrum L. disorders Antiseptic, cut, wounds, 142 *Tridax procumbens L. H Asteraceae Nallalam W burns Tylophora indica 143 C Asclepiadaceae Mekameyami aku Asthma, emetic B,L (Burm.f.)Merr. Ventilago denticulata Tonic, post delivery 144 C Rhamnaceae Erra sulugudu B Willd. treatment Sciatica, arthritis, eye 145 Vitex negundo L. S Verbenaceae Vavila W trouble *Withania somnifera (L.) Reducing sugar, body 146 H Solanaceae Aswaghanda R,Sd Dunal strength, aphrodisiac 147 Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. S Apocynaceae Doddapala chettu Diarrhoea, dysentery B 148 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. T Rhamnaceae Ganga regu Aphrodisiac, diuretic B,Fl,L 149 Ziziphus oenoplia S Rhamnaceae Pariki Digestive tonic, cut B, Fr (L.)Mill. wounds Ziziphus xylopyrus 150 S Rhamnaceae Gotti Skin diseases Fr (Retz.)Willd. * Planted/exotic/runningwild; B=Bark; C=Climber; Fl=Flower; Fr=Fruit, H=Herb; L=Leaves; R=Root;Sd=Seed; P= Parasite; S=Shrub; St=Stem; T=Tree; W=Whole plant.

medicinal use followed by trees (50), shrubs (36), The Papilionaceae are the dominant family (Fig. 2) twiners (6) and parasites (1) (Fig.3). with 10 medicinal species followed by Caesalpiniaceae The local people and the herbal physicians use the with eight, Apocynaceae, Combretaceae, following phytodrugs for common human ailments: (i) Cucurbitaceae, Mimosaceae with seven, Asthama: Dishtapu teega (Pergularia daemia, leaves Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae and Rubiaceae with five and stem), Usiri (Phyllanthus emblica: fruits), Tani species. The rest of the families contribute one or two (Terminalia bellerica: stem bark) and Mekameyani aku medicinal species only. It is a thero-phanerophytic (Tylophora indica: leaves). (ii) Blood Purifier: Barre climate (Naqvi 2001). Herbs (57) dominate in their sughandi pala (Hemidesmus indicus var. pubescens: whole plant), Pala teega (Ichnocarpus frutescens:

Explorer Research Article [Murthy & Madhav, 6(4): April, 2015:4405-4416] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 leaves) and Chedu munaga (Moringa concanensis: (Azadirachta indica: all parts), Kalimi (Carissa stem bark). (iii) Bone fracture: Bandarae (Dodonaea spinarum: fruits), Vishnu kranti (Evolvulus alsinoides: viscose: leaves) and Venna bera kaya (Luffa whole plant), Jegi (Soymida febrifuga: stem bark) and cylindrical: fruit) (iv) Diabetes: Tangedu (Senna Tippa teega (Tinospora cordifolia: whole plant). (viii) auriculata: leaves and fruits), Rela (Senna fistula: fruits Skin diseases: Chandra (Acacia catechu: bark), and stem bark), Poda patri (Gymnema sylvestris: Chandra bheda (Acacia chundra, bark), Kasintha leaves), Chedu beera (Luffa acutangula var. amara). (Senna occidentalis: whole plant), Pachiteega Arati (Musa paradisica: fruits), Kakara (Momordica (Cassytha filiformis, whole plant), Gunta galagara charantia: fruits), Boda kakara (Momordica dioica: (Eclipta prostrate: whole plant), Pala teega fruits), Neredu (Syzygium cumini, seeds: stem bark) (Ichnocarpus frutescens: leaves), Chitramulam and Vempali (Tephrosia purpurea: whole plant). (v) (Plumbago zeylanica: whole plant), Kanugu Diarrhoea: Konda gogu (Cochlospermum religiosum: (Pongamia glabra: bark) and Gotti (Ziziphus stem bark), Tella ummetta (Datura innoxia, whole xylopyrus: fruit), and (ix) Toothache and gum plant) and Dodda palachettu (Wrightia tinctoria: stem swelling: Chandrabheda (Acacia chundra: bark), bark). (vi) Eye troubles (including conjunctivitis and Murki tumma (Acacia farnesiana: bark), Kundeti opacity of cornea): Gurija (Abrus precatorius: seeds), kommu (Caralluma adscendens var. attenuate: whole Brahmadandi (Argemone Mexicana: whole plant), plant), Marri (Ficus benghalensis: bark) and peddegi Tella and Erra jilledu (Calotropis gigantean: C. (Pterocarpus marsupium: bark). procera, all parts), Eetha (Phoenix sylvestris: fruits), Chilla (Strychnos potatorum: fruit) and Vavila aku (Vitex negundo: leaves) (vii) Fever: Nela vemu (Andrographis paniculata: whole plant), Vepa 12

4 Number of Species Number 2

Malvaceae Rubiaceae Apocynaceae Mimosaceae Papilionaceae CombretaceaeCucurbitaceae Euphorbiaceae Caesalpiniaceae

Fig. 2: Dominant angiosperm families contributing medicinal plants.

80 70 60 50 Number of plants 40 species 30 20 10 0 Herbs Parasite Shrubs Trees Climbers

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Fig. 4: Medicinal plants of Ramagiri hill forest

A) Aristolochia indica; B) Cardiospermum halicacabum; C) Mucuna pruriens; D) Evolvulus alsinoides; E) Helicteres isora; F) Hybanthus enneaspermus; G) Lepidathis cirstata; H) Lecuas asper

Explorer Research Article [Murthy & Madhav, 6(4): April, 2015:4405-4416] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126

Fig. 5: Architectural variations in entrance gates of Ramagiri Fort Apart from the medicinal plants, beedi leaves, gum Lambadas, a gypsy non-local tribe, are largely workers karaya, chilla, musti, brooms, ippa and copri are the and, at places, settled agriculturists. An estimate of major non-timber forest produce (NTFPs) collected their dependence on the local forest was made by and sold by the tribal and non-tribals people. Koyas are Reddy (1996) and Rao et al. (1998). Most of the local the main ethnic tribe who are though settled cultivators, communities are benefited by collection of beedi leaf depend largely upon the nearby forests for non-timber (Diospyros melanoxylon), flower and seeds of Mahua products. Nayakpods, the other important ethnic tribe, (Madhuca longifolia) and broom grass (Thysanolaena are also primarily agriculturists and podu (shifting) maxima). cultivators. They also collect forest produce. © Sakun Publishing House (SPH): IJPLS 4415

Explorer Research Article [Murthy & Madhav, 6(4): April, 2015:4405-4416] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 Conclusion Medicine and Ethnobotany – UGC Minor The plants are used to discover bioactive natural Project Report. products that may serve as leads for the development of 6. Kapoor, S.L. and Kapoor, L.D. 1980. new pharmaceuticals of hitherto unmet therapeutic Medicinal plants of the Karimnagar district of needs. Ramagiri hill forest needs immediate attention Andhra Pradesh. Bull. Medico-Ethnobot. Res. from the standpoint of conservation. Karimnagar 2:120-144. district is rapidly developing in all spheres through 7. Murthy E.N., C.S. Reddy, K.N. Reddy and rapid expansion of urban limits, indiscriminate open- Raju, V.S. 2008. Ethno medicinal observations cast coal mining, granite mining, agriculture, irrigation from Maha-Mutharam and Yamanpally tribal dams, thermal power stations and cement industries villages of Andhra Pradesh, India. which have bearing on forest ecosystem, and forest Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 513-551. cover in the district. Againt this backdrop, Ramagiri 8. Naqvi. A.H. 2001. Flora of Karimnagar forest should be announced as Medicinal Plants District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ph.D. Thesis. Conservation Center and need to be developed as Kakatiya University, Warangal, India. ecotourism place along with Kondagattu and 9. Pimbert, M. and Parks, P.J. 1995. People and Singarayakonda hill forests and Mahadevpur reserved Professionals: Putting “Participation” into forests which are the important sources of medicinal Protected Area Management. UNRISD plants in Karimnagar district of Telangana, India. Discussion Paper 57, Geneva. Acknowledgement 10. Rajagopal, M.V. 1974. Andhra Pradesh We thank the Dr.A.H. Naqvi of SRR Government District Gazetteers Karimnagar District. Govt. Degree & Post Graduate College, Karimnagar for of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. encouragement. We gratefully acknowledged Prof. 11. Rao, J.V.R., Nagulu, V., Srinivasulu, C., V.S. Raju for his encouragement Reddy, V.M. and Rao, V.V.1998. An References ecological frame work for the socio economics 1. Akerele, O. 1992. WHOguideline for of tribal dependence on natural resources in assessment of herbal medicines. Fitoterapia 63: Mahadevpur, Karimnagar district, pp.223-235. 99-118. Proc. Nation. Symp. on Conservation of 2. Gamble, J.S. and Fisher, C.E.C. 1915-1935. Eastern Ghats, EPTRI, Hyderabad. Flora of Presidency of Madras. Adlard and 12. Ravishankar, T. 1990. Ethnobotanical Studies Son,Limited, London. in Adilabad and Karimnagar Districts of 3. Hemadri, K. 1990. Contribution to the Andhra Pradesh, India. Ph.D., Thesis, medicinal flora of Karimnagar and Warangal Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. disitricts, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Medicine 13. Reddy, C.S., Nagesh, K., Reddy, K.N. and 2:16-28. Raju, V.S. 2003. Plants used in ethnoveterinary 4. Huxley, A, 1984.Green Inheritance: The World practice by Gonds of Karimnagar district, Wildlife Fund Book of India. Collins/Harvel, Andhra Pradesh. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 27: 631- London. 634. 5. Rajesham, C. K. 2006. Exploration and in- 14. Reddy, V.M. 1996. Ungulate Ecology and vivo and in-vitro studies of medicinal plants of Tribal dependence on Forest ecosystem at Ramgiri quila in Karimnagar district of Andhra Mahadevpur Reserve Forest, Karimnagar Pradesh for the development of Indian district, Andhra Pradesh. Ph.D. Thesis.OsmaniaUniversity,Hyderabad

How to cite this article Murthy N.E. and Madhav N.V. (2015). Enumeration of Medicinal Plants of Ramagiri-Khilla Forests of Karimnagar District, Telangana, India. Int. J. Pharm. Life Sci., 6(4):4405-4416.

Source of Support: Nil; Conflict of Interest: None declared

Received: 07.03.15; Revised: 07.04.15; Accepted: 10.04.15