Elsa Joubert: 'N Kommunikatiewe Benadering

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Elsa Joubert: 'N Kommunikatiewe Benadering ELSA JOUBERT: 'N KOMMUNIKATIEWE BENADERING deur Dietloff Zigfried van der Berg Proefskrif voorgele ter gedeeltelike vervulling van die vereistes vir die Ph.D.-graad in Afrikaans en Nederlands in die Fakulteit Lettere en Wysbegeerte aan die Universiteit van Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Promotor: Prof. W. F. Jonckheere Junie 1993 Hiermee wil ek graag my dank betuig aan al die mense wat op soveel verskillende maniere daartoe bygedra het dat hierdie proefskrif voltooi kon word. My besondere dank aan professor Wilfred Jonckheere vir sy leiding, dominee Johan Spies vir sy programmering en aan Elizabeth vir jare se ondersteuning en geduldige Iyding. ELSA JOUBERT: 'N KOMMUNIKATIEWE BENADERING INHOUD 1 TEORETIESE ORleNTERING 1.1 Letterkundige benaderings 3 1.1.1 Mimetiese orientasie 6 1.1.2 Ekspressiewe teoriee 9 1.1.3 Objektiewe teoriee 12 1.1.4 Pragmatiese teoriee 15 1.2 Kommunikasiemodelle 17 1.2.1 Lineere model 18 1.2.2 Interaksionele model 19 1.2.3 Jakobson-model 20 1.2.4 Ontvangersmodel 24 1.2.5 Lesersmodel 28 1.2.5.1 Ooreenkomste 33 1.2.5.2 Verskille 36 1.3 Kommunikatiewe romankomponente 40 1.3.1 Sender c< S,! • r 48 1.3.1.1 Spraakweergawe 50 1.3.1 .2 Direkte vertellers 52 1.3.1.3 Indirekte vertellers 54 1.3.2 Boodskap 59 1.3.2.1 Karakter 62 1.3.2.2 Handeling 65 1.3.2.3 Tyd 70 1.3.2.4 Ruimte 72 1.3.3 Ontvanger 74 -1- 2 ONS WAG OP DIE KAPTEIN 2.1 Strategiese vaardigheid 78 2.2 Taalvaardigheid 91 2.2.1 Funksionele vaardigheid 92 2.2.2 Tekstuele vaardigheid 95 2.2.2.1 Koherensie 98 2.2.2.2 Tema 112 2.2.2.3 Tydruimte 124 2.2.2.4 Retorika 126 2.2.3 Grammatikale vaardigheid 131 2.2.4 Sosiolinguistiese vaardigheid 140 2.3 Voortsetting van die teksgesprek 147 3 ANDER ROMANS 3.1 Die Wahlerbrug 152 3.2 Bonga 158 3.3 Poppie Nongena 171 4 SLOT 186 5 BYLAAG A 189 BYLAAG B 217 6 BRONNELYS 223 WERKE DEUR ELSA JOUBERT 229 WERKE OOR Ons wag op die Kaptein 230 Die Wahlerbrug 233 Bonga 234 Die Swerfjare van Poppie Nongena 236 Melk 246 -2- 1 TEORETIESE ORleNTERING 1.1 Letterkundige benaderings Wanneer 'n mens 'n letterkundige teks soos 'n prosawerk van nader wil bekyk, is daar 'n groot aantal moontlike benaderings wat gevolg kan word. Die teoretiese vertrekpunt wat 'n mens kies, weerspieel nie net jou onderliggende lewensbeskouing nie, maar sal ook noodwendig sy neerslag vind in die wyse waarop die insigte wat verkry is in die onderrigpraktyk oorgedra gaan word. Op die oomblik word die kommunikatiewe benadering algemeen aanvaar as die beste wyse om 'n taal doeltreffend te onderrig. Die moderne taalonderrig, soos Henning en Van Loggerenberg (1992.64) dit saamvat, "is largely based on the principles of Communicative Language Teaching. The main tenets of this language pedagogy are contextualised authentic language usage in real communicative settings where meaning of relevant content is negotiated by the participants. " Ons sit egter met die anomalie dat daar 'n stewige teoretiese raamwerk vir die kommunikatiewe benadering ten opsigte van die taalonderrig bestaan, maar nog geen breedvoerige teoretiese raamwerk geformuleer is vir die onderrig van Afrikaanse letterkundige tekste volgens 'n kommunikatiewe benadering nie. Hiervoor mag daar verskillende redes wees waarvan die eerste seker is dat daar met Plato saamgestem word wanneer hy die geskrewe woord afwys omdat dit afgesny is van die kommunikatiewe teenwoordigheid van die spreker en hoorder in die gespreksituasie, wat vir hom die enigste bron van betekenis is. Hierdie siening dat kommunikasie eintlik maar mondeling is, kom ook bedek na vore in heelwat geskrifte oor taal en kommunikatiewe taalonderrig, veral oor tweedetaalonderrig. -3- Dit is egter duidelik dat 'n mens in ons moderne wsreld in 'n supermark, lughawe, of waar ook al baie goed oor die weg kan kom net deur te kan lees en dat kommunikasie al hoe meer niemondelings deur koerante, rekenaars en ander visuele media plaasvind. lemand soos Derrida redeneer dan ook dat die tradisionele siening dat gesproke taal die eksemplariese voorbeeld van taalgebruik, en skryf 'n kunsmatige plaasvervanger daarvoor is, foutief is. Volgens hom behoort die geskrewe woord die bevoorregte posisie in te neem omdat dit die foutiewe metafisika van teenwoordigheid, die outonomie van die onderwerp, wat spraak bevorder, blootls as iets wat slegs moontlik is as gevolg van wat hy "ecriture" noem (Lodge 1990.108). Waarom die romanteorie min aandag in die letterkunde-onderrig ontvang, kan verder dalk daaraan toegeskryf word dat daar van vroeg af reeds by sommige mense morele en estetiese bedenkinge oor die roman was weens die besondere skynwerklikheid van die roman en die eienaardige hipnotiese mag wat dit oor sy lesers uitoefen. Die vraag is gevra of daar nie iets fundamenteel onnatuurlik en ongesond is aan 'n kunsvorm wat die leser se bewussyn van sy eie bestaan in die werklike tydruimte opskort nie en of die genot van die romanteks nie verwant is aan dagdromery, soos Freud gemeen het nie. Op sulke gronde is dan geredeneer dat die roman nie outentieke kommunikasie is nie (Lodge 1990.100). Daar is dan ook al gevra of letterkunde-onderrig dee I van die kommunikatiewe taalonderrig moet vorm en in Natal is die skriftelike eksaminering van die letterkunde in Afrikaans Tweede Taal in 1988 geskrap. Die meeste skrywers en lesers van fiksie buite akademiese kringe onderskryf egter steeds die kommunikasiemodel vir die letterkundige teks (Lodge 1990.109). Daar is ook heelwat kritici soos Eco (1992.68) en Lodge (1990.106) wat glo dat die letterkundige proses wei kommunikasie is, maar gewoonlik werk hulie dan vanuit een bepaalde vertrekpunt soos byvoorbeeld die semiotiek. Enkele Afrikaanse artikels soos die van Strydom (1975) en dele in werke soos Van Colier se bydrae in Gids by die Literatuurstudie (Cloete 1985) werk ook aan of binne 'n kommunikatiewe raamwerk, maar kan weens gebrek aan ruimte of -4- oorsigtelikheid nie werklik die kommunikatiewe proses dek en op die roman toepas nie. Waarom 'n breedvoerige kommunikatiewe raamwerk vir die letterkunde­ onderrig nog nie daargestel is nie, Ie veel eerder daarin dat die letterkunde­ onderrig en taalonderrig gewoonlik nog bedryf word as losstaande vakrigtings en dis juis om die kompartementering teen te werk en die letterkunde sy regmatige plek te laat inneem as ge'integreerde deel van die studieterrein menslike kommunikasie, dat 'n teoretiese raamwerk daargestel behoort te word. Hopelik sal so 'n raamwerk dan bydra tot die wetenskaplike gesprek oor die letterkunde-onderrig: "En deur die agtergrond uiteen te sit waarteen ek lees, of anders gestel, deur die opvattinge in die literere teorie waarmee ek my vereenselwig eksplisiet te stel , glo ek, kan ek 'n bydrae lewer tot ons wetenskaplike gesprek oor die literatuur, want tot die agtergrond behoort al my opmerkinge oor afsonderlike literere werke herleibaar te wees" (Strydom 1975.318) , of soos Oerrida (1992.1i) se : "There is no neutral or natural place in teaching." As ons 'n kommunikatiewe letterkunde-onderrigraamwerk wil daarstel, en ons aanvaar "die doel van 'n wetenskaplike werkwyse is om kontinu'iteit te verseker, om 'n (verdere) gesprek moontlik te maak" (Strydom 1975.318), moet ons kyk na moontlike modelle van die letterkundige teorie en dit by die kommunikatiewe benadering probeer betrek, of indien dit nie met die kommunikatiewe benadering strook nie, 'n nuwe raamwerk formuleer. Om 'n bondige samevatting van die verskillende letterkundige teoriee te gee, kan ons vanuit vier hoofrigtings daarna kyk. Ons kan dit benader vanuit die groot konteks wat die letterkundige teks omring, of vanuit die drie ander sleutelelemente wat by die kommunikasieproses betrokke is, naamlik die sender, die boodskap en die ontvanger, of dan meer spesifiek gestel ten opsigte van die prosa, die skrywer, die teks en die leser. Hierdie indeling van die letterkundige teoriee is natuurlik nie waterdigte kompartemente of naastenby 'n volledige -5- dekking van al die moontlike benaderings nie, aangesien die aksente by verskillende beoefenaars van 'n spesifieke benadering dikwels heel anders gele word en daar talle kritici is wat geleidelik van een basiese denkrigting na 'n ander oorgegaan het. Dit word hier dus slegs aangebied om 'n basiese orientasie te bewerkstellig en te kyk watter stukke gereedskap ons daaruit kan haal om kommunikatief te benut. 1.1.1 Mimetiese orientasie Kyk 'n mens vanuit die groter geheel na die kunswerk as produk wat die universum waarbinne die kommunikasieproses plaasvind, weerspieel of daarheen uitwys, kan 'n mens praat van 'n mimetiese orientasie, na aanleiding van M. H. Abrahams se The mirror and the Lamp, waarbinne drie hoofstrominge identifiseer kan word, naamlik: 1 Sosiologiese kritiek 2 Marxistiese kritiek (Lukacs) 3 Literer-kulturele kritiek (R. Hoggart). Hierdie benaderings Ie sterk klem op die wisselwerking tussen sender en ontvanger in die kommunikasieproses en op die regulerende funksie wat die teks het. Veral marxistiese teoretici soos Lukacs en Benjamin redeneer dan ook dat die roman nie werklike kommunikasie is nie omdat die skrywer /sender ge·isoleer is van die leser /ontvanger. Walter Benjamin het byvoorbeeld 'n onderskeid getref tussen storievertel, wat hy, in sy suiwerste vorm, sien as 'n mond/oor-transaksie tussen 'n verteller en 'n gehoor in mekaar se fisiese teenwoordigheid, en die roman wat op een plek deur 'n eensame, swygsame skrywer geproduseer word en elders deur 'n eensame, swygsame leser verbruik word. Ook Georg Lukacs het die moderne prosa om soortgelyke redes aangeval. Volgens hom sien die moderne romanskrywer die mens as van nature eensaam, asosiaal, sonder die vermoe om verhoudings met ander mense aan -6- te knoop en dus nie in staat daartoe om te kommunikeer en die verloop van die geskiedenis te be·invloed nie (Lodge 1990.104).
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