DOCSLIB.ORG

Masterly Inactivity’: Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864-1879

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Masterly Inactivity’: Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864-1879 This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ ‘Masterly inactivity’: Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864-1879 Wallace, Christopher Julian Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 1 ‘Masterly inactivity’: Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864-1879 Christopher Wallace PhD History June 2014 2 Abstract This dissertation examines British policy in Afghanistan between 1864 and 1879, with particular emphasis on Sir John Lawrence’s term as governor-general and viceroy of India (1864-69). Having achieved national renown for his exploits in the Punjab during the Indian Mutiny, as governor-general Sir John (later first Baron) Lawrence became synonymous with a particular line of foreign policy in Afghanistan, commonly referred to by contemporaries as ‘masterly inactivity’. His tenure at Calcutta coincided with a critical period in Anglo-Afghan relations, on account of a protracted civil war in Afghanistan and the renewal of Russian military advances in central Asia. This dissertation explains why government ministers granted Lawrence so much latitude for formulating British policy and what motivated his ‘masterly inactivity’, an alluring although misleading expression. A central concern is the extent to which public criticism in Britain influenced Lawrence’s decisions in India. Some of the constraints on policy-makers are also explored, including contemporary perceptions about the importance of ‘prestige’ to the control of India. In addition, the thesis considers some of the domestic effects of British imperialism, by reference to Lawrence’s public criticism of government policy before the second Afghan war, and by analysing metropolitan reaction to the murder of the British envoy at Kabul in 1879. His utility to parliamentary Liberals and prominence in public discussion about Afghanistan in 1878 demonstrate that—after nearly a lifetime on the imperial ‘periphery’—Lawrence ultimately exerted a considerable influence on politics in the imperial metropolis. 3 A portrait of Sir John Lawrence (by George Frederic Watts; oil on panel, 1862) is currently displayed at the National Portrait Gallery, London (NPG 1005). 4 Table of contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 5 Introduction 6 I. Sir John Lawrence, the ‘saviour of India’ 33 II. British policy in Afghanistan: Sir John Lawrence and official decision-making, 1864-1869 69 III. The pragmatism of ‘masterly inactivity’ 87 IV. The importance of prestige: Britain, India and Abyssinia, 1867-1868 114 V. ‘Our Indian armies pine for war’! Perceptions of army officers in India, c.1864-1869 165 VI. The limits of ‘masterly inactivity’, 1864-1869 199 VII. Lord Lawrence, the Liberals and Afghanistan, c. 1878 222 VIII. Major Sir Louis Cavagnari, Afghanistan and imperialism in British culture, c.1879 259 Conclusion 281 Bibliography 300 5 Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Paul Readman, of King’s College London, for his invaluable advice and supervision throughout the period of my doctoral research. I alone am of course responsible for any shortcomings or omissions in this dissertation. I would also like to thank my wife Rebecca, for her constant support and encouragement during the preparation of the manuscript. Christopher Wallace London June 2014 6 Introduction John Lawrence, first Baron Lawrence, GCB, GCSI, PC, was a British administrator who worked in the Punjab, achieved national renown for his exploits during the Mutiny, and subsequently served as governor-general and viceroy of India for a perfect five-year term, from 12 January 1864 to 12 January 1869. During his tenure at Calcutta, Sir John Lawrence (he was not ennobled until his return to England in 1869) became synonymous with a particular line of British policy in Afghanistan. Contemporaries understood that policy as ‘masterly inactivity’, an alluring although misleading expression. Neglected by modern scholars, Lawrence’s approach to Afghanistan is worth studying, for as governor-general he had great latitude for determining policy at a critical juncture in Anglo-Afghan relations, when civil war in Afghanistan and Russian military expansion in central Asia threatened to disturb the status quo enjoyed since the end of the first Afghan war in 1842. Examining the formulation and motivation of his policy also illuminates characteristics of British imperialism, in India and at home, as well as some of the external influences and constraints on policy-makers. Lawrence’s return to public prominence in 1878, as perhaps the most conspicuous force in Liberal opposition to a new Afghan policy, demonstrates how a Briton from the imperial ‘periphery’ could exert a powerful influence on public discussion and politics in the imperial metropolis. * * * John Laird Mair Lawrence was born at Richmond, Yorkshire, on 4 March 1811. He was the sixth son of Major Alexander Lawrence, of Ulster protestant stock, and his wife 7 Catherine Letitia, daughter of Reverend George Knox of Lifford, co. Donegal.1 Having attended schools at Bristol, Londonderry and Wiltshire, in 1827 Lawrence received a nomination to the East India College at Haileybury. He sailed for India in 1829, in the company of an elder brother, Henry, who later died in the defence of Lucknow (Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence, KCB (1806-57)). After a year studying languages at Calcutta, John Lawrence requested a posting to Delhi, where he worked for four years as assistant judge, magistrate and collector. He was then given temporary charge of the Panipat district (north of Delhi), with responsibility for surveying its lands and assessing their taxation. Initially working without a British assistant, in a population of several hundred thousand, Lawrence ‘displayed the qualities that were to become a legend and a model. Riding armed through a district with a turbulent history, attired for comfort in a mixture of Western and Indian dress, he made himself accessible to its people, in patriarchal fashion, and acquired a local reputation for omniscience. He excelled in settlement work, spending the greater part of the year under canvas.’2 Lawrence came home on extended sick leave (1840-42), following a near fatal attack of jungle fever. Against medical advice, he returned to India after marrying (in 1841) Harriette Katherine Hamilton (1820-1917), daughter of Richard Hamilton, rector of Culdaff, co. Donegal. In 1844 Lawrence was appointed collector of Delhi and Panipat. Two years later he was promoted to commissioner of the Trans-Sutlej States, territory acquired after the first Anglo-Sikh war. After the second Anglo-Sikh war and the annexation (in 1849) of the Punjab, a board was established to administer the new province, with Henry Lawrence at its head, supported by John and a third member. The 1 D. Steele, ‘Lawrence, John Laird Mair, first Baron Lawrence (1811-1879)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004; online ed. Jan. 2011). 2 Steele, ‘Baron Lawrence’. 8 brothers disagreed regarding the treatment of the defeated Sikh aristocracy. Henry pleaded with the governor-general, Lord Dalhousie, for the Sikhs. John favoured their total subjection to direct rule, believing that lower taxation and greater security for the peasantry would provide stronger foundations for British rule than Sikh princes and noblemen. Dalhousie backed the younger Lawrence: in 1853 the board was dissolved, Henry moved to another post, and John was promoted to chief commissioner of the Punjab.3 John Lawrence was therefore able to implement his policy of reconciling the ‘hardy yeoman’ to British rule. ‘Assess low,’ he instructed a subordinate in 1853, ‘leaving fair and liberal margin to the occupiers of the soil, and they will increase their cultivation and put the revenue almost beyond the reach of bad seasons.’4 The achievements of Lawrence’s administration in the Punjab were considerable: a warlike population, predominantly Sikh and Muslim, was disarmed; roads and irrigation works were constructed; a police force of over twenty thousand men ‘set a standard of public order unequalled in the subcontinent’; within three years of annexation thuggee and dacoity had been eradicated; and by 1856, over three thousand schools existed, providing rudimentary education. In recognition of these achievements, in 1856 Lawrence was made KCB, on the recommendation of Lord Dalhousie.5 Although Lawrence had been an unusually successful administrator in India, it was the Indian Mutiny (1857-58) that transformed his reputation in Britain. His exertions during 3 Steele, ‘Baron Lawrence’. 4 John Lawrence to John Nicholson, 22 Jan. 1853, cited in R. Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence (II vols., London, 1883), vol. I, p. 394. 5 Steele, ‘Baron Lawrence’. The term thuggee refers to the practices of a sort of criminal brotherhood of thugs, who strangled their victims before stealing their valuables and burying their bodies. The term dacoity refers to acts of robbery committed by armed bandits.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This Collection Was the Gift of Howard J
    Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This collection was the gift of Howard J. Garber to Case Western Reserve University from 1979 to 1993. Dr. Howard Garber, who donated the materials in the Howard J. Garber Manuscript Collection, is a former Clevelander and alumnus of Case Western Reserve University. Between 1979 and 1993, Dr. Garber donated over 2,000 autograph letters, documents and books to the Department of Special Collections. Dr. Garber's interest in history, particularly British royalty led to his affinity for collecting manuscripts. The collection focuses primarily on political, historical and literary figures in Great Britain and includes signatures of all the Prime Ministers and First Lords of the Treasury. Many interesting items can be found in the collection, including letters from Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning Thomas Hardy, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, King George III, and Virginia Woolf. Descriptions of the Garber Collection books containing autographs and tipped-in letters can be found in the online catalog. Box 1 [oversize location noted in description] Abbott, Charles (1762-1832) English Jurist. • ALS, 1 p., n.d., n.p., to ? A'Beckett, Gilbert A. (1811-1856) Comic Writer. • ALS, 3p., April 7, 1848, Mount Temple, to Morris Barnett. Abercrombie, Lascelles. (1881-1938) Poet and Literary Critic. • A.L.S., 1 p., March 5, n.y., Sheffield, to M----? & Hughes. Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon (1784-1860) British Prime Minister. • ALS, 1 p., June 8, 1827, n.p., to Augustous John Fischer. • ANS, 1 p., August 9, 1839, n.p., to Mr. Wright. • ALS, 1 p., January 10, 1853, London, to Cosmos Innes.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LAWRENCES of the PUNJAB All Rights Reserved
    Presented to the LIBRARY of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO by JOHN ENGLISH THE LAWRENCES OF THE PUNJAB All rights reserved THE LAWRENCES OF THE PUNJAB BY FREDERICK P. GIBBON AUTHOR OF "THE RECORD OF THE SIKHS," " THE GURKHA SCOUTS," ETC. 1908 LONDON: J. M. DENT & CO. NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO. TO FIELD-MARSHAL THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL ROBERTS, V.C., K.G. THIS BOOK IS (BY HIS PERMISSION) RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED NOTE For the greater part of the material used in this biography I am indebted to Mr. R. Bosworth Smith's Life of Lord Lawrence, to the Life of Sir Henry Lawrence by Sir Herbert Edwardes and Mr. Merivale, and to Sir John Kaye's History of the Sepoy War and Lives of Indian Officers. My acknowledgments are especially due to Mr. Bosworth Smith for permission freely " to dig in his mine," and I have endeavoured to show appreciation of his courtesy by making copious use of the permission. I take this opportunity of expressing my gratitude also to Lieut. -Colonel D. C. Phillott for the photographs of Punjabis, and to Colonel J. Hay, C.B., for that of the Gurkhas. vii — CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ........ xvii. CHAPTER I— 1806-1822 BOYHOOD The Lawrence Family—Henry's School-days—His Courage John at Foyle College and- Wraxhall—No Indication of Future Greatness ....... 1 CHAPTER II— 1822-1829 HENRY AT DUM-DUM The Bengal Artillery—Padre Craufurd—-War with Burma Invalided Home—Honoria Marshall—The Lawrence Fund . .11 CHAPTER III— 1827-1833 JOHN ENTERS THE CIVIL SERVICE Self-Conquest—Haileybury College—The Brothers sail for India Together .
    [Show full text]
  • Nineteenth-Century Army Officers'wives in British
    IMPERIAL STANDARD-BEARERS: NINETEENTH-CENTURY ARMY OFFICERS’WIVES IN BRITISH INDIA AND THE AMERICAN WEST A Dissertation by VERITY GAY MCINNIS Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2012 Major Subject: History IMPERIAL STANDARD-BEARERS: NINETEENTH-CENTURY ARMY OFFICERS’WIVES IN BRITISH INDIA AND THE AMERICAN WEST A Dissertation by VERITY GAY MCINNIS Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Co-Chairs of Committee, R.J.Q. Adams J. G. Dawson III Committee Members, Sylvia Hoffert Claudia Nelson David Vaught Head of Department, David Vaught May 2012 Major Subject: History iii ABSTRACT Imperial Standard-Bearers: Nineteenth-Century Army Officers’ Wives in British India and the American West. (May 2012) Verity Gay McInnis, B.A., Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi; M.A., Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. R.J.Q. Adams Dr. Joseph G. Dawson III The comparative experiences of the nineteenth-century British and American Army officer’s wives add a central dimension to studies of empire. Sharing their husbands’ sense of duty and mission, these women transferred, adopted, and adapted national values and customs, to fashion a new imperial sociability, influencing the course of empire by cutting across and restructuring gender, class, and racial borders. Stationed at isolated stations in British India and the American West, many officers’ wives experienced homesickness and disorientation.
    [Show full text]
  • Acq. by Mar. Early 18Th C., Built Mid-18Th C., Sold 1914) Estates: 4528 (I) 2673
    742 List of Parliamentary Families Seat: Prehen, Londonderry (acq. by mar. early 18th c., built mid-18th c., sold 1914) Estates: 4528 (I) 2673 Knox [Gore] Origins: Descended from an older brother of the ancestor of the Earls of Ranfurly. Mary Gore, heiress of Belleek Manor (descended from a brother of the 1 Earl of Arran, see Gore), married Francis Knox of Rappa. One of their sons succeeded to Rappa and another took the additional name Gore and was seated at Belleek. 1. Francis Knox – {Philipstown 1797-1800} 2. James Knox-Gore – {Taghmon 1797-1800} Seats: Rappa Castle, Mayo (Knox acq. mar. Gore heiress 1761, family departed 1920s, part demolished 1937, ruin); Moyne Abbey, Mayo (medieval, burned 1590, partly restored, acq. mid-17th c., now a ruin); Belleek Manor (Abbey, Castle), Mayo (rebuilt 1831, sold c. 1942, hotel) Estates: Bateman 30592 (I) 11082 and at Rappa 10722 (I) 2788 (five younger sons given 1,128 acres worth £408 pa each in mid-19th c.) Title: Baronet 1868-90 1 Ld Lt 19th Knox Origins: Cadet of the Rappa line. 1. John Knox – {Dongeal 1761-68 Castlebar 1768-74} 2. Lawrence Knox – Sligo 1868-69 Seat: Mount Falcon, Mayo (acq. 19th c., built 1876, sold 20th c., hotel) Estates: Bateman 5589 (I) 2246. Still owned 93 acres in 2001. LA TOUCHE IRELAND Origins: Huguenot refugees who came from Amsterdam to Ireland with William III’s army. One fought at the Boyne. Sheriff 1797. They operated a poplin factory in Dublin from 1694 and then became bankers (1712) and country gentlemen simultaneously in the 18th and 19th centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Tourists, Colonial Subjects and the Making of a British World, 1860–1911
    THE MAKING OF A STUDIES IN IMPERIALISM TOU ROYAL GENERAL EDITOR: Andrew S. Thompson FOUNDING EDITOR: John M. MacKenzie ROYAL TOURISTS, COLONIAL ROYAL TOURISTS, SUBJECTS AND THE MAKING OF A BRITISH WORLD, 1860–1911 COLONIAL SUBJECTS This book examines the ritual space of nineteenth-century royal tours of empire and the diverse array of historical actors who R AND THE MAKING participated in them. It is a tale of royals who were ambivalent and ISTS, COLONIAL SUBJECTS AND ISTS, COLONIAL bored partners in the project of empire; colonial administrators who used royal ceremonies to pursue a multiplicity of projects and interests or to imagine themselves as African chiefs or heirs to the Mughal OF A BRITISH WORLD, BR emperors; local princes and chiefs who were bullied and bruised by the politics of the royal tour, even as some of them used the tour to ITISH WO symbolically appropriate or resist British cultural power; and settlers 1860–1911 of European descent and people of colour in the empire who made claims on the rights and responsibilities of imperial citizenship and as co-owners of Britain’s global empire. Royal tourists, colonial subjects and the making of a British world suggests that the diverse responses to the royal tours of the nineteenth century demonstrate how a multi- centred British imperial culture was forged in the empire and was R LD, 1860–1911 constantly made and remade, appropriated and contested. In this context, subjects of empire provincialised the British Isles, centring the colonies in their political and cultural constructions of empire, Britishness, citizenship, and loyalty.
    [Show full text]
  • Masterly Inactivity’: Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864-1879
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ ‘Masterly inactivity’: Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864-1879 Wallace, Christopher Julian Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 1 ‘Masterly inactivity’: Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864-1879 Christopher Wallace PhD History June 2014 2 Abstract This dissertation examines British policy in Afghanistan between 1864 and 1879, with particular emphasis on Sir John Lawrence’s term as governor-general and viceroy of India (1864-69).
    [Show full text]
  • Roll of the Peerage Created Pursuant to a Royal Warrant Dated 1 June 2004
    THE ROLL OF THE PEERAGE CREATED PURSUANT TO A ROYAL WARRANT DATED 1 JUNE 2004 © Crown copyright Latest revision: 1 October 2013 The Roll of the Peerage is produced and administered by: Ian Denyer, Esq., M.V.O., and Grant Bavister, Esq. Crown Office Ministry of Justice Rm C2/13 House of Lords LONDON, SW1A 0PW. CAMBRIDGE His Royal Highness the Prince William Arthur Philip Louis Duke of Cambridge. CORNWALL See WALES. EDINBURGH His Royal Highness the Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh. GLOUCESTER His Royal Highness Prince Richard Alexander Walter George Duke of Gloucester. KENT His Royal Highness Prince Edward George Nicholas Paul Patrick Duke of Kent. ROTHESAY See WALES. WALES His Royal Highness the Prince Charles Philip Arthur George Prince of Wales (also styled Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay). WESSEX His Royal Highness the Prince Edward Antony Richard Louis Earl of Wessex. YORK His Royal Highness the Prince Andrew Albert Christian Edward Duke of York. * ABERCORN Hereditary Marquess in the Peerage of the United Kingdom: James Marquess of Abercorn (customarily styled by superior title Duke of Abercorn). Surname: Hamilton. ABERDARE Hereditary Baron in the Peerage of the United Kingdom (hereditary peer among the 92 sitting in the House of Lords under the House of Lords Act 1999): Alaster John Lyndhurst Lord Aberdare. Surname: Bruce. ABERDEEN AND TEMAIR Hereditary Marquess in the Peerage of the United Kingdom: Alexander George Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair. Surname: Gordon. ABERGAVENNY Hereditary Marquess in the Peerage of the United Kingdom: Christopher George Charles Marquess of Abergavenny. Surname: Nevill. ABINGER Hereditary Baron in the Peerage of the United Kingdom: James Harry Lord Abinger.
    [Show full text]
  • Wilberforce: Slavery, Religion and Politics, Series One, Parts 1 to 3
    Wilberforce: Slavery, Religion and Politics, Series One, Parts 1 to 3 WILBERFORCE: SLAVERY, RELIGION AND POLITICS Series One: The Wilberforce Papers from the Bodleian Library, Oxford Part 1: The Papers of William Wilberforce (1759-1833) and Robert Isaac Wilberforce (1802-1857) Part 2: The Papers of Samuel Wilberforce (1818-1873) Part 3: The Papers of Samuel Wilberforce cont (1818-1873) Contents listing PUBLISHER'S NOTE CONTENTS OF REELS - PART 1 CONTENTS OF REELS - PART 2 CONTENTS OF REELS - PART 3 DETAILED LISTING - PART 1 DETAILED LISTING - PART 2 DETAILED LISTING - PART 3 INDEX OF CORRESPONDENTS Wilberforce: Slavery, Religion and Politics, Series One, Parts 1 to 3 Publisher's Note Articles, pamphlets, reviews, letters, letters that grew into books - William Wilberforce spent much of his life writing. He kept a diary for most of his adult life and filled various journals with his religious thoughts. Faced with a difficult decision he would set down both sides of the argument on paper. He wrote memoranda on different subjects, the most famous being his unfinished sketch of Pitt - but the sheer volume of his correspondence alone would have buried most men. He often wrote and received as many as twenty letters a day, and few of them were short. In addition to his own papers, two of his sons kept notes of his conversations in their commonplace books. Here, in Wilberforce: Slavery, Religion and Politics, Series One, Parts 1-3, we are able to make available a complete microfilm edition of the Wilberforce Papers from the Bodleian Library, Oxford. This project unites the separate collections of William Wilberforce’s sons, Robert and Samuel, enabling us to piece back together the Papers of William, Robert and Samuel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wakes Were a Norman Family That Held Land in Guernsey C
    List of Parliamentary Families 527 WAKE Origins: The Wakes were a Norman family that held land in Guernsey c. 1100 and in Lincolnshire by the 12th c. Acquired estates in Northamptonshire by marriage 1138. Summoned to Parliament as a baron by writ (Lord Wake) 1295-99. The second Lord Wake summoned as a baron 1317-48. First MP 1300 for Northamptonshire. Four further MPs 1407-1624, three kts of the shire. 1. Sir William Wake 8 Bt – Bedford 1774-84 Seats: Courteenhall, Northamptonshire (built later 16th c., remod. 17th c., inher. by mar. to Jones heiress 1672, rebuilt 1791-95, still own); The Abbey House, Waltham, Essex (built c. 1590, acq. by Jones family 1676 and inher. by Wakes from them 1688, main seat until late 18th c., largely abandoned after 1739, ruinous by 1770) Estates: Bateman 3141 (E) 5810. Owned 62,500 acres in Scotland in 1970. The Scottish estate was sold. Still owned 2,000 acres in Northamptonshire in 2001. Title: Baronet 1621- Notes: The 3rd Wake Bt married the Drury heiress and succeeded to estates in Suffolk 1712-44. The Drurys quite probably accompanied the Conqueror to England. (Roskell, Clark, and Rawcliffe, The House of Commons, II, 803) The Drurys produced eleven MPs 1391-1625, seven kts of the shire. (See Gordon, The Wakes of Courteenhall) 2 Lord Wake and two others in ODNB. WAKELY (Wackley, Wakeley) IRELAND Origins: Tudor soldier had a patent of lands in Meath 1547. First {MP 1559}. One additional {MP 1585}. Sheriff 1570. 1. John Wakeley – {Kilbeggan 1692-93} Seat: Ballyburley, King’s County (acq.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Characters in Victorian and Postcolonial Fiction, 1814 - 2006
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 10-2014 Works in Progress: Child Characters in Victorian and Postcolonial Fiction, 1814 - 2006 Kiran Mascarenhas Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/364 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Works in Progress: Child Characters in Victorian and Postcolonial Fiction, 1814 – 2006 By Kiran Mascarenhas A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in English in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, the City University of New York 2014 ii © Kiran Mascarenhas All Rights Reserved iii This dissertation has been read and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in English in satisfaction of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. __________ _____________________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee, Ashley Dawson, Ph.D. __________ _____________________________________________ Date Executive Officer, Mario DiGangi, Ph.D. Talia Schaffer, Ph.D. Timothy Alborn, Ph.D. Supervisory Committee iv The City University of New York Abstract Works in Progress: Child Characters in Victorian and Postcolonial Fiction, 1814 – 2006 By Kiran Mascarenhas Advisers: Ashley Dawson, Talia Schaffer In this dissertation I analyze the relationship between national and individual development in Victorian and postcolonial novels set in India. My central argument is that the investment in the idea of progress that characterizes colonial narratives of childhood gives way in postcolonial fiction to a suspicion of dominant understandings of progress, and that this difference is manifest in the identity formation of the child character as well as in the form of the novel.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Theses
    Australian National University THESES SIS/LIBRARY TELEPHONE: +61 2 6125 4631 R.G. MENZIES LIBRARY BUILDING NO:2 FACSIMILE: +61 2 6125 4063 THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY EMAIL: [email protected] CANBERRA ACT 0200 AUSTRALIA USE OF THESES This copy is supplied for purposes of private study and research only. Passages from the thesis may not be copied or closely paraphrased without the written consent of the author. INDIA IN THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS 1 8 5 7 - 1 9 0 6 by Deborah J. Jessop A thesis presented for the degree of Master of Arts (Asian Studies) at the Australian National University 1986 This thesis is the result of my original research as a scholar in the Asian History Centre, Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia. Deborah J. Jessop TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Page 1 Chapter I Sources of Information 8 Chapter II Pictorial Presentations 22 Chapter III Travel 39 Chapter IV Religion 62 Chapter V Government 93 Chapter VI Military Control 114 Chapter VII Development and Technology 151 Conclusion 178 Bibliography 184 1 INTRODUCTION Victorian newspapers and periodicals were so important, a contemporary writer declared that journals moulded Englishmen's views "to a far greater extent than they are by those of any personal friend or even any leading statesman." 1 One scholar asserts, "It is a truth universally acknowledged that Victorian journalism was the peculiar means through which the life of this complex period was recorded and through which the whole range of its issues was debated."^ Unfortunately there has been no scholarly study of the presentation of India based on such British sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepali Politics and the Rise of Jang Bahudur Rana, 1830
    NEPALI POLITICS AND THE RISE OF JANG BAHUDUR RANA, 1830-1857 John Whelpton Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London February 1987 ProQuest Number: 10673006 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673006 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT The thesis examines the political history of Nepal from 1830, covering the decline and fall of Bhimsen Thapa, the factional struggles $ which ended with Jang Bahadur Kunwar (later Rana)'s emergence as premier in 1846, and Jang1s final securing of his own position when he assumed the joint roles of prime minister and maharaja in 1857. The relationship between king, political elite (bharadar'i) , army and peasantry is analysed, with special prominence given to the religious aspects of Hindu kingship, and also to the role of prominent Chetri families and of the Brahman Mishras, Pandes and Paudyals who provided the rajgurus (royal preceptors).
    [Show full text]