DOCSLIB.ORG

An Investigation Into Corporate Governance (Cg) and Accountability Practices: Evidence from Libyan Listed Companies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Investigation Into Corporate Governance (Cg) and Accountability Practices: Evidence from Libyan Listed Companies AN INVESTIGATION INTO CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (CG) AND ACCOUNTABILITY PRACTICES: EVIDENCE FROM LIBYAN LISTED COMPANIES HENLEY BUSINESS SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF READING A Thesis Submitted to the University of Reading in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Informatics Systems and Accounting (BISA) Ismail Salem Elshahoubi February 2019 DECLARATION I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, MOST GRACIOUS, MOST MERCIFUL The prophet Mohamed (peace be upon him) said: Whoever does not thank people does not thank God (Allah). First of all, massive thanks to Almighty God (Allah) for granting me the golden opportunity and ability to pursue this PhD study. This work could not have been accomplished without his help. First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge my deepest thanks and appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Jill Atkins, for her invaluable assistance. Her continuing support, encouragement, guidance, patience and advice have been key factors in my success. Thanks alone are not enough to acknowledge what she has done for me during my PhD journey. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the University of Reading and the staff of the Department of Business Informatics Systems and Accounting (BISA) for their support, advice and the assistance they have given me throughout my research. I would also like to extend my deepest thanks and appreciation to the Libyan Stock Market (LSM) and all those who participated in the questionnaire survey and interviews for their precious time, especially Mr. Balaam Balaam, who gave me his utmost support and help to complete my field study at the LSM. Last but not least, special thanks to my sponsor, the University of Misurata, which gave me this opportunity to pursue my postgraduate studies in the UK. Gratitude is also due to my eldest brother, Mohamed Elshahoubi, for his endless support and to my dear friends, especially Khalid Masli, Ismail Shanab and Dr. Elganidi Elsaghier, for their encouragement and assistance during my field study in Libya. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the memory of my beloved father, Salem Elshahoubi, who passed away when I was young, to my late martyr brother, Ali Elshahoubi, and to my late martyr cousin, Abdulbari Elshahoubi. Thank you for being there, I love you all and I miss you. May God (Allah) forgive you and grant mercy upon your souls. It is also dedicated to my beloved mother, Ruqaia Alahjal, who keeps me constantly in her prayers and who has made many sacrifices to see me happy and successful. Last but not least, to my dear brothers Mohamed, Muftah, Ahmed, Dr. Hassan, Housien, Saleh, Kamal, Faraj and Abdulsalam and my darling sisters for their endless support and encouragement during my PhD journey. iv ABSTRACT As awareness of the importance of CG has grown, it has received increasing attention from academic researchers, regulators and public policy makers, first in developed and latterly in developing countries. As yet, however, CG research in the MENA region is still relatively rare. This research seeks to address this gap by investigating CG and accountability practices in the listed companies of one MENA country: Libya. The study draws on data gathered from internal and external stakeholder groups to explore how CG and accountability are perceived, the extent to which CG mechanisms are being implemented, the current state of accountability practice and whether the current legal and regulatory framework of CG and accountability is adequate. Lastly, it investigates which factors these stakeholders perceive as having the most influence on CG and accountability in the Libyan environment. The research employed a mixed methods research design comprising a quantitative survey followed by semi-structured, qualitative interviews. This allowed for methodological triangulation, enhancing the reliability of the findings; the semi- structured interviews were conducted after the questionnaire survey in order to confirm the earlier quantitative findings and to provide deeper understanding. The findings suggest that stakeholders in Libyan listed companies are generally aware of and understand the concept of CG. Despite this, however, the perception in all stakeholder groups was that awareness of CG issues within the Libyan environment is currently inadequate. The results demonstrate that Libyan listed companies are generally committed to implementing CG mechanisms, but that there are significant weaknesses in terms of practice. Listed companies‟ commitment is most evident in their adherence to the LCGC‟s (2007) requirements regarding the board of directors mechanism. In contrast, the level of disclosure and transparency in these companies is barely satisfactory, since at present, disclosure and transparency practices in Libya are designed only to meet local requirements. Listed companies have also taken practical steps towards meeting the LCGC‟s requirements regarding the internal and external audit mechanisms, but the general view among stakeholders was that these mechanisms are currently not robust enough to ensure strong internal control systems. Majority shareholders were seen to enjoy much greater protection, both legally and in practice, than minority shareholders. The findings indicate that Libya does not currently have a legal/regulatory framework that supports CG and accountability practices, but the interviewees were almost unanimous in identifying the lack of knowledge and awareness about CG at all company levels as the biggest factor inhibiting the advance of CG. The weakness of the legislative environment was seen as the second most influential factor, followed by the weakness of Libya‟s accountability mechanisms. The results suggest that both internal and external stakeholders are well aware of the concept of accountability, but that they see it as largely non-existent within Libyan listed companies in practice. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. iii DEDICATION ..................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ xiii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................. xvi CONFERENCES AND PUBLICATIONS ........................................................ xvii CHAPTER ONE: THE INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Rationale and Motivation for the Research ................................................ 3 1.4 Research Questions .......................................................................................... 5 1.5 Significance of the Research and Expected Contribution .................................. 5 1.6 Research Methodology .................................................................................... 6 1.7 Thesis Structure ............................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO: AN OVERVIEW OF THE LIBYAN CONTEXT ................ 11 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 11 2.2 The Libyan Background ................................................................................ 11 2.2.1 The Geographical Location of the Libyan State ....................................... 12 2.2.2 Libya‟s Population, Language and Religion ............................................. 13 2.2.3 Historical and Political Background ......................................................... 13 2.2.4 The Evolution of the Privatisation Programme in Libya ........................... 15 2.2.5 The Accounting and Auditing Profession in Libya ................................... 17 2.3 Libyan Banking Sector .................................................................................. 19 2.3.1 Central Bank of Libya (CBL) .................................................................. 19 2.3.2 Commercial Banks .................................................................................. 20 2.3.3 The Libyan Foreign Bank (LFB) ............................................................. 21 2.3.4 Specialised Banks .................................................................................... 22 2.4 Establishment of the Libyan Stock Market (LSM) ......................................... 23 2.5 The Evolution of CG in the Libyan Environment ........................................... 25 2.6 The Legal Framework for CG Practices in the Libyan Stock Market (LSM) .. 28 2.6.1 Providing the Basis for an Effective CG Framework ................................ 29 vi 2.6.2 Protection of Shareholders‟ Rights .........................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UNESCO Condemns Killing of Journalists Assassinated Journalists in Libya
    UNESCO Condemns Killing of Journalists Assassinated Journalists in Libya Musa Abdul Kareem (Libyan) Journalist at Sabbha-based newspaper Fasanea Killed on 31 July 2018 UNESCO Statement Jeroen Oerlemans (Dutch) Veteran war photographer Killed in Libya on 2 October 2016 [UNESCO Statement] Abdelqadir Fassouk (Libyan) Photojournalist and correspondent for satellite news channel Arraed TV Killed in Libya on 21 July 2016 [UNESCO Statement] Khaled al-Zintani (Libyan) Freelance journalist Killed in Libya on 23 June 2016 [UNESCO Statement] Mohamed Jalal (Egyptian) Photographer Killed in Libya on 27 April 2015 [UNESCO Statement] Yousef Kader Boh (Libyan) Journalist for Barqa TV Killed in Libya on 27 April 2015 1 UNESCO Condemns Killing of Journalists Assassinated Journalists in Libya [UNESCO Statement] Abdallah Al Karkaai (Libyan) Journalist for Barqa TV Killed in Libya on 27 April 2015 [UNESCO Statement] Younes Al Mabruk Al Nawfali (Libyan) Journalist for Barqa TV Killed in Libya on 27 April 2015 [UNESCO Statement] khaled Al Sobhi (Libyan) Journalist for Barqa TV Killed in Libya on 27 April 2015 [UNESCO Statement] Muftah al-Qatrani (Libyan) Journalist for Libya Al-Wataniya TV Killed in Libya on 22 April 2015 [UNESCO Statement] Moatasem Billah Werfali (Libyan) Freelance journalist and presenter for Libya Alwatan radio Killed in Libya on 8 October 2014 [UNESCO Statement] Tayeb Issa Hamouda 2 UNESCO Condemns Killing of Journalists Assassinated Journalists in Libya (Libyan) One of the founders of the Touareg cultural television channel Tomast Killed
    [Show full text]
  • Of International Journal Euro-Mediterranean Studies
    Euro-Mediterranean University Kidričevo nabrežje 2 SI-6330 Piran, Slovenia International Journal www.ijems.emuni.si [email protected] 1 of Euro-Mediterranean NUMBER Studies VOLUME 1 4 2021 NUMBER 1 2021 EDITORIAL A defining moment: Can we predict the future of higher education? Abdelhamid El-Zoheiry 14 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Security sector reform by intergovernmental organisations in Libya Anna Molnár, Ivett Szászi, Lili Takács VOLUME SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Interpreting the Mediterranean archaeological landscape through stakeholders’ participation – the case of Vrsar, Croatia Kristina Afrić Rakitovac, Nataša Urošević, Nikola Vojnović REVIEW ARTICLE Olive oil tourism in the Euro-Mediterranean area José Manuel Hernández-Mogollón, Elide Di-Clemente, Ana María Campón-Cerro, José Antonio Folgado-Fernández SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE What ever happened to the EU’s ‘science diplomacy’? The long mission of effective EU-Mediterranean cooperation in science and research Jerneja Penca BOOK REVIEW Transnational Islam and regional security: Cooperation and diversity between Europe and North Africa, by Frédéric Volpi (ed.) Georgi Asatryan EVENT REVIEW Capacity building for healthy seas: Summer school on sustainable blue economy in the Euro-Mediterranean Jerneja Penca Abstracts Résumés Povzetki International Journal The International Journal of Euro- EdITOR-IN-CHIEF Advisory board of Euro-Mediterranean Studies Mediterranean Studies is published in Prof. Dr. Abdelhamid El-Zoheiry, Prof. Dr. Samia Kassab-Charfi, English with abstracts in Slovenian, ISSN 1855-3362 (printed) Euro-Mediterranean University, Slovenia University of Tunis, Tunisia French and Arabic language. The Prof. Dr. Abeer Refky, Arab Academy ISSN 2232-6022 (online) journal is free of charge. managing Editor: for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Egypt COPYRIGHT NOTICE Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Development Strategy for the Maghreb
    SMART DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR THE MAGHREB STRUCTURAL REFORM, A NEW ROLE FOR THE STATE, REGIONAL INTEGRATION SMART DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR THE MAGHREB STRUCTURAL REFORM, A NEW ROLE FOR THE STATE, REGIONAL INTEGRATION Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e. V. Regional Program Political Dialogue South Mediterranean Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung’s Regional Programme South Mediterranean is based in Tunis and implements cross-national projects with reference to the South (Maghreb) and East Mediterranean (Mashrek). Its objective is to strengthen the political dialogue and societal and economic integration in the Mediterranean region and to sustainably promote cooperation and partnership with the European Union. © 2017 Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Regionalprogramm Politischer Dialog und regionale Integration im Südlichen Mittelmeer Le Prestige Business Center, No. F.0.1 Rue du lac Windermere, Les Berges du Lac 1053 Tunis Tel: +21670029460 Fax: +216719623811053 http://www.kas.de/poldimed/en/ No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission from the KAS Regional Program Political Dialogue South Mediterranean. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author, and not necessarily those of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung’s Regional program South Mediterranean. Authors: Hedi Larbi, Lars Christensen Layout: MKD Company Print: Simpact Foreword Fostering economic development in the Maghreb presents an essential element for stability in the Southern Mediterranean region and Europe. For the
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Energy Intensity Indicators in Libya: Case Study
    Sustainable Development Research; Vol. 2, No. 1; 2020 ISSN 2690-9898 E-ISSN 2690-9901 https://doi.org/10.30560/sdr.v2n1p9 Assessment of Energy Intensity Indicators in Libya: Case Study Wedad El-Osta1 & Usama Elghawi2 1 Center for Solar Energy Research and Studies, Tripoli, Libya 2 Libyan Atomic Energy Establishment, Tripoli, Libya Correspondence: Wedad El-Osta, Center for Solar Energy Research and Studies, P.O. Box 12932, Tripoli, Libya. Tel: 218-926-765-839. E-mail: [email protected] Received: February 28, 2020 Accepted: March 11, 2020 Online Published: March 26, 2020 Abstract Energy-efficient technologies provide chances for money savings and reducing environmental damages related to energy use. This paper aims to assess the energy efficiency in Libya and tools to promote its implementation. In addition, it seeks to present measures and programs that could be foreseen in the transformation sector and some end users. Data of energy intensity in Libya was taken from different recognized sources such as World Development Indicators (WDI) - World Bank, and Enerdata web site. The data was collected, assembled, and analyzed using Ms Excel sheets. Results were plotted and compared to World average and Africa or with (Middle East and North African) MENA countries where ever data is available. The main indicators over almost quarter of a century (1990- 2014) were presented and changes over this period were indicated. It could be concluded that primary energy intensity for Libya during (2000- 2014) is comparable to world average values and for Africa and the final energy intensity has increased at only 0.7% per year during the same period.
    [Show full text]
  • United States and Gulf State Interests in the Post-Arab Spring Maghreb Julia Mcquaid, Alexander Thurston, Pamela Faber, David Knoll, and Jacob Stoil
    The Same, Yet Different: United States and Gulf State Interests in the Post-Arab Spring Maghreb Julia McQuaid, Alexander Thurston, Pamela Faber, David Knoll, and Jacob Stoil February 2017 Cleared for Public Release DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. This document contains the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Distribution DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. SPECIFIC AUTHORITY: N00014-16-D-5003 2/24/2017 Other requests for this document shall be referred to CNA Document Center at [email protected]. Approved by: February 2017 Dr. Jonathan Schroden, Director Center for Stability and Development Center for Strategic Studies This work was performed under Federal Government Contract No. N00014-16-D-5003. Copyright © 2017 CNA Abstract The 2010-2011 Arab Spring caused upheaval in North Africa’s Maghreb region, which comprises Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. This upheaval elevated the Maghreb’s importance globally, including for the United States and the Gulf Arab states—Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar in particular. The Gulf Arab countries’ increased engagement in the Maghreb is the result of shifts within the internal politics of the Arab world. In the Maghreb, U.S. and Gulf state interests overlap to the extent that all players want stability, but each state has its own definition of what stability means. The U.S. and the Gulf states all support the Moroccan and Algerian regimes, but intra-Gulf rivalries are helping destabilize Libya, where different Gulf- backed proxy forces are exacerbating that country’s civil war.
    [Show full text]
  • Month After Bashir Ouster, Sudan Far from Civilian Rule
    7 International Sunday, May 12, 2019 Month after Bashir ouster, Sudan far from civilian rule Military dragging heels on civilian authority to oversee transition KHARTOUM: Sudan’s army rulers and pro- said without specifying when the negotiations it comes to the protesters’ key demand for a testers are to resume talks over handing pow- would resume. Protesters remain determined civilian authority to oversee a four-year tran- er to a civilian administration, protest leaders to achieve their goal. “We want civilian rule or sition, the military has simply dragged its said yesterday, a month after veteran presi- we will stay here forever,” said Iman Hussein, a heels. “They are pressuring us with time, but dent Omar al-Bashir was deposed. The regular at the sit-in outside the army complex we are pressuring them with our presence Alliance for Freedom and Change - an which protesters have kept up since April 6. here,” said protester Hussein. “One of us has umbrella for the protest movement - said the to win in the end, and it will be us.” generals had invited it for a new round of talks Winner ‘will be us’ after several days of deadlock. Protesters initially gathered at the army ‘Escalatory measures’ The apparent invitation to fresh talks came complex to seek the generals’ help in ending The protest movement says the military as thousands of protesters remain camped Bashir’s three decades of iron-fisted rule. On appears intent on hijacking the revolution and outside army headquarters in central April 11, the army toppled Bashir in a palace determining its outcome.
    [Show full text]
  • Armed Conflicts and Wildlife Decline: Challenges and Recommendations for Effective Conservation Policy in the Sahara‐
    Received: 15 August 2017 Revised: 2 February 2018 Accepted: 21 February 2018 DOI: 10.1111/conl.12446 POLICY PERSPECTIVE Armed conflicts and wildlife decline: Challenges and recommendations for effective conservation policy in the Sahara-Sahel José Carlos Brito1,2 Sarah M. Durant3 Nathalie Pettorelli3 John Newby4 Susan Canney5 Walid Algadafi6 Thomas Rabeil4 Pierre-André Crochet7 Juan Manuel Pleguezuelos8 Tim Wacher3 Koen de Smet9 Duarte Vasconcelos Gonçalves1,2,10 Maria Joana Ferreira da Silva1,11,12 Fernando Martínez-Freiría1 Teresa Abáigar13 João Carlos Campos1,2 Pierre Comizzoli14 Soumía Fahd15 Amina Fellous16,17 Hamissou Halilou Malam Garba18 Dieng Hamidou19 Abdoulaye Harouna20 Mahamat Hassan Hatcha21 Abdullah Nagy22 Teresa Luísa Silva1,2 Andack Saad Sow23 Cândida Gomes Vale1 Zbyszek Boratyński1 Hugo Rebelo1 Sílvia B. Carvalho1 1CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto. R. Padre Armando Quintas, 11, 4485–661 Vairão, Portugal 2Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto. Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal 3Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London. Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom 4Sahara Conservation Fund-Europe. Immeuble Grand Place, 3 bis Grand Place, 77600 Bussy Saint Georges, France 5Zoology Department, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom 6University of Wolverhampton. Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom 7CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France 8Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada. E-18071 Granada, Spain 9Drabstraat 288, Mortsel, Belgium 10Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra).
    [Show full text]
  • OPINION the Arab Regional System: a Question of Survival* Ali El Deen Hillal Dessouki**
    Contemporary Arab Affairs, 2015 Vol. 8, No. 1, 96–108, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2014.990797 OPINION The Arab regional system: a question of survival* Ali El Deen Hillal Dessouki** Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt It would be a mistake to believe that the Arab regional system (heretofore referred to as the ‘Arab regional system’; ‘the system’ or the ‘regional system’)is endangered by the current instability and upheaval affecting the Arab region, and that the threats that currently loom over it are new and unlike anything that have previously been faced. It would be equally erroneous to believe that the current dangers and threats are merely a repetition of what the system has experienced before and was able to confront and deal with. To say that the Arab regional system is a ‘product of struggle’ that originated and developed amid the successive waves of internal conflict between the countries that it comprises and the external clashes with other regional and international powers would not be an exaggeration. Up to now the Arab regional system has disproved all the analyses that predicted its death, beginning with Fouad Ajami’s famous studies entitled “The End of Pan Arabism” (1978/79, in Foreign Affairs 57 (2): 355– 373) and The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice since 1967 (1992, Cambridge University Press) to Burhan Ghalioun’s article for Al Jazeera (“Nihayah al-nizam al-iqlimi al-’arabi” [The end of the Arab regional system]. Al Jazeera, 10 March 2004), just as it proved its ability to contain the threats it faced and to adapt to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Legitimacy and the Recognition of Governments in International Law
    UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY AND THE RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Faculty of Law Ogunkoya Wonuola Bukola Student Number: 6237868 Acknowledgements This thesis was supervised by Professor John Hopkins and Associate Professor Natalie Baird to whom I will always be indebted for the years of skills development, constructive criticism and supports, all of which made this journey. I am also grateful to my external examiners for their constructive feedback. Contributions from Barrister Olasupo Ojo and Gbenga Akintola as greatly assisted the revision of this thesis. I will forever be grateful to my parent, Late Prince Olatunji and Mrs Olabisi Ogunkoya, my sisters: Barrister Shola Egwaikhide, Yetunde Demuren, Korede Adekunle, Sade Ogunkoya and my brother, Olatunji Ogunkoya (Jnr) for their financial and moral support in ensuring this dream come true, and their walks with me through my travelling's since 2009 when I left Nigeria. I am grateful to my uncle, Dr Michael Gbenga Ogunkoya, who took over the monitoring of this thesis. His numerous phone calls and advice has been of great importance. My gratitude to my colleagues at ADACAS Advocacy who supported me, I am indebted to my deputy CEO, Sonia di Mezza and supervisor, Lauren O' Brien, who often encourage and support me. The completion of this thesis has not been smooth, but I give God the glory. Wonuola Ogunkoya LLB, BL, LLM (International Law) (Leeds) PhD Candidate 1 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... 2 DEDICATION .................................................................................................... 5 CONFERENCE PRESENTATION FROM THIS STUDY ............................................ 6 AWARD FROM THIS STUDY ............................................................................... 6 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Review of Constitution-Building Processes: 2014
    Annual Review of Constitution-Building Processes: 2014 Annual Review of Constitution- Building Processes: 2014 Annual Review of Constitution- Building Processes: 2014 Lead writers and editors: Melanie Allen Elliot Bulmer Tom Ginsburg Jason Gluck Yasuo Hasebe Yuhniwo Ngenge Roberto Toniatti Contributors: Richard Albert David Landau Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher International IDEA resources on constitution-building processes © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2015 International IDEA Strömsborg SE–103 34 Stockholm Sweden Tel: +46 8 698 37 00, fax: +46 8 20 24 22 [email protected] www.idea.int The electronic version of this publication is available under a Creative Commons Attribute-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) licence. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the publication as well as to remix and adapt it provided it is only for non-commercial purposes, that you appropriately attribute the publication, and that you distribute it under an identical licence. For more information on this licence see <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/>. International IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council members. Graphic and cover design by Turbo Design Cover photograph: ‘Euromaidan at night, 18 January 2014’ (Teteria Sonnna/Flickr) Printed by Trydells Tryckeri ISBN: 978-91-7671-030-2 Contents Preface .........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Situation and Response of Drug Use and Its Harms in The
    ASSESSMENT OF SITUATION AND RESPONSE OF DRUG USE AND ITS HARMS IN THE MIDDLE2021 EAST AND NORTH AFRICA ASSESSMENT OF SITUATION AND RESPONSE OF DRUG USE AND ITS HARMS IN THE MIDDLE2021 EAST AND NORTH AFRICA DISCLAIMER This document is provided by the Middle East and North Africa Harm Reduction Association (“MENAHRA”) for informational purposes only. MENAHRA assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions in these materials. MENAHRA makes no, and expressly disclaims, any warranties, expressed or implied, regarding the correct- ness, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, and reliability of the current document. Under no circumstances shall MENAHRA, their affiliates, or any of their respective partners, officers, directors, employees, agents or representatives be liable for any damages, whether direct, indirect, special or consequential damages for lost revenues, lost profits, or otherwise, arising from or in connection with this document and the materials con- tained herein. All materials contained in this document are protected by copyright laws, and may not be reproduced, re- published, distributed, transmitted, displayed, broadcast or otherwise exploited in any manner without the express prior written permission of MENAHRA. MENAHRA’s names and logos and all related trademarks and other intellectual property are the property of MENAHRA and cannot be used without its written permission. © All rights reserved - MENAHRA 2021 First Edition 2021 ISBN 978-9953-0-5409-4 MENAHRA MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA HARM REDUCTION ASSOCIATION Hayek Roundabout,
    [Show full text]
  • Building Peace and Development in the Sahel: Enhancing the Political Participation of Women and Youth
    JANUARY 2015 Building Peace and Development in the Sahel: Enhancing the Political Participation of Women and Youth MIREILLE AFFA'A MINDZIE Cover Photo: Students attend class at a ABOUT THE AUTHOR public school in Taliko, a neighborhood of Bamako, Mali. October 24, 2013. UN MIREILLE AFFA'A MINDZIE is Policy Specialist in the Peace Photo/Marco Dormino. and Security Section of UN Women. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this Email: [email protected] paper represent those of the author and not necessarily those of the International Peace Institute. IPI welcomes consideration of a wide ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS range of perspectives in the pursuit of a well-informed debate on critical This report stems from field research carried out in Mali, policies and issues in international Niger, and Senegal from May 9 23, 2014, and from a affairs. symposium that brought toget–her women, youth, elders, IPI Publications and representatives of the private sector from across the Adam Lupel, Director of Research and Sahel and Maghreb on June 16 and 17, 2014, in Rabat, Publications Morocco. The regional meeting in Rabat was co-organized Marie O’Reilly, Editor and Research by the International Peace Institute (IPI), Hassan Premier Fellow University of Morocco, the Moroccan Association for Marisa McCrone, Assistant Production Economic Intelligence (AMIE), and the Centre for Editor Strategies and Security in the Sahel Sahara (Centre 4S). Suggested Citation: IPI owes a debt of gratitude to its partners in this project Mireille Affa'a Mindzie, “Building Peace and to all of its donors for their generous support. In and Development in the Sahel: Enhancing the Political Participation of particular, IPI is grateful to the Bill and Melinda Gates Women and Youth,” New York: Foundation, the government of Finland, and the International Peace Institute, January Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie.
    [Show full text]