sign in sign up
<<
Home , Tel Rehov

5 4 3 2 1 at fteSuhr eat lnsd h perneo e lpi tlsadcultic and styles glyptic new of appearance the alongside Levant, Southern the of parts 15-42). 2005: Higham & Levy in papers introductory on Neumann Ronny ntlainwsuerhd ossigo ih nrdca yidr yn ieb side by side lying cylinders clay unfired Reh eight Tel of 2). consisting (Figure unearthed, was installation researchers prominent most the of . one ancient Crane, Eva and of modern memory of the to dedicated is paper This traditional by use analysis. Keywords: in chemical and by confirmed tombs East, was Egyptian Near identification a the on suggested and in pictured found bee) The examples earliest the peoples. with the (for , end analogy These one by keeper). at identified bee hole the were little (for a other with the each at lid cylinders, removable clay hollow of consisted They BC). valley Jordan n h eut fteecvtosa e Reh debate Tel to at The subject excavations Judah. currently the political of are of the Kingdom period results Southern by this the the of followed and and interpretations , archaeological relates in of and narrative centred Kingdom historical Biblical Solomon Northern traditional and the into David the division of what monarchy includes the IIA) as Age Israel. in Iron known (termed cities discussion Mazar Age press; (Strata in levels Iron 2003; or the 1999; largest phases of Mazar architectural VI-IV; city the main well-planned consecutive of three and which with prosperous one valley, BCE, a centuries Beth-Shean is revealed tenth-ninth have alluvial It 1997 valley. the since Jordan seasons in excavation the Pella Eight of of west segment 7km a and is Beth-Shean of south 5km Reh Tel of site the at excavation recent a In context and Discovery Reh of city Age Iron the in area built densley a in discovered were Beehives Mazar Amihai Reh Tel at beehives Age Iron eevd 0Jn 07 cetd 3Spebr20;Rvsd coe 2007 October 2 Revised: 2007; September 13 Accepted: 2007; June 20 Received: antiquity h aeilclueo rnAeIAi hrceie yarvvlo raiaini large in urbanisation of revival a by characterised is IIA Age Iron of culture material The eoo 60,Israel 76100, Rehovot eateto rhelg n nin erEsenClue,TlAi nvriy aa vv698 Israel 69978, Aviv Ramat University, Aviv Tel Cultures, Israel Eastern Near 76100, Ancient Rehovot and Science, of Archaeology Institute of Weizmann Department Science, Israel Archaeological Jerusalem, Jerusalem, for of Center University Kimmel Hebrew Archaeology, of Institute The eateto tutrlBooyadKme etrfrAcaooia cec,Wimn nttt fScience, of Institute Weizmann Science, Archaeological for Center Israel Kimmel 76100, and Rehovot Biology Science, Structural of of Institute Department Weizmann Chemistry, Organic of Department 2(08:629–639 (2008): 82 sal odn otenLvn,Io g,beie,air, apiary, beehives, Age, Iron Levant, Southern Jordan, Israel, 1 . ,DvoryNamdar v(rbc eles-S (: ov 4 tv Weiner Steve & . 2 rm samud1h netn oae about located extent in 10ha mound a is arem) , tal. et 3 . 629 aaPanitz-Cohen Nava , vi otenIre Fgr ) nintriguing an 1), (Figure Israel northern in ov 5 . vfiuepoietyi h icsin(see discussion the in prominently figure ov 05.Tebcgon ftepro under period the of background The 2005). . vi the in ov . v(et-it century (tenth-ninth ov 1 ,

Research beehives at Tel Reh. ov in the

objects, as well as a change in pottery traditions, epitomised by red-slipped, hand burnished pottery. This period also sees a development of trade relations with Cyprus and Phoenicia. The Iron Age IIA culminates in northern Israel in the last half of the ninth century BCE, with a rash of destructions that are attributed to the incursion of the Arameans led by King Hazael of Damascus. The installation made of clay cylinders wasdiscoveredinAreaC,locatedatthe north-western corner of the city, where an area of 625m2 of Iron IIA structures was excavated. The installation was found in Stratum V in the south-eastern part of the area, in an architectural complex dubbed ‘Building H’, which was part of a densely built area with well-planned mud-brick structures (Figure 3). This large complex has only been partly excavated. The intriguing installation included eight clay cylinders arranged along a north- south line. Each cylinder is about 0.8m long and about 0.44m in diameter and is made of unfired clay walls about 4cm thick. The cylinders were placed on a wooden beam that also ran on a Figure 1. Schematic map of Israel and Jordan. Ethnographic north-south axis; burnt traces of this beam hives are marked with a bee. Tel Reh. ov is marked with a were revealed especially near the southern blank square. end of the installation (Figure 2A). The best preserved cylinders had a clay wall blocking their western end, in the centre of which was a small hole, with signs of burning along its perimeter. The opposite, eastern end of the cylinder remained open, but could be blocked by lumps of clay, some of which were found in situ. A few remnants of a second row of such cylinders above the bottom row were also found. The hives were set on a floor of light-coloured, compact earth. The entire area was covered by a c. 1m-thick destruction layer, including many fallen bricks, burnt beams and a large amount of restorable pottery vessels. This destruction layer was tilted from the west to the east. Some of the intact and restorable pottery vessels from this layer appear to have fallen from a second floor (Mazar 1999; Mazar et al. 2005). It seems that the area was probably roofed and had a second floor above what seems to be a basement in which the cylinders were located. Locating unfired clay or mud-brick installations under a roof makes sense, as the winter rains would otherwise have damaged them.

630 tutrsa ehvs itra,ltrr n tngahcprles swl saaye of analyses as well structure. as the of parallels, walls ethnographic the and from extracted literary residues pictorial, beehives: as structures xaaos(..adNPC,icuigohracaooia osdrtosadteaverage the and additional considerations of archaeological other including N.P.C), and (A.M. excavators iue3 ceai lno e Reh Tel of plan Schematic 3. Figure Reh Tel at found beehives the of View 2. Figure ieayeiec n tngahcaaois h nyacaooia ore eaigto relating sources archaeological only The analogies. ethnographic and Reh evidence Tel literary the of identification The parallels ethnographic and literary Pictorial, H. Building in beehives the showing eew unt eea needn ore fifrainwihhv dnie these identified have which information of sources independent several to turn we Here 14 ae rmti stratum. this from dates C . vAe tau V, Stratum C Area ov . . vojcsa ehvsi ae npcoildepictions, pictorial on based is beehives as objects ov v )loignrhes;B rna iw okn east. looking view, frontal B) north-east; looking A) ov: mhiMazar Amihai 631 ewe 6 n 7 C te2 (the BCE 870 and 969 between n h vrg airtdaei 1 in age calibrated average the and 2764 were scnitn ihohrosrain ythe by observations other with consistent destruction is this for date tenth-century late Mazar BCE; 840 and 970 is sal(Bruins University, Israel Ben-Gurion from collaboration Bruins the H. with of Plicht Groningen der Van of V J. University by the Stratum at Isotope of Research in Centre the at Gas method H Proportional Counting the with Building measured destruction were thick of the below layer floor the on tal. et Three 14 − + ae fcardganfound grain charred of dates C 1 2777 11; tal. et 03 05.Tedates The 2005). 2003; − + 3 2785 13; tal et 05.A 2005). . − + σ 8BP 28 range σ is

Research Iron Age beehives at Tel Reh. ov in the Jordan valley beekeeping in the ancient are four Egyptian pictures: one from the tomb of Niuserra of the fifth Dynasty, two from the eighteenth Dynasty and one from the seventh century BCE (Crane 1983: 34-9; Crane & Graham 1985: 24-7; Kritsky 2007; Kueny´ 1950; Serpico & White 2000: 410). They show cylindrical horizontal hives stacked in several layers. No other pictorial depictions of hives are known until medieval times, but there are literary references to beehives in Hittite documents, where they seem to have been a valuable commodity (Crane & Graham 1985: 31-4). No such hives have been recorded from archaeological excavations from this or earlier ages. The main direct archaeological evidence for hives comes from Classical Greece where a good number of pottery hives were found; they are all shaped as cylindrical jars with a base, open on one side only, with extension rings and lids (Crane 1983: 45-7; Crane & Graham 1985: 149-53). Beekeeping is described by various Greek and Roman authors, who sometimes include a detailed description of the hives (for references see Crane & Graham 1985: 31-9). Columella’s description is particularly comprehensive and is cited by later authors. Notably, he defines unfired clay as the most unsuitable material for constructing hives, since it would be too cold in the winter and too hot in the summer; tree bark and wood are considered by him to be the preferred materials for constructing hives. Beehives shaped as cylinders made of unfired clay, fired pottery, bark, wood or basketry and placed in horizontal rows are well known in many traditional cultures throughout the Mediterranean, the Middle East, East Africa, India and the Far East (Crane 1983). In traditional Palestinian villages, hives made of unfired clay are common (Avitsur 1976). Some of these are similar to those at Tel Reh. ov and are located in the courtyard of village houses and sometimes even inside a farm building (Figure 4). Unbaked clay hives were used by Palestinian cave dwellers in the southern Judean Hills; their front walls were decorated with clay mouldings (Havakook 1985, photograph between pages 144-5). A wall composed of such hives was recorded near Kefr Raay, north-east of Shechem (Zertal & Mirkam 2000). The rows of hives had front walls with small openings in the centre, similar to those in the Tel Reh. ov Iron Age installation; these openings could be closed by a piece of wood. The ethnographic museum at Yif’at in Israel exhibits unbaked clay hives from the Druze village of Jat in western Galilee; they have a movable door composed of a clay disc with a protruding handle. Also exhibited are fired clay hives produced in the pottery workshops of Gaza, made as cylinders opened on both sides. Other traditional hives in that museum are made of wood and basketry. Unfired clay hives are well-known in modern Egypt, where 300-500 hives were recorded in single stacks (Crane 1983; Kritsky 2007; Mellor 1928). In many of these hives, the cylinder’s front was closed by either a permanent wall or a removable lid; in both cases, a small hole was left for the bees to enter and exit and yet prevent larger insects or animals from entering the hive. Such small round openings are found in the Tel Reh. ov hives, as mentioned above (Figure 2B). The back was usually left open and sometimes blocked with removable materials in order for the beekeeper to be able to smoke the hive, forcing the bees to calm down, and thus enable the harvesting of the honeycombs. As Crane and Graham maintained (1985), this procedure is well-illustrated in an Egyptian pictorial depiction from the seventh century BCE (in Tomb TT279 at Thebes)

632 abnaos( atoms carbon Reh (GC/MS) Spectrometry Mass GC/ walls and below). clay (GC) material unfired supplementary Chromatography the (See from Gas extracted using residues analysed organic were The installation. the with associated w ifrn yidr rmteTlReh Tel the from cylinders different Two residues beeswax degraded of identification Analytical closed are which hives Greek in missing (though end). beehives one traditional at all in practised is and Jordan. Zeda, Wadi from parallel modern ethnographic an of Photograph 4. Figure iisetatdfo h ehv al nedrflc h otnso h ie n have and hives the the from of extracts of contents lipid predominance The clear the surroundings. a reflect associated show the indeed by walls contaminated been beehive that not conclude the to from us leading extracted 6), (Figure lipids assemblages lipid different completely showed vessels incrcai,C acid, lignoceric ucinda ehv n steeoeepce ocnanbewxrsde.I swell is It residues. beeswax contain to expected therefore is and beehive of a abundance as relative functioned The similar. (ENAs). are n-alkanes area 7). numbered (Figure peak even varied total more the is the for ENAs case to the the normalised not ONAs is all This between proportions relative the nlsso h iisetatdfo w fteegtIo g I ehvsfo Tel from beehives IIA Age Iron eight the of two from extracted lipids the of Analysis ae nehorpi iiaiismnindaoe hsisalto sblee ohave to believed is installation this above, mentioned similarities ethnographic on Based . vdtce sebae htaedmntdb ogchain long by dominated are that assemblages detected ov n C 24:0 21 – Fgr ) xrcsfo eiet ape rmtevcnt fthe of vicinity the from sampled sediments from Extracts 5). (Figure ) n C 32 n at cd plii cd C acid, (palmitic acids fatty and ) n -C 27 mhiMazar Amihai mns h d ubrdakns(Ns n that and (ONAs) alkanes numbered odd the amongst . visalto eeaaye,a ela h sediments the as well as analysed, were installation ov 633 tal. et 16:0 n tai cd C acid, stearic , aknswt 3t 33 to 23 with -alkanes 18:0 and

Research Iron Age beehives at Tel Reh. ov in the Jordan valley

Figure 5. Gas chromatogram of the organic extracts from the installation walls found at Tel Reh. ov. Cx refers to n-alkane with x carbons in its chain. x-axis represents the elution time (in minutes) of the compounds. y-axis represents intensity (in arbitrary units).

Figure 6. Gas chromatogram of the organic extracts from the sediments from the installation surroundings, reporting different organic assemblage from the one found in the installation analysed. x-axis represents the elution time (in minutes) of the compounds. y-axis represents intensity (in arbitrary units). established that modern beeswax contains three major groups of compounds: (i) fatty acids, C16:0,C18:0 and C24:0; the latter serves as a biomarker; (ii) ONA (C21–C33); and (iii) wax esters, mostly of palmitic acid in the range of C40 to C52 (Tulloch 1970). The presence

634 fOA oiae by dominated ONAs of numbered even b) and numbered; C Reh extract. Tel odd the at a) in found of present installation area the peak of cylinders the two of Histograms 7. Figure ie r the are time, xrcso h yidr,w netgtdmdr esa n on nercmn of enrichment an found the and in beeswax ENAs modern of investigated (Evershed amounts we ENAs significant cylinders, of found contain the amounts we to of negligible Since known extracts is 1970). only Tulloch latter and 1969; the ONAs Kolattukudy that of is composition amounts alkane large the regarding beeswax modern evaporation the to (Namdar and exposed esters alcohols been wax chain have of long breakdown could of the hives both the cause that, would to which Due temperatures Reh high burnt. Tel severely at was that hives layer (Heron destruction The beeswax extracts. to in numbered beehive due odd present the be produced be have may should to present hydrolysis are known ester n wax that esters Although acid wax 1971). Tulloch palmitic of 1994; of breakdown amounts hydrolytic varied the The installation. the in Reh Tel the in acids achl nterneo 4t 6(Regert 36 to 24 of range the in -alcohols h otsal opnnso esa,teoe htaepeitdt uvv through survive to predicted are that ones the beeswax, of components stable most The n akns h andfeec ewe h nin ehv xrcsand extracts beehive ancient the between difference main The -alkanes. x eesto refers . vbeieetat r l ossetwt h dnicto fbeeswax of identification the with consistent all are extracts beehive ov n n akn ihxcrosi t hi.% chain. its in carbons x with -alkane -C 27 n h infiatpeec fC of presence significant the and tal. et . v h eaiepa ra r omlsdt h oa ekae falkanes of area peak total the to normalised are areas peak relative The ov. mhiMazar Amihai submitted). . 635 vwr oee yaot1-hc ersof debris 1m-thick about by covered were ov tal. et tal. et 01,n looswr eetdin detected were alcohols no 2001), = fttlpa area. peak total of n aknsetatdfo h al of walls the from extracted -alkanes 16:0 ,C 18:0 n C and tal et 24:0 2003; . tal et fatty .

Research Iron Age beehives at Tel Reh. ov in the Jordan valley

ENAs compared to ONAs in dark coloured beeswax. This is attributed to the accumulation of bees’ remains during the occupancy of the hive. The coatings of the bees’ cuticles are rich in ONAs and ENAs (Salvy et al. 2001), and these could contribute n-alkanes to the beeswax (Namdar et al. 2007; submitted) also showed that another change in the n-alkane composition of beeswax occurs when modern beeswax from Apis mellifera is placed on a clean ceramic sherd and heated to 400◦C. The relative proportions of ENAs compared to ONAs dramatically increases. In fact, the proportions of ENAs and ONAs are similar to those analysed in the cylindrical clay containers from Tel Reh. ov.

Conclusions Beehives are one of the lesser known subjects in the archaeological record. Perhaps due to their fragility and location outside settlements, no actual remains of beehives are known, to the best of our knowledge, in the entire ancient Near East prior to the . Here we present the only beehives excavated so far in the ancient Near East. They were found at Tel Reh. ov in a thriving urban centre of the tenth-ninth centuries BCE, in a context of a large building that was severely burnt most probably at the end of the tenth century BCE. Finds in the vicinity of the beehives point to cultic activity perhaps related to the honey and beeswax production. In Egypt, honey was used for various medical treatments, and thus beehives were considered important and were under state supervision. The function of honey in ancient Israel is less well known, since the Biblical references mentioning honey are unclear: many of them perhaps refer to honey made of fruits such as dates and figs, and the Bible does not mention beekeeping. Only two literary stories mention wild honeycombs (Judges 14:8; and possibly I Samuel 14: 25-9). The Tel Reh. ov beehives are thus unique in their demonstration of the importance of honey and beeswax production in the local economy and perhaps in ritual and medicine as well. The presence of beehives in Tel Reh. ov raises the inevitable question: why and for what purpose were beehives located in a closed structure in the middle of a densely built city? The importance of the production of honey and beeswax in this complex is demonstrated by the discovery in the same space as the beehives of two outstanding cult objects: a decorated four-horned pottery and an elaborately painted large chalice. The latter was covered by a mottled rust-like coating, similar to the rust-like coating found on the inside of the hives. These were discovered just to the south-west of the hives, together with several pottery chalices to the west of the hives. These objects could have been used in cultic activities related to the manufacture of honey and beeswax. Such a relationship between cult and industry is known in various cases, such as the affinity between metal production and cult in the Late copper production centres at Timna’ valley (Rothenberg 1988) and Cyprus (i.e. Artzy 2000; Dothan & Ben-Tor 1983; Karageorghis 1973), as well as the seventh-century BC olive oil industry at Tel Miqne-Ekron (Gitin 1989). In , beeswax was considered to possess magical powers, and this could also have been the case in ancient Israel. Such attributes may explain the rather surprising location of the hives inside the city and so close to built structures. It might be that the beehives were part of a larger complex which had a specialised economic and perhaps religious function. Part of this complex was a granary structure (Building G) attached to Building H on the west (Figure 3).

636 tta ieadfntoe eymc ietoefo gp htaedtdmc earlier, record. much ethnographic dated the are from that known beehives Egypt later from much those the the like like Though much as Honey’. very well and as functioned Milk Reh Tel and of from time ‘Land example that a the meaning as at new apiaries, Israel a mention of extends not Land scientific religious that does the picture and and Bible of lively economic ethnographic definition a Biblical the compose pictorial, to the of archaeological, study to aspect this of in one results integrated just are The are analysis city. beehives this the in and practices time that during city o 4huswr nlsdwt ahbtho ape.1m fclrfr n ehnl(: :)wr added were v:v) (2:1 methanol and chloroform of 10ml samples. of batch each with analysed were hours 24 for hn h olwn o hi htgah:T foi iue2 .Rsneg iue3 n ia Haddad, Nizar and 3; Figure to Rosenberg, like J. also would 2; We Figure the Science. Efroni, and of T. Institute Chemistry photographs: the Weizmann 4. Organic their at the of Figure Biology for at Professor Structural following Chemistry Sieff of Organic Israel the of and chair thank Department Rebecca professorial the of the Burchardt University of Trude is Hebrew chair R.N. Dr the Science; the in Technology of Archaeology of and Institute of Research incumbent Weizmann Chair Agricultural the Sukenik for is Eleazar S.W. Center the Florida. National Jerusalem; is Sarasota, Unit, A.M Schwartzmann, Research Jordan. George 19381, Bee Archaeological as Baqa’ for Transfer, Haddad, well Center as Nizar Kimmel support, Dr the generously financial thank thank their and We We Jerusalem for USA. University in Aviv Minnesota, University Tel Hebrew from and the Camp Science of John Archaeology by of 1997 Institute since the supported of behalf on Mazar Amihai ftehsoyo saldfie steeao ooo,teivso fSohn n h split Reh the Tel and (Israel). I northern Shoshenq and of (Judah) invasion southern the states: Solomon, two of into era reconstruction the Israel traditional as of the defines what Israel of with history corresponds the BCE, of century ninth the of beginning a led icvrdprso es oisi h ean fhnyob h e finds new www..org. The see Acknowledgements details honeycomb. further of For remains analysed. who the further Jerusalem, and in of dated University bodies also Hebrew bees’ be the of should of parts Bloch of discovered G. examination by already University, finds has the of of Evron aspects M. hives biological by the the currently have analysis of analysis that pollen two Scientific material. includes least hives organic At conducted 100 other year. being as some per well of honey as honeycomb, of reconstruction of kilograms a remains hundred yielded suggest several tiers of three yield more least potential containing rows the at Three and apiary. IIA hives Age 30 Iron the than of nature industrial the indicate clearly upeetr aeil–aayia methods analytical – material Supplementary Reh Tel at excavation The Reh Tel at excavations of season 2007 the In Postscript h xrcinadaayi rcdrso h iisfo h eai esl olwdEvershed followed vessels ceramic the from lipids the of procedures analysis and extraction The method extraction Residues S1. nocengascnrfg ue.Dpiaebaksmlscmoe flesfo h ee etdt 600 to equally heated split Negev then the and from weighed loess was of powder composed the samples of 2g then blank and About Duplicate air, lamp. pestle. tubes. compressed heating and centrifuge clean of mortar a glass stream agate clean under a an into dried under in cleaned and powder pliers, chloroform a with hives by to the ground followed off acetone, broken were with ceramic washed of Pieces then and water, distilled with Charters h eidt hc hs ehvsrlt,tescn afo h et etr n the and century tenth the of half second the relate, beehives these which to period The tal. et 19) l lswr a r-rae ih1 C,fmn ircai hntruhywashed throughly then acid nitric fuming HCl, 1N with pre-treated was glassware All (1993). . vi ato h ehSenVle rhelgclPoetdrce ic 99by 1989 since directed Project Archaeological Valley Beth-Shean the of part is ov mhiMazar Amihai 637 . v diinlbeie eedsoee that discovered were beehives additional ov, tal. et . vsosta hywr known were they that shows ov . vwsaflourishing a was ov tal. et 19)and (1990) ◦ C

Research Iron Age beehives at Tel Reh. ov in the Jordan valley to each tube and the mixture was sonicated for 15 minutes. The tubes were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3500 rpm. The supernatant was removed to another glass centrifuge tube and solvents were evaporated using a CS110 Speed-vac Plus (ThermoSavant). N, O-bis(trimethyl)silyltrifluoroacetamide, BSTFA, (150μl) containing 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMC) were added to each tube and heated at 60◦C for 30 minutes. After derivatisation, the samples were dried under a gentle stream of nitrogen and 100-150μl of cyclohexane was added to each tube. 5μl of each sample were injected into the gas chromatograph (GC) with either flame ionisation (FID) or mass selective (MSD) detectors. The amounts were calculated from the average peak area of a series of 7 n−alkane standards (nC26-C32) compared with the total peak area of compounds extracted from the unfired clay walls and analysed by the mass spectrometer.

S2. Gas Chromatography (GC) The GC analysis was carried out using a HP6890 GC equipped with a flame ionisation detector (FID) and using a split injection mode with a 1:10 split ratio. A 15m, 0.32mm ID 5% cross-linked PhMe siloxane capillary column (HP-5) with a 0.25μm film thickness was used for separation. Helium was used as a carrier gas at a constant flow of 1.1ml/s. The initial oven temperature was 50◦C and a heating gradient of 10˚C/min was started after 2 minutes injection. Upon reaching 345◦C, the run was continued for an additional 10 minutes. The injection temperature was 220◦C and the FID detector temperature was 350◦C. The identification of individual compounds was based on the elution order and comparison to reference standards.

S3. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry GC/MS measurements were carried out on another gas chromatograph (HP6890) with a mass-selective detector (HP5973; electron multiplier potential 2kV, filament current 0.35mA, electron energy 70eV, and the spectra were recorded every 1s over the range m/z 50 to 800). The same capillary column noted above was used, 30m long. Peak assignments were based on comparisons with library spectra (NIST 1.6), spectra reported in the literature (Tulloch 1970; 1971; Tulloch & Hoffman 1972) and by comparison of retention times of reference standards.

References Charters, S., R.P. Evershed, J.L. Goad, A. Leyden, P.W. Blinkhorn & V. Denham. 1993. Artzy, M. 2000. Cult and recycling of metal at the end Quantification and distribution of lipid in ˚ of the Late Bronze Age, in P. Astrom¨ & D. archaeological ceramics: implications for sampling Surenhagen¨ (ed.) Periplus, Festschrift fur¨ potsherds for organic residue analysis and the Hans-Gunter¨ Buchholtz zu seinem achtzigsten classification of vessel use. Archaeometry 352: Geburstag am 24. Dezember 1999 (Studies in 211-23. Mediterranean Archaeology 127): 27-32. Jonsered: Crane Paul Astr˚ om.¨ , E. 1983. The Archaeology of beekeeping. London: Duckworth. Avitsur, S. 1976. Man and his work. Jerusalem: Crane Graham Carta & Israel Exploration Society [in , E. & A.J. . 1985. Beehives of the Hebrew]. Ancient World. Bee World 66: 25-41; 148-70. Dothan, T. A. Ben-tor Bruins,H.,J.van der Plicht & A. Mazar. 2003. & . 1983. Excavations at 14 Athienou, Cyprus, 1971-1972 (Qedem: C dates from Tel Reh. ov: Iron Age chronology, pharaohs, and Hebrew kings. Science 300(5617): Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 16). 315-8. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Bruins,H.,J.vanderPlicht,A.Mazar,C.Bronk Evershed, R.P., C. Heron J.L. Goad. Ramsey & S.W. Manning. 2005. The Groningen & 1990. Analysis of organic residues of archaeological origin Radiocarbon series from Tel Reh. ov: OxCal Bayesian computations for the Iron IB-IIA boundary and by high-temperature Gas Chromatography and Gas Iron IIA destruction events, in T. Levy & Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Analyst 115: T. Higham (ed.) The Bible and . 1339-42. Archaeology, text and science. Proceedings of a Evershed, R.P., S.N. Dudd, V.R. conference at Yarnton Manor, Oxford: 271-93. Anderson-Stojanovic & E.R. Gebhard. 2003. London: Equinox. New chemical evidence for the use of combed ware pottery vessels as beehives in ancient Greece. Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 1-12.

638 aa,A,H ris .Panitz-Cohen N. Bruins, H. A., Mazar, –inpress.TelReh 03 h xaain tTlReh Tel at excavations The 2003. – Mazar ey T. Levy, Dixon D. Bonfield, K.M. Nemcek, N. C., Heron, Gitin Havakook Ku Kritsky Kolattukudy Karageorghis ` eny odn Equinox. London: Oxford Manor, a Yarnton of at Proceedings conference science. Southern and the text of Archaeology, Age Levant. Iron the (ed.) and Higham T. dating & Radiocarbon Levy T. in dates, radiocarbon and pottery context, archaeological stratigraphy, Plicht der xlrto Society. Exploration Holy the Land in excavations archaeological of encyclopaedia infiac o h td fteIo g nIsrael. in Age Iron Israel the Eretz of study the for significance 1-42. 49: Reh ua:cnetadtypology. and context Judah: etadsine rceig facneec tYarnton at conference Oxford a Manor, of Archaeology, Proceedings Levant. science. Southern and the text of Age Iron the and & elti beeswax. Neolithic fCpu nte1t n 2hcnuisB,i E. in BC, centuries 12th P.Herscher, and 13th the in Cyprus of Egypte. 163-9. 259-75. Antiquities. of Department Nicosia: Mediterranean’ Eastern the in ‘The Mycenaeans Symposium Archaeological International the of Hebrew]. Mountains .18.Icneatr rmErn saland Israel Ekron, from 1989. S. , ..Ottaway. B.S. . .19.Te19-98ecvtosa Tel at excavations 1997-1998 The 1999. A. , .15.Sc 1950. G. , v rlmnr report. preliminary ov: .20.TePaahsapiaries. Pharaoh’s The 2007. G. , & SplmnayVlm) euae:Israel Jerusalem: Volume). (Supplementary .1985. Y. , .Higham T. ora fNa atr Studies Eastern Near of Journal e vv irdHbtto [in Habitation Misrad Aviv: Tel . ..16.Patwaxes. Plant 1969. P.E. , .17.Cnrbto otereligion the to Contribution 1973. V. , 7 4-0[nHebrew]. [in 143-60 27: 05 adro iea e Reh Tel at time of Ladder 2005. . Astr ˚ . v nE tr (ed.). Stern E. in ov, odn Equinox. London: . nsaioe asl’ancienne dans apicoles enes m&A hitduo (ed.) Christodoulou A. & om ` ¨ aedelr fteHebron the of dwellers Cave 94 h hmsr of chemistry The 1994. Naturwissenschaften e..2005. (ed.). salEpoainJournal Exploration Israel rt Israel Eretz . vadtheir and ov aicro dating Radiocarbon h new The 193-255. : Lipids Kmt :84-93. 9: 1 266-9. 81: & 105-9. : 0 52-67. 20: 52: .van J. mhiMazar Amihai 18(1): . ov: Acts 639 Zertal Mellor Tulloch their and esters the of structure Beeswax: 1971. – adr . .Nuan .Saek,N Haddad N. Sladezki, Y. Neumann, R. D., Namdar, Tulloch Serpico av,M,C atn ..Bgee,E Provost, E. Bagneres, A.G. Martin, C. M., Salvy, eet . .Clnr,L Degrand L. Colinart, S. M., Regert, Rothenberg Y. Haddad, N. Goren, Y. Neumann, R. D., Namdar, tal. et Soci ora fteAeia i hmss Society Chemists’ 696-9. Oil American the esters. of chain Journal long and acids free of hydrocarbons, composition and values analytical beeswax: University. Nahal to ‘Iron Shechem. Nahal From 3. Survey Country Lipids of Physics diols. and acids hydroxy component insects. by secreted waxes other abig nvriyPress. University Cambridge technology and materials (ed.) Shaw I. & P.T. Nicholson Parasitology mite ectoparasitic oictoso h uiua yrcro profile of hydrocarbon cuticular the of Modifications .Ru,Y eConte Le Y. Roux, M. UCL. Archaeology, of Institute London: Studies). Timna ‘ont’ rmteCaclti eid(00years Israel. (6000 ago), period Chalcolithic the vessels from ceramic (‘cornets’) enigmatic of use and content niomna contexts. various environmental from samples archaeological and of tests analysis ageing accelerated time: through beeswax DeCavallas. Gilead I. Sladezki, beeswax. comb Apidologie colored lighter and darker between & psmellifera Apis .Weiner. S. ,A.&N. ´ et ,M.&R. ..12.Beepn nEgypt. in Beekeeping 1928. J.E. , ´ noooiu d’Egypte entomologique e ..&L.L. & A.P. , ..17.Tecmoiino esa and beeswax of composition The 1970. A.P. , IsiuefrArchaeo-Metallurgical for (Institute e vv irdHbtco n Haifa and Habitachon Misrad Aviv: Tel .1988. B. , 8 453-61. 38: 2:145-59. 122: ora fAcaooia Science. Archaeological of Journal Mirkam 01 hmclatrto n s of use and alteration Chemical 2001. White 07 laecmoiinvariations composition Alkane 2007. :235-65. 6: okrbei h rsneo the of presence the in bee worker arajacobsoni Varroa Hoffman h gpinmnn epeat temple mining Egyptian The & 00 i,ftadwx in wax, and fat Oil, 2000. . 2000. . 1-9 Cambridge: 418-29. : .Weiner. S. & Archaeometry ..Clement. J.L. 92 Canadian 1972. . 2 17-33. 12: h asse Hill Mansasseh The nin Egyptian Ancient Lipids nbodcells. brood in umte.The Submitted. & hmsr and Chemistry 2 247-58. 52: 3:549-69. 434: ultnd la de Bulletin O. 2001. 49:

Research