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Íh'-Ifcii 1$W ^3--II |iyj.M.. ...... »..y yn•t"'",| .T' ;• "fjjrwtn' ' rrr íH'-ifcii 1$W ••''^«Í'I|l|||ll •**. I ^3--II- 'i t D. 12 Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. Y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día de de 2004. Presidente D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Secretario D. Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de Tesis el día de de 200.... En. Calificación. EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO VIVIENDAS DE CINE. ANÁLISIS DE LA ARQUITECTURA RESIDENCIAL EN EL MARCO DEL CINE EUROPEO DE LAS ÚLTIMAS DÉCADAS. RESUMEN De entre todas las líneas teóricas abordadas en el análisis de la relación que se establece entre arquitectura y cine es, sin duda, el vínculo psicológico que se genera entre las imágenes espaciales proyectadas y el espectador, la que resulta más relevante. Este aspecto afecta básicamente a la transformación o bien a la consolidación de los esquemas arquitectónicos seleccionados, por ser la teoría que más peso tiene en el contexto de los intereses de la población que las consume. En lo que al tratamiento de la arquitectura residencial en el cine se refiere, en un principio, los primeros testimonios documentales en los que arquitectos y cineastas se involucraron en proyectos comunes coinciden con la celebración del tercer encuentro del CIAM (Congrés International de l'Architecture Moderne) y del segundo encuentro del CICI (Congrés International du Cinema Indépendant), en 1930, en Bruselas. Inicialmente ero más la fascinación que los arquitectos sentían hacia el reciente invento que a su capacidad real de difundir imágenes e ideas arquitectónicas. En cambio, en las décadas siguientes, lo relación real entre vivienda y cine se verá influida por una serie de tendencias que los directores han seguido a tenor de los demandas y los valores expresados por una sociedad. En el proceso de selección de los arquitecturas contemporáneas que han de servir de escenario a una serie de sucesos narrados en tono actual, la mayoría de los cineastas, que no ignoran la desconfianza que ofrece pora el gran público aquellos construcciones domésticas de viviendas herederas del movimiento moderno, se decantan por evitar aquellas arquitecturas que no sean del agrado del espectador. En su defecto, seleccionan arquitecturas domésticas como las de Wright en América o los arquitectos modernistas en Europa, cuya aparición repetida señala su aceptación por encima de los dictados de las modas, y relega a las restantes arquitecturas contemporáneas a servir de escenario estereotípico a sus personajes. Al margen de los tópicos acerca de la utilización de las arquitecturas herederas del movimiento moderno como frías ambientaciones de sociedades futuras o personalidades inestables, observamos que lo evolución de la vivienda en el cine discurre pareja, muchas veces, o propuestas espaciales concretas lanzadas desde el cine a modo de experimentación. La utilización por parte de algunos arquitectos, conocedores de la importancia de lo percepción psicológica de las imágenes, de VIVIENDAS DE CINE. ANÁLISIS DE LA ARQUITECTURA RESIDENCIAL EN EL MARCO DEL CINE EUROPEO IV DE LAS ÚLTIMAS DÉCADAS. referencias visuales aprehendidas a través del cine, apunta a la existencia real de una dependencia visual, de la que son esclavos todos aquellos que se han desarrollado profesionalmente en el contexto de una cultura puramente audiovisual. Arquitectos conno Jean Nouvel o Rem Koolhas se consideran devotos seguidores de las innágenes cinematográficas, al igual que cineastas como Wim Wenders o Antonioni persiguen con obsesión arquitectónica unos mundos visuales capaces de refrendar la ligereza de sus argumentos. Por encima de lo puramente estético o visual, debido o que la evolución del cine ha discurrido paralela a los acontecimientos del siglo XX, a menudo las filmaciones de ficción han sido testigos discretos de los cambios acontecidos en las vidas de los ciudadanos. El cine, por ejemplo, ha dejado testimonio gráfico de la progresiva mecanización del hogar, pulsando los miedos de unos y la curiosidad de otros, a través de representaciones amables e, incluso, cómicas de directores que llevaron en sus películas la modernidad al absurdo como Jaques Tati o Blake Edwords. Junto a esto, la invasión del universo televisivo, en el contexto doméstico, no sólo motivó un cambio en la temática elegida por los cineastas sino que retrató toda una nueva configuración de vivienda, en la que las familias destinaron casi todos sus momentos de ocio a concentrarse frente al televisor. En esta misma línea, el cine ha mostrado con anticipación a su implantación popular, los beneficios y los problemas que acarrea la invasión de las nuevas tecnologías en un ámbito doméstico, ofreciendo uno crítica visual sin paliativos de cómo, en la realidad de muchos de los casos, la arquitectura de las viviendas no ha evolucionado al mismo nivel o cómo, sencillamente, su evolución no ha sido aceptada de lo mismo forma a través de los ojos del gran público. Algunos directores de cine como Truffaut, Stanley Kubrick o Ridley Scott han trasladado la fascinación que sentían por todos aquellos avances tecnológicos al contexto de la vivienda tradicional en sus películas. Mediante el estudio riguroso de la perspectiva real de la ciudad y los avances tecnológicos de cada momento, estos directores han planteado las que han sido, sin lugar a dudas, las hipótesis estéticas de los futuribles más creíbles de lo historia del cine. Lo vigencia de sus imágenes, obtenida mediante una cuidadoso selección de los espacios urbanos fotografiados, ha sobrepasado incluso la barrera temporal impuesta por sus propios argumentos. VIVIENDAS DE CINE. ANÁLISIS DE LA ARQUITECTURA RESIDENCIAL EN EL MARCO DEL CINE EUROPEO V DE LAS ÚLTIMAS DÉCADAS. Mas allá de las propuestas espacíales presentes en el cine de ciencia ficción, la rápida transformación de los núcleos urbanos aun nos sorprende más cuando la vemos con cierta perspectiva, retratada en el cine. El tejido urbano, compuesto básicamente por viviendas, ha supuesto a la vez el escenario idóneo para la narración de historias cotidianas. Los diferentes entornos domésticos y las transformaciones aplicadas en las zonas residuales de las urbes son reinventados desde el cine a través de la creación de entornos ideales posibilitados, mediante los mecanismos y herramientas que posee un medio de difusión como es el cine. Estas maniobras de coílage fotográfico nos han permitido contemplar marcos de vivienda imposibles, diseñados a la medida de nuestros sueños. La progresiva imposición de la vivienda, como tipología capaz de acaparar el discurso arquitectónico, ha encontrado en el cine una ventana desde la que los individuos pueden contemplar una tipología que o menudo se muestra inaccesible. A su vez, el cine, como testigo de los acontecimientos de una sociedad, no solo ha sido cronista de lo construcción masiva de viviendas en los años posteriores a la II Guerra Mundial, sino del impacto que esas arquitecturas símbolo del bienestar han producido en el contexto de lo ciudad que conocían. VIVIENDAS DE CINE. ANÁLISIS DE LA ARQUITECTURA RESIDENCIAL EN EL MARCO DEL CINE EUROPEO VI DE LAS ÚLTIMAS DÉCADAS. MOVIE HOUSES. ANALISYS OF RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF LAST DECADES OF Vil EUROPEAN CINEMA EXTRACT When analysing the relationship between architecture and the cinema, the most relevant of all theoretical approaches doubtlessly appears to be the psychological link generated between the spectator and the projected innages ot space. This aspect basically aftects the transformation or consolidation of the selected architecturol schemes due to the theory's importance within the context of the interest of those who consunne these images. As far as the treatment of residential architecture in cinema is concerned, in the beginning, the first proofs of documents in which architects and cineasts were involved in common projects, coincide with the 3'^ celebration of the CIAM fair (Congrés International de I'Architecture Moderne) and the 2"^ meeting of the CICI (Congrés International du Cinema Indépendant), in 1930 in Brussels. Initially, it was the fascination which the architects perceived towards the new invention rather than its real capacity to transmit architecturol images and ideas. On the other hand, in the following decades the real relationship between residence and cinema would be influenced by a series of tendencies which the directors followed as a result of the demand and the expressed valúes of a society. In the selection process of contemporary architecture, which has to serve os a scenario for a series of narrated events in modern tone, the majority of cineasts are inclined to avoid those types of architecture fhot do not oppeol to spectotors precisely because they do not ignore the mistrust of the great audience provoked by those residential constructions fhot are inherited from the modern movements. As a replacement, they choose domestic architecture like Wright in America or the modernist architects in Europe whose repeoted oppeoronce indicates its occeptonce above the dictation of foshion and banishes the remaining contemporay architects to serve as stereotype scenorios for its characters. On the bnnk of clichés the use of the architecture inherited from the modern movement os cold ambiences of future societies and unstable personalities, so we can observe fhot the evolution of residences in the cinema frequently occomponies concrete spacial proposals submifted by the cinema os on experimentation. The use of visual references in cinema by some architects who well know
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