DOCSLIB.ORG

Interpreting Phoenician Iron Production at Tel Akko

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Interpreting Phoenician Iron Production at Tel Akko The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts RE-FORGING THE PAST: INTERPRETING PHOENICIAN IRON PRODUCTION AT TEL AKKO, ISRAEL A Thesis in Anthropology by Mark T. Van Horn Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts August 2017 The thesis of Mark Van Horn was reviewed and approved* by the following: Ann E. Killebrew Associate Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Thesis Co-Adviser Kenneth Hirth Professor of Anthropology Thesis Co-Adviser Mark Munn Department Head and Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. ii Abstract Tel Akko, located in northern Israel, has recently seen the discovery of large quantities of iron slag and metal working remains during excavations conducted from 2010 – 2016 by Drs. A. E. Killebrew and M. Artzy. Using geospatial analysis through geographic information systems (GIS), this thesis aims to present the findings of metal remains from the Killebrew-Artzy excavations. Material will be discussed by type -- e.g. slag, fused earth, iron lumps, etc., -- and then by spatial location across the site and diachronically. The GIS distributions for recovered metallurgical materials and the examination of the context of these finds will provide evidence for the location of a Persian period iron smithy at Tel Akko and the continuation of metalworking at Akko into the Hellenistic period. The relationship between the iron production at Tel Akko and the local economy and methods of production will be examined, and I will attempt to demonstrate that Persian period Akko represents a craft production context which is constituted by independent producers who have been consigned to nucleated centers of production for short term crafting of products, likely by order of the local temple or ruling administration, for the production of gifts as a form of tribute. iii Table of Contents List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Tel Akko – General Overview ............................................................................................. 7 Killebrew – Artzy (2010 – 2016) Excavations: Total Archaeology at Tel Akko .............. 17 2. The Technology of Ancient Iron Working ........................................................................ 29 3. Methodology of Analyzing Metallurgical Remains at Tel Akko, Israel ........................... 37 Slag .................................................................................................................................... 37 Hammerscales .................................................................................................................... 39 Iron Lumps ........................................................................................................................ 40 Vitrified Earth .................................................................................................................... 41 Tuyѐres .............................................................................................................................. 43 Tabuns ............................................................................................................................... 46 4. Tel Akko 2010 – 2016: Distribution of Metallurgical Material ........................................ 51 th th Stratum A6: Iron IIC (late 8 – 7 centuries BCE) ........................................................... 51 Stratum A5: Babylonian / Early Persian (6th century BCE) ............................................. 57 Stratum A4: Persian (c. 500 – 332 BCE) ........................................................................... 61 th nd Stratum A3: Early Hellenistic (Late 4 – Mid 2 century BCE) ...................................... 77 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 84 5. Comparative Evidence for Ironworking in the Southern Levant ....................................... 87 Tel Beth-Shemesh (Veldhuijzen and Rehren 2007) .......................................................... 87 Tell Hammeh (Veldhuijzen and Rehren 2007) .................................................................. 88 Tel es-Safi/Gath (Eliyahu-Behar et al. 2012) .................................................................... 89 Tel Rehov (Eliyahu-Behar et al. 2013) .............................................................................. 90 Tel Megiddo (Yahalom-Mack et al. 2017) ........................................................................ 91 Hazor (Eliyahu-Behar et al 2013; Yahalom-Mack et al. 2014) ......................................... 92 Tel Beer-sheba (Eliyahu-Behar et al. 2013) ...................................................................... 92 Tel Dor (Eliyahu-Behar et al. 2008) .................................................................................. 93 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 94 iv 6. Aspects of Ancient Craft Production ................................................................................. 97 th rd 7. Ironworking at Ancient Akko: The 7 – 3 centuries BCE ............................................ 109 8. Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 2 9. Appendix .............................................................................................................................. 9 Iron Slag .............................................................................................................................. 9 Vitrified Earth .................................................................................................................... 16 Iron Ore .............................................................................................................................. 17 Tabun Fragments ............................................................................................................... 18 Tuyѐre Fragments .............................................................................................................. 22 Crucible Fragments ............................................................................................................ 23 v List of Tables Table 1: Relative stratigraphy of the Tel Akko TAP and the Dothan excavations ................. 9 Table 2: Tel Akko Excavated Tuyѐre Fragments: 2010 – 2016 ............................................ 44 Table 3: Tel Akko Excavated Tabun Fragments: 2010 - 2016 .............................................. 47 Table 4: Stratum A6 Slag Cakes ............................................................................................ 52 Table 5: Stratum A6 Vitrified Earth ...................................................................................... 54 Table 6: Stratum A6 Tabun Fragments ................................................................................. 57 Table 7: Stratum A5 Slag Cakes ............................................................................................ 58 Table 8: Stratum A5 Vitrified Earth ...................................................................................... 60 Table 9: Stratum A5 Tabuns .................................................................................................. 61 Table 10: Stratum A4 Slag Cakes .......................................................................................... 62 Table 11: Stratum A4 Iron Blade Fragments ......................................................................... 65 Table 12: Stratum A4 Vitrified Earth .................................................................................... 68 Table 13: Stratum A4 Tuyѐres ............................................................................................... 70 Table 14: Stratum A4 Tabun Fragments ............................................................................... 71 Table 15: Stratum A4 Crucible Fragments ............................................................................ 76 Table 16: Stratum A3 Slag Cakes .......................................................................................... 77 Table 17: Stratum A3 Vitrified Earth .................................................................................... 81 Table 18: Stratum A3 Tuyѐres ............................................................................................... 82 Table 19: Stratum A3 Tabun Fragments ............................................................................... 84 Table 20: Density of Metallurgical Debitage ........................................................................ 86 vi List of Figures Figure 1: Satellite imagery of the tell ...................................................................................... 2 Figure 2: Geoarchaeological evolution of Akko harbor .........................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IEJ 68-2 TOC with Abstracts
    Israel Exploration Journal Edited by Shmuel Aḥituv, Aren M. Maeir and Zeev Weiss Vol. 68/2 (2018) CONTENTS 129 DEBORAH SWEENEY, CHRISTIAN HERRMANN, IDO KOCH, YUVAL GADOT, MANFRED OEMING and ODED LIPSCHITS: A Triad Amulet from Tel Azekah ABSTRACT: This article presents a highly unusual enstatite amulet discovered at Tel Azekah in 2015. It depicts two gods and a goddess, identified as the Egyptian deities Re-Horakhte, Seth and Hathor/Wadjet on the basis of their iconography and the inscription on the rear of the amulet. Though it lacks a secure archaeological context, we claim that it should be assigned to the Ramesside period on the basis of the deities depicted and mentioned in the inscription. The amulet is another indicator of the flourishing contacts between Azekah and Egypt during the twelfth century BCE. 150 MEIR EDREY, ERAN ARIE, HILA MAY and ASSAF YASUR-LANDAU: The Iron Age II Tombs of Area E, Tel Achziv: Between Local Traditions and the Consolidation of the Tyrian Polity ABSTRACT: During the 1963 excavation season at Tel Achziv, directed by M.W. Prausnitz, three cist tombs were unearthed in Area E, on the eastern part of the mound. These tombs, built of large roughly-hewn stone blocks, previously dated to the Iron Age IB, display a rich material culture, consisting of pottery vessels, weapons, jewellery and other small finds. To date, only parts of the assemblage of these tombs have been published in preliminary publications. Here, for the first time, we consider the entirety of the tomb assemblages, including ceramic, metal and other finds, as well as tomb architecture and human remains.
    [Show full text]
  • A Christian's Map of the Holy Land
    A CHRISTIAN'S MAP OF THE HOLY LAND Sidon N ia ic n e o Zarefath h P (Sarepta) n R E i I T U A y r t s i Mt. of Lebanon n i Mt. of Antilebanon Mt. M y Hermon ’ Beaufort n s a u b s s LEGEND e J A IJON a H Kal'at S Towns visited by Jesus as I L e o n Nain t e s Nimrud mentioned in the Gospels Caesarea I C Philippi (Banias, Paneas) Old Towns New Towns ABEL BETH DAN I MA’ACHA T Tyre A B a n Ruins Fortress/Castle I N i a s Lake Je KANAH Journeys of Jesus E s Pjlaia E u N s ’ Ancient Road HADDERY TYRE M O i REHOB n S (ROSH HANIKRA) A i KUNEITRA s Bar'am t r H y s u Towns visited by Jesus MISREPOTH in K Kedesh sc MAIM Ph a Sidon P oe Merom am n HAZOR D Tyre ic o U N ACHZIV ia BET HANOTH t Caesarea Philippi d a o Bethsaida Julias GISCALA HAROSH A R Capernaum an A om Tabgha E R G Magdala Shave ACHSAPH E SAFED Zion n Cana E L a Nazareth I RAMAH d r Nain L Chorazin o J Bethsaida Bethabara N Mt. of Beatitudes A Julias Shechem (Jacob’s Well) ACRE GOLAN Bethany (Mt. of Olives) PISE GENES VENISE AMALFI (Akko) G Capernaum A CABUL Bethany (Jordan) Tabgha Ephraim Jotapata (Heptapegon) Gergesa (Kursi) Jericho R 70 A.D. Magdala Jerusalem HAIFA 1187 Emmaus HIPPOS (Susita) Horns of Hittin Bethlehem K TIBERIAS R i Arbel APHEK s Gamala h Sea of o Atlit n TARICHAFA Galilee SEPPHORIS Castle pelerin Y a r m u k E Bet Tsippori Cana Shearim Yezreel Valley Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Conquests of Canaan
    ÅA Wars in the Middle East are almost an every day part of Eero Junkkaala:of Three Canaan Conquests our lives, and undeniably the history of war in this area is very long indeed. This study examines three such wars, all of which were directed against the Land of Canaan. Two campaigns were conducted by Egyptian Pharaohs and one by the Israelites. The question considered being Eero Junkkaala whether or not these wars really took place. This study gives one methodological viewpoint to answer this ques- tion. The author studies the archaeology of all the geo- Three Conquests of Canaan graphical sites mentioned in the lists of Thutmosis III and A Comparative Study of Two Egyptian Military Campaigns and Shishak and compares them with the cities mentioned in Joshua 10-12 in the Light of Recent Archaeological Evidence the Conquest stories in the Book of Joshua. Altogether 116 sites were studied, and the com- parison between the texts and the archaeological results offered a possibility of establishing whether the cities mentioned, in the sources in question, were inhabited, and, furthermore, might have been destroyed during the time of the Pharaohs and the biblical settlement pe- riod. Despite the nature of the two written sources being so very different it was possible to make a comparative study. This study gives a fresh view on the fierce discus- sion concerning the emergence of the Israelites. It also challenges both Egyptological and biblical studies to use the written texts and the archaeological material togeth- er so that they are not so separated from each other, as is often the case.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study from the Periphery of Ancient Caesarea, Israel
    Accepted Manuscript Title: Anthropogenic overprints on natural coastal aeolian sediments: a study from the periphery of ancient Caesarea, Israel Authors: Gilad Shtienberg, Justin K. Dix, Ruth Shahack-Gross, Assaf Yasur-Landau, Joel Roskin, Revital Bookman, Nicolas Waldmann, Sariel Shalev, Dorit Sivan PII: S2213-3054(17)30013-9 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2017.08.004 Reference: ANCENE 148 To appear in: Received date: 12-2-2017 Revised date: 13-8-2017 Accepted date: 17-8-2017 Please cite this article as: Shtienberg, Gilad, Dix, Justin K., Shahack-Gross, Ruth, Yasur-Landau, Assaf, Roskin, Joel, Bookman, Revital, Waldmann, Nicolas, Shalev, Sariel, Sivan, Dorit, Anthropogenic overprints on natural coastal aeolian sediments: a study from the periphery of ancient Caesarea, Israel.Anthropocene http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2017.08.004 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Anthropogenic overprints on natural coastal aeolian sediments: a study from the periphery of ancient Caesarea, Israel Anthropogenic overprints on natural coastal aeolian sediments: a study from the periphery of ancient Caesarea, Israel Gilad Shtienberga,*, Justin K. Dixb, Ruth Shahack-Grossa,c , Assaf Yasur-Landaua,c, Joel Roskinc,d,e, Revital Bookmane, Nicolas Waldmanne, Sariel Shaleva,f, Dorit Sivana,c a Department of Maritime Civilizations, L.H.
    [Show full text]
  • Tel Dan ‒ Biblical Dan
    Tel Dan ‒ Biblical Dan An Archaeological and Biblical Study of the City of Dan from the Iron Age II to the Hellenistic Period Merja Alanne Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Theology, at the University of Helsinki in the Main Building, Auditorium XII on the 18th of March 2017, at 10 a.m. ISBN 978-951-51-3033-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-51-3034-1 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2017 “Tell el-Kadi” (Tel Dan) “Vettä, varjoja ja rehevää laidunta yllin kyllin ‒ mikä ihana levähdyspaikka! Täysin siemauksin olemme kaikki nauttineet kristallinkirkasta vettä lähteestä, joka on ’maailman suurimpia’, ja istumme teekannumme ympärillä mahtavan tammen juurella, jonne ei mikään auringon säde pääse kuumuutta tuomaan, sillä aikaa kuin hevosemme käyvät joen rannalla lihavaa ruohoa ahmimassa. Vaivumme niihin muistoihin, jotka kiertyvät levähdyspaikkamme ympäri.” ”Kävimme kumpua tarkastamassa ja huomasimme sen olevan mitä otollisimman kaivauksille. Se on soikeanmuotoinen, noin kilometrin pituinen ja 20 m korkuinen; peltona oleva pinta on hiukkasen kovera. … Tulimme ajatelleeksi sitä mahdollisuutta, että reunoja on kohottamassa maahan peittyneet kiinteät muinaisjäännökset, ehkä muinaiskaupungin muurit. Ei voi olla mitään epäilystä siitä, että kumpu kätkee poveensa muistomerkkejä vuosituhansia kestäneen historiansa varrelta.” ”Olimme kaikki yksimieliset siitä, että kiitollisempaa kaivauspaikkaa ei voine Palestiinassakaan toivoa. Rohkenin esittää sen ajatuksen, että tämä Pyhän maan pohjoisimmassa kolkassa oleva rauniokumpu
    [Show full text]
  • Qedem 59, 60, 61 (2020) Amihai Mazar and Nava Panitz-Cohen
    QEDEM 59, 60, 61 (2020) AMIHAI MAZAR AND NAVA PANITZ-COHEN Tel Reḥov, A Bronze and Iron Age City in the Beth-Shean Valley Volume I. Introductions, Synthesis and Excavations on the Upper Mound (Qedem 59) (XXIX+415 pp.). ISBN 978-965-92825-0-0 Tel Reḥov, A Bronze and Iron Age City in the Beth-Shean Valley Volume II, The Lower Mound: Area C and the Apiary (Qedem 60) (XVIII+658 pp.). ISBN 978-965-92825-1-7 Tel Reḥov, A Bronze and Iron Age City in the Beth-Shean Valley Volume III, The Lower Mound: Areas D, E, F and G (Qedem 61) (XVIII+465 pp.). ISBN 978-965-92825-2-4 Excavations at Tel Reḥov, carried out from 1997 to 2012 under the direction of Amihai Mazar on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, revealed significant remains from the Early Bronze, Late Bronze and Iron Ages. The most prominent period is Iron Age IIA (10th–9th centuries BCE). The rich and varied architectural remains and finds from this period, including the unique apiary, an open-air sanctuary and an exceptional insula of buildings, make Tel Rehov a key site for understanding this significant period in northern Israel. These three volumes are the first to be published of the five that comprise the final report of the excavations at Tel Rehov. Volume I (Qedem 59) includes chapters on the environment, geology and historical geography of the site, as well as an introduction to the excavation project, a comprehensive overview and synthesis, as well as the stratigraphy and architecture of the excavation areas on the upper mound: Areas A, B and J, accompanied by pottery figures arranged by strata and contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • Jaffa's Ancient Inland Harbor: Historical, Cartographic, and Geomorphological Data ������������������������� 89 Aaron A
    c hapter 4 Jaffa’s ancient inland harbor: historical,cartographic, and geomorphological data a aron a. burke,1 shelley wachsmann,2 simona avnaim-katav,3 richard k. dunn,4 krister kowalski,5 george a. pierce,6 and martin peilstöcker7 1UniversityofCalifornia,Los Angeles; 2Te xasA&M; 3UniversityofCalifornia, LosAngeles; 4Norwich University; 5Johannes GutenbergUniversity; 6BrighamYoung University; 7Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Thecontext created by recent studies of thegeomorphologyofLevantine harborsand renewedarchaeologicalresearchinthe Late Bronze AgelevelsofTel Yafo (Jaffa) by theJaffa Cultural Heritage Projecthaveled to efforts to identifythe location of apossible inland Bronze andIronAge harbor at Jaffa, Israel.Althoughseveral scholarsduring thetwentieth centuryspeculatedabout theexistenceand location of an ancient inlandharbor, theextent of theproxy data in supportofits identification hasnever been fullyassessed. Nonetheless, a range of historical, cartographic, arthistorical,topographical, andgeomorphologicaldata can be summoned thatpoint to theexistenceofabodyofwater thatlay to theeastofthe settle- ment andmound of ancient Jaffa. This feature is likely avestige of Jaffa’searliestanchorage or harbor andprobablywentout of usebythe startofthe Hellenisticperiod. slongasbiblicalscholars, archaeologists, always directly relatedtoits declineasaport(see historians,and geographershaveconcerned historicaloverviews in Peilstöcker andBurke 2011). athemselves with Jaffa, itsidentityhas revolved Jaffa’seclipse by anotherportisfirstattestedwiththe
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient DNA and Population Turnover in Southern Levantine Pigs
    OPEN Ancient DNA and Population Turnover in SUBJECT AREAS: Southern Levantine Pigs- Signature of the EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Sea Peoples Migration? PHYLOGENETICS Meirav Meiri1,2, Dorothee Huchon2, Guy Bar-Oz3, Elisabetta Boaretto4, Liora Kolska Horwitz5, Aren Maeir6, ZOOLOGY Lidar Sapir-Hen1, Greger Larson7, Steve Weiner8 & Israel Finkelstein1 ARCHAEOLOGY 1Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel, 2Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Received 3 4 30 May 2013 Israel, Department of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel, Weizmann Institute-Max Planck Center for Integrative Archaeology, D-REAMS Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, 5National Natural Accepted History Collections, Faculty of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel, 6The Institute of 23 July 2013 Archaeology, The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, 7Durham Evolution and Ancient DNA, Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, Published 8Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, 24 October 2013 Israel. Correspondence and Near Eastern wild boars possess a characteristic DNA signature. Unexpectedly, wild boars from Israel have requests for materials the DNA sequences of European wild boars and domestic pigs. To understand how this anomaly evolved, we sequenced DNA from ancient and modern Israeli pigs. Pigs from Late Bronze Age (until ca. 1150 BCE) Israel should be addressed to shared haplotypes of modern and ancient Near Eastern pigs. European haplotypes became dominant M.M. (meirav.meiri@ only during the Iron Age (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Jaffa: from the Bronze Age to the Persian Period
    C HA pt ER 6 EARLY JAFFA: FROM THE BRONZE AGE TO THE PERSIAN PERIOD A ARON A . B URKE University of California, Los Angeles lthough Jaffa is repeatedly identified featured a natural, deepwater anchorage along its rocky as one of the most important ports of the western side. A natural breakwater is formed by a ridge, Asouthern Levantine coast during the Bronze located about 200 m from the western edge of the Bronze and Iron Ages, limited publication of its archaeological Age settlement, that can still be seen today.2 remains and equally limited consideration of its his- Although a geomorphological study has yet to be torical role have meant that a review of its historical undertaken, a number of factors indicate that an estuary significance is still necessary. Careful consideration of existed to the east of the site and functioned as the early Jaffa’s geographic location, its role during the Bronze harbor of Jaffa (see Hanauer 1903a, 1903b).3 The data and Iron Ages, and its continued importance until the for this include: (1) a depression that collected water early twentieth century C.E. reveal that its emergence to the south of the American (later German) colony as an important settlement and port was no accident. known as the Baasah (Clermont-Ganneau 1874:103; This essay reviews, therefore, the evidence for Jaffa’s see also Hanauer 1903b:258–260) (see also Figure 13.1 foundation and subsequent role from the Early Bronze and Figure 13.2); (2) a wall identified as a seawall that Age through the coming of Alexander at the end of the was encountered at some depth within this depression Persian period.
    [Show full text]
  • The Status of Jaffa in the First Century of the Current Era
    The Status of Jaffa in the First Century of the Current Era S. Applebaum A group of three Greek inscriptions recently published by Dr. Ya’akov Kaplan1 raises a number of questions relating to the status and history of Jaffa in the earlier period of the Roman Empire. The three inscriptions are nominally uniform, but were written in very careless lettering, two of them certainly by a semiliterate, being mere test sketches on moulds in which inscribed weights were to be cast. No. 2, however, was sufficiently clear to enable the text to be read, and to show that all three reflected one formula.2 The main point is that each ends with the name and function of a Jewish official — Judah the agoranomos, son of Zozomus (?). Not less important are the two signs opening the common formula; each of these represents the well-known sign Ἔ’, which stands for ‘Year’ in numerous Greek inscriptions,3 and is invariably followed by a figure. On inscription No. 2 this is Θ, i.e. year 9; No. 7 is a botched version of the same date; Θ is here represented by ‘O’. The figure on No. 3, on the other hand, is Δ , i.e. year 4. As the inscriptions begin with the name of the emperor Trajan, the years concerned are the fourth and ninth of his reign, i.e. 101/2 and 106/7. Dr. Kaplan has drawn my attention to the horizontal line or bar above the Ἔ’ sign, and, in his opinion, connected with it, as it commences the first line of the second inscription, numbered by him as ‘2’ (Plate 68, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Pig Husbandry in Iron Age Israel and Judah
    Pig Husbandry in Iron Age Israel and Judah: New Insights Regarding the Origin of the "Taboo" Author(s): Lidar Sapir-Hen, Guy Bar-Oz, Yuval Gadot and Israel Finkelstein Source: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-), Bd. 129, H. 1 (2013), pp. 1-20 Published by: Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palästinas Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43664894 Accessed: 03-10-2018 18:50 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palästinas is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-) This content downloaded from 129.2.19.102 on Wed, 03 Oct 2018 18:50:48 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pig Husbandry in Iron Age Israel and Judah New Insights Regarding the Origin of the "Taboo" By Lidar Sapir-Hen, Guy Bar-Oz, Yuval Gadot, and Israel Finkelstein 1. Introduction The biblical prohibition against the consumption of pork (Lev 11:7; Deut 14:8), observed in Judaism for over two millennia, is the reason for the special attention paid to the appearance of pig bones in Iron Age strata in the southern Levant1.
    [Show full text]
  • Phoenician and Greek Ashlar Construction Techniques at Tel Dor, Israel
    Phoenician and Greek Ashlar Construction Techniques at Tel Dor, Israel Ilan Sharon Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 267. (Aug., 1987), pp. 21-42. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-097X%28198708%290%3A267%3C21%3APAGACT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2 Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research is currently published by The American Schools of Oriental Research. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/asor.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
    [Show full text]