Design and Analysis of Torsen Differential
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A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development
Review A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development Fuad Un-Noor 1, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban 2,*, Lucian Mihet-Popa 3, Mohammad Nurunnabi Mollah 1 and Eklas Hossain 4,* 1 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh; [email protected] (F.U.-N.); [email protected] (M.N.M.) 2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa 3 Faculty of Engineering, Østfold University College, Kobberslagerstredet 5, 1671 Kråkeroy-Fredrikstad, Norway; [email protected] 4 Department of Electrical Engineering & Renewable Energy, Oregon Tech, Klamath Falls, OR 97601, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (E.H.); Tel.: +27-79-219-9845 (S.P.); +1-541-885-1516 (E.H.) Academic Editor: Sergio Saponara Received: 8 May 2017; Accepted: 21 July 2017; Published: 17 August 2017 Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV), including Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), are becoming more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration, but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of the smart grid concept. -
Individual Drive-Wheel Energy Management for Rear-Traction Electric Vehicles with In-Wheel Motors
applied sciences Article Individual Drive-Wheel Energy Management for Rear-Traction Electric Vehicles with In-Wheel Motors Jose del C. Julio-Rodríguez * , Alfredo Santana-Díaz. * and Ricardo A. Ramirez-Mendoza * School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Toluca 50110, Mexico * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.d.C.J.-R.); [email protected] (A.S.-D.); [email protected] (R.A.R.-M.) Abstract: In-wheel motor technology has reduced the number of components required in a vehicle’s power train system, but it has also led to several additional technological challenges. According to kinematic laws, during the turning maneuvers of a vehicle, the tires must turn at adequate rotational speeds to provide an instantaneous center of rotation. An Electronic Differential System (EDS) controlling these speeds is necessary to ensure speeds on the rear axle wheels, always guaranteeing a tractive effort to move the vehicle with the least possible energy. In this work, we present an EDS developed, implemented, and tested in a virtual environment using MATLAB™, with the proposed developments then implemented in a test car. Exhaustive experimental testing demonstrated that the proposed EDS design significantly improves the test vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics and energy consumption. This paper’s main contribution consists of designing an EDS for an in-wheel motor electric vehicle (IWMEV), with motors directly connected to the rear axle. The design demonstrated effective energy management, with savings of up to 21.4% over a vehicle without EDS, while at the same time improving longitudinal dynamic performance. Citation: Julio-Rodríguez, J.d.C.; Keywords: electric vehicles; electromobility; in-wheel motors; electronic differential; wheel-speed Santana-Díaz., A.; Ramirez-Mendoza, control; powertrain; energy consumption; automotive control; vehicle dynamics control R.A. -
Zwei 4MOTION (4X4) Antriebe Erhältlich // (4X4 (Torsen) Handschalter 6-Gang, Zuschaltbar Mit Reduktion, 4X4 Permanent (Torsen)
VOLKSWAGEN AMAROK / AMAROK AVENTURA 2016 VOLKSWAGEN AMAROK / AMAROK AVENTURA 2016 Eckdaten/ Main figures Zugang zu Bildern, Footage und Pressemappen / Access to images, footage, presskits: www.vwn-presse.de/amarok/ www.vwn-presse.de/amarok/ Login: Login: AMAROK AMAROK AVENTURA AVENTURA Zwei 4MOTION (4x4) Antriebe erhältlich // Two 4MOTION (4x4) powertrains available (4x4 (Torsen) Handschalter 6-Gang, zuschaltbar mit Reduktion, 4x4 permanent (Torsen) mit 8-Gang-Automat) und als 4x2 (Available as 4x4 (torsen) with manual transmission, 6-gear, shiftable with reduction or 4x4 permanent (torsen) with 8- (Hinterradgetrieben) erhältlich gear automatic transmission) and as 4x2 (rear wheel driven) Neuer V6, 3,0 l TDI mit Turbo // New V6 3.0 l TDI with turbo 3 Leistungsstufen 165 kW/224 PS 150 kW/204 PS, 120 kW/163 PS // 3 powersettings 165 kW/224 hp 150 kW/204 hp, 120 kW/163 hp max Drehmoment von 550 Nm mit 165 kW u. 8-Gang–Automatik // Max. torque 550 Nm with 165 kW and 8-gear automatic transmission 150 kW mit 500 Nm mit 6-Gang-Handschalter oder 8-Gang-Automat // Max. torque 500 Nm with 150 kW and manual 6-gear or 8-gear automatic transmission 120 kW mit 450 Nm mit 6-Gang-HS 4x4 zuschaltbar oder 6-Gang HS mit 4x2 // 120 kW with 450 Nm with 6-gear manual transmission 4x4 shiftable or 6-gear manual with 4x2 Hubraum immer: 2.967 ccm // Engine displacement always 2.967 ccm Nennleistung von 165 kW liegen bei 3.000-4.500 U/min an, das Nennmoment von 550 Nm bereits zw. -
MY22 4Runner Ebrochure
2022 4Runner Page 1 2022 4RUNNER Captain of the off-road. Grab your gear — it’s going to be a wild ride. 4Runner has been championing the off-road for over 35 years and counting. And with the introduction of TRD Sport, this all-new rig shows up ready to play. With the dependability of a veteran and the hustle of a rookie — the 2022 Toyota 4Runner is equipped to take your adventures up a notch. TRD Sport shown in Nautical Blue Metallic. Below left: TRD Off-Road Premium shown in Barcelona Red Metallic.1 Below right: Trail Special Edition shown in Lunar Rock. Connected Services See numbered footnotes in Disclosures section. Page 2 CAPABILITY Conquer the off-road. 4Runner delivers a ride that’s smooth in the city — but its true home is on the trail. Featuring available off-road technologies like a Multi-Terrain Monitor (MTM),2 Hill Start Assist Control (HAC)3 and Multi-Terrain Select (MTS), this body-on-frame icon is built to take on TRD Off-Road Premium shown in Barcelona Red Metallic. the toughest terrain.4 TRD Sport’s advanced capability Locking Rear Differential Featuring an X-REAS suspension, TRD Sport helps you To help you negotiate uncertain terrain, 4Runner’s confidently corner and carve through roads without available electronically controlled locking rear breaking a sweat. And it’s equipped with 20-in. alloy differential distributes engine power evenly to wheels and premium tires for enhanced traction. both rear wheels, so they move at the same speed, even if one is off the ground.4 Crawl Control (CRAWL) Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System (KDSS) Available Crawl Control (CRAWL)5 automatically When taking on extreme off-road terrain, 4Runner’s modulates the throttle and brakes on five low-speed available Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System (KDSS) settings so you can keep your focus on navigating automatically decouples the sway bars as needed, across difficult terrain. -
Embedded System Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Electronic Differential System for Electric Vehicles
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2017 Embedded System Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Electronic Differential System for Electric Vehicles Ali UYSAL Emel SOYLU Technology Faculty, Department of Mechatronics Technology Faculty, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Karabük University Engineering, Karabük University Karabük, TURKEY Karabük, TURKEY Abstract—This paper presents an experimental study of the mechanical differential, torque is not limited by the least- electronic differential system with four-wheel, dual-rear in wheel wheeled wheel, fast response time, accurate information on motor independently driven an electric vehicle. It is worth torque per wheel [2]. bearing in mind that the electronic differential is a new technology used in electric vehicle technology and provides better In this work, the intelligent supervised EDS for electric balancing in curved paths. In addition, it is more lightweight vehicles is designed and realized. There are studies in this issue than the mechanical differential and can be controlled by a single in the literature. This technology has many applications and controller. In this study, intelligently supervised electronic vehicle performance has been improved with successful differential design and control is carried out for electric vehicles. applications. The movement of this earthmoving truck is Embedded system is used to provide motor control with a fuzzy provided by an electric drive system consisting of two logic controller. High accuracy is obtained from experimental independent electric motors. Providing a maximum power of study. 2700 kW, these engines are controlled to adjust their speed when cornering, thereby increasing traction and reducing tire Keywords—Electronic differential; electric vehicle; embedded wear. -
"Syncro" to "4MOTION": › the Passat Variant Tetra All-Wheel Drive Concept Car Presented in 1983
Media Information From "syncro" to "4MOTION": 35 years of all-wheel drive in the Passat › The Passat Variant Tetra all-wheel drive concept car presented in 1983 was launched a year later as the Passat Variant syncro › Today, the Alltrack with an electronically controlled multiplate clutch is the top-level all-wheel drive Passat › In 2018 4MOTION is available for the Golf, Sharan, Passat, Arteon, T-Roc, Tiguan and Touareg Wolfsburg – 35 years ago Volkswagen presented the first Passat with all-wheel drive. Ever since then models with four driven wheels have been one of the cornerstones of the successful mid-size series. During this time Volkswagen revolutionised all-wheel drive technology. "syncro" became "4MOTION". Today, the Passat’s all-wheel drive is linked with state-of-the- art assistance systems and offers more safety and performance than ever before. This is why the all-wheel drive Passat versions are not just popular among winter sports fans. The charismatic Passat Alltrack is the top level version in the series. Passat Alltrack and Passat Variant syncro Passat Alltrack Passat Variant syncro MediaInformation Note: You will find much more information on winter themes in the Volkswagen database at: www.volkswagen-media-services.com. Volkswagen 1983 It all starts with the Passat Variant Tetra concept car As early as 1983 the concept car called Passat Variant Tetra caused a stir and a year later it was launched under the name Passat Variant syncro. The second Passat generation (B2) was the first passenger car in the Volkswagen range to feature all-wheel drive – and it was here to stay. -
New Toyota Land Cruiser
NEW TOYOTA LAND CRUISER OCTOBER 2017 EN 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS NEW TOYOTA LAND CRUISER 6 INTRODUCTION 24 PROVEN POWERTRAIN LINE-UP 10 INTERVIEW: SADAYOSHI KOYARI, 30 UNRIVALED ON- AND OFF-ROAD DRIVING LAND CRUISER CHIEF ENGINEER PERFORMANCE 14 MORE DYNAMIC, MODERN AND ROBUST STYLING 36 EXPANDED RANGE OF SAFETY FEATURES 18 HIGHER QUALITY INTERIOR 40 SPECIFICATIONS 44 IMAGE BANK Toyota Motor Europe reserves the right to alter any details of specifications and equipment without notice. Details of specifications and equipment are also subject to change to suit local conditions and requirements. Please enquire at your national PR department of any such changes that might be required for your area. Vehicles pictured and specifications detailed in this publication may vary from models and equipment available in your area. Vehicle body colours might differ slightly from the printed photos in this publication. 3 TOYOTA LAND CRUISER QUALITY, DURABILITY AND RELIABILITY SINCE 1951 INTRODUCTION With an off-road heritage spanning more than 65 years, the Land Cruiser remains unique in its segment for its ability to combine outstanding quality, durability and reliability with unrivalled off-road performance and ever greater levels of luxury, occupant comfort and ownership prestige. 6 7 INTRODUCTION AVAILABLE IN MORE THAN 190 COUNTRIES worldwide, the most In western Europe the new Land Cruiser is powered by a 130 of all existing Toyota models, the Land Cruiser’s unrivalled off-road kW/177 DIN hp 2.8 D-4D turbodiesel. For eastern European markets abilities have earned it a rock-solid reputation as one of the world’s the model is also available with a choice of 122 kW/164 DIN hp 2.7 toughest and most reliable 4x4s, and made it the segment sales leader VVT-i and 183 kW/249 DIN hp 4.0 VVT-i petrol engines. -
Electronic Differential in Electric Vehicles
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 11, November-2013 1322 ISSN 2229-5518 Electronic differential in electric vehicles Akshay aggarwal Abstract - Electronic differential is advancement in electric vehicles technology along with the more traction control. The electronic differential provides the required torque for each driving wheel and allows different wheel speeds electronically. It is used in place of the mechanical differential in multi-drive systems. When cornering the inner and outer wheels rotate at different speeds, because the inner wheels describe a smaller turning radius. The electronic differential uses the steering wheel command signal, throttle position signals and the motor speed signals to control the power to each wheel so that all wheels are supplied with the torque they need. The proposed control structure is based on the PID control for each wheel motor. PID Control system is then evaluated in the Matlab/Simulink environment. Electronic differential have the advantages of replacing loosely, heavy and inefficient mechanical transmission and mechanical differential with a more efficient, light and small electric motors directly coupled to the wheels using a single gear reduction or an in-wheel motor. Index terms PID controller, electric vehicle, controller area network, electronic control unit, electronic differential —————————— —————————— 1 Introduction trajectory or a lane change each wheel is controlled The heavy body including the structure and materials through an ED in order to satisfy the motion used in Electric Vehicle hasIJSER always been a field of requirements. interest to designers. Their continuous research work to reduce the weight of the body has interested many 3 Electric Vehicle Mechanical Load people worldwide. -
MY22 Sequoia Ebrochure
2022 Sequoia Page 1 2022 SEQUOIA Room for everyone and everything. Whether you’re navigating through the urban jungle or traveling off the beaten path, the 2022 Toyota Sequoia is ready to turn every drive into an adventure. Three rows of seats let you bring up to eight, while its spacious interior and powerful 5.7L V8 engine let you load it up and haul even more, to make the most of the places you’ll go. Limited shown in Shoreline Blue Pearl. Cover image: See footnotes 1 and 2 for information on towing and roof payload. See numbered footnotes in Disclosures section. Page 2 INTERIOR In Sequoia, everyone gets to ride first class. Hear Comfort your music like never before with the available JBL®3 within reach. Premium Audio system, and let your rear-seat passengers catch up on their favorite movies with the available rear-seat Blu-ray Disc™ player. Platinum interior shown in Red Rock leather trim. Simulation shown. Heated and ventilated front seats Moonroof Three-zone climate control The available heated and ventilated front Let more of the outside in with Sequoia’s The driver, front passenger and rear seats found inside Sequoia Platinum give standard one-touch tilt/slide power passengers will be comfortable inside the driver and front passenger more comfort moonroof with sliding sunshade. Open Sequoia, thanks to its three-zone automatic and the option to warm up or cool down it up to let in some fresh air, brighten climate control in the front and rear of the with the touch of a button. -
2007 Audi RS 4 Press Release
Media Information AUDI OF AMERICA, INC. FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 3800 Hamlin Road Auburn Hills, MI 48326 Tel. 248/754-5000 U.S. model information Fax. 248/754-4381 www.media.audiusa.com CONTACT: Alan Hall Patrick Hespen (248) 754-5377 (248) 754-4838 [email protected] [email protected] THE 2007 AUDI RS 4 The new Audi RS 4, developed by Audi AG’s performance tuning division quattro GmbH, breaks new ground in the sport sedan segment. The high-performance sedan features numerous innovations, delivering top performance on both road and track. The Audi RS 4 continues the tradition of quattro GmbH in bridging the gap between motorsport and everyday motoring. It is a car that combines emotional and functional perfection, meeting all the demands made by the driver of a high-performance car in general and an Audi in particular in today’s motoring world. At Audi, the “RS” abbreviation stands for unmatched performance ability, technological innovation, motorsports pedigree, and thrilling driving dynamics. At the heart of the RS 4 lies the high-revving 420-hp naturally-aspirated V8 engine featuring FSI direct injection technology, which was first proved out in the Le Mans-winning Audi R8 race car. The RS 4 features the latest generation of the quattro permanent all-wheel drive system with asymmetric/dynamic torque distribution. Under normal driving circumstances, 40 percent of the power is sent to the front wheels and 60 percent to the rear. This new asymmetrical torque split quattro system is key to achieving the RS 4’s sporty driving dynamics, yet it ensures that Audi’s legendary all-weather traction and sure-footed handling ability remains. -
Self-Study Programme 206 Four-Wheel Drive with Haldex Coupling
Service. Self-Study Programme 206 Four-Wheel Drive with Haldex Coupling Design and Function Volkswagen and Audi have been building per- manent four-wheel drive systems for almost 15 years. In Volkswagen's system, a viscous cou- The viscous coupling previously used by Volks- pling distributes input torque to the rear axle; in wagen was able to detect slip alone, but not the Audi's system this job is performed by a Torsen cause of it. differential. The development of the Haldex coupling is a The slip-recognising system is activated by a dif- giant step forward in modern four-wheel-drive ference in speeds between the front and rear technology. The Haldex coupling is controllable. axles. Once activated, it distributes input torque A processor also makes allowance for additional to both axles. information during the control process. Slip is no longer the only decisive factor in the distribution of drive forces; the car's dynamic state is also a factor. The processor accesses the ABS wheel speed sensors and the engine control unit (acce- lerator pedal signal) via the CAN bus. This data provides the processor with all the information it needs on road speed, cornering, overrun or traction mode, and can respond opti- mally to any driving situation. Advantages of the Haldex coupling - Permanent four-wheel drive with electroni- cally controlled multi-plate clutch - Front drive characteristic - Quick response - No strain on clutch when parking and man- oeuvring vehicle - Compatible with different tyres (e.g. emer- gency wheel) - No restrictions on towing with the axle raised off the ground - Fully combinable with traction control systems such as ABS, EDL, TCS, EBD and ESP SSP 206/001 NEW Important Note The Self-Study Programme Please always refer to the relevant Service Literature is not a Workshop Manual. -
Status of Pure Electric Vehicle Power Train Technology and Future Prospects
Review Status of Pure Electric Vehicle Power Train Technology and Future Prospects Abhisek Karki 1,2,* , Sudip Phuyal 3,4,* , Daniel Tuladhar 1, Subarna Basnet 5 and Bim Prasad Shrestha 1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal; [email protected] (D.T.); [email protected] (B.P.S.) 2 Aviyanta ko Karmashala Pvt. Ltd., Bhaktapur 44800, Nepal 3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal 4 Institute of Himalayan Risk Reduction, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal 5 International Design Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (S.P.) Received: 14 July 2020; Accepted: 10 August 2020; Published: 17 August 2020 Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV) are becoming more common mobility in the transportation sector in recent times. The dependence on oil as the source of energy for passenger vehicles has economic and political implications, and the crisis will take over as the oil reserves of the world diminish. As concerns of oil depletion and security of the oil supply remain as severe as ever, and faced with the consequences of climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions from the tail pipes of vehicles, the world today is increasingly looking at alternatives to traditional road transport technologies. EVs are seen as a promising green technology which could lead to the decarbonization of the passenger vehicle fleet and to independence from oil. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as EVs have zero tail pipe emission and therefore are capable of curbing the pollution problems created by vehicle emission in an efficient way so they can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector as pure electric vehicles are the only vehicles with zero-emission potential.