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Annual Review of Constitution-Building Processes: 2014

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Annual Review of Constitution-Building Processes: 2014 Annual Review of Constitution-Building Processes: 2014 Annual Review of Constitution- Building Processes: 2014 Annual Review of Constitution- Building Processes: 2014 Lead writers and editors: Melanie Allen Elliot Bulmer Tom Ginsburg Jason Gluck Yasuo Hasebe Yuhniwo Ngenge Roberto Toniatti Contributors: Richard Albert David Landau Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher International IDEA resources on constitution-building processes © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2015 International IDEA Strömsborg SE–103 34 Stockholm Sweden Tel: +46 8 698 37 00, fax: +46 8 20 24 22 [email protected] www.idea.int The electronic version of this publication is available under a Creative Commons Attribute-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) licence. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the publication as well as to remix and adapt it provided it is only for non-commercial purposes, that you appropriately attribute the publication, and that you distribute it under an identical licence. For more information on this licence see <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/>. International IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council members. Graphic and cover design by Turbo Design Cover photograph: ‘Euromaidan at night, 18 January 2014’ (Teteria Sonnna/Flickr) Printed by Trydells Tryckeri ISBN: 978-91-7671-030-2 Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 11 Sumit Bisarya 1. Women and constitution-building in 2014 ............................................................... 17 Melanie Allen 2. Constitution-building in a political vacuum: Libya and Yemen in 2014 ............................................................................................................... 43 Jason Gluck 3. Exclusionary constitutionalism: developments in Chile and Hungary ................................................................................... 61 Elliot Bulmer 4. Secessionist movements in 2014 ..................................................................................... 75 Tom Ginsburg and Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher 5. Federalism and regionalism ................................................................................................. 89 Roberto Toniatti 6. To go or not to go: debates on constitutional term limits ......................... 105 Yuhniwo Ngenge 7. Debates on the use of war powers in 2014 .............................................................. 119 Yasuo Hasebe Appendix. The I-CONnect year in review: scholarship on constitution-building in 2014 .............................................................. 129 Richard Albert, Tom Ginsburg and David Landau About the authors .............................................................................................................................. 133 About International IDEA ............................................................................................................. 135 More International IDEA resources on constitution- building processes ............................................................................................................................. 136 International IDEA 5 Preface This, the second Annual Review of Constitution-Building Processes published by International IDEA, describes the key issues underlying constitutional transitions in 2014 and, as a consequence, some of the most important challenges facing global stability during the year as well. Constitution- building and constitutionalism have been at the heart of global issues from the independence referendum in Scotland to the annexation of Crimea, from the international response to the rise of ISIS to the breakdown of the transitions in Libya and Yemen, and from the pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong to the popular overthrow of the government in Burkina Faso. As such, this publication reads very much like an annual review of the most important news events of the year. In 2014 International IDEA was an active supporter of democratic constitutional transitions in countries across the globe, from Chile to Yemen and from Tunisia to Ukraine. In addition, the organization regularly convenes the expert and practitioner community to exchange knowledge and experience, which contribute to our generation of comparative knowledge resources. Drawing on this intensive involvement in the field of constitution- building, our constitution-building team has selected a number of key themes for this publication whose importance transcend country-specific processes and reflect critical challenges at the heart of constitution-building. In consequence, these are of fundamental importance to the rule of law, good governance and conflict resolution. Reading the seven chapters, there is one issue that resonates throughout: constitutions in territorially divided societies. The steady and seemingly irreversible progress made over the past 350 years towards an unquestioned acceptance of the nation state as the unit of political organization, and the national constitution as its organizing framework—which, among other things, defines an integrated political community—can no longer be taken as read. From my own political experience, I am intimately familiar with the challenges of maintaining national unity in pluri-national societies divided 6 International IDEA along geographic lines, and the two chapters at the heart of this review are testament to the global resonance of this issue in 2014. Chapter 4, from Tom Ginsburg and Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher, covers secession processes, looking in detail at the cases of Catalonia, Scotland and Crimea. In Chapter 5, Roberto Toniatti provides a comprehensive overview of claims for increased regional autonomy in countries as varied as Hong Kong, Iraq and Tanzania. The contribution from the United States Institute of Peace on two heavily problematic processes also draws attention to the problem of constitution- building in territorially divided countries, focusing on Libya and Yemen. IDEA, together with the Forum of Federations and the Center for Constitutional Transitions, has been exploring this issue throughout 2015, with the objective of delivering guidance for policymakers and advisers faced with difficult choices in contexts of territorial cleavages and constitutional transition. A paper on this topic was published in July 2015, we held a conference with the European Union Committee of the Regions in September 2015, and the resulting policy manual will be published in early 2016. More broadly, with surging mass migration, a resurgence in group identity based around religion or other ethnic markers, increasing calls for territorial autonomy around the world and ongoing challenges to the legitimacy of representative democracy even in so-called established democracies, the relationships among individuals and societal groups, and between individuals and groups and the state are in flux; and this will inevitably lead to an increased frequency of constitutional reforms. In 2015 we can already count 19 countries attempting significant constitutional changes. International IDEA’s Constitution-Building Processes Programme, together with its partners around the world, continues to operate at the cutting edge of these and other issues, and I look forward to the thoughts next year’s Annual Review will provide on the tumultuous events of 2015. Yves Leterme Secretary-General International IDEA International IDEA 7 Abbreviations ARP Assembly of the Representatives of the People CA Constituent Assembly CDA Constitutional Drafting Assembly CDC Constitutional Drafting Commission CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women CiU Convergence and Union (Convergència i Unió) CRC Constitutional Review Commission CSO Civil society organization DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ERC Catalonian Republican Left (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya) EU European Union FGM Female genital mutilation GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP Gross domestic product GNC General National Congress HoR House of Representatives ICJ International Court of Justice ISIS Islamic State in Iraq and Syria JSDF Japan Self-Defense Forces LDP Liberal Democratic Party MDC Movement for Democratic Change MMR Maternal mortality rates MP Member of Parliament 8 International IDEA NCA National Constituent Assembly NDC National Dialogue Conference NTC National Transitional Council POUM Prospect of upward mobility (hypothesis) SAR Special Administrative Region SER Special Economic Region SNP Scottish National Party UNDP United Nations Development Programme USIP United States Institute of Peace ZANU–PF Zimbabwe African National Union–Patriotic Front International IDEA 9 Introduction Introduction Sumit Bisarya The response to International IDEA’s first global review of constitution- building, published in 2014, has been remarkable, with positive feedback from government officials, international organizations
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