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Contents/Sommaire RANSYLVANIAN EVIEW Vol. XXIV T R No. 1 /REVUE DE TRANSYLVANIE Spring 2015 Contents/Sommaire ROMANIAN ACADEMY Chairman: • Paradigms Academician Ionel-Valentin Vlad Propaganda und Zensur im sozialistischen Rumänien: Struktur und Effektivität 3 CENTER FOR Ute Michailowitsch TRANSYLVANIAN STUDIES Director: Reading in Communist Power Academician Ioan-Aurel Pop Plants and Factories 16 Catrinel Popa The Romanian Gulag As Reflected in the Novels of the “Obsessive Decade” 29 Ruxandra Cesereanu Home and Families in Communist Romania 44 Luminiþa Dumãnescu The Merchants of Human Beings: The Securitate’s Role in the Emigration of Romania’s Germans (1978–1989) 59 Cosmin Budeancã • Focus Réflexions à l’occasion d’une cérémonie 79 Ioan-Aurel Pop António Lobo Antunes: Un fado polyphonique en prose 82 Ruxandra Cesereanu “Je chemine comme une maison qui brûle” 91 António Lobo Antunes Dinu Flãmând • Transsilvanica Medieval Literacy in Transylvania: Selective Evidence from Parish Churches 109 On the cover: Adinel Dincã ªERBAN SAVU • Europe Untitled (2009), Human Rights As European Values 122 oil on canvas Michael Metzeltin (136×200 cm) • Literature “Salvific” Memory, “Enlightened” Oblivion: Transylvanian Review continues the Spectral Traces of the Past in Maria Edgeworth’s tradition of Revue de Transylvanie, Castle Rackrent (1800) 135 founded by Silviu Dragomir, which was published in Cluj and then in Sibiu Carmen-Veronica Borbély between 1934 and 1944. • Book Reviews Transylvanian Review is published quarterly by the Center for Transylvanian Ana Victoria Sima, Affirming Identity: Studies and the Romanian Academy. The Romanian Greek-Catholic Church at the Time of the First Vatican Council EDITORIAL BOARD (reviewed by Lucian Turcu) 149 CESARE ALZATI, Ph.D. Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione, Istituto Manuela Marin, Între prezent ºi trecut: cultul di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea, personalitãþii lui Nicolae Ceauºescu ºi opinia publicã Università Cattolica, Milan, Italy româneascã HORST FASSEL, Ph.D. Institut für donauschwäbische Geschichte (reviewed by Adrian Popan) 151 und Landeskunde, Tübingen, Germany Mihai Croitor & Sanda Borşa, eds., KONRAD GÜNDISCH, Ph.D. Bundesinstitut für Kultur und Geschichte Triunghiul suspiciunii der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, (reviewed by Marcela Sãlãgean & Liana Lãpãdatu) 155 Oldenburg, Germany Mihai Croitor & Sanda Borşa, eds., HARALD HEPPNER, Ph.D. Institut für Geschichte, Graz, Austria Moscova 1963: Eşecul negocierilor sovieto-chineze PAUL E. MICHELSON, Ph.D. (reviewed by Liana Lãpãdatu) 157 Huntington University, Indiana, USA Luminiþa Dumãnescu, ALEXANDRU ZUB, Ph.D. Honorary Director of the A. D. Xenopol Familia româneascã în comunism Institute of History, Iaºi, Romania (reviewed by Roxana Dorina Pop) 156 EDITORIAL STAFF Ioan-Aurel Pop Rudolf Gräf Nicolae Bocºan Virgil Leon • Contributors 160 Ioan Bolovan Daniela Mârza Raveca Divricean Alexandru Simon Maria Ghitta George State Translated by Bogdan Aldea—English Liana Lãpãdatu—French Desktop Publishing Edith Fogarasi Cosmina Varga Publication indexed and abstracted in the Correspondence, manuscripts and books Thomson Reuters Social Sciences Citation Index® should be sent to: Transylvanian Review, ® Centrul de Studii Transilvane and in Arts & Humanities Citation Index , (Center for Transylvanian Studies) and included in EBSCO’s and ELSEVIER’s products. 12–14 Mihail Kogãlniceanu St., Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania. ISSN 1221-1249 All material copyright © 2015 by the Center for Transylvanian Studies and the Romanian Academy. Reproduction or use Printed in Romania by COLOR PRINT without written permission is prohibited. 66, 22 Decembrie 1989 St., Zalãu 450031, Romania [email protected] Tel. (0040)260-660598; www.centruldestudiitransilvane.ro (0040)260-661752 paradiGMS Propaganda und Zensur im sozialistischen Rumänien UTE MIchAILOWItsch Struktur und Effektivität WAS PROPAGANDA im sozialisti - Propaganda wird hier nicht schen Rumänien betrifft, sind grund-­­ mehr a priori als politisches sätzlich drei unterschiedliche, aufeinan- der aufbauende Phasen zu unterscheiden. Erziehungsinstrument ver- In der ersten Phase ist es notwendig, ei- standen, sondern als kultu- nen Propaganda-Apparat der Kommu- nistischen Partei Rumäniens (PCR)1 auf- relles Erziehungsinstrument, zubauen, um die Macht zu erlangen. mit dem Ziel, den „Neuen Diese Phase kann ab dem 23. August Menschen“ als Idealtypus 1944 bis zum 6. September 1950 gel- ten. Grund dafür ist, dass die Partei, zu erschaffen, was vorange- mit ihrem plötzlichen Status der Lega- gangenen Jahrzehnten of- lität (aufgrund der Ereignisse nach dem 23. August 1944 mit dem Übertritt zu fensichtlich ohne Erfolg blieb. den Alliierten und dem Einmarsch der Roten Armee), sich mit der Situation konfrontiert sieht, einerseits über kei- ne breite sowie homogene Parteibasis und -führung, und damit über keine Ute Michailowitsch feste innere Parteiorganisation zu ver- Mag. Dr., akademische Expertin für Deutsch als Fremdsprache, von 2005 fügen und andererseits, einhergehend bis 2011 als OeaD-Lektorin am Lehrstuhl für Deutsche Sprache und Literatur der Diese Arbeit wurde durch die finanzielle Un- terstützung des Sektorenbetriebsprogramms zur Babeº-Bolyai-Universität tätig. Forschungs- Personalentwicklung 2007-2013 ermöglicht, schwerpunkte zu Grammatikvermitt lung welches vom Europäischen Sozialfonds im im DaF-Unterricht, österreichische Rahmen des Projektes Nr. POSDRU/107/1.5/S/ Landeskunde sowie zur Geschichte 76841 „Die neue Promotion: Internationalismus der Frau im Sozialismus. und Interdisziplinarität“ mitfinanziert wird. 4 • TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW • VOL. XXIV, NO. 1 (SPRING 2015) mit ihrem bisherigen Status der Illegalität und politischer Unbedeutsamkeit, in der ländlich orientierten rumänischen Bevölkerung weitgehend unbekannt ist. Es besteht deshalb die Notwendigkeit, die Partei zu organisieren und zu struk- turieren und verstärkt Einfluss auf die Bevölkerung auszuüben, um das Parteipro- gramm an den Mann zu bringen und den Machtanspruch dadurch aufzubauen sowie zu legitimieren. Der schrittweise Übergang zur absoluten Macht der PCR in der Regierung des Landes2 in einer sehr kurzen Zeitspanne ist gekennzeichnet von massiven Propagandamaßnahmen. Zunächst wird das Propagandaministerium (später Informationsministeri- um)3 gegründet, was als erster Schritt in Richtung eines Strukturaufbaus ge- wertet werden muss. Allerdings ist dieser Schritt noch völlig unzureichend, da eine Struktur alleine noch nicht ausreicht, die vorgesehenen Maßnahmen auch tatsächlich umzusetzen. Die bestehenden Probleme mit Propaganda erklärt Ge- neralsekretär Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej bei der Nationalkonferenz des Zent- ralkomitees im Oktober 1945 folgendermaßen: „Nicht alle unsere Aktivisten haben verstanden, dass die politische Linie vorgegeben wird um ausgeführt zu werden, und dass diese Ausführung der politischen Linie nicht möglich ist, ohne Arbeit mit den Massen, ohne Mobilisierung der Massen, ohne lebendigen und permanenten Kontakt zur Masse. Die Methode des Befehlens kann niemals die Methode des Überzeugens ersetzen und es ist nicht ausreichend eine Funktion zu besetzen um politischen Einfluss zu haben.“4 Die Notwendigkeit einer Verstärkung der aktiven Arbeit „mit“ der Bevölke- rung, die Notwendigkeit von Agitation wird hier hervorgehoben. Dazu werden in Folge weitere parteipolitische Entscheidungen getroffen, die einen weiteren markanten Schritt beim Machtaufbau durch Propaganda darstellen. Am VI. Parteikongress (21. bis 23. Februar 1948) kommt es zu einer Umstrukturie- rung innerhalb der Partei, bei der das Zentralkomitee in vier Unterdirektionen umorganisiert wird. Eine Unterdirektion ist die Direktion für Propaganda und Agitation. Ziel ist es, auf lokaler Ebene besseren Einfluss ausüben zu können, und „die ständige Verbindung zu den Massen zu verstärken“,5 damit „jene Mas- sen auf ihre politische und gemeinschaftliche Aktivität vorbereitet [werden kön- nen]“,6 wie Generalsekretär Gheorghiu-Dej erklärt. Zu einer neuerlichen Um- strukturierung kommt es bei der V. Plenarsitzung des Zentralkomitees (23. bis 24. Jänner 1950) wo die Direktion in Sektion für Propaganda und Agitation umbenannt wird und nicht mehr eine von vier Unterdirektionen ist wie zuvor, sondern eine von neun Untersektionen. Die Sektion selbst unterteilt sich wie- derum in folgende Sektoren: Sektion für Propaganda, Parteischule; Agitation; Presse, Wissenschaft; Öffentliches Schulwesen; Literatur und Kunst; Kulturelle Erziehungsarbeit; Verlage; Sektor für Kadernachweise.7 Diese Sektion hat es als Aufgabe, sich grundsätzlich mit „Problemen der Parteipropaganda, ideologi- PARADIGMS • 5 scher Arbeit, Parteiarbeit in unterschiedlichen Bereichen des kulturellen Lebens und der politischen Massenagitation“8 zu beschäftigen. Diesen beiden Neuorga- nisierungen folgen der Parteistrukturen der KPdSU, wobei hier nicht das Modell der Sowjetunion kopiert wird, sondern als Muster dient. In enger Verbindung zu diesen Vorgehensweisen steht die Neuordnung des gesamten Landes auf administrativ-politischer Ebene9 durch das Gesetz vom 6. September 1950. Es werden 28 neue Regionen gegründet, wobei jede Re- gion ob ihres Entwicklungsstatus in eine von vier Kategorien fällt. Ziel ist es, die Partei nicht nur in parteiinternen Strukturen neu zu formieren, sondern ih- ren Einfluss auf die gesamten Institutionen des Landes weiterhin zu verstär- ken, auch auf lokaler Ebene, das heißt auf regionaler, städtischer, Bezirks- und Gemeindeebene, bis in die unterste administrative Schicht. Was die Beziehung zwischen intensivierten
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