DOCSLIB.ORG

Colombia Country Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

COLOMBIA COUNTRY REPORT April 2004 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION & NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Colombia April 2004 CONTENTS 1. Scope of the Document 1.1 - 1.7 2. Geography 2.1 - 2.2 3. Economy 3.1 - 3.5 4. History 4.1 - 4.6 5. State Structures The Constitution 5.1 - 5.3 - Citizenship and nationality 5.4 - 5.5 Political System 5.6 - 5.13 Judiciary 5.14 - 5.23 Military Justice System 5.24 - 5.25 Legal Rights/Detention 5.26 - 5.29 - Death Penalty 5.30 Internal Security 5.31 - 5.36 Prisons and Prison Conditions 5.37 - 5.39 Military Service 5.40 - 5.41 - Conscientious Objection 5.42 - Draft Evasion and desertion 5.43 Medical Services 5.44 - 5.50 - HIV/AIDS 5.51 - 5.52 - People with disabilities 5.53 Educational System 5.54 - 5.55 6. Human Rights 6.A Human Rights Issues General 6.1 - 6.14 Torture 6.15 - 6.17 Extrajudicial Killings 6.18 - 6.20 Disappearances 6.21 - 6.24 Freedom of Speech and the Media 6.25 - 6.28 - Journalists 6.29 - 6.41 Freedom of Religion 6.42 - 6.46 Freedom of Assembly and Association 6.47 - 6.49 Employment Rights 6.50 - 6.52 - Trade unions & Their Right to Strike 6.53 - 6.57 - Forced or Bonded Labour 6.58 - 6.60 People Trafficking 6.61 - 6.62 Freedom of Movement 6.63 - 6.65 - Overview of Colombia IDP registration System 6.66 - 6.69 - Emigration and asylum 6.70 - 6.72 Colombia April 2004 6.B Human Rights - Specific Groups Introduction 6.73 - 6.74 Ethnic Groups 6.75 - 6.83 Women 6.84 - 6.90 - Women as Heads of Displaced Households 6.91 - 6.95 Children 6.96 - 6.106 - Child Recruitment and Deployment 6.107 - 6.112 - Girls Within Irregular Armed Groups 6.113 - 6.114 - Child Employment 6.115 - 6.117 - Childcare Arrangements 6.118 - 6.120 Homosexuals 6.121 - 6.126 6.C Human Rights - Other Issues Preview of Crime Figures 6.127 - 6.128 Guerrilla & Paramilitary activities and the Humanitarian 6.129 - 6.151 situation Hostages For Prisoners Exchange 6.152 - 6.159 - Persons Targeted by Guerrilla and Paramilitary Organisations 6.160 - 6.179 - FARC 6.180 - 6.202 - ELN 6.203 - 6.210 - AUC 6.211 - 6.218 - The Disarmament Process 6.219 - 6.233 Treatment of Non-Governmental Organisations 6.234 - 6.239 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 6.240 - 6.247 - Living Conditions of the IDPs 6.248 - 6.253 - Colombia conflict spilling over its Borders 6.254 - 6.255 - Border Areas 6.256 - 6.257 - Ecuador 6.258 - Venezuela 6.259 - Panama 6.260 - 6.261 - Peru 6.262 - 6.263 - Brazil 6.264 - 6.265 Annexes Chronology of Events Annex A Political Organisations Annex B(i) Active Guerrilla Groups and Illegal Organisations Annex B(ii) Prominent People Annex C List of Source Material Annex D 1. Scope of the Document 1.1 This Country Report has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, for use by Home Office officials involved in the asylum / human rights determination process. The Report provides general background information about the issues most commonly raised in asylum / human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. It is not a detailed or comprehensive survey. 1.2 The Report is compiled from a wide range of recognised sources and does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. All information in the Report is attributed, throughout the text, to original source material, which has been made available to those working in the asylum / human rights determination process. Colombia April 2004 The Report aims to provide only a brief summary of the source material quoted. For a more detailed account, the relevant source documents should be examined directly. 1.3 The information contained in this Country Report is, by its nature, limited to information that we have been able to identify from various well-recognised sources. The contents of this Report are not exhaustive and the absence of information under any particular heading does not imply that any analysis or judgement has been exercised to exclude that information, but simply that relevant information on the subject has not been identified from the sources that have been consulted. Equally, the information included in the Reports should not be taken to imply anything beyond what is actually stated. 1.4 The great majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. Copies of other source documents, such as those provided by government offices, may be provided upon request. 1.5 All sources have been checked for currency, and as far as can be ascertained, contain information, which remained relevant at the time, this Report was issued. Some source documents have been included because they contain relevant information not available in more recent documents. 1.6 This Country Report and the accompanying source material are publicly disclosable. Where sources identified in this Report are available in electronic form the relevant link has been included. The date that the relevant link was accessed in preparing the report is also included. Paper copies of the source documents have been distributed to nominated officers within IND. 1.7 It is intended to revise this Report on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum producing countries in the United Kingdom. Information contained in Country Reports is inevitably overtaken by events that occur between the 6 monthly publications. Caseworkers are informed of such changes in country conditions by means of Country Information Bulletins. 2. Geography 2.1 The Republic of Colombia was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are Ecuador and Venezuela). It is located in the northern part of South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Ecuador and Panama. [3](p1) Colombia covers a total of 1,138,910 square miles and has a population of 41,008,227. [3](p2) Return to contents 2.2 The Andes mountain range divides into three mountain ranges (cordilleras) when it enters Colombia. The western two-fifths of Colombia is dominated by the Andes and the coastal lowlands, with the east and south dominated, respectively, by the Llanos (savannah, much of which is flooded for nine months of the year) and Amazonian jungle. The varied terrain gives Colombia a biodiversity reckoned to be second only to Brazil, sheltering in forests that cover almost one-half of the country and on pasture-land that covers about two-fifths. [1](p271) Climate conditions vary with altitude, from tropical in coastal regions, temperate on the plateau to cold in the Andes Colombia April 2004 mountains. [1](p272) (For more information on geography refer to the Europa Yearbook - Regional Surveys of the World - South America, Central America and the Caribbean th 2004 - 12 Edition - Source [1](p271-299)). 3. Economy 3.1 Colombia is a country of significant natural resources, and has a diverse culture reflecting the indigenous Indian, Spanish and African origins of its people. It is the fourth largest and one of the most populous nations. Colombia is endowed with substantial oil reserves and is a major producer of gold, silver, emeralds, platinum and coal. [17] 3.2 Colombia's economy suffers from weak domestic and foreign demand, austere government budgets, and serious internal armed conflict. Two of Colombia's leading exports, oil and coffee, face an uncertain future; new exploration is needed to offset declining oil production, while coffee harvests and prices are depressed. Colombian business leaders are calling for greater progress in solving the conflict with insurgent groups. On the positive side, several international financial institutions have praised the economic reforms introduced by President URIBE and have pledged enough funding to cover Colombia's debt servicing costs in 2003.[3](p5) 3.3 There is extensive illegal cultivation of coca - for which Colombia is the world's leading producer - opium poppies and cannabis. [1](p271) The illicit drugs trade has undoubtedly contributed to the country's economic growth and hindered it. Marijuana and coca have long been grown in the country but the drugs trade really took off with the processing of cocaine from the late 1970s. [1](p278) 3.4 The currency in use is the Colombian peso (COP), which at 18 December 2003 had an exchange rate of 2,855 COPs to US$1. [3](p7) 3.5 (For more information on economy refer to the Europa Yearbook - Regional Surveys of the World - South America, Central America and the th Caribbean 2004 - 12 Edition - Source [1]). Return to contents 4. History 4.1 According to the Global IDP Database - Profile of Internal Displacement: Colombia Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 4 February 2004), "Colombia has historically been marked by political and social violence. In this century, the phenomena of political, economic, social and cultural exclusion led to the peasants' campaigns of the 1930s and 1940s, and, later on, to a long period of violence between the two traditional parties, the Liberals and the Conservatives. In 1957, by means of a constitutional reform, a system of alternation and parity between these parties was established. This meant that other political sectors were deprived of any share in power. From the 1960s onwards, a guerrilla movement came to prominence and its origins can in part be explained by the context of the polarization and cold war prevailing at that Colombia April 2004 time.
Recommended publications
  • A Land Title Is Not Enough

    A Land Title Is Not Enough

    A LAND TITLE IS NOT ENOUGH ENsuRINg sustAINAblE lANd REstItutIoN IN ColoMbIA Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. First published in 2014 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom © Amnesty International 2014 Index: AMR 23/031/2014 English Original language: English Printed by Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. To request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] Cover photo : A plot of land in El Carpintero, Cabuyaro Municipality, Meta Department. Most of the peasant farmers from El Carpintero were forced to flee their homes following a spate of killings and forced disappearances of community members carried out by paramilitary groups in the late 1990s.
  • Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia

    Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia

    This is an extract from: Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia Jeffrey Quilter and John W. Hoopes, Editors published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. © 2003 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C. Printed in the United States of America www.doaks.org/etexts.html The Political Economy of Pre-Colombian Goldwork: Four Examples from Northern South America Carl Henrik Langebaek Universidad de los Andes Introduction: The Problem ome twenty years ago, Alicia Dussán de Reichel (1979: 41) complained that studies that “set out to place the prehistoric metallurgy of Colombia within a wider context Sof cultural development” were not very numerous. Despite a great deal of research on Pre-Columbian goldwork since, the same observation remains true today. One source of frustration comes from the fact that most archaeologists focus on the study of metallurgy as a goal in itself. Although researchers have produced detailed descriptions about the techno- logical characteristics of Pre-Columbian goldwork (Scott 1981), timelines, definitions of “styles” and “traditions,” as well as correlations among styles across Colombia, Lower Central America, and Ecuador (Bray 1981; 1992a; 1997; Plazas and Falchetti 1983), and identifica- tions of plant and animal species represented in ornaments (Legast 1987), they have rarely placed goldwork within a social context (Looper 1996) or incorporated it in models related to social change. Whatever improvement in the research on Pre-Columbian metal objects there has been, further progress will be limited if it is not aimed at understanding the way societies function and change (Lechtman 1984).
  • COLOMBIA by George A

    COLOMBIA by George A

    THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF COLOMBIA By George A. Rabchevsky 1 Colombia is in the northwestern corner of South America holders of new technology, and reduces withholding taxes. and is the only South American country with coastlines on Foreign capital can be invested without limitation in all both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The majestic sectors of the economy. Andes Mountains transect the country from north to south in The Government adopted a Mining Development Plan in the western portion of the country. The lowland plains 1993 as proposed by Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en occupy the eastern portion, with tributaries of the Amazon Geociencias, Mineria y Quimica (Ingeominas), Empresa and Orinoco Rivers. Colombiana de Carbon S.A. (Ecocarbon), and Minerales de Colombia is known worldwide for its coal, emeralds, gold, Colombia S.A. (Mineralco). The plan includes seven points nickel, and platinum. Colombia was the leading producer of for revitalizing the mineral sector, such as a new simplified kaolin and a major producer of cement, ferronickel, and system for the granting of exploration and mining licenses, natural gas in Latin America. Mineral production in provision of infrastructure in mining areas, and Colombia contributed just in excess 5% to the gross environmental control. The Government lifted its monopoly domestic product (GDP) and over 45% of total exports. Coal to sell gold, allowing anyone to purchase, sell, or export the and petroleum contributed 45% and precious stones and metal. metals contributed more than 6% to the Colombian economy. In 1994, the Colombian tax office accused petroleum companies for not paying the "war tax" established by the Government Policies and Programs 1992 tax reform.
  • FLOODS 22 May 2006 the Federation’S Mission Is to Improve the Lives of Vulnerable People by Mobilizing the Power of Humanity

    FLOODS 22 May 2006 the Federation’S Mission Is to Improve the Lives of Vulnerable People by Mobilizing the Power of Humanity

    DREF Bulletin no. MDRCO001 COLOMBIA: FLOODS 22 May 2006 The Federation’s mission is to improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of humanity. It is the world’s largest humanitarian organization and its millions of volunteers are active in over 183 countries. In Brief This DREF Bulletin is being issued based on the situation described below reflecting the information available at this time. CHF 160,000 (USD 132,642 or EUR 103,320) was allocated from the Federation’s Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) to respond to the needs in this operation. This operation is expected to be implemented over 3 months, and will be completed in late August 2006; a Final Report will be made available three months after the end of the operation in November 2006. Unearmarked funds to repay DREF are encouraged. This operation is aligned with the International Federation's Global Agenda, which sets out four broad goals to meet the Federation's mission to "improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of humanity". Global Agenda Goals: · Reduce the numbers of deaths, injuries and impact from disasters. · Reduce the number of deaths, illnesses and impact from diseases and public health emergencies. · Increase local community, civil society and Red Cross Red Crescent capacity to address the most urgent situations of vulnerability. · Reduce intolerance, discrimination and social exclusion and promote respect for diversity and human dignity. For further information specifically related to this operation please contact: · In
  • Politics, Land, and Religion in Tierradentro (Colombia), 1905-1950

    Politics, Land, and Religion in Tierradentro (Colombia), 1905-1950

    NEGOTIATING INDIGENOUS AUTONOMY: POLITICS, LAND, AND RELIGION IN TIERRADENTRO (COLOMBIA), 1905-1950 by Alejandra Boza Villarreal Bachelor in History, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2000 M. Sc. in History, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2004 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH THE DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Alejandra Boza Villarreal It was defended on February 20, 2013 and approved by George Reid Andrews, Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of History Alejandro de la Fuente, UCIS Research Professor, Department of History Paula M. Kane, Associate Professor and John and Lucine O’Brien Marous Chair of Contemporary Catholic Studies, Department of Religious Studies Dissertation Advisor: Lara Putnam, Associate Professor, Department of History ii Copyright © by Alejandra Boza Villarreal 2013 iii NEGOTIATING INDIGENOUS AUTONOMY: POLITICS, LAND, AND RELIGION IN TIERRADENTRO (COLOMBIA), 1905-1950 Alejandra Boza Villarreal, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2013 For decades after Independence more than half of continental Latin America’s territory remained beyond the nascent republics’ control. Indigenous populations inhabited most of these regions, and by the late-nineteenth century the Latin American states started to target them in an effort to secure national borders and consolidate territorial control. With only a few exceptions, states turned to international Christian missionary orders to help them in the “civilization” of these indigenous areas, and by the first decade of the twentieth century the missionaries were active in many of them, from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego.
  • Man 3Ra Galera-153:Man 3Ra Galera-153

    Man 3Ra Galera-153:Man 3Ra Galera-153

    Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales 2007 (“2006”), 166: 7-27 A revision of the South American snake genus Thamnodynastes Wagler, 1830 (Serpentes: Colubridae, Tachymenini). II. Three new species from northern South America, with further descriptions of Thamnodynastes gambotensis Pérez-Santos and Moreno and Thamnodynastes ramonriveroi Manzanilla and Sánchez †Joseph R. Bailey and Robert A. Thomas Abstract. Three new species of the snake genus Thamnodynastes are described from northern South America: T. ceibae from the Lake Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela, T. dixoni from the Llanos of Colombia and Venezuela, and T. paraguanae from the coastal areas of the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia from the northern Lake Maracaibo Basin and Paraguaná Peninsula of Venezuela. Further descriptions are provided for T. gambotensis and the recently described T. ramonriveroi. Key words. Serpentes. Colubridae. Xenodontinae. Tachymenini. Thamnodynastes. Revisión de las serpientes suramericanas del género Thamnodynastes Wagler 1830 (Serpentes: Colubridae, Tachymenini). II. Tres nuevas especies del norte de Suramérica, con descripciones adicionales de Thamnodynastes gambotensis Pérez-Santos y Thamnodynastes ramonriveroi Manzanilla y Sánchez Resumen. Se describen tres especies del género Thamnodynastes del norte de Suramérica: Thamnodynastes ceibae proveniente del sur de la hoya del lago de Maracaibo, T. dixoni de la región llanera de Venezuela y Colombia y T. paraguanae de las áreas costeras de la península de la Guajira en Colombia, norte de la hoya del Lago de Maracaibo y península de Paraguaná en Venezuela. Se presentan descripciones adicionales de Thamnodynastes gambotensis y T. ramonriveroi. Palabras clave. Serpentes. Colubridae. Xenodontinae. Tachymenini. Thamnodynastes. Introduction The herpetological literature of northern South America is liberally sprinkled with specimens identified as “Thamnodynastes sp.” This is due to the fact that Thamnodynastes is among the most misunderstood snake genera in the world, coupled with confusion about the definition of T.
  • 190205 USAID Colombia Brief Final to Joslin

    190205 USAID Colombia Brief Final to Joslin

    COUNTRY BRIEF I. FRAGILITY AND CLIMATE RISKS II.COLOMBIA III. OVERVIEW Colombia experiences very high climate exposure concentrated in small portions of the country and high fragility stemming largely from persistent insecurity related to both longstanding and new sources of violence. Colombia’s effective political institutions, well- developed social service delivery systems and strong regulatory foundation for economic policy position the state to continue making important progress. Yet, at present, high climate risks in pockets across the country and government mismanagement of those risks have converged to increase Colombians’ vulnerability to humanitarian emergencies. Despite the state’s commitment to address climate risks, the country’s historically high level of violence has strained state capacity to manage those risks, while also contributing directly to people’s vulnerability to climate risks where people displaced by conflict have resettled in high-exposure areas. This is seen in high-exposure rural areas like Mocoa where the population’s vulnerability to local flooding risks is increased by the influx of displaced Colombians, lack of government regulation to prevent settlement in flood-prone areas and deforestation that has Source: USAID Colombia removed natural barriers to flash flooding and mudslides. This is also seen in high-exposure urban areas like Barranquilla, where substantial risks from storm surge and riverine flooding are made worse by limited government planning and responses to address these risks, resulting in extensive economic losses and infrastructure damage each year due to fairly predictable climate risks. This brief summarizes findings from a broader USAID case study of fragility and climate risks in Colombia (Moran et al.
  • Circular Agriculture; Where Colombia and the Netherlands Meet

    Circular Agriculture; Where Colombia and the Netherlands Meet

    Circular Agriculture; where Colombia and the Netherlands meet Prioritized circular agriculture focus areas in Colombia and corresponding working agendas 2020-2022 for the agricultural department in Bogota Circular Agriculture; where Colombia and the Netherlands meet Prioritized circular agriculture focus areas in Colombia and corresponding working agendas 2020-2022 for the agricultural department in Bogota Lucas du Pré February 2020 Agricultural department Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Bogota, Colombia Preface is quite a green field area and therefore quite a challenge. The strategy consists of a vision resulting in six prioritized focus areas and corresponding working The Netherlands is the second largest exporter of agrifood products worldwide agendas which contain concrete activities to support circular agriculture. The and leader in efficient agricultural production and technology. On the one strategy will be implemented in the coming years. hand, these are statistics of which we are proud since we are a tiny country. On the other hand, we are also aware that sustainable production is increasingly I am very proud of the strategy that lays before you and very motivated and necessary. Agriculture is one of the sectors most affected by climate change enthusiastic to start working on the activities it proposes. I would like to while having a great impact on the environment due to the pressure it exerts on highlight that Colombia, as one of the first countries in Latin America, has natural resources and the waste and emissions it generates. developed a National Circular Economy Strategy of which agriculture is a crucial part. Moreover, in Colombia there are already various examples of best For this reason, the Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality of the practices in relation to circular agriculture.
  • The Mineral Industry of Colombia in 2003

    The Mineral Industry of Colombia in 2003

    THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF COLOMBIA By Ivette E. Torres Colombia was the fourth largest country in Latin America and new agency became responsible for assigning hydrocarbons the Caribbean, and in terms of purchasing power parity, it had areas for exploration and production; evaluating the the fourth largest economy in the region after Brazil, Argentina, hydrocarbon potential of the country; designing, promoting, and Chile. Colombia’s gross domestic product was $77.6 billion1 negotiating, and administering new exploration and production at current prices and $282 billion based on purchasing power contracts; and collecting royalties on behalf of the Government. parity. The country’s economy grew by 3.7% after modest The decree also created the Sociedad Promotora de Energía de increases of 1.6% (revised) and 1.4% (revised) in 2002 and Colombia S.A., which had as its main objective participation 2001, respectively (International Monetary Fund, 2004§2). This and investment in energy-related companies. With the creation economic growth was propelled, in part, by a significant growth of the two organizations, Ecopetrol’s name was changed to in the mining and quarrying (included hydrocarbons) and Ecopetrol S.A., and the entity, which became a public company construction sectors, which increased in real terms by 12.4% and tied to the MME, was responsible for exploring and producing 11.7%, respectively. The large contributors to the increase in from areas under contract prior to December 31, 2003, those the mining and quarrying sector were metallic minerals and coal that had been operated by Ecopetrol directly, and those to be with increases of 73% and 33%, respectively (Departamento assigned to it by ANH.
  • Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia

    Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia

    Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 846 Prepared in coopeTation ·with the lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-MineTas under the auspices of the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development) United States DepaTtment of State Structural Evolution of the Northernmost Andes, Colombia By EARL M. IRVING GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 846 Prepared in cooperation ·with the lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico-Min eras under the auspices of the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development) United States Department of State An interpretation of the geologic history of a complex mountain system UNITED STATES GOVERNlVIENT PRINTING OFFICE, vVASHINGTON 1975 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Irving, Earl Montgomery, 1911- Structural evolution of the northernmost Andes, Columbia. (Geological Survey professional paper ; 846) Bibliography: p Includes index. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:846 1. Geology-Colombia. 2. Geosynclines----Colombia. I. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geologico­ Mineras.. II. Title. III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 846. QE239.175 558.61 74-600149 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402- Price $1.30 (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-02553 CONTENTS Page Pasre Abstract ----------------------------------------
  • Lexical Borrowings in the Colombian Online Newspaper El Tiempo from 1990 to 2012

    Lexical Borrowings in the Colombian Online Newspaper El Tiempo from 1990 to 2012

    LEXICAL BORROWINGS IN THE COLOMBIAN ONLINE NEWSPAPER EL TIEMPO FROM 1990 TO 2012 by LORENA GÓMEZ MICHAEL PICONE, COMMITTEE CHAIR ERIN O’ROURKE ALICIA CIPRIA DILIN LIU DOUGLAS LIGHTFOOT A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the department of Modern Languages and Classics in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2012 Copyright Lorena Gómez 2012 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT This study examined the introduction, adaptation, usage, and acceptance of lexical borrowings in the Colombian online newspaper El Tiempo from 1990 to 2012. While building on the foundation of prior research of sociolinguistic orientation on languages in contact, this study also included innovative approaches: the texts analyzed incorporate not only articles by El Tiempo journalists, but also the comments of bloggers linked to the newspaper’s site; online interviews were conducted with journalists and bloggers alike in an effort to determine their attitudes and motivations in relation to their vocabulary choices; and pronunciation patterns in relation to borrowed words were analyzed in videos from ET Canal El Tiempo. Contrary to the research questions posited at the outset, differences between the language of professional journalists and the language of the at-large bloggers proved to be minimal. The research found that there was a prescriptive tendency among journalists and bloggers alike to look for linguistic correctness and that their linguistic decisions were highly influenced by the guidelines from the Real Academia de la Lengua (RAE). When tracking and analyzing the different lexical choices and their relative frequencies in the writing of these two groups, no definite pattern surfaced, but only weak tendencies.
  • Colb Sm 21 Fin Itin

    Colb Sm 21 Fin Itin

    Colombia: Santa Marta, Tayrona & Isla Salamanca With Naturalist Journeys & Caligo Ventures Feb. 28 – Mar. 9, 2021 Cartagena Ext. Mar. 9 – 12 866.900.1146 800.426.7781 520.558.1146 [email protected] www.naturalistjourneys.com or find us on Facebook at Naturalist Journeys, LLC. Naturalist Journeys, LLC | Caligo Ventures PO Box 16545 Portal, AZ 85632 PH: 520.558.1146 | 866.900.1146 Fax 650.471.7667 naturalistjourneys.com | caligo.com [email protected] | [email protected] “Fermina Daza and Florentino Ariza stayed at the Tour Highlights railing [of the deck], surrounded by noisy passengers who made bets on how well they could • Explore in one of the safest and most identify the lights in the city, until the boat sailed beautiful areas of Colombia out of the bay, moved along invisible channels and • Bird the Magdalena River and the Ciénaga through swamps spattered with the undulating Grande marshes, the setting for Nobel Prize lights of the fishermen, and at last took a deep winner Gabriel García Márquez’s book Love in breath in the open air of the Great Magdalena the Time of Cholera River.” • Search for Santa Marta endemic birds near El ― Gabriel García Márquez, Love in the Time of Dorado Lodge, including the Santa Marta Cholera Tapaculo and White-tailed Starfrontlet • Absorb breathtaking sunset views of the Discover the endemic-rich Caribbean Coast of ocean and Magdalena Delta from our lodge Colombia with Naturalist Journeys, a spectacularly • Venture by 4WD atop San Lorenzo Ridge, scenic area where palm-lined beaches fringe the high above the windswept cloud forest, skirts of snow-capped summits, with unmatched stronghold for Santa Marta Parakeet and avian diversity.