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Research Commons at The http://waikato.researchgateway.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Spontaneous Communities of Learning Cooperative Learning Ecosystems Surrounding Virtual Worlds by Lisa L. Galarneau A thesis submitted to the Department of Screen and Media Studies at The University of Waikato, New Zealand in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2009 Table of Contents CONTENTS Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 5 Dedication ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Index of Figures .................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction: Virtual Worlds, Spontaneous Communities, and a Vision for the Future of Learning ... 13 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 14 This Study ........................................................................................................................................... 23 This document .................................................................................................................................... 29 A NOTE ABOUT TERMINOLOGY AND FORMATTING .......................................................................... 30 Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 32 1.1 Learning in the 21st Century .................................................................................................... 32 1.2 A Short History of Virtual Worlds ............................................................................................. 45 1.3 Games, Play and Learning ............................................................................................................ 50 1.4 Spontaneous Communities of Learning ....................................................................................... 59 1.5 Controversies ............................................................................................................................... 67 1.6 Other Misconceptions .................................................................................................................. 71 Chapter 2: An Evolving Understanding of Learning ............................................................................... 76 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 76 2.2 Learning in the 20th Century: Primacy of the Individual ......................................................... 78 2.3 Learning in the 20th Century: Primacy of the Social Context .................................................. 81 2.4 Learning in the 20th Century: Primacy of the Organisation ..................................................... 84 2.5 Learning in the 20 th Century: Primacy of the Network ................................................................ 87 2.6 Learning in the 21st Century and Beyond? The Learning Ecosystem.......................................... 89 2.7 What to Learn for the 21st Century ............................................................................................. 93 2 | P a g e 2. 8 What’s Next in Learning? ............................................................................................................ 97 Chapter 3: Play, Participation and Learning .......................................................................................... 99 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 99 3.2 Play Does Not Necessarily Equal Fun ......................................................................................... 101 3.3 Play is a Critical Skill ................................................................................................................... 105 3.4 Expecting Interaction ................................................................................................................. 110 3.5 Participation and Learning ......................................................................................................... 115 3.6 Fostering Learning in Digital Game Spaces ................................................................................ 118 3. 7 Why Study Learning in Virtual Worlds?..................................................................................... 121 Chapter 4: Conducting Virtual Worlds Research ................................................................................. 124 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 124 4.2 Field of Research ........................................................................................................................ 126 4.3 Research Design ......................................................................................................................... 131 4.4 Participants ................................................................................................................................ 135 4.5 Procedure ................................................................................................................................... 141 Participant Recruitment ............................................................................................................... 147 4.6 Treatment of Results .................................................................................................................. 151 Chapter 5: Learning to Cooperate in Virtual Worlds .......................................................................... 154 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 154 5.2 Basic Grouping Structures .......................................................................................................... 158 5.3 Etiquette ..................................................................................................................................... 163 5.4 Social Dilemmas and the Massively Multiplayer Game ............................................................. 170 5.5 Cooperation in Practice .............................................................................................................. 174 Chapter 6: ............................................................................................................................................. 180 Collateral Learning: By-products of Play in Virtual Worlds .................................................................. 180 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 180 6.2 Collaborating with Diverse Teams of People ............................................................................. 182 6.3 Create, share, and master knowledge ....................................................................................... 194 3 | P a g e 6.4 Thrive on chaos .......................................................................................................................... 198 6.5 Skill Transference ....................................................................................................................... 204 6.6 Practice for the Virtual Organization ......................................................................................... 211 Chapter 7: Virtual Worlds and Transformative Learning ..................................................................... 216 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 216 7.2 Community, Participation and Learning..................................................................................... 224 7.3 Virtual Worlds as Sanctuary ....................................................................................................... 240 7. 4 Playing with Identity .................................................................................................................. 248 Chapter 8: The Future of Learning in Virtual Worlds...........................................................................
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