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Colombia Country Report COLOMBIA COUNTRY REPORT April 2004 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION & NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Colombia April 2004 CONTENTS 1. Scope of the Document 1.1 - 1.7 2. Geography 2.1 - 2.2 3. Economy 3.1 - 3.5 4. History 4.1 - 4.6 5. State Structures The Constitution 5.1 - 5.3 - Citizenship and nationality 5.4 - 5.5 Political System 5.6 - 5.13 Judiciary 5.14 - 5.23 Military Justice System 5.24 - 5.25 Legal Rights/Detention 5.26 - 5.29 - Death Penalty 5.30 Internal Security 5.31 - 5.36 Prisons and Prison Conditions 5.37 - 5.39 Military Service 5.40 - 5.41 - Conscientious Objection 5.42 - Draft Evasion and desertion 5.43 Medical Services 5.44 - 5.50 - HIV/AIDS 5.51 - 5.52 - People with disabilities 5.53 Educational System 5.54 - 5.55 6. Human Rights 6.A Human Rights Issues General 6.1 - 6.14 Torture 6.15 - 6.17 Extrajudicial Killings 6.18 - 6.20 Disappearances 6.21 - 6.24 Freedom of Speech and the Media 6.25 - 6.28 - Journalists 6.29 - 6.41 Freedom of Religion 6.42 - 6.46 Freedom of Assembly and Association 6.47 - 6.49 Employment Rights 6.50 - 6.52 - Trade unions & Their Right to Strike 6.53 - 6.57 - Forced or Bonded Labour 6.58 - 6.60 People Trafficking 6.61 - 6.62 Freedom of Movement 6.63 - 6.65 - Overview of Colombia IDP registration System 6.66 - 6.69 - Emigration and asylum 6.70 - 6.72 Colombia April 2004 6.B Human Rights - Specific Groups Introduction 6.73 - 6.74 Ethnic Groups 6.75 - 6.83 Women 6.84 - 6.90 - Women as Heads of Displaced Households 6.91 - 6.95 Children 6.96 - 6.106 - Child Recruitment and Deployment 6.107 - 6.112 - Girls Within Irregular Armed Groups 6.113 - 6.114 - Child Employment 6.115 - 6.117 - Childcare Arrangements 6.118 - 6.120 Homosexuals 6.121 - 6.126 6.C Human Rights - Other Issues Preview of Crime Figures 6.127 - 6.128 Guerrilla & Paramilitary activities and the Humanitarian 6.129 - 6.151 situation Hostages For Prisoners Exchange 6.152 - 6.159 - Persons Targeted by Guerrilla and Paramilitary Organisations 6.160 - 6.179 - FARC 6.180 - 6.202 - ELN 6.203 - 6.210 - AUC 6.211 - 6.218 - The Disarmament Process 6.219 - 6.233 Treatment of Non-Governmental Organisations 6.234 - 6.239 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 6.240 - 6.247 - Living Conditions of the IDPs 6.248 - 6.253 - Colombia conflict spilling over its Borders 6.254 - 6.255 - Border Areas 6.256 - 6.257 - Ecuador 6.258 - Venezuela 6.259 - Panama 6.260 - 6.261 - Peru 6.262 - 6.263 - Brazil 6.264 - 6.265 Annexes Chronology of Events Annex A Political Organisations Annex B(i) Active Guerrilla Groups and Illegal Organisations Annex B(ii) Prominent People Annex C List of Source Material Annex D 1. Scope of the Document 1.1 This Country Report has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, for use by Home Office officials involved in the asylum / human rights determination process. The Report provides general background information about the issues most commonly raised in asylum / human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. It is not a detailed or comprehensive survey. 1.2 The Report is compiled from a wide range of recognised sources and does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. All information in the Report is attributed, throughout the text, to original source material, which has been made available to those working in the asylum / human rights determination process. Colombia April 2004 The Report aims to provide only a brief summary of the source material quoted. For a more detailed account, the relevant source documents should be examined directly. 1.3 The information contained in this Country Report is, by its nature, limited to information that we have been able to identify from various well-recognised sources. The contents of this Report are not exhaustive and the absence of information under any particular heading does not imply that any analysis or judgement has been exercised to exclude that information, but simply that relevant information on the subject has not been identified from the sources that have been consulted. Equally, the information included in the Reports should not be taken to imply anything beyond what is actually stated. 1.4 The great majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. Copies of other source documents, such as those provided by government offices, may be provided upon request. 1.5 All sources have been checked for currency, and as far as can be ascertained, contain information, which remained relevant at the time, this Report was issued. Some source documents have been included because they contain relevant information not available in more recent documents. 1.6 This Country Report and the accompanying source material are publicly disclosable. Where sources identified in this Report are available in electronic form the relevant link has been included. The date that the relevant link was accessed in preparing the report is also included. Paper copies of the source documents have been distributed to nominated officers within IND. 1.7 It is intended to revise this Report on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum producing countries in the United Kingdom. Information contained in Country Reports is inevitably overtaken by events that occur between the 6 monthly publications. Caseworkers are informed of such changes in country conditions by means of Country Information Bulletins. 2. Geography 2.1 The Republic of Colombia was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are Ecuador and Venezuela). It is located in the northern part of South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Ecuador and Panama. [3](p1) Colombia covers a total of 1,138,910 square miles and has a population of 41,008,227. [3](p2) Return to contents 2.2 The Andes mountain range divides into three mountain ranges (cordilleras) when it enters Colombia. The western two-fifths of Colombia is dominated by the Andes and the coastal lowlands, with the east and south dominated, respectively, by the Llanos (savannah, much of which is flooded for nine months of the year) and Amazonian jungle. The varied terrain gives Colombia a biodiversity reckoned to be second only to Brazil, sheltering in forests that cover almost one-half of the country and on pasture-land that covers about two-fifths. [1](p271) Climate conditions vary with altitude, from tropical in coastal regions, temperate on the plateau to cold in the Andes Colombia April 2004 mountains. [1](p272) (For more information on geography refer to the Europa Yearbook - Regional Surveys of the World - South America, Central America and the Caribbean th 2004 - 12 Edition - Source [1](p271-299)). 3. Economy 3.1 Colombia is a country of significant natural resources, and has a diverse culture reflecting the indigenous Indian, Spanish and African origins of its people. It is the fourth largest and one of the most populous nations. Colombia is endowed with substantial oil reserves and is a major producer of gold, silver, emeralds, platinum and coal. [17] 3.2 Colombia's economy suffers from weak domestic and foreign demand, austere government budgets, and serious internal armed conflict. Two of Colombia's leading exports, oil and coffee, face an uncertain future; new exploration is needed to offset declining oil production, while coffee harvests and prices are depressed. Colombian business leaders are calling for greater progress in solving the conflict with insurgent groups. On the positive side, several international financial institutions have praised the economic reforms introduced by President URIBE and have pledged enough funding to cover Colombia's debt servicing costs in 2003.[3](p5) 3.3 There is extensive illegal cultivation of coca - for which Colombia is the world's leading producer - opium poppies and cannabis. [1](p271) The illicit drugs trade has undoubtedly contributed to the country's economic growth and hindered it. Marijuana and coca have long been grown in the country but the drugs trade really took off with the processing of cocaine from the late 1970s. [1](p278) 3.4 The currency in use is the Colombian peso (COP), which at 18 December 2003 had an exchange rate of 2,855 COPs to US$1. [3](p7) 3.5 (For more information on economy refer to the Europa Yearbook - Regional Surveys of the World - South America, Central America and the th Caribbean 2004 - 12 Edition - Source [1]). Return to contents 4. History 4.1 According to the Global IDP Database - Profile of Internal Displacement: Colombia Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 4 February 2004), "Colombia has historically been marked by political and social violence. In this century, the phenomena of political, economic, social and cultural exclusion led to the peasants' campaigns of the 1930s and 1940s, and, later on, to a long period of violence between the two traditional parties, the Liberals and the Conservatives. In 1957, by means of a constitutional reform, a system of alternation and parity between these parties was established. This meant that other political sectors were deprived of any share in power. From the 1960s onwards, a guerrilla movement came to prominence and its origins can in part be explained by the context of the polarization and cold war prevailing at that Colombia April 2004 time.
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