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Islamicate Sexualities Homoerotic Liaisons Among the Mamluk Elite 231 Cnc, Hcrwccn Hn1 and G;Nccston

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Islamicate Sexualities Homoerotic Liaisons Among the Mamluk Elite 231 Cnc, Hcrwccn Hn1 and G;Nccston H c\ R VA R D MIDDLE EASTERN M 0 N 0 G R t\ I' H ~ XXXIX Islamicate FD1 rOFL\1 !)(),\RD OF rHE C\IES 1vlONOGRAPHS SteH:'ll Caron Sexualities Ccma1 Kafadar Susan Vl. Kahn !Chair) Ro:' :'vlnttahcdeh Translations across Temporal Rogc'· Owen Geographies of Desire EDITED BY Kathryn Babayan and Afsaneh Najmabadi WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY Dina Al-Kassim, Sahar Amer, Brad Epps, Frederic Lagrange, Leyla Rouhi, Everett K. Rowson, Valerie Traub DISTRIBUTED FOR THE CENTER FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY BY HARVARD UNIVERSIT'l' PRESS CAMBRIDGE, 1'v1ASSACHUSErrs LONDON, ENGLAND -~ )rl:~ h· the Prc~iden: and Fe-llows of l-f;Hvard College .\11 rights ""Cservcd. >,.; :'n: in ;he l"·r;ircc States of America Contents 1~ .11> ioie ~c7'c ;:\ iic~: r:·an-..Lnions au·oss temporal geographies of desire I ,-d:ted h !-.:at:1r) n Bahayan and Afsanch :\'ajmahadi. p. '-''"- · ~ : f Ia ·\-;1i"j .\ 1iddk Eastern monogrnphs : 39) Preface t'll KATHRYN BABAYAN AFSANEH NAJMABADI \'lay 1003"-Pref. 1 • The Past Is a Foreign Counry' The Times and Spaces of Islamicate Sexuality Studies 1 VALERIE TRAUB 2 • A Handsome Boy among Those Barbarous Turks: H.-,mosc:-. :ui ·: -!sl-tm :~- counrrie>-Hisror:-·-Cross-cuitural studies. 2. 1 i<ll1·:mc:--;;1,1iit· in ];rc··arurc. 3. l.itcrature. Comparative-European and Cervantes's Muslims and the Art and Science of Desire 41 ·.--'hi·. 4. I irn.1 '.nl·. ( :_Jmr·<H<ltivc--\rahic and European. 5. Literature, LEYLA ROUHI ( · -r'q~;l ·.Hl\T----1-.li ·()p,·an and Pcr~ian. 6. Literature, Comparativc-Pcrsi<ln ;nd E u·opc·.;n. ~- .-\;·;;hie 'itcraturc--Hisror:· and criticism. 8. Persian 3 e Cross-Dressing and Female Same-Sex Marriage in !it\' ;1 m, --Hi,CT•n ,:nd ..:ritil·i~m. ~i_ LiL·r;nurt\ .\'kdie\·<Jl-Jslm11ic influences. Medieval French and Arabic Literatures 72 C t"·\·,lml·~ S;uv; dra, .\.ltgucl de I.A/-1616. Don Quixote-Criticism, "i<.""tul.!. E,lht,.;lil, <alhr;.-n. 196C- !I. :\"ajmah<ldi, Afs;mch, 1946- SAHAR AMER 11. 1--l.n\.-,Hd l-n ty. Cn~tcr for ;\iiddlc E;lstcrn Studies. IV. Radcliffe lnsti11!fC for :-\dqnced Study. 4 • Comparison, Competition, and Cross-Dressing: Cross­ Cultural Analysis in a Contested World 114 JIQ76.J.I-:-517S 2nos BRAD EPPS ~Oh.7709.'fS-dc22 lOOS0(·:·:-240 205 but was captured, and the Despensers were executed. Civcn an opportunity to abdicate, Edward did so but was nevertheless murdered in 1327-according to some later accounts bv havinn ' • b a red-hot poker rammed up his anus.' Edward's attachment to his favorites was clearly a major scan­ • SIX • dal and one that some•.vhat muffles the force of the crusader tracts that were composed during his reign against the Saracen:-. Homoerotic Liaisons among the Mamluk and attacked their sodomitical profligacy. Most famously, the French Dominican William of Adam, writing about l.l18, ex­ Elite in Late Medieual Egypt and Syria plains, "In the Saracen sect any sexual act at all is not onlv not forbidden, but permitted and praised." He goes on to exco~iate, Everett K" Rowson among the Saracens, effeminate men \vho shave their beards adorn themselves in women's finery, and sell themselves tooth~; men with whom they proceed to cohabit as husband and wife, as well as eastern Christians who fatten up and adorn their sons to cater to the unnatural lusts of the Saracens who race to buv Ir the vcar 1307, Echvard I of tngland died and was succeeded them up.2 However distorted his polemic may: be, William wa~ hY his 't\\TlltY-T,11rl'l'-'\C<lr-old son, Edw·ard n, whose reign, a re­ clearly aware not only of the phenomenon of the mukhamzath i~;·,rkahly w~h:1pp:· ;Hll', extended over the next t\'\renty years. (the effeminate cross-dresser to whom Muslim societies ac­ CPntemporary chronicles attribute many of the disasters of his corded a recognized, if not universally approved, role)' but aiso ru e to his inorJmatc attachment to J. French peer named Piers of the recruiting practices of the Mamluk regime in Egypt and G;:vcsron who ·.xa~ J few years his senior. Originally, it appears, Syria (1250-1517 CE), whereby boys from outside the realm of br n1ghr to the Engli:-,h court by Edv... rard I to be a companion and Islam-mostly Turks and some of them Christian-were pur­ in,kt,"d modci for his son, Gaveston came to exercise a pov...-erful chased as slaves, imported, converted to Islam, trained as sol­ h(_ Jd nvcr the \·ount: man. The young king lavished attention, diers, and manumitted, therebv becoming part of the rulina elite J ..__ - b gi't\, and title~- on Ga\·esron, ultimately neglecting affairs of (with the possibility of rising to the position of sultan).' Where ~Ltc ;:;nd incc1sing the nobles, \vho forced him twice to exile sodomy actually fits into this picture is not an idle question, al­ G.tvcsron and iln;1]h·, 111 1312, captured and beheaded the de­ though it is a complicated one, and the world of the Mamluk spc>c'd favorite RcL1tions between the king and his nobles did sultans is not devoid of parallels to the case of Edward II, al­ !H t imprOV(\ hov,:cver. and soon Edv... ·ard had adopted another though the differences are as important as the similarities5 p:'ir of f<1Vorir,:-;_ the Despenser'>, father and son, with the la_t~er Perhaps the closest parallel to the unfortunate Edward of \\ .. hom he \\'3S rumored to he maintaining the same sort ot m­ is Ahmad b. ai-Nasir Muhammad, who ruled brieflv (four tim:ltc rciarionship widely assumed to have obtained earlier be­ months) in 74211342 as sultan over Egypt and Syria s~me fif­ t''- ecn hin1 nnJ G<1'.:t:·ston. Things came to a head \Vhen Edward's teen years after Edward's death." Ahmad's father had enjoyed es:T.1nged \Yifl·, rhc :.:.istcr of the king of France, took up with a the longest reign of any of the Mamluks (albeit with two \\cish earl and launched an irhasion of England. Edward fled interruptions)-ascending the throne in 693/1293 reinnino for ..__ ' b b 2J4 Homoerotic Li,zisons among the Mamluk Eiite 207 :orrv-eight .__.L';trs. 8.nd dying in 74111341.-:- Ahmad grew up And in fact, the disgruntled father did exactly that, for a brief hrF~'h- :1l,~::-~- frou his famih· in Karak, an important fortress a period, until intercession from the boy's female relatives led him in;~ n~i!c~ southeast of rhe bead Sea, \:vhere al-Nasir Muham­ again to re!ent.1° mad had snnn his time av..:av from the capital, Cairo, during the He disinherited his son, however, choosing another son, r\vo tL·mpt~r.Fil~· successful .revolts against his reign. When his Abu Bakr, to succeed him, which he did on ai-Nasir's death hrhcr heard rhar th.· young man (then about twenty-one) had shortly thereafter in 742/1342. At this point, the story becomes dcn:1opcd -.: friendship \\lith someone "unsuitable" (man fa exceedingly-and typically, for the Mamluks-complicared. y,_zsf~.-zh! ln f<Jrak. he brought him to Cairo, married him off to The late sultan's powerful mamluks promptly divided into fac­ ~he d::1.w:,hrcr of one of his o\vn mamluks (military slaves), and tions, some supporting the new (and very young) sultan and oth­ then h:n: hack to Karak. There Ahmad, we are told, "fell scT~·r ers backing other sons, including Ahmad. Abu Bakr lasted on madlv in iov,_: ,,·ith J hcautiful voung man named a!-Shuhayb"­ the throne only a few months and was succeeded bv another and hut this was the unsuitable relationship he had already ;erlup~- even younger brother, Kujuk. Meanwhile, Ahmad' had aarnered c!evclopcd--·'and disgraced himself over him, sho\vering him b support from the mamluks in Syria, but in the midst of all these with n1onc\." On bc1n?, informed of this. the indignant a!-Nasir machinations, Ahmad's own mamluks murdered the unfortu­ [viuhamm<.;d hJd the bov's favorite seized and got the money nate al-Shuhayb. Ahmad was devastated-he almost went mad, back, but tlL' distraught ,Ahmad appealed to n~.ro of his father's we are told-but persevered in his drive for the throne in Cairo most 1.1owcrh.d iJumiuks. declaring, ''If this young man is pun­ and was duly installed shortly thereafter. Barely a month later, ishcd.'i \vill klli mvsclf!"' He proceeded to stop eating and drink­ he decided to return to Karak and govern from there-or not to ing and rook to his hed. At ~hat, a!-Nasir JVluhammad relented govern, as the sources report, but rather to immerse himseif in <.l.l-Shuha,·b but sought-in vain-to deflect his a1~~j rc1c.l.sc~1 private pleasures (including wine) and, fatally, to turn on his son's obscs~-Hln bv offe.ring him one hundred of his own mam- erstwhile supporters, whom he had murdered, one by one. To fztk-.:. in his place.' make matters worse, he imprisoned their female relatives and The sinwtion \VOrsened \vhen one of the eunuchs mistreated permitted the local Christians to commit all manner of abuses J.l-ShuhaYh ·a hint that the young man was in fact a soldier in against them. Revulsion at his actions was universal, and back rr;_;ining, .suhjccr to the customary eunuch supervision, although in Cairo yet another brother, al-Salih lsma'il, was raised to the our so;1n.
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