Bandmaster Henry Berger and the Royal Hawaiian Band

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Bandmaster Henry Berger and the Royal Hawaiian Band DAVID W. BANDY Bandmaster Henry Berger and the Royal Hawaiian Band INTRODUCTION THE HISTORY OF the Royal Hawaiian Band parallels the history of Hawai'i itself during both the 19th and 20th centuries—from an independent Monarchy, to a Republic, to an American Territory, and finally to the fiftieth state of the United States. The role of the organization within the social, political, and educational life of the community has been evident from its ear- liest years. It is by forming a better understanding of past events that we are able to help to mold the events of the future. The his- tory of the Band and its bandmasters and the outgrowth of their combined activities have formed the cornerstone upon which band music in Hawai'i has been built. The Royal Hawaiian Band, as it is known today, did not always carry that particular title. In 1836, it was called the King's Band. Newspapers named it the King's Musicians in 1855 and the King's Band again in 1870. The musical program for Kamehameha Day on June 11, 1872 called the group His Majesty's Band, while on September 24th of that same year it was listed as the Hawaiian Military Band. In the following year of 1873 came the title of Royal Hawaiian Military Band. As major changes in government occurred during the political history of Hawai'i, so also did David W. Bandy, author and musician, is Assistant Director of Bands for the University of Hawai 'i and conducts both the Symphonic Band and the University Marching Band. The Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 24(1990) 69 70 THE HAWAIIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY changes of the Band's name. After the overthrow of Queen Lili'uokalani in 1893, the Band was called the Provisional Govern- ment Band and, in 1894, the Hawaiian Band. A second band was formed by many of Henry Berger's original members in 1893 and called itself the Hawaiian National Band. This particular group toured the United States in 1895 hoping to gain support for the cause of its Queen and Hawaiian independence. It was in 1898 that the Band was renamed the Territorial Band, and on July 1, 1905, when the new system of County governments was installed, it became the Royal Hawaiian Band. Today, most people use the general title of Royal Hawaiian Band when speaking of the organ- ization, no matter which period of time they are referring to. Henry Berger, perhaps the best known Bandmaster of the Royal Hawaiian Band, was not, however, the first. To better understand the influence of this dynamic personality, a sample of pre-Berger history is warranted. THE EARLY YEARS: 1836-1871 The King's Band, as it was known at the time, was formed in 1836 during the reign of King Kamehameha III. Under the leadership of an African-American known as "Oliver,"1 it performed at many state occasions, including the funeral of Princess Nahi'e- na'ena in 1837. The Sandwich Island Gazette described the event as follows: "We saw the Band ambling through the streets of this metropolis the other day, decked in gorgeous caparisons, blowing, beating, and piping a solemn air."2 The paper also noted that the Band had visited California in 1836. George Washington Hyatt became the Band's second Band- master in 1845. Born in 1815 in Petersburg, Virginia, Hyatt was a former slave who had escaped and made his way to Hawai'i.3 He had been a member of the original Band under Oliver, playing both the flute and clarinet. A "contract" dated May 26, 1845 states: Know all men by these presents, that we the undersigned do agree to appoint and we do hereby appoint George Hyatt to be leader of the Band, and Charles Johnson to be Captain. HENRY BERGER AND THE ROYAL HAWAIIAN BAND 71 For our services we are each to be paid not to exceed $3 for a whole day $2 for half a day and $1 for anytime less than half a day.4 Hyatt remained in Honolulu following his three-year tenure as Bandmaster and lived in Hawai'i for the final 40 years of his life until his death at Queen's Hospital on March 13, 1870 at the age of 65. He was known to many within local society: Everybody knew him as 'Black George' twenty years ago, and he was a general favorite, not only because he played on the flute and clarinet at social gatherings, but because of his amiability.5 Hyatt was followed by William Merseberg. Born in Weimar, Germany, he resided in Hawai'i his last 30 years, also serving as Sheriff of Kohala, Hawai'i.6 As director of the Band, he was sala- ried at $30 a month. He promised that he would abstain "from all intoxicating drinks."7 At this time the Band consisted of flute, clarinet, bassoon, French horn, drums, and "other brass instru- ments," but only numbered ten members total. Members of the Band were both Hawaiians and foreigners. Twelve years later the same band consisted entirely of Hawaiian players.8 Merseberg left the Band in 1870 but remained in Hawai'i until his death on April 18, 1879, at the age of 65.9 He had established a family that would give Hawai'i a future Bandmaster, Robert H. Baker, and historian/Kumu Hula John Kaha'i Topolinski. Late in the year 1869, an Austrian frigate, the Donau (Danube) arrived in the Hawaiian Islands while on a world-wide voyage. The ship remained in Honolulu for several months for repairs. It was during this time that the band of the Donau gave many con- certs in and around Honolulu. When the repairs were complete and the ship continued on its voyage in 1870, the Hawaiian people realized how much they missed the concerts that had been given by the band. It was the people of the community, upon the depar- ture of the Austrian ship, who actually petitioned Kamehameha V to "revitalize" his own Band. William Northcott, a native of New Zealand, was appointed director of the "new and revitalized" King's Band in November of 1870. Even though the Band had remained together, its lack of 72 THE HAWAIIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY exposure to the community made it apparent that a new direction was needed for its future. When Kamehameha V made the royal appointment, he also gave Northcott some 26 Hawaiian boys from the Reform School to train as new band members: It is understood and agreed that Mr. William Northcott will serve as Band Master and Instructor in music at Honolulu, for the space of six months, it being understood that from and after the expira- tion of six months, this agreement may be renewed, if mutually agreeable.10 Northcott was successful with the young Hawaiians, who were surprisingly apt in learning the music: After numerous difficulties, consequent upon the wayward dispo- sition of native youths, the members of the band are now engaged under contract on monthly wages, until they become of age. The band was out for a short time on Thursday evening practicing, and surprised those that heard them by their accurate playing. Mr. Northcott deserves great credit for the pains he has taken to mold a band of musicians out of such raw materials.11 Northcott was commended for a fine job in organizing the King's Band of young Hawaiians. His effort was short-lived, however, as he could not be paid a salary on which to support himself: We are sorry to hear that Mr. Northcott, an accomplished musi- cian, who has with surprising toil and success brought the King's Band to its present state of efficiency, is soon to leave, as a living salary cannot be paid him. The rare opportunities that have been afforded by those controlling the movements of the band for the public to hear it have proved that it was a desirable institution, but deprived of its master, we predict for it an abbreviated existence.12 Northcott had spent only six months building the Band before he left Hawai'i. The "abbreviated existence" of the Band itself, noted by the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, fortunately never came to be. HENRY BERGER AND THE ROYAL HAWAIIAN BAND 73 Following Northcutt came another period of brief leadership, in 1871-1872, by Frank Medina. Born in Portugal, as a young man he travelled extensively, earning a living as a singer. He arrived in Hawai'i with a singing group called "Brook's Minstrels." After some thought, he decided to stay in the Islands in order to direct the Band. The Band seemed to be fairly active during Medina's tenure, in spite of the unstable leadership it had experienced dur- ing its earlier years. The Band played during Queen Kapi'olani's evening sails around the harbor and at the sailing of a German steamer about to depart for its home port: The Hawaiian Band marched down, and played "The Watch on the Rhine," for the benefit of some of our German friends who go to revisit Faderland.13 Medina left after a year of service. Due to heavy debts, he cleverly disguised himself as a Negro and departed Honolulu for the Mainland on the Nebraska. Longevity of leadership was soon to arrive with the appearance of a man who would not only change the Band, but Hawaiian music in general. That man was Henry Berger. THE BERGER ERA: 1872-1929 Heinrich (known later as Henry) Wilhelm Berger was born in the town of Potsdam, Prussia (now located in East Germany) on August 4, 1844.
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